CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9150f6318820cdf5',cH: 'oiYskdoMe0_tQpE1QZaUhApIZuo3iibPlnB0oVVb0uA-1740080356-1.2.1.1-WabpPUx2DxX4uxsqXdxpXp.jGyU6hD8Ys3FhWjs2HJx61G2WwnoYGj9Z5oRWGA18',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Red%20Sea&__cf_chl_tk=evpfXBwvkd_C.PQCY5IRQe.8RuwWijIh62q9qpDP4mw-1740080356-1.0.1.1-nyWFbe0cWXlXrJfP05VQUzYyxAfFX7yvsi_bqkH1oYY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740080356',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Red%20Sea&__cf_chl_f_tk=evpfXBwvkd_C.PQCY5IRQe.8RuwWijIh62q9qpDP4mw-1740080356-1.0.1.1-nyWFbe0cWXlXrJfP05VQUzYyxAfFX7yvsi_bqkH1oYY",md: "VzqZMXVrZmN6hploSf0wPn4eKSpzU.Nr.FQqvl99nRk-1740080356-1.2.1.1-9fhaR_UkE1HA2Mii9CzA0tLNOsHS9K0YjmDEcLo.xfRvqFIIeE35a4qRUjJUAojiWupf4ODWpYjxnGxf4ST3bwQG_xcN4YwonIqshPVwvYYUdhsF3b0RP9xwnJD0ul4HXFs90ZlVTCHcJnA5ctXwsPpBn_9heyFlu_TAPivwQoafeYByVzw0Kq_jAOa.vu1Dot7zQjx_bqkLrW.gVinFjd_p9OigxLdgVMzseMKdsyhW5t5jaHtr3RsZFUReVZfYqPeAqtZ0xkBV_suQwWu_bB4i89osJ7NlZOMRSaRsZgMUWVdQ1hirpoMqFqZTOYcXGdbO2.zQiDsPWRbbbtUMyGGAOcyasjZ2efN4VffdqdDjWduQ9XkI.MKAIU8qmXnbbuWr82RS05OmBufcCHaUti92DwuD7MRWczY6lHpwRtXTwwUVzotKVcl2.VFTmLeC1FAd8SMNCzpE9x66aLgBoaXF52buO2odDt9MBCQOFMGTHdDUD61q9un6Fj4MSqvFntmUOiUtCJqnxd_rhbF1hcMrhLrYw.mfH7P_ofx8IpD4_VMXyZL57GOKSS..F3JcJmEhYse.tW8rnDZQMiR4f668isLI6lhlAD_cqxWNLKgDJkrO5d8jGveDVyj2J6DM1qHAgPaN1Hyyl0fwtslcAqQ0We44j5DLpLImh1aVRRIwcRJS.JNridJ8Rc_9olUmXQlnlsY..RLQ__8GNSHKhawJgkJI6L1IkSDkz.PtajvvOBViHY8mf0Ss73ZDcz2D3k0J6bORFv4O3OTQUT6PJ28XWgdOVACzj0ucBmWrRXGzHDvg.80WMau_1wqtUEcN4cC55I2SBmeGBiWm4yQdkwElHiePBDpCq3O4lQ0UMSK76L_2K_CShN26yL6PCMlaU2tQkLLZNAcxyeDaEzX0gw2ibGHYK.nX7D9ORJ0bzvSX5Kxh42Wa9KMpglhxVsS8IIm7F5nEnDWPo2VnKqMx4whGIjg7rHyuUvriiP6btQpoPegPvKoW7rXIBRbqw7FRYAAzVaA1JHKxPiF6wWvkXNyOSyumcGYvDeGJmWQaIvsUcLrT3Dc7UwyB5FvYaQhNfGdXEgLQyxOwLApGhLhgLrtabmuHV1CmPz2B2hg.5og223e.Qjhx_X2dS8fFgsOT3jIGSzWEHa70QLsToV7iN3I4xe0oz4eGa0jwI1ZkYj7exZntSYL5t_ukba1PCKrFq91MUCXlZFhArErNnqEDzshsKtG3RAdTrdRiaec187_LR_2_xiI6AADQviKBVUEXdFBBu5wwAYJiWHSf3tjo_k0hmvmLA.OtxRu0AfooCuPwFpuzwSwzOrhp.jkjlNSN017flZOXn0Gz.jjrlQK00tuUY3pejpmx8OTSNau5LI4.dnTpoZXg8c417B2EocohiQgb_Z.wrc2KOBELItExHpk4uwRHLaIpXIPixsbPy15QANaVP40MYIncduG8Jqww5BU3XnU_yGZb4Mh0b14.qlDJ17funrobTgqlIOT2Qopw3h4ECjdsSkX584CLYOvvgTvMTNhLlOlLcYdrtYZK91x6wJx7sF6i8ff0aElKqJPR7kUlBNbzfYvhDsZMmCTY_U4wrkInAXXY3gaZ0SbfI6X9I.xRM5P5CuCwRLkFXk4wwpK99RC_ZXmm421DL7p_FU5l0KICYMQgVTGvh6kzPtezKI0R3jicz7U0YXp0XWqKWIyO9MDmBihuhm2AdFCJHjFkzPHgXrvZjERZsbZaUkb4uTlnhAhrwgbELcoHVtupAse8zz9EYvM8mfsFcBv98BVJzXrUJXZk9BXNwDC.wnK1Q5FICKha2xmQLCGgZ4je.SbuAIilkPHpotuc8NnO.l2FUDe1wPagMYB_yHaQpvIopHZo9AWBzTkBYVTrJLV6cQLFizGdqwOg7BkimlcmbbgbICfBoIhwH20knloRVw",mdrd: "L7ZBbnE0k1WRNFgs97JowPXg.hxvgWF0gnxNTYftY9U-1740080356-1.2.1.1-ErTRpzeRancxJK_4C0mTXSQF3D4TeY6C0zRLTcjzPXrXpirb0Uh.EWCU1WSpvc8U1CLfZ5a5_XioUi_JcHtoaa4lUbLmMIJ9tj7Q3UZogCwrGe7yuWFQxno5zgYZP0cF7qU_BapXDyyjq5ushu5Q7MBapmxGn0xfys5y477BGANzeY5VZECtIm82cyTVctFyH12Z1NM6qyxQYJ..j9EI1ZQosxvjb4qWJRnQB4t_RsaKJbsrPOQXWsutGfaFJMt_MOMY0lkrSnbFaBfFzyhO6KNpwOyEzIeP7iBX61.06ng9aGvY_WPhZYDmenFdmixy8Dcl64j8qIwIZ0VQYABiZfkNDi0eWFLeXCS7K2ZDyViur1sYBhlnebqYsY6FeNOw9ZHQj4nC0bLJGrtCvJ0__39oN8SWEk9bUZPhaKUGZYZdNMx.m4N.e8YO17ayUh5mIuw0CbR1SkW43eAJzYBcDFTW3SYCcFJpATCyET3Taz0sWgaN6IfLqsQkKHmpWmNgRiuvyT7RGm0WjoPj2GWS7YkwhsKludbJCTL1ryv5f8qOFThckgzu3sXVBs_Pf4HPXxGyFQ01qHe.DpLFTTpzVCO42LzZIsM6p2c3ZEDa0m_ZAFwZF2eAr6bysfGwqt.6P0CPmC6nWgp1oXbUs8L6xUStTXBRAXo15X4Sc4IvlBP3wFcmk1.bBm4oQxwrkT8NfAebICkwDczADx0AG2Y.8FOIwrSewsmY4P3VQTRP0OFbxIvX_dPr6TJjMAANDT0ir_CRfY24xVCY_B37mK7bxZvzilPV4nLYP1V5hftYYiKzBh9BQFR2Dfcko0P3Gv9p6Chb.528a8G1g2Lb8NYLEdziG0AVPXuZWWCWKd_Dzu.bHLKOUaNh.3o6avyHuC2dI2Q8QQzKETlFtXKMmLkjJJb7LToAbwGoQaa6vKpBpqrB3jfUE7FWu_dh8lxrknICx25KDDzbUUSPdpJqaE7pw0HGFIx8DIi.6OU6L1UdOdm21RhGFTOHsfKw2OxLEG7nU1yfc1HF4bILogu1UMVT.zhRNVW1s3n_G7nsVxmB.XDXC__1mCTOaMf8bkLi1FAMO.cIVw.VKpCnolMPyyhafzdMcp34o8UOOA.wC59PJEOnLp_5wnYY4KfffuTAKfkNv_v1ScFSBrtH97IwcXP_HLzEVAXeIWGdRsksywSQiKAktaUvs9ajUM1QyIW_E_4Q9A9lAoXr2Cf0m_d0Jt4c_glfjIEvTq5tPYf3n3LWJ1r_k3h8QRoy1DIRFLGwEIwjiMn8hKcWIyUG63DtFWRPInU1Be2UzbW.PBYGkPeE_5f2vXBFssbGlvAbigxtdQ3vZR5s9QubOCV.uIklpNZpPJ8zxUlZi6Ar_sHoWmJRBIEJX8dN.U4QHG2dqF_qQfuytySH2KQun3gXdmLkoJpqXHo3ak6fbpP9uJy7DUazB0c3Jdadd.7BoD0zhod3I4EJasEFVJUu_5uFQrfNRO24K1rIBIxpOa7Cv1SQp2ZTlLJhhUp_1MPgQ_2Ut4xUGG3ivY1Kj1xNJv7qy.1RmeDgmMuPrqR6oTMCQIVWOLmddKepAfC4UhLn7iBiLitfiayJRZ_djW_MIGr0d5f_P5uW7uN27p6hSSJVNjazc8jU6w9VFux0Z9Yr1Fokpd_MOvVzNHZZvGIfKbMTw_dVQvSY7Vb6YhYLWltG3v8uuAUJ0AmVeOGELrfP1mZbUdJL0wdRlSNxNf9cKKCL0AyWAaKTgPwvYu2.X_T8WI8C7FnQ7u5m.30Rv5sYCpQ2ModHI09nG9zAko9EYVvcv4H5mXZljHJKR_dTPdcDR9Nvs3yxHw9w0YP6xEQTmNXhoRp1BDznPPZdPQzOOzDE.h6XnIE_j61VlP600oY6xc3w0M1DUt5Jx6Bb.P706FxPN930T6GCfnusGBIo6dCf7bqfQAIkCfpOLjV_eP7.R9fy8I_UMK71vo3gObJlaR_Ln6DTqTeX"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9150f6318820cdf5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Red%20Sea&__cf_chl_rt_tk=evpfXBwvkd_C.PQCY5IRQe.8RuwWijIh62q9qpDP4mw-1740080356-1.0.1.1-nyWFbe0cWXlXrJfP05VQUzYyxAfFX7yvsi_bqkH1oYY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>