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href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Irrigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Garden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuin" title="Tuin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tuin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حديقة منزلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديقة منزلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard%C3%ADn" title="Chardín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chardín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܓܢܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܢܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A2din%C3%A2" title="Grâdinâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Grâdinâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xard%C3%ADn" title="Xardín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xardín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvotyrok%C3%A1i" title="Yvotyrokái – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvotyrokái" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85" title="Ах – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ах" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="باغ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باغ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বাগান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাগান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe-hn%CC%82g" title="Hoe-hn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoe-hn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Баҡса – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баҡса" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Градина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Градина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1ta" title="Bašta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bašta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin" title="Jardin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jardin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard%C3%AD" title="Jardí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jardí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сад – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahrada" title="Zahrada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zahrada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindu" title="Bindu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bindu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardd" title="Gardd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gardd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have" title="Have – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Have" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garten" title="Garten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Garten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aed" title="Aed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AE%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κήπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κήπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard%C3%ADn" title="Jardín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jardín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cardeno" title="Ĝardeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝardeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorategi" title="Lorategi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lorategi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="باغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin" title="Jardin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jardin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAn" title="Tún – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tún" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardin" title="Zardin – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Zardin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaird%C3%ADn" title="Gairdín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gairdín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xard%C3%ADn" title="Xardín – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xardín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%9B%90" title="정원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambu" title="Lambu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lambu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Այգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="वाटिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाटिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrt" title="Vrt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardeno" title="Gardeno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gardeno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogige" title="Ogige – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ogige" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun" title="Kebun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin" title="Jardin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jardin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin" title="Jardin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jardin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igadi" title="Igadi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Igadi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ur" title="Garður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Garður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardino" title="Giardino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giardino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9F_(%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99)" title="גן (נוי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גן (נוי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman" title="Taman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F" title="ತೋಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೋಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98" title="ბაღი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაღი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="باغ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="باغ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92gr%C3%B3d" title="Ògród – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ògród" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Бау (жер) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бау (жер)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustani" title="Bustani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bustani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaden" title="Jaden – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jaden" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сад – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortus" title="Hortus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hortus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rzs" title="Dārzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dārzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaart" title="Gaart – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gaart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodas" title="Sodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuin" title="Tuin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tuin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zard%C9%9B" title="Zardɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zardɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin" title="Jardin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jardin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/purdi" title="purdi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="purdi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kert" title="Kert – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kert" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaridaina" title="Zaridaina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zaridaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പൂന്തോട്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂന്തോട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98" title="ბაღი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაღი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun" title="Kebun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯂꯩꯀꯣꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯩꯀꯣꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Цэцэрлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэцэрлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ဥယျာဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥယျာဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuin" title="Tuin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tuin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tune" title="Tune – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tune" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="बगैँचा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बगैँचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="केब – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="केब" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" title="庭園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="庭園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciardino" title="Ciardino – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ciardino" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Беш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Беш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard" title="Guard – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Guard" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hage" title="Hage – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hage" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hage" title="Hage – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hage" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%C3%AEn" title="Gardîn – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gardîn" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin" title="Jardin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jardin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog%CA%BB" title="Bogʻ – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bogʻ" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC" title="ਬਾਗ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਗ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%91" title="پھلواڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پھلواڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardin" title="Gardin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Gardin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goorn" title="Goorn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Goorn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogr%C3%B3d" title="Ogród – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogród" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardim" title="Jardim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jardim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%83din%C4%83" title="Grădină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grădină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayta_pata" title="Wayta pata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wayta pata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Загорода – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Загорода" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D2%A5" title="Чэчирэҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чэчирэҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopshti" title="Kopshti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kopshti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardinu_(ciuri)" title="Jardinu (ciuri) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jardinu (ciuri)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden" title="Garden – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Garden" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="باغ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باغ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1hrada" title="Záhrada – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Záhrada" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrt" title="Vrt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%82" title="Врт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Врт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrt" title="Vrt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puutarha" title="Puutarha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puutarha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd" title="Trädgård – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trädgård" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin" title="Hardin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hardin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தோட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Бакча – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бакча" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="ఉద్యానవనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉద్యానవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="สวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D2%93" title="Боғ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Боғ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%92%E1%8F%85" title="ᎠᏫᏒᏅ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏫᏒᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A7e" title="Bahçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bahçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%CC%B1tam" title="Ti̱tam – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ti̱tam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="باغ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin" title="Jardin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Jardin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dn" title="Vườn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vườn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corti" title="Corti – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Corti" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hof" title="Hof – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hof" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin" title="Hardin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hardin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E6%9E%97" title="园林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="园林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F" title="גארטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גארטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92" title="花園 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="花園" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAga" title="Hêga – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hêga" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suodnos" title="Suodnos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Suodnos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="園林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="園林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1107656#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Garden" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gardens" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1107656" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Planned space for displaying plants and other forms of nature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Garden_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Garden (disambiguation)">Garden (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg/500px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg/960px-Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A section of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden" title="Brooklyn Botanic Garden">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a> that has pink <a href="/wiki/Prunus_%27Kanzan%27" title="Prunus 'Kanzan'"><i>Prunus</i> 'Kanzan'</a> cherry trees</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>garden</b> is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest <a href="/wiki/Wild_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild garden">wild garden</a> is <i>control</i>. The garden can incorporate both natural and artificial materials.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gardens often have design features including statuary, <a href="/wiki/Folly" title="Folly">follies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">pergolas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">trellises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stumpery" title="Stumpery">stumperies</a>, dry creek beds, and <a href="/wiki/Water_feature" title="Water feature">water features</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_pond" title="Garden pond">ponds</a> (with or without <a href="/wiki/Koi_pond" title="Koi pond">fish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfalls</a> or creeks. Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while others also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a>. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farms</a> by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a pastime or self-sustenance rather than producing for sale, as in a <a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">market garden</a>). <a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower gardens</a> combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common form today is a residential or public garden, but the term <i>garden</i> has traditionally been a more general one. <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a>, which display <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wild animals</a> in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klindienst_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klindienst-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with <i>garden</i>, which etymologically implies <i>enclosure</i>, often signifying a shortened form of <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>. Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen gardens</a>, however, use plants sparsely or not at all. Landscape gardens, on the other hand, such as the <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape gardens</a> first developed in the 18th century, may decide to omit flowers altogether. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> is a related professional activity with <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architects</a> tending to engage in design at many scales and working on both public and private projects.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymology of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a>: it is from Middle English <i>gardin</i>, from Anglo-French <i>gardin</i>, <i>jardin</i>, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German <i>gard</i>, <i>gart</i>, an enclosure or compound, as in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Grad_(Slavic_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad (Slavic settlement)">Grad (Slavic settlement)</a> for more complete etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words <i>yard</i>, <i>court</i>, and Latin <i>hortus</i> (meaning "garden", hence horticulture and orchard), are cognates—all referring to a defined enclosed space.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "garden" in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> refers to a small enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Yard_(land)" title="Yard (land)">yard</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%27JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG/250px-%27JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%27JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG/330px-%27JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%27JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG/500px-%27JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Partial view from the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_Curitiba" title="Botanical Garden of Curitiba">Botanical Garden of Curitiba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Brazil">Southern Brazil</a>): <a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">parterres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">tracks</a> composes the place used for recreation and to study and protect the flora.</figcaption></figure> <p>A garden can have <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a>, functional, and recreational uses: </p> <ul><li>Cooperation with nature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cultivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant cultivation">Plant cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden-based_learning" title="Garden-based learning">Garden-based learning</a></li></ul></li> <li>Observation of nature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Bird</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a>-watching</li> <li>Reflection on the changing <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a></li></ul></li> <li>Relaxation <ul><li>Placing down different types of <a href="/wiki/Garden_gnomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden gnomes">garden gnomes</a></li> <li>Family dinners on the terrace</li> <li>Children playing in the garden</li> <li>Reading and <a href="/wiki/Relaxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Relaxing">relaxing</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Hammock" title="Hammock">hammock</a></li> <li>Maintaining the flowerbeds</li> <li>Pottering in the <a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">shed</a></li> <li>Basking in warm <a href="/wiki/Sunshine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine">sunshine</a></li> <li>Escaping oppressive sunlight and heat</li></ul></li> <li>Growing useful produce <ul><li>Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor beauty</li> <li>Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History of gardening</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden_7193_(6399187813).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden_7193_%286399187813%29.jpg/220px-Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden_7193_%286399187813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden_7193_%286399187813%29.jpg/330px-Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden_7193_%286399187813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden_7193_%286399187813%29.jpg/440px-Humble_Administrator%27s_Garden_7193_%286399187813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Naturalistic design of a Chinese garden incorporated into the landscape, including a pavilion</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese garden</a></div> <p>The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1600–1046 BC). These gardens were large enclosed parks where the kings and nobles hunted game, or where fruit and vegetables were grown. Early inscriptions from this period, carved on tortoise shells, have three Chinese characters for garden, <i>you</i>, <i>pu</i> and <i>yuan</i>. <i>You</i> was a royal garden where birds and animals were kept, while <i>pu</i> was a garden for plants. During the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (221–206 BC), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:園">yuan</a></i> became the character for all gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old character for <i>yuan</i> is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols which can represent the plan of a structure, a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A famous royal garden of the late Shang dynasty was the <i>Terrace, Pond and Park</i> of the Spirit (<i>Lingtai, Lingzhao Lingyou</i>) built by <a href="/wiki/King_Wenwang" class="mw-redirect" title="King Wenwang">King Wenwang</a> west of his capital city, <a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yin</a>. The park was described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i> this way: </p> <dl><dd>The King makes his promenade in the Park of the Spirit,</dd> <dd>The deer are kneeling on the grass, feeding their fawns,</dd> <dd>The deer are beautiful and resplendent.</dd> <dd>The immaculate cranes have plumes of a brilliant white.</dd> <dd>The King makes his promenade to the Pond of the Spirit,</dd> <dd>The water is full of fish, who wriggle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Another early royal garden was <i>Shaqui</i>, or the <i>Dunes of Sand</i>, built by the last Shang ruler, <a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">King Zhou</a> (1075–1046 BC). It was composed of an earth terrace, or <i>tai</i>, which served as an observation platform in the center of a large square park. It was described in one of the early classics of Chinese literature, the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> (<i>Shiji</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Shiji</i>, one of the most famous features of this garden was the <i>Wine Pool and Meat Forest</i> (酒池肉林). A large pool, big enough for several small boats, was constructed on the palace grounds, with inner linings of polished oval shaped stones from the seashore. The pool was then subsequently filled with wine. A small island was constructed in the middle of the pool, where trees were planted, which had skewers of roasted meat hanging from their branches. King Zhou and his friends and concubines drifted in their boats, drinking the wine with their hands and eating the roasted meat from the trees. Later Chinese philosophers and historians cited this garden as an example of decadence and bad taste.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (722–481 BC), in 535 BC, the <i>Terrace of Shanghua</i>, with lavishly decorated palaces, was built by <a href="/wiki/King_Jing_of_Zhou_(Gui)" title="King Jing of Zhou (Gui)">King Jing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. In 505 BC, an even more elaborate garden, the <i>Terrace of Gusu</i>, was begun. It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake where boats in the form of blue dragons navigated. From the highest terrace, a view extended as far as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tai" title="Lake Tai">Lake Tai</a>, the Great Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Manasollasa" title="Manasollasa">Manasollasa</a></i> is a twelfth century <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text that offers details on garden design and a variety of other subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-sadhalenenebim_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadhalenenebim-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both public parks and woodland gardens are described, with about 40 types of trees recommended for the park in the <i>Vana-krida</i> chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-sadhalenenebim_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadhalenenebim-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShrigondekar1961_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrigondekar1961-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Shilparatna" title="Shilparatna">Shilparatna</a></i>, a text from the sixteenth century, states that flower gardens or public parks should be located in the northern portion of a town.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg/250px-Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg/330px-Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg/500px-Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Moss_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss garden">moss garden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Saih%C5%8D-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Saihō-ji">Saihō-ji</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, started in 1339.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a></div> <p>The earliest recorded Japanese gardens were the <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">pleasure gardens</a> of the Emperors and nobles. They were mentioned in several brief passages of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span>, the first chronicle of Japanese history, published in 720 CE. In spring 74 CE, the chronicle recorded: "The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Keik%C5%8D" title="Emperor Keikō">Emperor Keikō</a> put a few carp into a pond, and rejoiced to see them morning and evening". The following year, "The Emperor launched a double-hulled boat in the pond of Ijishi at Ihare, and went aboard with his imperial concubine, and they feasted sumptuously together". In 486, the chronicle recorded that "The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kenz%C5%8D" title="Emperor Kenzō">Emperor Kenzō</a> went into the garden and feasted at the edge of a winding stream".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean garden</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> gardens are a type of garden described as being natural, informal, simple and unforced, seeking to merge with the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a history that goes back more than two thousand years,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are little known in the west. The oldest records date to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms</a> period (57 BC – 668 AD) when architecture and palace gardens showed a development noted in the Korean <i><a href="/wiki/Samguk_Sagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samguk Sagi">History of the Three Kingdoms</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_(mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli,_2007)_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_%28mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli%2C_2007%29_01.JPG/250px-Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_%28mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli%2C_2007%29_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_%28mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli%2C_2007%29_01.JPG/330px-Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_%28mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli%2C_2007%29_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_%28mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli%2C_2007%29_01.JPG/500px-Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_%28mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli%2C_2007%29_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the garden at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">House of the Vettii</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a> was not recognized as an art form in Europe until the mid 16th century when it entered the political discourse, as a symbol of the concept of the "ideal republic". Evoking utopian imagery of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, a time of abundance and plenty where humans didn't know hunger or the conflicts that arose from property disputes. <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> wrote in the early 17th century, "there is not a more laborious life then is that of a good Gard'ners; but a labour full of tranquility and satisfaction; Natural and Instructive, and such as (if any) contributes to Piety and Contemplation."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the era of <a href="/wiki/Enclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclosures">Enclosures</a>, the agrarian collectivism of the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal age</a> was idealized in literary "fantasies of liberating regression to garden and wilderness".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a> brought Italian craftsmen and <a href="/wiki/Garden_designer" title="Garden designer">garden designers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pacello_da_Mercogliano" title="Pacello da Mercogliano">Pacello da Mercogliano</a>, from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a> and at Château Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, who had also travelled to Italy and had met <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, created an Italian garden nearby at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Blois">Château de Blois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1528, King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> created new gardens at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a>, which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, and the first artificial grotto in France.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a> had two gardens in the new style, one created for <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a> in 1551, and a second for <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> in 1560.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1536, the architect <a href="/wiki/Philibert_de_l%27Orme" title="Philibert de l'Orme">Philibert de l'Orme</a>, upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Anet" title="Château d'Anet">Château d'Anet</a> following the Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden.<sup id="cite_ref-jeannel_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeannel-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">French formal garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">jardin à la française</i>) contrasted with the design principles of the English landscape garden (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">jardin à l'anglaise</i>) namely, to "force nature" instead of leaving it undisturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical French formal gardens had "parterres, geometrical shapes and neatly clipped topiary", in contrast to the English style of garden in which "plants and shrubs seem to grow naturally without artifice."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-17th century <a href="/wiki/Axial_symmetry" title="Axial symmetry">axial symmetry</a> had ascended to prominence in the French gardening traditions of <a href="/wiki/Andre_Mollet" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Mollet">Andre Mollet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Boyceau" title="Jacques Boyceau">Jacques Boyceau</a>, from which the latter wrote: "All things, however beautiful they may be chosen, will be defective if they are not ordered and placed in proper symmetry."<sup id="cite_ref-hayes_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good example of the French formal style are the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries gardens</a> in Paris which were originally designed during the reign of King Henry II in the mid-sixteenth century. The gardens were redesigned into the formal French style for the <a href="/wiki/Sun_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun King">Sun King Louis XIV</a>. The gardens were ordered into symmetrical lines: long rows of elm or chestnut trees, clipped hedgerows, along with parterres, "reflect[ing] the orderly triumph of man's will over nature."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">French landscape garden</a> was influenced by the English landscape garden and gained prominence in the late eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Manner" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Manner">Grand Manner</a> era, a few significant gardens were found in Britain which were developed under the influence of the continent. Britain's homegrown domestic gardening traditions were mostly practical in purpose, rather than aesthetic, unlike the grand gardens found mostly on castle grounds and less commonly in universities. Tudor Gardens emphasized contrast rather than transitions, distinguished by color and illusion. They were not intended as a complement to home or architecture, but conceived as independent spaces, arranged to grow and display flowers and ornamental plants. Gardeners demonstrated their artistry in <a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">knot gardens</a>, with complex arrangements most commonly included interwoven <a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">box hedges</a>, and less commonly fragrant herbs like <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>. Sanded paths run between the hedgings of open knots whereas closed knots were filled with single colored flowers. The knot and <a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">parterre</a> gardens were always placed on level ground, and elevated areas reserved for terraces from which the intricacy of the gardens could be viewed.<sup id="cite_ref-hayes_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jacobean gardens were described as "a delightful confusion" by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wotton" title="Henry Wotton">Henry Wotton</a> in 1624. Under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>, Caroline gardens began to shed some of the chaos of earlier designs, marking the beginning of a trends towards symmetrical unified designs that took the building architecture into account, and featuring an elevated terrace from which home and garden could be viewed. The only surviving Caroline garden is located at <a href="/wiki/Bolsover_Castle" title="Bolsover Castle">Bolsover Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, but is too simple to attract much interest. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England,_Scotland_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland">Charles II</a>, many new <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> style country houses were built; while in England Oliver Cromwell sought to destroy many Tudor, Jacobean and Caroline style gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-hayes_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a></div> <p>Garden design is the process of creating plans for the layout and planting of gardens and <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscapes</a>. Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Professional garden designers tend to be trained in principles of design and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, and have a knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architects</a>, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often an occupational <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">license</a>. </p><p>Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with consideration for their <a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">horticultural</a> requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, <a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)" title="Habit (biology)">growth habit</a>, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Most gardens consist of a mixture of natural and constructed elements, although even very 'natural' gardens are always an inherently artificial creation. Natural elements present in a garden principally comprise flora (such as trees and <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a>), fauna (such as <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and birds), soil, water, air and light. Constructed elements include not only paths, <a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">patios</a>, decking, sculptures, <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> systems, lights and buildings (such as <a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">sheds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazebo" title="Gazebo">gazebos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">pergolas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folly" title="Folly">follies</a>), but also living constructions such as <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_border" title="Herbaceous border">flower beds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_pond" title="Garden pond">ponds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a>. </p><p>Garden needs of maintenance are also taken into consideration. Including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, (this can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth) spreading or self-seeding of the plants (annual or perennial), bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens. The most important consideration in any garden design is how the garden will be utilised, followed closely by the desired stylistic <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a>, and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the budget limitations. Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hard landscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20103_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20103-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center 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img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:40sotoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chehel Sotoun Garden, Isfahan, Iran"><img alt="Chehel Sotoun Garden, Isfahan, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/40sotoon.jpg/160px-40sotoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/40sotoon.jpg/240px-40sotoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/40sotoon.jpg/320px-40sotoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a> Garden, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagatelle_roseraie_classique01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parc de Bagatelle, a rose garden in Paris"><img alt="Parc de Bagatelle, a rose garden in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bagatelle_roseraie_classique01.jpg/250px-Bagatelle_roseraie_classique01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bagatelle_roseraie_classique01.jpg/330px-Bagatelle_roseraie_classique01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_Bagatelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc de Bagatelle">Parc de Bagatelle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">rose garden</a> in Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden of the Taj Mahal, India"><img alt="Garden of the Taj Mahal, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Taj_Mahal_India.jpg/250px-Taj_Mahal_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Taj_Mahal_India.jpg/330px-Taj_Mahal_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monreale_Kreuzgang_neu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a garden attached to a place of worship: the cloister of the Abbey of Monreale, Sicily, Italy"><img alt="Example of a garden attached to a place of worship: the cloister of the Abbey of Monreale, Sicily, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Monreale_Kreuzgang_neu.jpg/250px-Monreale_Kreuzgang_neu.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Monreale_Kreuzgang_neu.jpg/330px-Monreale_Kreuzgang_neu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of a garden attached to a place of worship: the cloister of the <a href="/wiki/Monreale#The_Cathedral" title="Monreale">Abbey of Monreale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Butchart_gardens.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sunken Garden of Butchart Gardens, Victoria, British Columbia"><img alt="The Sunken Garden of Butchart Gardens, Victoria, British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Butchart_gardens.JPG/250px-Butchart_gardens.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Butchart_gardens.JPG/330px-Butchart_gardens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sunken Garden of <a href="/wiki/Butchart_Gardens" title="Butchart Gardens">Butchart Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_orangerie_et_pi%C3%A8ce_d%27eau_des_Suisses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gardens of Versailles (France)"><img alt="Gardens of Versailles (France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_orangerie_et_pi%C3%A8ce_d%27eau_des_Suisses.jpg/250px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_orangerie_et_pi%C3%A8ce_d%27eau_des_Suisses.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_orangerie_et_pi%C3%A8ce_d%27eau_des_Suisses.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_orangerie_et_pi%C3%A8ce_d%27eau_des_Suisses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a> (France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The back garden of the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India"><img alt="The back garden of the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palace_Gardens.jpg/250px-Palace_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palace_Gardens.jpg/330px-Palace_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">back garden</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Umaid_Bhawan_Palace" title="Umaid Bhawan Palace">Umaid Bhawan Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_d%27Este_fountain_and_pools.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden with fountains, Villa d'Este, Italy"><img alt="Garden with fountains, Villa d'Este, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Villa_d%27Este_fountain_and_pools.jpg/250px-Villa_d%27Este_fountain_and_pools.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Villa_d%27Este_fountain_and_pools.jpg/330px-Villa_d%27Este_fountain_and_pools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garden with fountains, <a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_Williamsburg_(2464331014).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gardens at Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, feature many heirloom varieties of plants."><img alt="Gardens at Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, feature many heirloom varieties of plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Colonial_Williamsburg_%282464331014%29.jpg/250px-Colonial_Williamsburg_%282464331014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Colonial_Williamsburg_%282464331014%29.jpg/330px-Colonial_Williamsburg_%282464331014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gardens at <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Colonial Williamsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, feature many heirloom varieties of plants.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shitennō-ji Honbo Garden in Osaka, Osaka prefecture, Japan – an example of a Zen garden."><img alt="Shitennō-ji Honbo Garden in Osaka, Osaka prefecture, Japan – an example of a Zen garden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg/250px-Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg/330px-Shitennoj_honbo_garden06s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji" title="Shitennō-ji">Shitennō-ji</a> Honbo Garden in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka prefecture">Osaka prefecture</a>, Japan – an example of a <a href="/wiki/Zen_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen garden">Zen garden</a>.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">List of garden types</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Types of gardens </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Specific plant or purpose</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">bog garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">cactus garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">fernery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">flower garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Moss garden">moss garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">physic garden</a> (precursor to botanical gardens), <a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">pollinator garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">rose garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">water garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">wildlife garden</a> (to sustain local wildlife), <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>, market garden (small-scale production of cash crops), <a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">victory garden</a> (food grown to supplement wartime rations), <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly garden">butterfly garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponic garden</a> (growing plants without soil), <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">rain garden</a> (reabsorption of rain run-off), and <a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">trial garden</a> (testing and evaluating plants). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Specific style or aesthetic</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">color garden</a> (monochromatic gardens or gardens designed with a visually appealing color scheme), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_room" title="Garden room">Garden room</a> (secluded garden that has a "room-like" effect), <a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_garden" title="Greek garden">Greek garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">knot garden</a> (formal garden that is within a square frame), <a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary garden</a> (garden with a statue of the virgin Mary), <a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">monastic garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">natural landscaping</a> (using plants native to the area), <a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">paradise garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Pekarangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian garden">Persian garden</a>, philosophical garden, <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">pleasure garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman garden">Roman garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">sacred garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">sensory garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare garden</a> (garden featuring plants mentioned in the works of Shakespeare), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">tea garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">therapeutic garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">tropical garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">xeriscaping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zen_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen garden">zen garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">walled garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland_garden" title="Woodland garden">woodland garden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Placement</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">school garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">cottage garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest garden">forest garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">front yard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Community garden">community garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Square_foot_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Square foot garden">square foot garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Residential_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential garden">residential garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">roof garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">kitchen garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">shade garden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Material</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrarium" title="Terrarium">terrarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">green wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden" title="Hanging garden">hanging garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">container garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">sculpture garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raised_bed_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Raised bed gardening">raised bed gardening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_frame" title="Cold frame">cold frame</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable gardening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscaping" title="Sustainable landscaping">Sustainable landscaping</a></div> <p>Gardeners may cause environmental damage by the way they garden, or they may enhance their local environment. Damage by gardeners can include direct <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">destruction of natural habitats</a> when houses and gardens are created; indirect <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and damage to provide garden materials such as <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rock for rock gardens,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the use of tapwater to <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigate</a> gardens; the death of living beings in the garden itself, such as the killing not only of <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> but also their predators such as <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_thrush" title="Song thrush">song thrushes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Metaldehyde" title="Metaldehyde">metaldehyde</a> slug killer; the death of living beings outside the garden, such as local species extinction by indiscriminate <a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">plant collectors</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> produced by gardening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gardeners can help to prevent climate change in many ways, including the use of trees, shrubs, <a href="/wiki/Ground_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground cover">ground cover plants</a> and other perennial plants in their gardens, turning garden waste into <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">soil organic matter</a> instead of burning it, keeping soil and compost heaps aerated, avoiding peat, switching from power tools to hand tools or changing their garden design so that power tools are not needed, and using <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-fixing#Root_nodule_symbioses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen-fixing">nitrogen-fixing</a> plants instead of nitrogen fertiliser.<sup id="cite_ref-David_S.Ingram,_Daphne_Vince-Prue_and_Peter_J._Gregory_(2008)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_S.Ingram,_Daphne_Vince-Prue_and_Peter_J._Gregory_(2008)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change will have many impacts on gardens; some studies suggest most of them will be negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Bisgrove_and_Hadley_(2002)_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisgrove_and_Hadley_(2002)-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardens also contribute to climate change. Greenhouse gases can be produced by gardeners in many ways. The three main <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> are <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>. Gardeners produce carbon dioxide directly by <a href="/wiki/Tillage#Negative" title="Tillage">overcultivating</a> soil and destroying <a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a>, by burning garden waste on <a href="/wiki/Bonfire#Farm_and_garden_bonfires" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a>, by using power tools which burn <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> or use electricity generated by <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, and by using <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>. Gardeners produce methane by compacting the soil and making it anaerobic, and by allowing their <a href="/wiki/Compost_heap" class="mw-redirect" title="Compost heap">compost heaps</a> to become compacted and anaerobic. Gardeners produce nitrous oxide by applying excess <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer#Inorganic_fertilizers_(mineral_fertilizer)" title="Fertilizer">nitrogen fertiliser</a> when plants are not actively growing so that the nitrogen in the fertiliser is converted by <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide#Soil" title="Nitrous oxide">soil bacteria</a> to nitrous oxide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irrigation">Irrigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Irrigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler" title="Irrigation sprinkler">Irrigation sprinkler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hand_pump" title="Hand pump">hand pump</a></div> <p>Some gardeners manage their gardens without using any water from outside the garden. Examples in Britain include <a href="/wiki/Ventnor_Botanic_Garden" title="Ventnor Botanic Garden">Ventnor Botanic Garden</a> on the Isle of Wight, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Beth_Chatto" title="Beth Chatto">Beth Chatto</a>'s garden in Essex, Sticky Wicket garden in Dorset, and the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens at <a href="/wiki/RHS_Garden_Harlow_Carr" title="RHS Garden Harlow Carr">Harlow Carr</a> and <a href="/wiki/RHS_Hyde_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="RHS Hyde Hall">Hyde Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain gardens</a> absorb rainfall falling onto nearby hard surfaces, rather than sending it into stormwater drains.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gardening_articles" title="Index of gardening articles">Index of gardening articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">Outline of organic gardening and farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_gardeners" title="List of professional gardeners">List of professional gardeners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horticulture_and_gardening_books/publications" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horticulture and gardening books/publications">List of horticulture and gardening books/publications</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/garden">"Garden"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i> (Online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327044527/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/garden">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Garden&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgarden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnguelovski" class="citation web cs1">Anguelovski, Isabelle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311871937">"Urban gardening"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+gardening&rft.aulast=Anguelovski&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311871937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2005" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Tom (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pZ_AgAAQBAJ"><i>Garden History: Philosophy and Design 2000 BC – 2000 AD</i></a>. Routledge. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37082-5"><bdi>978-1-134-37082-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130836/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Garden_History/-pZ_AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garden+History%3A+Philosophy+and+Design+2000+BC+%E2%80%93+2000+AD&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+December+2021%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28December+2021%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-134-37082-5&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-pZ_AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klindienst-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klindienst_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlindienst2006" class="citation book cs1">Klindienst, Patricia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNaEY6HBKHMC"><i>The Earth Knows My Name: Food, Culture, and Sustainability in the Gardens of Ethnic Americans</i></a>. Beacon Press. p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-8562-2"><bdi>978-0-8070-8562-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130819/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Earth_Knows_My_Name/YNaEY6HBKHMC?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+Knows+My+Name%3A+Food%2C+Culture%2C+and+Sustainability+in+the+Gardens+of+Ethnic+Americans&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+December+2021%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28December+2021%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-8562-2&rft.aulast=Klindienst&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYNaEY6HBKHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFusco2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fusco, Dana (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036">"Creating relevant science through urban planning and gardening"</a>. <i>Journal of Research in Science Teaching</i>. <b>38</b> (8). Wiley Online Library: <span class="nowrap">860–</span>877. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JRScT..38..860F">2001JRScT..38..860F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftea.1036">10.1002/tea.1036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Science+Teaching&rft.atitle=Creating+relevant+science+through+urban+planning+and+gardening&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E860-%3C%2Fspan%3E877&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Ftea.1036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JRScT..38..860F&rft.aulast=Fusco&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Ftea.1036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/garden">"Etymology of the modern word gardin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam_Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster">Merriam Webster</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221175230/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/garden">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+the+modern+word+gardin&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgarden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101107/http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html">"Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stutt<b>gart</b>. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalin<b>grad</b>, and the Russian word for city, <i>gorod</i>. Gird and girdle are also related"</a>. Yourdictionary.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html">the original</a> on 2010-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etymology+of+words+referring+to+enclosures%2C+probably+from+a+Sanskrit+stem.+In+German%2C+for+example%2C+Stuttgart.+The+word+is+generic+for+compounds+and+walled+cities%2C+as+in+Stalingrad%2C+and+the+Russian+word+for+city%2C+gorod.+Gird+and+girdle+are+also+related&rft.pub=Yourdictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Flibrary%2Fgarden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105345/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk">"Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk">the original</a> on 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fgarden%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchurEhrlichEhrlich1987" class="citation book cs1">Schur, Norman; Ehrlich, Eugene; Ehrlich, Richard (1987). <i>British English from A to Zed: A Definitive Guide to the Queen's English</i>. <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620875773" title="Special:BookSources/9781620875773"><bdi>9781620875773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+English+from+A+to+Zed%3A+A+Definitive+Guide+to+the+Queen%27s+English&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781620875773&rft.aulast=Schur&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Eugene&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feng Chaoxiong, <i>The Classical Gardens of Suzhou</i>, preface, and Bing Chiu, <i>Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis</i>, Editions de La Martiniere, Paris 2010, p. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tong Jun, Records of Jiang Gardens, cited in Feng Chanoxiong, <i>The Classical Gardens of Suzhou</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation in <i>Jardins de Chine, ou la quête du paradis</i>, cited in Che Bing Chiu, <i>Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis</i>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tan, p. 10. See also Che Bing Chiu, <i>Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis</i>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Che Bing Chiu, <i>Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis</i>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Che Bing Chiu, <i>Jardins de Chine</i>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sadhalenenebim-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sadhalenenebim_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sadhalenenebim_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Bhudharakrida in Manasollasa, <i>Asian Agri-History</i>, Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 319–335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrigondekar1961-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShrigondekar1961_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShrigondekar1961">Shrigondekar 1961</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1976" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Ram Bachan (1976). "Cities and parks in ancient India". <i>Ekistics</i>. <b>42</b> (253): <span class="nowrap">372–</span>376. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43618748">43618748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ekistics&rft.atitle=Cities+and+parks+in+ancient+India&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=253&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43618748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ram+Bachan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitschke, <i>Le Jardin Japonais</i>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoare1988" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, James (January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zoOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Korean+garden&pg=PA144"><i>Korea: An Introduction - Google Book Search</i></a>. Kegan Paul International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710302991" title="Special:BookSources/9780710302991"><bdi>9780710302991</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+An+Introduction+-+Google+Book+Search&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International&rft.date=1988-01&rft.isbn=9780710302991&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_zoOAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DKorean%2Bgarden%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232957/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu=">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu=">the original</a> on 2011-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.buddhapia.com%2F_Service%2F_ContentView%2FETC_CONTENT_2.ASP%3Fpk%3D0000593886%26sub_pk%3D%26clss_cd%3D0002202991%26top_menu_cd%3D0000000329%26Menu_code%3D0000008706%26sub_menu%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samson, Alexander. <i>Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance</i>, 2012 :6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samson, Alexander. <i>Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance</i>, 2012 :8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Prevot, <i>Histoire des jardins</i>, pg. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prevot, <i>Histoire des Jardins</i>, 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeannel-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeannel_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Jeannel, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_N%C3%B4tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nôtre">Le Nôtre</a></i>, Éd. Hazan, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1995" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Allan (1995). <i>Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics</i>. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568980508" title="Special:BookSources/9781568980508"><bdi>9781568980508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirrors+of+Infinity%3A+The+French+Formal+Garden+and+17th-Century+Metaphysics&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781568980508&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScurr2022" class="citation book cs1">Scurr, Ruth (2022). <i>Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows</i>. Vintage. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life+in+Gardens+and+Shadows&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Scurr&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hayes-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hayes_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hayes_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hayes_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Gordon (2013). <i>Landscape and Garden Design: Lessons from History</i>. Whittle. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849950824" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849950824"><bdi>978-1849950824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+and+Garden+Design%3A+Lessons+from+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Whittle&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1849950824&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScurr2022" class="citation book cs1">Scurr, Ruth (2022). <i>Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows</i>. Vintage. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life+in+Gardens+and+Shadows&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Scurr&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalder2006" class="citation book cs1">Calder, Martin (2006). <i>Experiencing the Garden in the Eighteenth Century</i>. Lang. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039102914" title="Special:BookSources/9783039102914"><bdi>9783039102914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiencing+the+Garden+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783039102914&rft.aulast=Calder&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1995" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Allan (1995). <i>Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics</i>. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568980508" title="Special:BookSources/9781568980508"><bdi>9781568980508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirrors+of+Infinity%3A+The+French+Formal+Garden+and+17th-Century+Metaphysics&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781568980508&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen20103-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen20103_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen2010">Chen 2010</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiggins" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/home/should-sustainable-gardeners-use-peat-moss/2017/05/09/1fc746f0-3118-11e7-9534-00e4656c22aa_story.html">"Is this popular gardening material bad for the planet?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Is+this+popular+gardening+material+bad+for+the+planet%3F&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fhome%2Fshould-sustainable-gardeners-use-peat-moss%2F2017%2F05%2F09%2F1fc746f0-3118-11e7-9534-00e4656c22aa_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindenmayerClaridge2003" class="citation book cs1">Lindenmayer, David; Claridge, Andrew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFDuRUdn6S4C"><i>Wildlife on Farms: How to Conserve Native Animals</i></a>. Csiro. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643068667" title="Special:BookSources/9780643068667"><bdi>9780643068667</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildlife+on+Farms%3A+How+to+Conserve+Native+Animals&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Csiro&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780643068667&rft.aulast=Lindenmayer&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Claridge%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrFDuRUdn6S4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_S.Ingram,_Daphne_Vince-Prue_and_Peter_J._Gregory_(2008)-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_S.Ingram,_Daphne_Vince-Prue_and_Peter_J._Gregory_(2008)_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngramVince-PrueGregory2008" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, David S.; Vince-Prue, Daphne; Gregory, Peter J., eds. 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Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6063-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-6063-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Garden%3A+The+scientific+basis+of+horticultural+practice&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6063-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bisgrove_and_Hadley_(2002)-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bisgrove_and_Hadley_(2002)_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBisgroveHadley2002" class="citation report cs1">Bisgrove, R.; Hadley, P. (2002). Gardening in the global greenhouse: the impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK (Report). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127801132">127801132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Gardening+in+the+global+greenhouse%3A+the+impacts+of+climate+change+on+gardens+in+the+UK.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127801132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bisgrove&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Hadley%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnett_and_Clayden2007" class="citation book cs1">Dunnett and Clayden, Nigel and Andy (2007). <i>Rain Gardens: Managing Water Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape</i>. Portland, OR: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-826-6"><bdi>978-0-88192-826-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain+Gardens%3A+Managing+Water+Sustainably+in+the+Garden+and+Designed+Landscape&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-826-6&rft.aulast=Dunnett+and+Clayden&rft.aufirst=Nigel+and+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChen2010" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Gang (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1z9wlhscZFgC"><i>Planting design illustrated</i></a> (2nd ed.). Outskirts Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4327-4197-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4327-4197-6"><bdi>978-1-4327-4197-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planting+design+illustrated&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4327-4197-6&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Gang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1z9wlhscZFgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrigondekar1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shrigondekar, GK (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-Vol3-1961-0024b/TxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-vol3-1961-0024b#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Manasollasa of King Somesvara (Volume 3)</i></a> (in Sanskrit). Oriental Institute, Baroda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manasollasa+of+King+Somesvara+%28Volume+3%29&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute%2C+Baroda&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Shrigondekar&rft.aufirst=GK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-Vol3-1961-0024b%2FTxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-vol3-1961-0024b%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Garden" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Garden">Garden</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnaster_savatieri1_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gymnaster_savatieri1_flower.jpg/40px-Gymnaster_savatieri1_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gymnaster_savatieri1_flower.jpg/60px-Gymnaster_savatieri1_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gymnaster_savatieri1_flower.jpg/80px-Gymnaster_savatieri1_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks' <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A_Wikimanual_of_Gardening" class="extiw" title="b:A Wikimanual of Gardening"><i>A Wikimanual of Gardening</i></a> has more about this subject: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A_Wikimanual_of_Gardening/gardening" class="extiw" title="b:A Wikimanual of Gardening/gardening">gardening</a></b></i></div></div></div> </div> <div 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<a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/21px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/42px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107656#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107656#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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