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<span>Shanghai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Moscow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yan'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yan'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Yan'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yan'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Yan'an_to_the_Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Yan'an_to_the_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>From Yan'an to the Cultural Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Yan'an_to_the_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kang_Sheng_and_the_Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kang_Sheng_and_the_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kang Sheng and the Cultural Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kang_Sheng_and_the_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Support for the Khmer Rouge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_disgrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_disgrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death and disgrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_disgrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kchang_%C5%A0eng" title="Kchang Šeng – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kchang Šeng" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_%C5%9Ceng" title="Kang Ŝeng – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kang Ŝeng" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%89%EC%84%B1" title="캉성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캉성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AC" title="كانج شنج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كانج شنج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F" title="康生 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="康生" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Кан Шэн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кан Шэн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kang Sheng" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khang_Sinh" title="Khang Sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khang Sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%AE%97%E5%8F%AF" title="張宗可 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="張宗可" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F" title="康生 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康生" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese politician (1898–1975)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kang_Shien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kang Shien">Kang Shien</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid 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.hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F" class="extiw" title="zh:康生">the corresponding article</a> in Chinese</b>.  <i><small>(August 2020)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google 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Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kang_Sheng" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kang Sheng">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kang_Sheng" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Kang Sheng">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Kang_(Chinese_surname)" title="Kang (Chinese surname)">Kang</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Kang Sheng</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">康生</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kang_Seng_in_Yan%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kang_Seng_in_Yan%27an.jpg/220px-Kang_Seng_in_Yan%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Kang_Seng_in_Yan%27an.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 October 1959 – 16 December 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 January 1965 – 16 December 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 April 1959 – 20 December 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Social_Affairs_Department" title="Central Social Affairs Department">Director of the Central Social Affairs Department</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1898<br /><a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1975<span style="display:none">(1975-12-16)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (expelled posthumously)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Chen Yi (陳宜)<br />Cao Yi'ou (曹軼歐)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Intelligence Chief, Spymaster</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">“China's Beria”</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kang Sheng</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:康">康</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:生">生</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kāng Shēng</span></i>; 4 November 1898 – 16 December 1975), born <b>Zhang Zongke</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">张宗可</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">張宗可</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhāng Zōngkě</span></i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) official, best known for having overseen the work of the CCP's <a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">internal security</a> and intelligence apparatus during the early 1940s and again at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A member of the CCP from the early 1920s, he spent time in Moscow during the early 1930s, where he learned the methods of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">Soviet NKVD</a> and became a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a> for leadership of the CCP. After returning to China in the late 1930s, Kang Sheng switched his allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and became a close associate of Mao during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, and after. He remained at or near the pinnacle of power in the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> from <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">its establishment</a> in 1949 until his death in 1975. After the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">death of Mao</a> and the subsequent arrest of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>, Kang Sheng was accused of sharing responsibility with the Gang for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution and in 1980 he was expelled posthumously from the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kang Sheng was born in Dataizhuang (大臺莊, administered under Jiaonan County since 1946), <a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a> County to the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> Province to a landowning family, some of whom had been <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199235–7FaligotKauffer198910_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199235–7FaligotKauffer198910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang was born Zhang Zongke but he adopted a number of pseudonyms—most notably Zhao Rong, but also (for his painting) Li Jushi—before settling on Kang Sheng in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources give his year of birth as being as early as 1893, but it has also been variously given as 1898, 1899 and 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang received his elementary education at the Guanhai school for boys and later at the German School in Qingdao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198912–14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198912–14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a teenager, he entered into an arranged marriage with Chen Yi, in 1915, with whom he had two children, a daughter, Zhang Yuying, and a son, Zhang Zishi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199240–41_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199240–41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating from the German School, Kang taught in a rural school in Zhucheng, Shandong in the early 1920s before leaving, possibly for a sojourn in Germany and France,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198920–21_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198920–21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ultimately for Shanghai, where he arrived in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shanghai">Shanghai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shanghai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After arriving in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, Kang enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_University" title="Shanghai University">Shanghai University</a>, an institution under the control of the CCP and the intellectual leadership of <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199254–5FaligotKauffer198921_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199254–5FaligotKauffer198921-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After about six months at the university, he joined the Communist Party Youth League. Kang then joined the Party itself.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the direction of the Party, Kang worked underground as a labor organizer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped organize the February 1925 strike against Japanese companies that culminated in the May 30th Movement, a huge Communist-led demonstration, and brought Kang into close contact with Party leaders <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199259_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199259-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang participated in the March 1927 worker's insurrection alongside <a href="/wiki/Gu_Shunzhang" title="Gu Shunzhang">Gu Shunzhang</a> and under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Shiyan" title="Zhao Shiyan">Zhao Shiyan</a>, Luo Yinong, Wang Shouhua and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the uprising was put down by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> with the crucial assistance of <a href="/wiki/Du_Yuesheng" title="Du Yuesheng">Du Yuesheng</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Green_Gang" title="Green Gang">Green Gang</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a> of April 12, 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang was able to escape into hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199267–9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199267–9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1927, Kang married a Shanghai University student and fellow Shandong native, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Yi%27ou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Yi'ou (page does not exist)">Cao Yi'ou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E8%BD%B6%E6%AC%A7" class="extiw" title="zh:曹轶欧">zh</a>]</span> (born Cao Shuqing), who was to become a lifelong political ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199273_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199273-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered the employment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Qiaqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Qiaqing (page does not exist)">Yu Qiaqing</a>, a wealthy businessman with strong Kuomintang sympathies, as Yu's personal secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198970_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198970-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Kang remained an active but secret Party organizer, and was named to the Party's new <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> Provincial Committee in June 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199276_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199276-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1920s, Kang worked closely with Li Lisan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199277_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199277-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had been made head of the Propaganda Department at the CCP's Sixth Congress, which for security reasons and proximity to the Comintern's congress was held outside Moscow in mid-1928.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972174–180_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972174–180-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several months after the Sixth Congress, Kang was named director of the Organization Department of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee, which controlled personnel matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199277_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199277-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, while in Shanghai, Kang was arrested along with several other Communists, including Ding Jishi, and later released. Ding's uncle Ding Weifen, was head of the Kuomintang Central Party School in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, where he worked with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen Lifu</a>, head of the Kuomintang's secret service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199279FaligotKauffer198961–2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199279FaligotKauffer198961–2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang later denied he had ever been arrested, as the circumstances of his release suggested that he had, as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Futan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Futan (page does not exist)">Lu Futan</a> alleged in 1933, "sold out his comrades" in order to secure his freedom. As Byron and Pack note, however, "Kang's arrest in itself is no proof that he was turned by his captors or forced into long-term cooperation with them. KMT [Kuomintang] prisons were notoriously chaotic and corrupt."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199281_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199281-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Li Lisan's adventurism and the failed <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> operation of June 1930 lost Li the support of the Party, Kang moved adroitly to align himself with the Comintern's new favorite, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199285_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199285-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Mif" title="Pavel Mif">Pavel Mif</a>'s young students from <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a>, later known as the <a href="/wiki/28_Bolsheviks" title="28 Bolsheviks">28 Bolsheviks</a>, who took control of the Party Politburo at the Fourth Plenum of the Sixth Central Committee on January 13, 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972203_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972203-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang allegedly demonstrated his loyalty to Wang Ming by betraying to the Kuomintang secret police a meeting convened on January 17, 1931, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Mengxiong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Mengxiong (page does not exist)">He Mengxiong</a>, who had been strongly opposed to Li Lisan and was disgruntled by Pavel Mif's high-handed role in securing the ascendancy of Wang within the Chinese Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972219–221_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972219–221-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of February 7, 1931, He Mengxiong and 22 others were executed by the Kuomintang police at Longhua, Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those murdered were five aspiring writers and poets, including <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yepin" title="Hu Yepin">Hu Yepin</a>, lover of <a href="/wiki/Ding_Ling" title="Ding Ling">Ding Ling</a> and father of her child, later canonized as a martyr by the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1982217–20,_325–6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1982217–20,_325–6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The April 1931 arrest and defection to the Kuomintang of Gu Shunzhang, former Green Gang gangster and member of the Party's Intelligence Cell, led to serious breaches in Party security and the arrest and execution of <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhongfa" title="Xiang Zhongfa">Xiang Zhongfa</a>, the Party's General Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972221–2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972221–2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Zhou Enlai created a Special Work Committee to oversee the Party's intelligence and security operations. Chaired by Zhou personally, the committee included Chen Yun, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Hannian" title="Pan Hannian">Pan Hannian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guang_Huian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guang Huian (page does not exist)">Guang Huian</a> and Kang Sheng. When Zhou left Shanghai for the Communist base in <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> Province in August 1931, he left Kang in charge of the Special Work Committee, a position he held for two years. In this role, Kang was "in charge of the entire Communist security and espionage apparatus, not only in Shanghai but throughout KMT China."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992103_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992103-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moscow">Moscow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moscow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1931, Wang Ming removed himself to Moscow and assumed the position of chief Chinese representative on the Comintern. Kang and his wife Cao Yi'ou followed two years later. Kang remained in Moscow for four years, acting as Wang's deputy on the Comintern, returning to China in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992115_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992115-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Moscow, Kang was elected a member of the Politburo of the CCP, perhaps as early as 1931<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more probably in January 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997291_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997291-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Byron and Pack put it, "Kang had no cause to regret working with Wang in Moscow. His own prestige and power grew ever greater, and his cocoon of privilege insulated him from the irritations of daily life. But being in Moscow also excluded Kang and Wang Ming from the drama that was unfolding in China at the time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992119_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992119-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That "drama" included the epic retreat of the Communists from Jiangxi Province to <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, which became known to history as the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>, and the ever-growing power within the CCP of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the French military historian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Guillermaz" title="Jacques Guillermaz">Jacques Guillermaz</a> observed, </p> <blockquote> <p>The Long March helped the Chinese Communist Party to achieve a greater independence of Moscow. Everything tended in the same direction—Mao Zedong's appointment as Chairman of the Party, happening as it did in unusual conditions, practical difficulties in maintaining contact, the Comintern's tendency to remain in the background to help the creation of popular fronts, under cover of patriotism or anti-fascism. In fact, after the <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a>, the Russians seem to have had less and less influence in the Chinese Communist Party's internal affairs. In light of more recent history, this was perhaps one of the major consequences of the Long March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972263_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972263-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Wang Ming's influence over the main Communist forces was minimal after Mao Zedong's emergence from the Zunyi Conference of January 1935 as the undisputed head of the Party. From Moscow, Wang and Kang did seek to maintain control over Communist forces in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, which were ordered by them to conserve their strength and avoid direct confrontation with the Japanese army. This directive, which Kang later denied even existed, was resisted by some Manchurian leaders and later criticized by Mao Zedong as evidence of Wang Ming having stifled Manchuria's revolutionary potential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992122–3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992122–3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a> in December 1934, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> commenced his great purges of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this example, and with Wang Ming's support, Kang established in 1936 the Office for the Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries and worked closely with the Soviet secret police, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, in purging perhaps hundreds of Chinese then in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6FaligotKauffer1989102–3,_115–117_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6FaligotKauffer1989102–3,_115–117-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Byron and Pack put it:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Kang gained great power from the Elimination Office, which he used to silence opponents and witnesses to any embarrassing episodes in his past, especially his arrest in Shanghai. … This was not the first time the Chinese in Moscow had fallen victim to purges. Soviet authorities had made numerous arrests at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Moscow Sun Yat-sen University</a> during the late 1920s; students disappeared into the night, never to be seen again. But Kang worked his own variation: in the past, the Chinese had been purged by the Soviets; now, under Kang, they were liquidated by their fellow Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Stalin was more tolerant of the Chinese in Moscow than he was of other foreign Communists, who were purged along with their Soviet comrades. This may have been motivated by a concern about the potential threat of a Japanese invasion of the Soviet Far East. In any case, at this time Stalin began to promote the idea of a united front of the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang against the Japanese, a policy that Wang Ming and Kang quickly endorsed. In November 1937, following the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> and the Japanese invasion of China, Stalin dispatched Wang and Kang to Yan'an on a specially provided Soviet plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992131_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992131-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang had played a wily game in the complex and murky world of Stalin's Moscow, earning the following comment from <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, who had met Kang in Moscow in 1935: </p> <blockquote> <p>It can be said without any shadow of a doubt that at that time Kang Sheng was playing a multiple game. On the one hand he was humoring Stalin, but at the same time he was betraying his confidence. Similarly, he had made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a>, and had considered joining their movement, but he had also taken steps to infiltrate and sabotage their Fourth International…<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989102_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989102-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Tito made these comments to <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> on his only visit to China, in 1977 after Kang was dead, and certainly had his own agenda in doing so, but as Faligot and Kauffer remark, "in any case, Tito certainly got the measure of Kang's psychology: a multifaceted game of mirrors was certainly his style, even in the 1930s."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989102_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989102-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yan'an"><span id="Yan.27an"></span>Yan'an</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yan'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kang_Seng_Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Kang_Seng_Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg/220px-Kang_Seng_Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Kang_Seng_Mao_Zedong_in_Yan%27an.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Kang with Mao in Yan'an, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>When Kang Sheng arrived in the Party's redoubt at Yan'an in late November 1937 as part of Wang Ming's entourage, he may have already realized that Wang Ming was falling out of favor, but he initially supported Wang and the Comintern's efforts to guide the Chinese Communists back into line with Soviet policy, especially the need to align with the Kuomintang against the Japanese. Kang also brought Stalin's obsession with Trotskyism to play in helping Wang defeat the efforts of Zhou Enlai and <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> to bring <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a>—then the informal leader of Trotskyists in China—back into the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992142–3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992142–3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After assessing the situation on the ground in Yan'an, however, in 1938 Kang decided to re-align himself with Mao Zedong. Kang's motives are easy to imagine. For Mao's part, as MacFarquhar put it, </p> <blockquote> <p>Kang Sheng was a valuable catch for Mao as he strove to consolidate the power he had won at the Zunyi Conference in January 1935. Kang could betray all the secrets of Wang Ming and his supporters. He was au fait with Moscow politics and police/terror methods, and sufficiently fluent in Russian to act as a major contact with Soviet visitors. He had absorbed sufficient <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a> and Stalinist polemicizing to affect the patina of a theorist, and he was a fluent writer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997291_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997291-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>At Yan'an, Kang was close to <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>, who may have been Kang's mistress when he visited Shandong in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198981–2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198981–2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Yan'an, Jiang became the lover of Mao Zedong, who later married her. In 1938, Kang earned Mao and Jiang's gratitude by supporting their liaison against the opposition of more socially conservative cadres, who were aware of her past and uncomfortable with it. Byron and Pack assert that </p> <blockquote> <p>Kang acted decisively to protect Mao and rebut the charges against Jiang Qing. Invoking his background as head of the Organization Department and as an expert on security and espionage matters, Kang vouched for Jiang Qing. She was a Party member in good standing, he declared, and had no affiliations that would bar marriage to Mao. Kang's personal knowledge of Jiang Qing's past was fragmentary and certainly insufficient to allow him to prove that she was not a KMT agent, but he doctored her record, destroyed adverse material, discouraged hostile witnesses, and coached her on how to answer the probing questions of high-level interrogators who hoped to discredit Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992148–9_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992148–9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This episode is believed by many to have been key to Kang's future success, which depended not only on his considerable talents but also on his relationship with Mao. In addition to politics, Kang and Mao also shared an interest in classical culture, including poetry, painting and calligraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992150_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992150-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mao's relationship with Kang, in Yan'an and later, was mainly based on political calculation. Kang's familiarity with Wang Ming enabled him to provide Mao with valuable information about Wang's subservience to the Soviets. Although cadres such as <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a>, who had been in Moscow with Wang and Kang, were aware of Kang's previous slavish support for Wang, Kang strenuously sought to change that history and obscure previous affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992150–151_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992150–151-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Mao, who in these years had not yet visited the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, used Kang during this period as a valuable source of information about Soviet affairs. Mao was also suspicious of the Russians and, soon after aligning himself with Mao, Kang also began to speak out against the Soviet Union and its agents in China. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vladimirov" title="Peter Vladimirov">Peter Vladimirov</a>, the Comintern agent sent to Yan'an, recorded that Kang kept him under constant surveillance and even forced Wang Ming to avoid meeting him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989160–161_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989160–161-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimirov also believed that Kang delivered biased reports of Soviet affairs to Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Stalin shifted his support from Wang Ming to Mao Zedong, the Personnel Department of the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> (the "ECCI") included Kang's name on a list of CCP cadres who should not be included in the leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pantsov and Levine, </p> <blockquote> <p>Once again, the ECCI and, standing behind it, Stalin himself, helped Mao to consolidate his power. This time they even overdid it. Mao did not view Kang Sheng, who had already openly switched to his side, nor several of these other party officials [named in the ECCI Personnel Department memorandum] as his foes. He even tried to defend Kang Sheng in one of his letters to [Georgii] Dimitrov. "Kon Sin [Kang Sheng]," Mao wrote, "is reliable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine2012334_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine2012334-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>While in Yan'an, Kang oversaw intelligence operations against the Party's two principal enemies, the Japanese and the Kuomintang, as well as potential opponents of Mao within the Party, including the campaign against Trotskyites.<sup id="cite_ref-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 477">: 477 </span></sup> Chang and Halliday write that "<a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhe" title="Shi Zhe">Shi Zhe</a> observed that Kang was living in a state of deep fear of Mao in this period" because of his murky past, which had been raised with Mao in many letters from cadres and by the Russians, yet "[f]ar from being put off by Kang's murky past, Mao positively relished it. Like Stalin, who employed ex-<a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> like <a href="/wiki/Vyshinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyshinsky">Vyshinsky</a>, Mao used people's vulnerability as a way of giving himself hold over subordinates."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChangHalliday2005275_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangHalliday2005275-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimirov believed that Kang was behind, at Mao's behest, the attempt by <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_Maoyao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Maoyao (page does not exist)">Jin Maoyao</a> to murder Wang Ming by means of mercury poisoning,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992174–176_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992174–176-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this claim remains controversial. </p><p>Kang was deeply involved with the <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a> launched by Mao in February 1942, which was "central to Mao's mission of a thorough reinvention of Chinese society."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2013281_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2013281-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Rana_Mitter" title="Rana Mitter">Rana Mitter</a> writes, </p> <blockquote> <p>China's wartime existential crisis provided a perfect excuse for the rival, yet parallel, states [in Chongqing, Nanjing and Yan'an] to use similar techniques, from blackmail to bombing, to achieve their ends, and mute the criticisms of their opponents. If each of them paid tribute to <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> in public, they also each paid court to the thinking and techniques of Stalin in private.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2013281_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2013281-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In the person of Kang Sheng, Mao had at his disposal a man "trained by one of the world's greatest experts in the abuse of human bodies and minds: the head of the Soviet NKVD, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2013282_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2013282-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Mitter explains, </p> <blockquote> <p>Kang Sheng was the mastermind behind the "pain and friction" that underlay the Rectification process. He used a classic Soviet technique of accusing loyal party members of being Nationalist spies. Once they had confessed under torture, their confessions could then set off an avalanche of accusations and arrests. As the war worsened in 1943, and the Communist area become more isolated, Kang stepped up the speed and ferocity of the purges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2013292–293_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2013292–293-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Kang was sufficiently brutal in his methods to arouse the opposition of senior cadres, including Zhou Enlai, <a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a>. At the same time, Mao was not keen to have a single man in such a position of power. Accordingly, following the CCP's Seventh Congress in April 1945, Kang was replaced as head of both the <a href="/wiki/Central_Social_Affairs_Department" title="Central Social Affairs Department">Social Affairs Department</a> and the Military Intelligence Department. </p><p>Byron and Pack write that "In spite of Kang's decline, his influence on the security and intelligence system was visible for decades to come. The methods he popularized in Yan'an shaped public security work through the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and beyond."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992189_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992189-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, </p> <blockquote> <p>[f]or many victims of Rectification, release and rehabilitation in 1945 after the Seventh Party Congress did not protect them permanently against Kang. During the Cultural Revolution, he searched many of them out, arrested them and charged them again with being traitors or renegades. A standard item of evidence used against them was a record of their arrest in Yan'an during the Rectification Movement—phony charges from the 1940s appeared twenty years later as "proof" of an individual's disloyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992182–3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992182–3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Yan'an_to_the_Cultural_Revolution"><span id="From_Yan.27an_to_the_Cultural_Revolution"></span>From Yan'an to the Cultural Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From Yan'an to the Cultural Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_of_landlords_under_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong">Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong</a></div> <p>After his fall from the security posts, in December 1946 Kang was assigned by Mao Zedong, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> and Liu Shaoqi to review the Party's land reform project in Longdong, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> Province. He returned after five weeks with the view that land reform needed to be more severe and that there could be no compromise with landlords. "Kang whipped up hatred for the landlords and their retainers. In the name of social justice, he encouraged the peasants to settle scores by killing landlords and rich peasants."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992182–3_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992182–3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1947, Kang put his methods into practice in Lin County, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> Province. These methods included special scrutiny and persecution of landlords known to have Communist sympathies and investigation of the backgrounds of the Party's land reform teams themselves. In April 1948, Mao singled out Kang for praise in his handling of land reform, with the result that </p> <blockquote> <p>Agrarian reform cut a bloody swath through much of rural China. Squads of Communist enforcers were sent to the most remote villages to organize the local petty thieves and bandits into so-called land reform teams, which inflamed the poor peasants and hired laborers against the rich. When resentment reached fever pitch, peasants at staged "grievance meetings" were encouraged to relate the injustices and insults they had suffered, both real and imagined, at the hands of "the landlord bullies." Often these meetings would end with the masses, led by the land reform teams, shouting "Shoot him! Shoot him!" or "Kill! Kill! Kill!" The cadre in charge of proceedings would rule that the landlords had committed serious crimes, sentence them to death, and order that they be taken away and eliminated immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992195–6_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992195–6-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In November 1947, the CCP Politburo assigned Kang to inspect land reform in his home province of Shandong. Early in 1948, he was appointed deputy chief of the Party's <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_China_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East China Bureau (page does not exist)">East China Bureau</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Rao_Shushi" title="Rao Shushi">Rao Shushi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang_Jing200077–78_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang_Jing200077–78-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators speculate that the private humiliation of being placed under a former subordinate may be one reason why Kang "fell ill" and largely disappeared from view until after Rao's fall in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang_Jing200048_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang_Jing200048-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, Kang may really have been ill. Mao's personal physician, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhisui" title="Li Zhisui">Li Zhisui</a>, later recorded that doctors responsible for Kang's treatment at Beijing Hospital told him that Kang was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing before Li's book was published, Byron and Pack offered other possible diagnoses based on symptoms Kang seems to have displayed, including manic-depressive psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992209-210_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992209-210-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang's re-emergence on the political stage in the mid-1950s occurred at roughly at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a>-Rao Shushi Affair and the affair of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Bingbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Bingbo (page does not exist)">Yu Bingbo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz197698–110_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz197698–110-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faligot and Kauffer see these affairs as each showing signs of involvement by Kang Sheng, who they believe used them as means to return to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989270–273_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989270–273-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1956, Kang made his first public appearance in years at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> in Beijing. As Byron and Pack write </p> <blockquote> <p>The challenges that Kang faced during the early months of 1956 underscored the dangers he would have risked by continuing his retreat. As soon as he reappeared, Kang encountered serious problems that caused his position in the hierarchy to fluctuate dramatically. After the purge of Gao Gang and Rao Shushi in 1954, he had ranked sixth, below Chairman Mao, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and Chen Yun. But in February 1956, just weeks after his return to public life, he was listed below <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>. By the end of April he was reported in tenth place, even below <a href="/wiki/Luo_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Fu">Luo Fu</a>, the only member of the 28 Bolsheviks who still held a Politburo seat. Yet on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> of 1956—the international socialist celebration—Kang was suddenly back in sixth place. His position, at least going by public reports and official bulletins, remained unchanged from then until the Eighth Congress four months later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992221_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992221-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Kang suffered a severe reversal of fortune at the Central Committee plenum that followed the first session of the CCP's Eighth Congress, when he was demoted to alternate, nonvoting membership of the Politburo. <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacFarquhar" title="Roderick MacFarquhar">Roderick MacFarquhar</a> writes: </p> <blockquote> <p>The reasons for Kang Sheng's reduction to alternate membership of the Politburo are not clear. … The immediate reason for his demotion may have been the general revulsion against secret police within the communist bloc after <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev's</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Speech">Secret Speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang Sheng's emergence during the cultural revolution as one of the most important Maoist stalwarts suggests that…it is not unlikely that at the 8th Congress Mao saved Kang from even greater humiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1974148_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1974148-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Mao's own position was weakening, as evidenced by the decision of the CCP's Eighth Congress to delete the phrase "guided by the thought of Mao Zedong" from the new Party constitution and by re-establishing the role of General Secretary, abolished in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999170_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999170-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dangers of exalting a single leader and the desirability of collective leadership had been perhaps the most direct point of Khrushchev's Secret Speech to the Twentieth Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (the "CPSU") in February 1956, in which he condemned Stalin, Stalin's methods and his cult of personality and which, according to Archie Brown, "was the beginning of the end of international Communism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009243_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009243-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Kang remained a member of the Politburo, he had no concrete role and no power base, which led him to take on a series of diverse assignments and to align himself as closely as possible with Mao, who was devising his response to de-Stalinization and its effects within the leadership of the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992224-225_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992224-225-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His responses, in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Flowers">Hundred Flowers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a> that followed, marked a profound turning point in the history of the People's Republic of China. As <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Meisner" title="Maurice Meisner">Maurice Meisner</a> wrote </p> <blockquote> <p>The period of the Hundred Flowers was the time when the Chinese abandoned the Soviet model of development and embarked on a distinctively Chinese road to socialism. It was the time that China announced its ideological and social autonomy from the Soviet Union and its <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> heritage. It is a cruel and tragic irony that the break with the Stalinist pattern of socioeconomic development was not accompanied by a break with Stalinist methods in political and intellectual life. The latter was precluded by the suppression of the critics who had briefly "bloomed and contended" in May and June 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999188_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999188-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>As noted in connection with the Yan'an Rectification Movement launched 15 years earlier, Kang Sheng played an important role in bringing Stalinist methods of repression to China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992189_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992189-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang was clearly a supporter of Mao during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and its aftermath and, as MacFarquhar writes, "[h]e was the beneficiary of Mao's practice of preserving and protecting those whom he trusted and relied upon, and for whom he saw a future use."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997292_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997292-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Kang received a number of important positions during the late 1950s, including in 1959 responsibility for the Central Party School.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997293_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997293-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Kang's most important activities in this period were those related to the deepening split with the Soviet Union, about which Mao and others regarded him as something of an expert. Among his assignments from the Politburo was to draft a long article that appeared in <i>The People's Daily</i> on December 29, 1956, under the title "More on the Historical Experience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" and which expressed the Party's position that Stalin's achievements overshadowed his mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang visited the Soviet Union and various socialist countries in Eastern Europe on several occasions between 1956 and 1964, expressing increasing disdain for the "revisionist" policies of Nikita Khrushchev and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245–247_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245–247-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1960, as the Chinese observer at the conference of the Political Consultative Conference of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, Kang made what Jacques Guillermaz described as "a violent attack on the leaders of the United States, their feigned pacifism, their dream of 'peaceful evolution' of the socialist countries, and their repeated sabotage of disarmament."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1976316_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1976316-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byron and Pack describe the speech as "a subtle, almost sarcastic critique of Russian foreign policy that became a milestone in deteriorating Sino-Soviet relations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245–247_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245–247-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, Kang was one of the Chinese delegates to the Twenty-Second Congress of the CPSU to leave their seats to avoid shaking hands with Khrushchev.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang was also a member of the delegation that attended a meeting in Moscow in July 1963, which failed to bridge the growing gap between the Chinese and Soviet parties. Among the points of contention, raised in a letter issued by the Chinese Communist Party on June 14, 1963, had to do with de-Stalinization and the allegation that </p> <blockquote> <p>under the pretext of "combating the cult of the individual," certain persons are crudely interfering in the internal affairs of other fraternal parties and fraternal countries and forcing other fraternal parties to change their leadership in order to impose their own wrong line on those parties.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Jacques Guillermaz asked rhetorically of this criticism, "[c]ould the Chinese really have been thinking of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1976329_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1976329-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sino-Soviet rift and the obsession with Khrushchev's revisionism looms large in the coming of the Cultural Revolution, as Mao saw revisionism and de-Stalinization as a threat not only to his own position but also to the very survival of the Chinese Communist Party as a revolutionary force.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, an appreciation of Kang's role as a supporter of Mao's line in this period helps explain his return to very near the pinnacle of power a few years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kang_Sheng_and_the_Cultural_Revolution">Kang Sheng and the Cultural Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kang Sheng and the Cultural Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-03_1966%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%81%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/1967-03_1966%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%81%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/220px-1967-03_1966%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%81%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/1967-03_1966%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%81%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/330px-1967-03_1966%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%81%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/1967-03_1966%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%81%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/440px-1967-03_1966%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%81%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Kang (top right) during the Cultural Revolution, with <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As an ally of Mao Zedong in his effort to regain control of the CCP, Kang was an important enabler of and participant in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, later described by the CCP's Central Committee as having "lasted from May 1966 to October 1976" and as "responsible for the most severe setback and heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the state and the people since the founding of the People's Republic." The Central Committee <a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">resolution</a> concluded that the Cultural Revolution "was initiated and led by Comrade Mao Zedong."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In outlining the "errors" that had been made by Mao and others in the run-up to the Cultural Revolution, the Central Committee noted that "[c]areerists like <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> and Kang Sheng, harbouring ulterior motives, made use of these errors and inflated them."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well before the start of the Cultural Revolution as such, of course, Kang played his part in attacking rivals of Mao in the Party leadership. In the early 1960s, many of these cadres were unhappy with a range of policies as well as Mao's refusal to rehabilitate <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>, the former Defense Minister and an early as well as outspoken critic of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a> that had followed the Great Leap Forward had aroused serious doubts among Mao's colleagues in the CCP leadership about the wisdom of his choices in leading China to socialism, with many preferring the direction set by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>. As the chronicler of the famine <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(journalist)" title="Yang Jisheng (journalist)">Yang Jisheng</a> has observed: </p> <blockquote> <p>The three-year Great Famine undoubtedly intensified the divisions between Mao and Liu. Unreconciled to the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Red_Banners" title="Three Red Banners">Three Red Banners</a>, Mao ... blamed it on "revisionism" and "class enemies." Combatting and preventing "revisionism" was therefore the chief task of the Cultural Revolution, as Mao tried to clear the way for establishing his utopia. This meant attacking "capitalist road power-holders" such as Liu Shaoqi, whose attempts to address the problems left over from the Great Famine by giving peasants more autonomy in growing crops and taking a softer line in international affairs were labeled a "counterrevolutionary revisionist line."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang2021xxiii_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang2021xxiii-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Already in the late 1950s, Mao's position had weakened following Khrushchev's condemnation of Stalin's methods and cult of personality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999170_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999170-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao was further unsettled by subsequent developments in the Soviet Union, of which he became increasingly critical and accused of "revisionism" and abandoning the class standpoint, especially following the adoption by the 22nd congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in October 1961 of theories of "peaceful coexistence" that he regarded as anathema. As Yang Jisheng observes, "Under Mao's renewed emphasis on class struggle, 'revisionism,' 'right-deviating opportunism,' and 'capitalist restoration' became interlinked concepts. ... From the 1960s onward, Mao treated fighting revisionism as a crucial political task."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202126–29_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202126–29-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang may or may not have shared these views, but he adroitly exploited Mao's concerns about the threat to the chairman's vision for China's path to socialism presented by "rightists" and "revisionists" who did not entirely share that vision, especially those holding positions in the CCP hierarchy. At the 10th Plenum of the Eighth CCP Central Committee in September 1962, Kang persuaded Mao to use the publication of a novel about <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhidan" title="Liu Zhidan">Liu Zhidan</a>, a Party member killed in battle against the Kuomintang in 1936, successfully insinuating that the novel's publication was an effort by <a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a>, Jia Tuofu and Liu Jingfan to reverse the Party's verdict on their former associate <a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a> and thus "anti-Party."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202117MacFarquhar1997293–296_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202117MacFarquhar1997293–296-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this, the Central Committee appointed Kang to head a special investigation committee to examine the cases of Xi, Jia and Liu. As MacFarquhar writes, </p> <blockquote> <p>Two months later, [Kang] moved to the <a href="/wiki/Diaoyutai_State_Guesthouse" title="Diaoyutai State Guesthouse">Diaoyutai</a> guest complex in the capital to mastermind a team of ideologues for the campaign against Soviet revisionism. The most cynical hit-man of Mao's Cultural Revolution swat team was now an agent in place, helping to initiate the domestic and foreign policies that were the prelude to that cataclysm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997296_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997296-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In July 1964, Kang, then chairman of the Central Committee's Theoretical Committee, was appointed to a five-member Cultural Revolution Small Group under the Central Committee to lead criticism of revisionism in the cultural and academic domains. The group was chaired by <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>, a Party member since 1923 who was by 1964 the fifth-ranking member of the CCP Central Committee as well as First Secretary of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee and mayor of the capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202129_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202129-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1965, Mao suggested to the Party Politburo that the principal enemies of socialism in China were "those people in authority within the Party who are taking the capitalist road" and urged that the Party undertake a "cultural revolution."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999313_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999313-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1965, Mao sent his wife Jiang Qing to Shanghai to light the first spark of what would become the Cultural Revolution, the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Wu_Han_(PRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Han (PRC)">Wu Han</a>, the Vice Mayor of Beijing and the author of the 1961 play <i><a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui Dismissed from Office</a></i>. As Yang Jisheng observes: </p> <blockquote> <p>As a leading Ming historian within the party, Wu Han used Marxism to interpret history and used history as a politically charged allusion to the present. Prior to the establishment of the PRC, Wu Han's works had castigated the founding Ming emperor, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a>, as a stand-in for <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, but after the PRC was established, Wu's book <i>Zhu Yuanzhang</i> served as a paean of praise to Mao. This double standard is typical of intellectuals who rise to fame under a totalitarian government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202134_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202134-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Mao had actually encouraged Wu Han to write the essay "Hai Rui Scolds the Emperor," published under a pen name in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> in June 1959. However, Yang Jisheng noted that when Wu Han later wrote the script for the play "...the hypervigilant <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> and Kang decided [it] was ... 'related to the <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a> and ... implicitly endorsed 'assigning output quotas to households' and the ongoing verdict-reversal wind. Mao took their views seriously and instructed Jiang Qing to find a hit man to denounce the play."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202134_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202134-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack on Wu Han was an indirect attack on <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>, a pillar of the establishment that Mao wanted overthrown. Kang's role in the subsequent purge of Peng was to co-lead with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a> the prosecution of Mao's charge that "Peng Zhen, the Propaganda Department, and the Beijing Party Committee had shielded bad people while suppressing leftists."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals200632–33_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals200632–33-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process took some time, but in May 1966 Peng Zhen, along with <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> were stripped of all official positions. In its verdict on the event long afterwards, the CCP Central Committee concluded, "Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> and others ...exploited the situation to incite people to 'overthrow everything and wage full-scale civil war.'".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang Jisheng observes that: </p> <blockquote> <p>Rather than say that the downfall of Peng, Luo, Lu and Yang was part of the Cultural Revolution, it would be more accurate to say that it was crucial preparation for Mao's comprehensive launch of the Cultural Revolution. Eliminating those four people made Mao feel safer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202162_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202162-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Cultural Revolution was effectively launched when the CCP Central Committee passed a circular on May 16, 1966, the text of which Mao, with assistance from Kang, Chen Boda, Jiang Qing and others, had been instrumental in drafting. Kang became an adviser to the Central Cultural Revolution Small Group, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a>, upon the group's formal establishment by the Central Committee in late May 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202164–66,_71_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202164–66,_71-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier in 1966, Kang Sheng sent his wife, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Yi%27ou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Yi'ou (page does not exist)">Cao Yi'ou</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Beijing_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing University">Beijing University</a> as part of a team designed to rally leftists against the university president, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Ping_(1914)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Ping (1914) (page does not exist)">Lu Ping</a>, and other officials aligned with Peng Zhen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals200654–55_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals200654–55-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cao sought out <a href="/wiki/Nie_Yuanzi" title="Nie Yuanzi">Nie Yuanzi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Party branch secretary in the Philosophy Department with whom Kang and Cao had become acquainted years earlier in Yan'an.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With information from Cao Yi'ou that Lu Ping had lost high-level Party protection, Nie Yuanzi and her leftist allies wrote an infamous big-character poster attacking the university leadership and launching a movement that over the next three months threw Beijing University into chaos. </p><p>More significantly for the rest of China, Mao approved the contents of Nie's poster and at the beginning of June wrote the following memorandum: "Comrades Kang Shen and Chen Boda: This text can be broadcast in full by the Xinhua News Agency and published in all the country's newspapers. It is essential. The smashing of that reactionary fortress, Beiing University, can now begin. Please handle as you see fit." Kang and Chen made certain that the full text of Nie's poster was nationally broadcast in full, along with Mao's praise of it as "China's first Marxist-Leninist big-character poster" on the day they received the chairman's memorandum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202164–66,_71_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202164–66,_71-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Yue Daiyun wrote about the effects on society: "With no limits imposed, no guidance offered, no one assuming responsibility for what occurred, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> merely following their impulses, the assault upon their elders and the destruction of property grew completely out of control."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYueWakeman1985167_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYueWakeman1985167-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, Mao and other leaders finally began to rein in the Red Guards, with Kang Sheng playing a leading role. In January Kang denounced the <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">S<i>hengwulian</i></a> coalition of Red Guards as "<a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a>," launching a campaign of brutal suppression over the following months by the army and secret police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999344_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999344-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July, when Mao joked with a group of Red Guard leaders that he himself was the "black hand" suppressing campus revolutionaries, the glory days of the movement were ending.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006250–252_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006250–252-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the turbulent years of the Cultural Revolution, Kang remained close to the pinnacle of power and, as the "evil genius" within the <a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a> (the "CCEG") established by the CCP Politburo on May 24, 1966, was instrumental in Mao's efforts to purge many senior Party officials, including his most senior rival within the Party, Liu Shaoqi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006282–283_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006282–283-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent trial of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>," one of the accusations leveled against Jiang Qing was that she conspired "with Kang Sheng, Chen Boda, and others to take it upon themselves to convene the big meeting [on July 18, 1967] to apply struggle-and-criticism to Liu Shaoqi, and to carry out a search of his house, physically persecuting the Head of State of the People's Republic of China."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonavia198433_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonavia198433-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Meng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Meng (page does not exist)">Xiao Meng</a> testified at the trial that "the slander and persecution of [Liu Shaoqi's wife] <a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a> was plotted by Jiang Qing and Kang Sheng in person."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonavia198435_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonavia198435-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang's position on the CCEG gave him enormous, if invisible power. The very existence of the CCEG remained a secret, "[y]et," as MacFarquhar and Schoenhals write, </p> <blockquote> <p>During its thirteen-year existence, the CCEG had powers far exceeding not only those once exercised by the Party's Discipline Inspection Commission and Organization Department, but even those of the central public security and procuratorial organs and the courts. The CCEG made the decision to "ferret out," persecute, arrest, imprison and torture "revisionist" [Central Committee] members and many lesser political enemies. Its privileged employees were the Cultural Revolution equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>. Whereas the [Central Cultural Revolution Group] at least nominally dealt in "culture," the CCEG dealt exclusively in violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006282–283_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006282–283-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCEG was established as an <i>ad hoc</i> body but soon became a permanent institution with a staff of thousands that, at one point, was investigating no fewer than 88 members and alternate members of the Party Central Committee for suspected "treachery," "spying," and/or "collusion with the enemy."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>During the Cultural Revolution, Kang also abused his position to personal advantage. A gifted painter and calligrapher,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he used his power to indulge his penchant for collecting antiques and works of art, notably <a href="/wiki/Inkstone" title="Inkstone">inkstones</a>. According to Byron & Pack, many of the Cultural Revolution leaders also used the lawlessness of the period to acquire for themselves objects seized from the homes of persons attacked by Red Guards. But Kang, in a series of visits to the Cultural Relics Bureau, "helped himself to 12,080 volumes of rare books—more than were taken by any other radical leader, and 34 percent of all the rare books removed—and 1,102 antiques, 20 percent of the total. Only Lin Biao, who, as Mao's designated heir, ranked second in the land, appropriated more antiques than Kang."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992368_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992368-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang Sheng was instrumental in supervising the drafting of the new Party Constitution, adopted at the CCP's Ninth Congress in April 1969, which reinstated "<a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a>" alongside Marxism-Leninism as the theoretical basis for the Party. The Congress elected Kang as one of the five members of the Politburo Standing Committee, along with Mao, Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Chen Boda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999348_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999348-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Ninth Congress, Kang Sheng's wife, Cao Yi'ou, was herself elected to the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006293_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006293-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution drafted under Kang's supervision and adopted at the Ninth Congress stipulated that "Comrade Lin Biao is Comrade Mao Zedong's close comrade-in-arms and successor."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang Sheng and Lin Biao were not close allies, although Kang had earlier assisted Lin in his successful efforts to remove Marshal <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a>, a formidable rival to Lin's wish to control the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonavia1984190ByronPack1992373–375_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonavia1984190ByronPack1992373–375-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of Lin Biao's aborted coup attempt and death in September 1971, Kang was careful to distance himself from Mao's disgraced former heir and from Chen Boda, who had been closely aligned with Lin at the Central Committee meeting in Lushan in August 1970 and who was denounced after Lin's fall as "China's Trotsky."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999381–382_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999381–382-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to link Kang to Lin Biao's plotting were unsuccessful and unsubstantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992389–393_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992389–393-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the remainder of his life, Kang Sheng was actively involved in controlling the CCP propaganda apparatus and in November 1970 was appointed chairman of the new <a href="/wiki/Central_Organization_and_Propaganda_Leading_Group" title="Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group">Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group</a> ("COPG"), created under Mao's impetus. The COPG had oversight of the Central Committee Organisation Department, the Central Party School, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a>, the Xinhua News Agency, <a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_(magazine)" title="Red Flag (magazine)">Red Flag</a> magazine, the Central Broadcasting Enterprise Bureau, the <a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily" title="Guangming Daily">Guangming Daily</a>, and the Central Compilation and Translation Bureau. Because the COPG was effectively under Mao's direct control, it supplanted the Central Cultural Revolution Small Group and became a rival organization to the Central Military Commission Administrative Group, established in 1967 to try to rein in those attacking the military.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ill with the cancer that would eventually kill him, Kang increasingly ceded control of the COPG to Jiang Qing and her close associates, who were always attentive to Mao's wishes. </p><p>In his final years, Kang became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Criticize_Lin,_Criticize_Confucius" title="Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius">Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius</a> campaign that was created by the beneficiaries of the Cultural Revolution to oppose Zhou Enlai and other veteran officials in the struggle over who would succeed Mao Zedong. Kang was initially active in supporting Jiang Qing, perhaps seeing her as a successor through whom he would exercise power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992400-402_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992400-402-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang subsequently shifted tack when it became apparent that Jiang was out of favor with Mao, even going so far as to denounce her as having betrayed the Party to the Kuomintang during the mid-1930s, notwithstanding his support for her when the same charge had been leveled 30 years earlier in Yan'an.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992404–406_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992404–406-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kang last appeared in public at the Tenth Congress of the CCP, in August 1973. The Tenth Congress adopted a new Constitution that removed the embarrassing reference to Lin Biao as Mao Zedong's successor, but as a sign that his position had not been adversely affected, Kang was named one of five vice chairmen of the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999391–392_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999391–392-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His final political act came only two months before his death, when he warned Mao Zedong that <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> opposed the Cultural Revolution and should be purged again, advice that Mao ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992407–408_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992407–408-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge">Support for the Khmer Rouge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Support for the Khmer Rouge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kang also left a lasting imprint on China's foreign policy. As MacFarquhar writes, "the dual role of Kang Sheng in Mao's campaign against revisionism at home and abroad symbolized the close relationship between Chinese domestic and foreign policy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997297_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997297-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kang's contribution to the dispute with the Soviet Union about de-Stalinization has been described above in connection with his efforts to insinuate himself with Mao and developing the ideological origins of the Cultural Revolution. </p><p>Perhaps Kang's most important influence over Chinese foreign policy came during the Cultural Revolution itself, when he was instrumental in developing Chinese support for the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. While the mainstream of the CCP leadership supported Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a> as Cambodia's anti-Western and anti-imperialist leader, Kang argued that Khmer Rouge guerrilla leader <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> was the real revolutionary leader in the Southeast Asian nation. </p><p>Kang's backing of Pol Pot was an effort to back his own cause within the CCP, as his touting of Pol Pot as the true voice of the Cambodian revolution was in large part an attack on the Chinese Foreign Ministry, whose pragmatic support for Prince Sihanouk's regime was thereby presented as reactionary. As a result of his success in this, the Pol Pot regime came to power and the Khmer Rouge became the recipient of Chinese aid for years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992356-7_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992356-7-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_disgrace">Death and disgrace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and disgrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kang Sheng died of <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a> on December 16, 1975. He was given a <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">formal funeral</a>, attended by every member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> except <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a>, who did not attend funerals at this stage, and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, who were both too weak to attend. <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Marshal Ye Jianying</a> delivered a <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a> in which he praised Kang as "a proletarian revolutionary, a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> theoretician, and a glorious fighter against revisionism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992409_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992409-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1978, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> voiced the first formal criticism of Kang in a speech to the Central Party School. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruan_Ming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruan Ming (page does not exist)">Ruan Ming</a> reports Hu as telling four of Kang's "anti-revisionist scribblers" that: </p> <blockquote> <p>you four people have played an extremely negative role in the liberation of thought, the role of a brake. As far as I'm concerned, this is because you have come too much under the influence of people like Kang Sheng. … Kang Sheng passed his time reading between the lines looking for "allusions" without taking account of the real subject of articles and the general idea. He made a sort of talent of looking for a particular point he could attack. He had learned this from Stalin, from <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, and acted thus from the time of the Yan'an era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuan1994213_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuan1994213-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Following the arrest of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> and the return to power of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, criticisms of Kang Sheng grew and a special case group was established to investigate Kang's career. In late summer 1980, the special case group reported to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Central Committee</a>. In October 1980, just in advance of commencing the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Gang_of_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of the Gang of Four">trial of the Gang of Four</a>, Kang Sheng was posthumously expelled from the CCP and the Central Committee formally rescinded <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Marshal Ye Jianying</a>'s eulogy.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1978 speech, Hu Yaobang labeled him as the Chinese equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Dzerzhinsky</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a>, an opinion “shared by a majority of informed Chinese.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199217_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199217-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most official published material characterizes him as part of "Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Cliques", although some partially positive biographies have been released in recent years detailing his roles in <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and the Yan'an Rectification Movement. Due to his role in the purging of <a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a>, the father of future General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, it is unlikely that the party will formally rehabilitate him.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, The US Based <i>China News Digest</i> released a previously unpublished interview with Kang's widow Cao Yi'ou conducted in the 1980s where she defends Kang and refutes the charges against him, calling for the CCP to rehabilitate him. The article was initially blocked in mainland China, although in 2015 it re-appeared on the history section of <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The details of his activities after the founding of the PRC in the Intelligence and Security Apparatus of the Party remain classified and closed off to historians, with no new information about him being disclosed by the CCP since the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_Life">Personal Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kang Sheng was considered among the best Chinese calligraphers of his generation with numerous notable works.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His art name was <b>Lu Chishui</b>, literally "The Red Water of <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>", as a counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Qi_Baishi" title="Qi Baishi">Qi Baishi</a>, literally "The White Rock of <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a>". </p><p>He was an avid collector and collected 34000 books and 5500 artefacts, many of which were obtained during the Cultural Revolution. After his death, the collection was donated to the <a href="/wiki/Jingshan_Park" title="Jingshan Park">Jingshan Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, generally, <a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack 1992</a>, <a href="#CITEREFZhong_Kan1982">Zhong Kan 1982</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLin_Qingshan1988">Lin Qingshan 1988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199235–7FaligotKauffer198910-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199235–7FaligotKauffer198910_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 35–7; <a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLandsberger2007" class="citation web cs1">Landsberger, Stefan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chineseposters.net/themes/kangsheng">"Kang Sheng"</a>. <i>chineseposters.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chineseposters.net&rft.atitle=Kang+Sheng&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Landsberger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchineseposters.net%2Fthemes%2Fkangsheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, p. 10; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow1938" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Edgar (1938). <i>Red Star Over China</i> (1973 ed.). New York: Grove Press. pp. 473–474.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Star+Over+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=473-474&rft.edition=1973&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span>; <a href="#CITEREFVladimirov1975">Vladimirov (1975)</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198912–14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198912–14_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199240–41-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199240–41_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198920–21-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198920–21_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, p. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVladimirov1975">Vladimirov (1975)</a>, p. 77; <a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989</a>, p. 15) name the town where Kang taught as that where his family then lived, Zhucheng.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199254–5FaligotKauffer198921-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199254–5FaligotKauffer198921_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 54–5; <a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangHalliday2005" class="citation book cs1">Chang, June; Halliday, John (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Mao:_The_Unknown_Story" title="Mao: The Unknown Story">Mao: The Unknown Story</a></i>. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780224071260" title="Special:BookSources/9780224071260"><bdi>9780224071260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Unknown+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780224071260&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=June&rft.au=Halliday%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuan1994" class="citation book cs1">Ruan, Ming (1994). <i>Deng Xiaoping: Chronicle of an Empire</i>. Translated by Liu, Nancy; Rand, Peter; Sullivan, Lawrence R. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813319216" title="Special:BookSources/9780813319216"><bdi>9780813319216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+Chronicle+of+an+Empire&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780813319216&rft.aulast=Ruan&rft.aufirst=Ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199259-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199259_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 61; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeys1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Leys" title="Simon Leys">Leys, Simon</a> (1977). <i>The Chairman's New Clothes</i>. Translated by Appleyard, Carol; Goode, Patrick. London: Allison & Busby. p. 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chairman%27s+New+Clothes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Allison+%26+Busby&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Leys&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span>; <a href="#CITEREFSnow1938">Snow (1938)</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacs1951" class="citation book cs1">Isaacs, Harold R. (1951). <i>The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution</i> (rev. ed.). Stanford University Press. pp. 175–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+the+Chinese+Revolution&rft.pages=175-185&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Harold+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199267–9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199267–9_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 67–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199273-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199273_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198970-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198970_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199276-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199276_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199277-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199277_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199277_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972174–180-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972174–180_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1972">Guillermaz (1972)</a>, pp. 174–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199279FaligotKauffer198961–2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199279FaligotKauffer198961–2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, pp. 61–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199281-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199281_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199285-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199285_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972203-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972203_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1972">Guillermaz (1972)</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972219–221-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972219–221_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1972">Guillermaz (1972)</a>, p. 219–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1982" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1982). <i>The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895–1980</i>. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 230–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gate+of+Heavenly+Peace%3A+The+Chinese+and+Their+Revolution%2C+1895%E2%80%931980&rft.place=London&rft.pages=230-2&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence1982217–20,_325–6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence1982217–20,_325–6_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpence1982">Spence (1982)</a>, pp. 217–20, 325–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972221–2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972221–2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1972">Guillermaz (1972)</a>, pp. 221–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992103-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992103_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992115-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992115_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang_Jing2000" class="citation book cs1">Huang Jing (2000). <i>Factionalism in Chinese Communist Politics</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Factionalism+in+Chinese+Communist+Politics&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Huang+Jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997291-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997291_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997291_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquhar1997">MacFarquhar (1997)</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992119-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992119_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1972">Guillermaz (1972)</a>, pp. 252–263; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury1985" class="citation book cs1">Salisbury, Harrison E. (1985). <i>The Long March</i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+March&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Harrison+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972263-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1972263_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1972">Guillermaz (1972)</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992122–3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992122–3_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 122–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1990" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert (1990). <i>The Great Terror: A Reappraisal</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Terror%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6FaligotKauffer1989102–3,_115–117-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6FaligotKauffer1989102–3,_115–117_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 125–6; <a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, pp. 102–3, 115–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992125–6_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 125–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992131-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992131_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989102-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989102_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989102_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992142–3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992142–3_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 142–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198981–2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer198981–2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, pp. 81–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992148–9-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992148–9_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 148–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992150-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992150_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992150–151-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992150–151_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989160–161-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989160–161_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVladimirov1975">Vladimirov (1975)</a>, p. 30. This book by a Russian Comintern agent, reflecting the period in which it was published, expresses strong bias, and takes positions on individuals that suggests politically motivated editing decades later.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsovLevine2012" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2012). <i>Mao: The Real Story</i>. New York: Simon Schuster. p. 333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Real+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Simon+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine2012334-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantsovLevine2012334_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine (2012)</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-How_The_Red_Sun_Rose_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2018" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Hua (2018). <i>How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945</i>. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789629968229" title="Special:BookSources/9789629968229"><bdi>9789629968229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Red+Sun+Rose%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Yan%27an+Rectification+Movement%2C+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789629968229&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Hua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangHalliday2005275-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChangHalliday2005275_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChangHalliday2005">Chang & Halliday (2005)</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992174–176-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992174–176_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 174–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2013281-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2013281_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2013281_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitter2013">Mitter (2013)</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2013282-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2013282_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitter2013">Mitter (2013)</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter2013292–293-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter2013292–293_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitter2013">Mitter (2013)</a>, pp. 292–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992189-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992189_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992189_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992182–3-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992182–3_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992182–3_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 182–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992195–6-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992195–6_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 195–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang_Jing200077–78-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang_Jing200077–78_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang_Jing2000">Huang Jing (2000)</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang_Jing200048-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang_Jing200048_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang_Jing2000">Huang Jing (2000)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Zhisui1994" class="citation book cs1">Li Zhisui (1994). <i>The Private Life of Chairman Mao</i>. Translated by Tai Hung-chao. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Chairman+Mao&rft.place=London&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Li+Zhisui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992209-210-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992209-210_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 209-210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz197698–110-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz197698–110_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1976">Guillermaz (1976)</a>, pp. 98–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989270–273-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaligotKauffer1989270–273_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989">Faligot & Kauffer (1989)</a>, pp. 270–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992221-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992221_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an account of the context and content of the speech, made to the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Archie (2009). <i>The Rise and Fall of Communism'<span></span></i>. London: Bodley Head. pp. 240–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism%27&rft.place=London&rft.pages=240-243&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1974148-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1974148_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquhar1974">MacFarquhar (1974)</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999170-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999170_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999170_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisner1999">Meisner (1999)</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009243-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009243_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown (2009)</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992224-225-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992224-225_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 224-225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999188-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999188_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisner1999">Meisner (1999)</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997292-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997292_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquhar1997">MacFarquhar (1997)</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997293-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997293_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquhar1997">MacFarquhar (1997)</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245–247-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245–247_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992245–247_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 245–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1976316-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1976316_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1976">Guillermaz (1976)</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1976">Guillermaz (1976)</a>, p. 317. The Chinese declined an invitation to send delegates to the CPSU's Twenty-Third Congress, which Guillermaz describes as "the last important gesture" of disdain for Soviet policy before the Cultural Revolution (<a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1976">Guillermaz 1976</a>, p. 323).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement" (June 14, 1963), as quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1976">Guillermaz (1976)</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1976329-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillermaz1976329_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermaz1976">Guillermaz (1976)</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals (2006)</a>, p. 12, discussing the significance of <i>The Polemic on the General Line of the International Communist Movement</i> published by the Party in 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on June 27, 1981," paragraph 19 (hereinafter cited as "Resolution of June 27, 1981"), reproduced in <i>Resolution on CPC History (1949–1981)</i> (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981), p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Resolution of June 27, 1981," paragraph 18, reproduced in <i>Resolution on CPC History (1949–1981)</i>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang2021xxiii-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang2021xxiii_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang (2021)</a>, p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202126–29-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202126–29_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang (2021)</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202117MacFarquhar1997293–296-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202117MacFarquhar1997293–296_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang (2021)</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFMacFarquhar1997">MacFarquhar (1997)</a>, pp. 293–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997296-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997296_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquhar1997">MacFarquhar (1997)</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202129-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202129_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang (2021)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999313-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999313_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisner1999">Meisner (1999)</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202134-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202134_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202134_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang (2021)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals200632–33-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals200632–33_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals (2006)</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Resolution of June 27, 1981," paragraph 21, reproduced in <i>Resolution on CPC History (1949–1981)</i>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202162-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202162_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang (2021)</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202164–66,_71-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202164–66,_71_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202164–66,_71_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang (2021)</a>, pp. 64–66, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals200654–55-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals200654–55_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals (2006)</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYueWakeman1985" class="citation book cs1">Yue, Daiyun; Wakeman, Carolyn (1985). <i>To the Storm: The Odyssey of a Revolutionary Chinese Woman</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Storm%3A+The+Odyssey+of+a+Revolutionary+Chinese+Woman&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=Daiyun&rft.au=Wakeman%2C+Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kang apparently said about Nie "I've known since back in Yan'an that Nie Yuanzi is not a very good person. But now we will support her, even if she is a f***ing turtle's egg [<i>hundan wangbadan</i>]." (<a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals 2006</a>, pp. 54–55) Kang Sheng had supported Nie Yuanzi in a prior attack on Lu Ping and other alleged "capitalist roaders" at Beijing University, which Peng Zhen and others had been able to fend off. As <a href="#CITEREFMacFarquhar1997">MacFarquhar (1997</a>, p. 638) writes, on that occasion "even Kang Sheng's intervention could not save Nie from criticism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYueWakeman1985167-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYueWakeman1985167_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYueWakeman1985">Yue & Wakeman (1985)</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999344-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999344_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisner1999">Meisner (1999)</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006250–252-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006250–252_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals (2006)</a>, pp. 250–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006282–283-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006282–283_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006282–283_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals (2006)</a>, pp. 282–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonavia198433-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonavia198433_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonavia1984">Bonavia (1984)</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonavia198435-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonavia198435_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonavia1984">Bonavia (1984)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Schoenhals, "The Central Case Examination Group, 1966-1979," China Quarterly No. 145 (March 1996), p. 91-103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeys1977">Leys (1977</a>, p. 247) gave his view that Kang was "an original and delicate amateur painter" with "remarkably elegant" calligraphy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992368-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992368_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999348-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999348_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisner1999">Meisner (1999)</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006293-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquharSchoenhals2006293_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006">MacFarquhar & Schoenhals (2006)</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFMeisner1999">Meisner (1999)</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonavia1984190ByronPack1992373–375-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonavia1984190ByronPack1992373–375_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonavia1984">Bonavia (1984)</a>, p. 190; <a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 373–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999381–382-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999381–382_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisner1999">Meisner (1999)</a>, pp. 381–382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992389–393-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992389–393_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 389–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang (2021)</a>, p. 426. <i>See also</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Shambaugh" class="citation book cs1">David Shambaugh. <i>China's Propaganda System: Institutions, Processes and Efficacy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Propaganda+System%3A+Institutions%2C+Processes+and+Efficacy&rft.au=David+Shambaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992400-402-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992400-402_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 400-402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992404–406-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992404–406_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 404–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999391–392-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisner1999391–392_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisner1999">Meisner (1999)</a>, pp. 391–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992407–408-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992407–408_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, pp. 407–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997297-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacFarquhar1997297_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacFarquhar1997">MacFarquhar (1997)</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992356-7-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992356-7_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 356-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992409-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack1992409_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuan1994213-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuan1994213_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuan1994">Ruan (1994)</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The materials assembled by the special case group were passed to Ma Zhongyang and Li Kan, who as "Zhongkan" published in 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><i>Kang Sheng Pingzhuan</i> <bdi lang="zh">康生评传</bdi> [<i>A Critical Biography of Kang Sheng</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kang+Sheng+Pingzhuan+%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack 1992</a>, p. 416).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByronPack199217-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByronPack199217_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByronPack1992">Byron & Pack (1992)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShī_Dōngbīng2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shī Dōngbīng (May 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnd.org/cr/ZK08/cr480.gb.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Yīngdāng huīfù Kāng Shēng de běnlái miànmào" —Fǎng yuán Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Fùzhǔxí Kāng Shēng de yíshuāng Cáo Yì'ōu" <bdi lang="zh">“应当恢复康生的本来面貌”——访原中共中央副主席康生的遗孀曹轶欧</bdi></a>. <i>China News Digest</i> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+News+Digest&rft.atitle=%22Y%C4%ABngd%C4%81ng+hu%C4%ABf%C3%B9+K%C4%81ng+Sh%C4%93ng+de+b%C4%9Bnl%C3%A1i+mi%C3%A0nm%C3%A0o%22+%E2%80%94F%C7%8Eng+yu%C3%A1n+Zh%C5%8Dngg%C3%B2ng+Zh%C5%8Dngy%C4%81ng+F%C3%B9zh%C7%94x%C3%AD+K%C4%81ng+Sh%C4%93ng+de+y%C3%ADshu%C4%81ng+C%C3%A1o+Y%C3%AC%27%C5%8Du+%E2%80%9C%E5%BA%94%E5%BD%93%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%A5%E9%9D%A2%E8%B2%8C%E2%80%9D%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%AE%BF%E5%8E%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%89%AF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E5%AD%80%E6%9B%B9%E8%BD%B6%E6%AC%A7&rft.date=2008-05-19&rft.au=Sh%C4%AB+D%C5%8Dngb%C4%ABng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnd.org%2Fcr%2FZK08%2Fcr480.gb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sina.com.cn/bk/wgs/2015-01-27/1434115951.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">专访康生遗孀："应当恢复历史的本来面貌"</bdi></a>. <i>History Sina Weibo</i> (in Chinese). January 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Sina+Weibo&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%93%E8%AE%BF%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E9%81%97%E5%AD%80%EF%BC%9A%22%E5%BA%94%E5%BD%93%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%A5%E9%9D%A2%E8%B2%8C%22&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sina.com.cn%2Fbk%2Fwgs%2F2015-01-27%2F1434115951.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《红尘冷眼———一个文化名人笔下的中国三十年》</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Sheng&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonavia1984" class="citation book cs1">Bonavia, David (1984). <i>Verdict in Peking: The Trial of the Gang of Four</i>. New York: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091562007" title="Special:BookSources/9780091562007"><bdi>9780091562007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdict+in+Peking%3A+The+Trial+of+the+Gang+of+Four&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780091562007&rft.aulast=Bonavia&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByronPack1992" class="citation book cs1">Byron, John; Pack, Robert (1992). <i>The Claws of the Dragon: Kang Sheng - The Evil Genius Behind Mao - And His Legacy of Terror in People's China</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671695378" title="Special:BookSources/9780671695378"><bdi>9780671695378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Claws+of+the+Dragon%3A+Kang+Sheng+-+The+Evil+Genius+Behind+Mao+-+And+His+Legacy+of+Terror+in+People%27s+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780671695378&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Pack%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaligotKauffer1989" class="citation book cs1">Faligot, Roger; Kauffer, Remi (1989). <i>The Chinese Secret Service</i>. Translated by Christine Donougher (1st English ed.). London: Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780747200895" title="Special:BookSources/9780747200895"><bdi>9780747200895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Secret+Service&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780747200895&rft.aulast=Faligot&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Kauffer%2C+Remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermaz1972" class="citation book cs1">Guillermaz, Jacques (1972). <i>A History of the Chinese Communist Party 1921-1949</i>. Translated by Anne Destenay (English ed.). New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party+1921-1949&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Guillermaz&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermaz1976" class="citation book cs1">Guillermaz, Jacques (1976). <i>The Chinese Communist Party in Power, 1949-1976</i>. Translated by Anne Destenay. Boulder: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780891583486" title="Special:BookSources/9780891583486"><bdi>9780891583486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+in+Power%2C+1949-1976&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780891583486&rft.aulast=Guillermaz&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin_Qingshan1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lin Qingshan (1988). <i>Kāng Shēng Wàizhuàn</i> <bdi lang="zh">康生外传</bdi> [<i>An Unofficial Biography of Kang Sheng</i>] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo Qingnian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81ng+Sh%C4%93ng+W%C3%A0izhu%C3%A0n+%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E5%A4%96%E4%BC%A0&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Zhongguo+Qingnian&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Lin+Qingshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacFarquhar" title="Roderick MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Roderick</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schoenhals" title="Michael Schoenhals">Schoenhals, Michael</a> (2006). <i>Mao's Last Revolution</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674023321" title="Special:BookSources/9780674023321"><bdi>9780674023321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Last+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780674023321&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.au=Schoenhals%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacFarquhar" title="Roderick MacFarquhar">MacFarquhar, Roderick</a> (1974). <i>The Origins of the Cultural Revolution</i>. Vol. 1: Contradictions Among the People 1956-1957. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231038416" title="Special:BookSources/9780231038416"><bdi>9780231038416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780231038416&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">MacFarquhar, Roderick (1997). <i>The Origins of the Cultural Revolution</i>. Vol. 3: The Coming of the Cataclysm 1961-66. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780192149978.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192149978.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192149978" title="Special:BookSources/9780192149978"><bdi>9780192149978</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896997767">896997767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896997767&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780192149978.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780192149978&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisner1999" class="citation book cs1">Meisner, Maurice (1999). <i>Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic</i> (3rd ed.). New York: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684856353" title="Special:BookSources/9780684856353"><bdi>9780684856353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+China+and+After%3A+A+History+of+the+People%27s+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780684856353&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitter2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rana_Mitter" title="Rana Mitter">Mitter, Rana</a> (2013). <i>Forgotten Ally: China's World War II</i>. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618894253" title="Special:BookSources/9780618894253"><bdi>9780618894253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Ally%3A+China%27s+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780618894253&rft.aulast=Mitter&rft.aufirst=Rana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimirov1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vladimirov" title="Peter Vladimirov">Vladimirov, Peter</a> (1975). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vladimirov_Diaries" title="The Vladimirov Diaries">The Vladimirov diaries: Yenan, China, 1942-1945</a></i>. Garden City: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385009287" title="Special:BookSources/9780385009287"><bdi>9780385009287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vladimirov+diaries%3A+Yenan%2C+China%2C+1942-1945&rft.place=Garden+City&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780385009287&rft.aulast=Vladimirov&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(journalist)" title="Yang Jisheng (journalist)">Yang, Jisheng</a> (2021). Mosher, Stacy; Guo, Jian (eds.). <i>The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374293130" title="Special:BookSources/9780374293130"><bdi>9780374293130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Turned+Upside+Down%3A+A+History+of+the+Chinese+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780374293130&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhong_Kan1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhong Kan (1982). <i>Kāng Shēng Píngzhuàn</i> <bdi lang="zh">康生评传</bdi> [<i>A Critical Biography of Kang Sheng</i>] (in Chinese). Beijing: Hongqi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%81ng+Sh%C4%93ng+P%C3%ADngzhu%C3%A0n+%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%9F%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%A0&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Hongqi&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Zhong+Kan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKang+Sheng" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Political Commissar of the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Military_District" title="Shandong Military District">PLA Shandong Military District</a> </b><br />1949–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shu_Tong" title="Shu Tong">Shu Tong</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Shandong">Governor of Shandong</a> </b><br />1949–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jianmin" title="Zhao Jianmin">Zhao Jianmin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School" title="Central Party School">CCP Central Party School</a> </b><br />1938–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Fa" title="Deng Fa">Deng Fa</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Head of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Social_Affairs_Department" title="Central Social Affairs Department">Central Social Affairs Department</a> </b><br />1939–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Kenong" title="Li Kenong">Li Kenong</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Head of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence Department (page does not exist)">Central Intelligence Department</a> </b><br />1942–1945 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shandong" title="Politics of Shandong">Secretary of the CCP Shandong Committee</a> </b><br />1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fu_Qiutao" title="Fu Qiutao">Fu Qiutao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></div><i><b>as Head of the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Propaganda Department</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Organization_and_Propaganda_Leading_Group" title="Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group">Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group</a> </b><br />1970–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></div><i><b>as Head of the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Propaganda Department</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a><br /><small>Vacant since 1971</small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a><br /><small>Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></small> </b><br />1973–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><small><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1973–1977)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">before Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>, died Sep 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Jan 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a> (Vice-Chairman, arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, died Dec 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, resigned Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (died Jul 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (died Apr 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Jan 1975, Vice-Chairman; dismissed Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (added Apr 1976, Vice-Chairman)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">after Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (Vice-Chairman, reinstated Jul 1977)</li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (to PSC Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Dec 1973, to PSC Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (from PSC Jan 1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guixian" title="Wu Guixian">Wu Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1969–1973)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1969–1973)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1969–1973)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a> (dismissed Aug 1973)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Qun" title="Ye Qun">Ye Qun</a> (died Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zuopeng" title="Li Zuopeng">Li Zuopeng</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yongsheng" title="Huang Yongsheng">Huang Yongsheng</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a> (died Mar 1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a> (dismissed Aug 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1956–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1956–1969)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 11th Plenum<br />(Aug 1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a><br />(PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (added May 1958, Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a> (died May 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (to PSC May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a> (died Dec 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a> (added May 1958, died Apr 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (added May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (added May 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After 11th Plenum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standing Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (purged Sep 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a> (purged Aug 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a> (purged Jan 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> (purged Aug 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1945–1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1945–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a> (died 1950) → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1950)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to Secretariat 1950)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Gang" title="Gao Gang">Gao Gang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(committed suicide 1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1955)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NPCSC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Template:NPCSC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NPCSC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Template talk:NPCSC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NPCSC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NPCSC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_Chairpersons_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People&#039;s_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice Chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_National_People%27s_Congress" title="1st National People's Congress">1st</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1954–1959) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a> (died 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Qian" title="Cheng Qian">Cheng Qian</a> (added 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="2nd National People's Congress">2nd</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–1964) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama"><del>Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama</del></a> (fled 1959; dismissed 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Qian" title="Cheng Qian">Cheng Qian</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama"><del>Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</del></a> (removed 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Feng_(politician)" title="Lin Feng (politician)">Lin Feng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_People%27s_Congress" title="3rd National People's Congress">3rd</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1964–1975) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Mingxuan" title="Yang Mingxuan">Yang Mingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Qian" title="Cheng Qian">Cheng Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Feng_(politician)" title="Lin Feng (politician)">Lin Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ningyi" title="Liu Ningyi">Liu Ningyi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhizhong" title="Zhang Zhizhong">Zhang Zhizhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="4th National People's Congress">4th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1978) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dingcheng" title="Zhang Dingcheng">Zhang Dingcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Chang" title="Cai Chang">Cai Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Juewen" title="Hu Juewen">Hu Juewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Suwen" title="Li Suwen">Li Suwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Lianwei" title="Yao Lianwei">Yao Lianwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a> (added 1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="5th National People's Congress">5th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1983) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> (died 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a> (died 1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin" title="Tan Zhenlin">Tan Zhenlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquan</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dingcheng" title="Zhang Dingcheng">Zhang Dingcheng</a> (resigned 1980; died 1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Chang" title="Cai Chang">Cai Chang</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Yingchao" title="Deng Yingchao">Deng Yingchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Chengzhi" title="Liao Chengzhi">Liao Chengzhi</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>; resigned 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a> (resigned 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Juewen" title="Hu Juewen">Hu Juewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a> (added 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Jinguang" title="Xiao Jinguang">Xiao Jinguang</a> (added 1979)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yunshan" title="Zhu Yunshan">Zhu Yunshan</a> (added 1979; died 1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a> (added 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a> (added 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a> (added 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Yu" title="Su Yu">Su Yu</a> (added 1980)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> (added 1980; <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a> (added 1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a> (added 1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/6th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="6th National People's Congress">6th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1988) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Pixian" title="Chen Pixian">Chen Pixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Juewen" title="Hu Juewen">Hu Juewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Gucheng" title="Zhou Gucheng">Zhou Gucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jici" title="Yan Jici">Yan Jici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yuzhi" title="Hu Yuzhi">Hu Yuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Fei" title="Ye Fei">Ye Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hansheng" title="Liao Hansheng">Liao Hansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xianchu" title="Han Xianchu">Han Xianchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Tunan" title="Chu Tunan">Chu Tunan</a> (added 1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="7th National People's Congress">7th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1988–1993) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xuefan" title="Zhu Xuefan">Zhu Xuefan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Gucheng" title="Zhou Gucheng">Zhou Gucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jici" title="Yan Jici">Yan Jici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Fei" title="Ye Fei">Ye Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hansheng" title="Liao Hansheng">Liao Hansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Qimeng" title="Sun Qimeng">Sun Qimeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Jieqiong" title="Lei Jieqiong">Lei Jieqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanbin" title="Wang Hanbin">Wang Hanbin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="8th National People's Congress">8th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1998) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanbin" title="Wang Hanbin">Wang Hanbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Qimeng" title="Sun Qimeng">Sun Qimeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Jieqiong" title="Lei Jieqiong">Lei Jieqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siyuan" title="Cheng Siyuan">Cheng Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhe_(politician)" title="Buhe (politician)">Buhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCr_Dawamat" title="Tömür Dawamat">Tömür Dawamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ku" title="Gan Ku">Gan Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peiyao" title="Li Peiyao">Li Peiyao</a> (murdered 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jieping" title="Wu Jieping">Wu Jieping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/9th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="9th National People's Congress">9th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2003) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(politician)" title="Xie Fei (politician)">Xie Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siyuan" title="Cheng Siyuan">Cheng Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhe_(politician)" title="Buhe (politician)">Buhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCr_Dawamat" title="Tömür Dawamat">Tömür Dawamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jieping" title="Wu Jieping">Wu Jieping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Peiyun" title="Peng Peiyun">Peng Peiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Luli" title="He Luli">He Luli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guangzhao" title="Zhou Guangzhao">Zhou Guangzhao</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><del><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Kejie" title="Cheng Kejie">Cheng Kejie</a></del> (dismissed & executed 2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Zhi_(politician)" title="Cao Zhi (politician)">Cao Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Shisun" title="Ding Shisun">Ding Shisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siwei" title="Cheng Siwei">Cheng Siwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jialu" title="Xu Jialu">Xu Jialu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zhenghua" title="Jiang Zhenghua">Jiang Zhenghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/10th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="10th National People's Congress">10th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Luli" title="He Luli">He Luli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Shisun" title="Ding Shisun">Ding Shisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siwei" title="Cheng Siwei">Cheng Siwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jialu" title="Xu Jialu">Xu Jialu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zhenghua" title="Jiang Zhenghua">Jiang Zhenghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Xiulian" title="Gu Xiulian">Gu Xiulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raidi" title="Raidi">Raidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Huaren" title="Sheng Huaren">Sheng Huaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yongxiang_(engineer)" title="Lu Yongxiang (engineer)">Lu Yongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyunqimg" title="Uyunqimg">Uyunqimg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Qide" title="Han Qide">Han Qide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fu_Tieshan" title="Michael Fu Tieshan">Fu Tieshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/11th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="11th National People's Congress">11th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–2013) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yongxiang_(engineer)" title="Lu Yongxiang (engineer)">Lu Yongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyunqimg" title="Uyunqimg">Uyunqimg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Qide" title="Han Qide">Han Qide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Jianmin" title="Hua Jianmin">Hua Jianmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhili" title="Chen Zhili">Chen Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jianguo" title="Li Jianguo">Li Jianguo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Tiliwaldi" title="Ismail Tiliwaldi">Ismail Tiliwaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shusheng" title="Jiang Shusheng">Jiang Shusheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Changzhi" title="Chen Changzhi">Chen Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Junqi" title="Yan Junqi">Yan Junqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sang_Guowei" title="Sang Guowei">Sang Guowei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/12th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="12th National People's Congress">12th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2018) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jianguo" title="Li Jianguo">Li Jianguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shengjun" title="Wang Shengjun">Wang Shengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Changzhi" title="Chen Changzhi">Chen Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Junqi" title="Yan Junqi">Yan Junqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chen_(politician)" title="Wang Chen (politician)">Wang Chen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yueyue" title="Shen Yueyue">Shen Yueyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Bingxuan" title="Ji Bingxuan">Ji Bingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ping_(politician)" title="Zhang Ping (politician)">Zhang Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangba_Puncog" title="Qiangba Puncog">Qiangba Puncog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arken_Imirbaki" title="Arken Imirbaki">Arken Imirbaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Exiang" title="Wan Exiang">Wan Exiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Baowen" title="Zhang Baowen">Zhang Baowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhu" title="Chen Zhu">Chen Zhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/13th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="13th National People's Congress">13th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–2023) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chen_(politician)" title="Wang Chen (politician)">Wang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Jianming" title="Cao Jianming">Cao Jianming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yueyue" title="Shen Yueyue">Shen Yueyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Bingxuan" title="Ji Bingxuan">Ji Bingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arken_Imirbaki" title="Arken Imirbaki">Arken Imirbaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Exiang" title="Wan Exiang">Wan Exiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhu" title="Chen Zhu">Chen Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongming" title="Wang Dongming">Wang Dongming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Choling" title="Padma Choling">Padma Choling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zhongli" title="Ding Zhongli">Ding Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Mingjin" title="Hao Mingjin">Hao Mingjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Dafeng" title="Cai Dafeng">Cai Dafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Weihua" title="Wu Weihua">Wu Weihua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–2028) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongming" title="Wang Dongming">Wang Dongming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Jie" title="Xiao Jie">Xiao Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jianbang" title="Zheng Jianbang">Zheng Jianbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zhongli" title="Ding Zhongli">Ding Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Mingjin" title="Hao Mingjin">Hao Mingjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Dafeng" title="Cai Dafeng">Cai Dafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Wei" title="He Wei">He Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Weihua" title="Wu Weihua">Wu Weihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_Ning" title="Tie Ning">Tie Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Qinghua" title="Peng Qinghua">Peng Qinghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingwei" title="Zhang Qingwei">Zhang Qingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losang_Jamcan" title="Losang Jamcan">Losang Jamcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shohrat_Zakir" title="Shohrat Zakir">Shohrat Zakir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_Chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CPPCC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Template:CPPCC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CPPCC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Template talk:CPPCC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCC_Vice-Chairpersons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CPPCC Vice-Chairpersons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_Chairpersons_of_the_Chinese_People&#039;s_Political_Consultative_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice Chairpersons of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1949–1954)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1954–1959)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lan" title="Zhang Lan">Zhang Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Bojun" title="Zhang Bojun">Zhang Bojun</a></s> (removed 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Kah_Kee" title="Tan Kah Kee">Tan Kah Kee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> (added 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1959–1965)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jishen" title="Li Jishen">Li Jishen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Junru" title="Shen Junru">Shen Junru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a></s> (removed 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Kah_Kee" title="Tan Kah Kee">Tan Kah Kee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiangning" title="He Xiangning">He Xiangning</a> (added 1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–1978)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yanpei" title="Huang Yanpei">Huang Yanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shutong" title="Chen Shutong">Chen Shutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Bing_(politician)" title="Xu Bing (politician)">Xu Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Chongmin" title="Gao Chongmin">Gao Chongmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Tingkai" title="Cai Tingkai">Cai Tingkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zihui" title="Deng Zihui">Deng Zihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Zuoyi" title="Fu Zuoyi">Fu Zuoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_Daiyuan" title="Teng Daiyuan">Teng Daiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Juezai" title="Xie Juezai">Xie Juezai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhuchen" title="Li Zhuchen">Li Zhuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dequan" title="Li Dequan">Li Dequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xulun" title="Ma Xulun">Ma Xulun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1983)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulanhu" title="Ulanhu">Ulanhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Deheng" title="Xu Deheng">Xu Deheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Qin" title="Ouyang Qin">Ouyang Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Liang" title="Shi Liang">Shi Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yunshan" title="Zhu Yunshan">Zhu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Fang" title="Ji Fang">Ji Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shoudao" title="Wang Shoudao">Wang Shoudao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chong_(politician)" title="Zhang Chong (politician)">Zhang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Xiquan" title="Zhuang Xiquan">Zhuang Xiquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Dizhou" title="Tong Dizhou">Tong Dizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a> (added; <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Weihan" title="Li Weihan">Li Weihan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yuzhi" title="Hu Yuzhi">Hu Yuzhi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kunlun" title="Wang Kunlun">Wang Kunlun</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, Panchen Erdeni</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Changgong" title="He Changgong">He Changgong</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Ke" title="Xiao Ke">Xiao Ke</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiufeng" title="Yang Xiufeng">Yang Xiufeng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_Qianli" title="Sha Qianli">Sha Qianli</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Fei_(politician)" title="Liu Fei (politician)">Liu Fei</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Qiwu" title="Dong Qiwu">Dong Qiwu</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1988)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lantao" title="Liu Lantao">Liu Lantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Zihua" title="Cheng Zihua">Cheng Zihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Fang" title="Ji Fang">Ji Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Xiquan" title="Zhuang Xiquan">Zhuang Xiquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kunlun" title="Wang Kunlun">Wang Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Qiwu" title="Dong Qiwu">Dong Qiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhiyue" title="Tao Zhiyue">Tao Zhiyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Shutao" title="Zhou Shutao">Zhou Shutao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Hua_(general)" title="Xiao Hua (general)">Xiao Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zaidao" title="Chen Zaidao">Chen Zaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Zhengcao" title="Lü Zhengcao">Lü Zhengcao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jianren" title="Zhou Jianren">Zhou Jianren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Shahidi" title="Burhan Shahidi">Burhan Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Yuntai" title="Miao Yuntai">Miao Yuntai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shengtao" title="Ye Shengtao">Ye Shengtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Wu" title="Qu Wu">Qu Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yisheng" title="Mao Yisheng">Mao Yisheng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Luogeng" title="Hua Luogeng">Hua Luogeng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Enmao" title="Wang Enmao">Wang Enmao</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Jieqiong" title="Lei Jieqiong">Lei Jieqiong</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Feng_(politician)" title="Wang Feng (politician)">Wang Feng</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1988–1993)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Zi%27ang" title="Hu Zi'ang">Hu Zi'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Changzhao" title="Qian Changzhao">Qian Changzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Yuntai" title="Miao Yuntai">Miao Yuntai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangying" title="Wang Guangying">Wang Guangying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Wu" title="Qu Wu">Qu Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wenrui" title="Ma Wenrui">Ma Wenrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Enmao" title="Wang Enmao">Wang Enmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Sheng" title="Hu Sheng">Hu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Xiaocun" title="Sun Xiaocun">Sun Xiaocun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Siyuan" title="Cheng Siyuan">Cheng Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Buqing" title="Su Buqing">Su Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Jingru" title="Hou Jingru">Hou Jingru</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1998)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rudai" title="Yang Rudai">Yang Rudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingren" title="Yang Jingren">Yang Jingren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Zhaoxiang" title="Deng Zhaoxiang">Deng Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jingji" title="Liu Jingji">Liu Jingji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Sheng" title="Hu Sheng">Hu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Buqing" title="Su Buqing">Su Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Jingru" title="Hou Jingru">Hou Jingru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yinchu" title="Dong Yinchu">Dong Yinchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fuling" title="Sun Fuling">Sun Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Tse-kai" title="Ann Tse-kai">Ann Tse-kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Guoquan" title="Wan Guoquan">Wan Guoquan</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Luli" title="He Luli">He Luli</a> (added)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2003)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Xuanping" title="Ye Xuanping">Ye Xuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rudai" title="Yang Rudai">Yang Rudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo" title="Wang Zhaoguo">Wang Zhaoguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Puchu" title="Zhao Puchu">Zhao Puchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Jianxin" title="Ren Jianxin">Ren Jianxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Siqing" title="Zhang Siqing">Zhang Siqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhengying" title="Qian Zhengying">Qian Zhengying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fuling" title="Sun Fuling">Sun Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Tse-kai" title="Ann Tse-kai">Ann Tse-kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Guoquan" title="Wan Guoquan">Wan Guoquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jinhua" title="Chen Jinhua">Chen Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Nanqi" title="Zhao Nanqi">Zhao Nanqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zhiyong" title="Mao Zhiyong">Mao Zhiyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Shuping" title="Jing Shuping">Jing Shuping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Haocai" title="Luo Haocai">Luo Haocai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Kehui" title="Zhang Kehui">Zhang Kehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wenyuan" title="Wang Wenyuan">Wang Wenyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhongyu_(politician,_born_1933)" title="Wang Zhongyu (politician, born 1933)">Wang Zhongyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hui_(politician)" title="Liao Hui (politician)">Liao Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yandong" title="Liu Yandong">Liu Yandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Siqing" title="Zhang Siqing">Zhang Siqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Ting" title="K. H. Ting">K. H. Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fok" title="Henry Fok">Henry Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Haocai" title="Luo Haocai">Luo Haocai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Kehui" title="Zhang Kehui">Zhang Kehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tienong" title="Zhou Tienong">Zhou Tienong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Jianxiu" title="Hao Jianxiu">Hao Jianxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablet_Abdureshit" title="Ablet Abdureshit">Ablet Abdureshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Kuangdi" title="Xu Kuangdi">Xu Kuangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaozhuo" title="Li Zhaozhuo">Li Zhaozhuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Mengfu" title="Huang Mengfu">Huang Mengfu</a></li> <li>Wang Xuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Huaixi" title="Zhang Huaixi">Zhang Huaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Meng_(politician)" title="Li Meng (politician)">Li Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a> (added 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Meiying" title="Zhang Meiying">Zhang Meiying</a> (added 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Rongming" title="Zhang Rongming">Zhang Rongming</a> (added 2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–2013)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)" title="Wang Gang (politician)">Wang Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Hui_(politician)" title="Liao Hui (politician)">Liao Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qinglin" title="Du Qinglin">Du Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngapoi_Ngawang_Jigme" title="Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme">Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Man-kei" title="Ma Man-kei">Ma Man-kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lichen" title="Bai Lichen">Bai Lichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablet_Abdureshit" title="Ablet Abdureshit">Ablet Abdureshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaozhuo" title="Li Zhaozhuo">Li Zhaozhuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Mengfu" title="Huang Mengfu">Huang Mengfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Meiying" title="Zhang Meiying">Zhang Meiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Rongming" title="Zhang Rongming">Zhang Rongming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yunlu" title="Qian Yunlu">Qian Yunlu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jiazheng" title="Sun Jiazheng">Sun Jiazheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jinhua" title="Li Jinhua">Li Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Wantong" title="Zheng Wantong">Zheng Wantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Pufang" title="Deng Pufang">Deng Pufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Wenyi" title="Lin Wenyi">Lin Wenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wuwei" title="Li Wuwei">Li Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Fuhe" title="Luo Fuhe">Luo Fuhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zongxing" title="Chen Zongxing">Chen Zongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhizhen" title="Wang Zhizhen">Wang Zhizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a> (added 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2018)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qinglin" title="Du Qinglin">Du Qinglin</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Ling_Jihua" title="Ling Jihua">Ling Jihua</a></s> (removed 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Qide" title="Han Qide">Han Qide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Wenyi" title="Lin Wenyi">Lin Wenyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Fuhe" title="Luo Fuhe">Luo Fuhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingli" title="Zhang Qingli">Zhang Qingli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Haifeng" title="Li Haifeng">Li Haifeng</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Su_Rong" title="Su Rong">Su Rong</a></s> (removed 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuan" title="Chen Yuan">Chen Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhangong" title="Lu Zhangong">Lu Zhangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuan" title="Zhou Xiaochuan">Zhou Xiaochuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiarui" title="Wang Jiarui">Wang Jiarui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengwei" title="Wang Zhengwei">Wang Zhengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(politician)" title="Ma Biao (politician)">Ma Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Xuchun" title="Qi Xuchun">Qi Xuchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xiaoguang" title="Chen Xiaoguang">Chen Xiaoguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Peihua" title="Ma Peihua">Ma Peihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(politician)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (politician)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qinmin" title="Wang Qinmin">Wang Qinmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a> (added 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–2023)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qingli" title="Zhang Qingli">Zhang Qingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qibao" title="Liu Qibao">Liu Qibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Zhangong" title="Lu Zhangong">Lu Zhangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengwei" title="Wang Zhengwei">Wang Zhengwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(politician)" title="Ma Biao (politician)">Ma Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xiaoguang" title="Chen Xiaoguang">Chen Xiaoguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chuantang" title="Yang Chuantang">Yang Chuantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bin_(politician)" title="Li Bin (politician)">Li Bin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatur" title="Bagatur">Bagatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yongqing" title="Wang Yongqing">Wang Yongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hui_(politician)" title="Su Hui (politician)">Su Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jianbang" title="Zheng Jianbang">Zheng Jianbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Shengzu" title="Gu Shengzu">Gu Shengzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xincheng" title="Liu Xincheng">Liu Xincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Wei" title="He Wei">He Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Hong" title="Shao Hong">Shao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yunlong" title="Gao Yunlong">Gao Yunlong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Chunhua" title="Hu Chunhua">Hu Chunhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yueyue" title="Shen Yueyue">Shen Yueyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yong_(politician)" title="Wang Yong (politician)">Wang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Qiang" title="Zhou Qiang">Zhou Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Edmund Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung Chun-ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatur" title="Bagatur">Bagatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hui_(politician)" title="Su Hui (politician)">Su Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Hong" title="Shao Hong">Shao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yunlong" title="Gao Yunlong">Gao Yunlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Wu_(politician)" title="Chen Wu (politician)">Chen Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Hong" title="Mu Hong">Mu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_Hui" title="Xian Hui">Xian Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">secretary-general</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Xinzhi" title="Jiang Xinzhi">Jiang Xinzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zuojun" title="Jiang Zuojun">Jiang Zuojun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Baoxiang" title="He Baoxiang">He Baoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Guangqian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Guangqian (page does not exist)">Wang Guangqian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qin_Boyong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qin Boyong (page does not exist)">Qin Boyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yongxin" title="Zhu Yongxin">Zhu Yongxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhen_(politician)" title="Yang Zhen (politician)">Yang Zhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_leaders_of_Shandong_since_1949" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shandong_leaders" title="Template:Shandong leaders"><abbr title="View this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Qiutao" title="Fu Qiutao">Fu Qiutao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Ming" title="Xiang Ming">Xiang Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Tong" title="Shu Tong">Shu Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Xisheng" title="Zeng Xisheng">Zeng Xisheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Qilong" title="Tan Qilong">Tan Qilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaoyu" title="Wang Xiaoyu">Wang Xiaoyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Rubing" title="Bai Rubing">Bai Rubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Yiran" title="Su Yiran">Su Yiran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Buting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Buting (page does not exist)">Liang Buting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhihao" title="Zhao Zhihao">Zhao Zhihao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jianguo" title="Li Jianguo">Li Jianguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Yikang" title="Jiang Yikang">Jiang Yikang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiayi" title="Liu Jiayi">Liu Jiayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Wu" title="Lin Wu">Lin Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Local People's Congress">Congress</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Chairpersons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Lin_(politician)" title="Zhao Lin (politician)">Zhao Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Hezhen" title="Qin Hezhen">Qin Hezhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhen_(Shandong_politician)" title="Li Zhen (Shandong politician)">Li Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhihao" title="Zhao Zhihao">Zhao Zhihao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Xikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Xikai (page does not exist)">Han Xikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jianguo" title="Li Jianguo">Li Jianguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Yikang" title="Jiang Yikang">Jiang Yikang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiayi" title="Liu Jiayi">Liu Jiayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Wu" title="Lin Wu">Lin Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jianmin" title="Zhao Jianmin">Zhao Jianmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Qilong" title="Tan Qilong">Tan Qilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Rubing" title="Bai Rubing">Bai Rubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaoyu" title="Wang Xiaoyu">Wang Xiaoyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Rubing" title="Bai Rubing">Bai Rubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Yiran" title="Su Yiran">Su Yiran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liang_Buting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liang Buting (page does not exist)">Liang Buting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Chang%27an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Chang'an (page does not exist)">Li Chang'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Zhihao" title="Zhao Zhihao">Zhao Zhihao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Chunting" title="Li Chunting">Li Chunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yuqun" title="Han Yuqun">Han Yuqun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Daming" title="Jiang Daming">Jiang Daming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shuqing" title="Guo Shuqing">Guo Shuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zheng" title="Gong Zheng">Gong Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Naixiang" title="Zhou Naixiang">Zhou Naixiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference</a><br />Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Qilong" title="Tan Qilong">Tan Qilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Rubing" title="Bai Rubing">Bai Rubing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Keting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Keting (page does not exist)">Gao Keting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zichao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zichao (page does not exist)">Li Zichao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Maozeng" title="Lu Maozeng">Lu Maozeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Xikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Xikai (page does not exist)">Han Xikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Aiying" title="Wu Aiying">Wu Aiying</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Shuyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Shuyi (page does not exist)">Sun Shuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wei_(born_1958)" title="Liu Wei (born 1958)">Liu Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Zhifang" title="Fu Zhifang">Fu Zhifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Huijun" title="Ge Huijun">Ge Huijun</a> ♀</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/17px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/26px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/34px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544432#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544432#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544432#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115678912">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40906844">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/209387/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcRc7wFRyDwCvTj8VtVG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11884363X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87892511">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12094433b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12094433b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001098870">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36652553">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p183333543">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439038005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1365568">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11884363X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02928516X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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