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id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>List of regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historical subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Largest towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_history_prior_to_foundation_of_Lower_Saxony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_history_prior_to_foundation_of_Lower_Saxony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Regional history prior to foundation of Lower Saxony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_history_prior_to_foundation_of_Lower_Saxony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Medieval and early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_of_Vienna_to_Second_World_War_(1815–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_Vienna_to_Second_World_War_(1815–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Congress of Vienna to Second World War (1815–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_Vienna_to_Second_World_War_(1815–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_state_(1945–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_state_(1945–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Formation of the state (1945–1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_state_(1945–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Lower_Saxony_as_a_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Lower_Saxony_as_a_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>History of Lower Saxony as a state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Lower_Saxony_as_a_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vital statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>World Heritage Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister-President_of_Lower_Saxony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister-President_of_Lower_Saxony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Minister-President of Lower Saxony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister-President_of_Lower_Saxony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lower Saxony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedersakse" title="Nedersakse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nedersakse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%95" title="ኒደርዛክስን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒደርዛክስን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0erseaxland" title="Niðerseaxland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niðerseaxland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%84%D9%89" title="سكسونيا السفلى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكسونيا السفلى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixa_Saxonia" title="Baixa Saxonia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Baixa Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe_d%E2%80%99Av%C3%A2l" title="Saxe d’Avâl – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Saxe d’Avâl" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxa_Saxonia" title="Baxa Saxonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baxa Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Saho%C3%B1a" title="Guy Sahoña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guy Sahoña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen_suyu" title="Niedersachsen suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Niedersachsen suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_Saksoniya" title="Aşağı Saksoniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aşağı Saksoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="نیدرزاکسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیدرزاکسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony_Sor" title="Saxony Sor – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Saxony Sor" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="নিডারজাখসেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিডারজাখসেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түбәнге Саксония – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Түбәнге Саксония" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ніжняя Саксонія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніжняя Саксонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ніжняя Саксонія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ніжняя Саксонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Долна Саксония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Долна Саксония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedasaxn" title="Niedasaxn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Niedasaxn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donja_Saksonija" title="Donja Saksonija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Donja Saksonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saks-Izel" title="Saks-Izel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saks-Izel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixa_Sax%C3%B2nia" title="Baixa Saxònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baixa Saxònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Анатри Саксони – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анатри Саксони" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lower Saxony" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_Sasko" title="Dolní Sasko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dolní Sasko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolnosakska" title="Dolnosakska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Dolnosakska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam-Saksi" title="Alam-Saksi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alam-Saksi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κάτω Σαξονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάτω Σαξονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sas%C3%B2gna_Basa" title="Sasògna Basa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sasògna Basa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_Sajonia" title="Baja Sajonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baja Sajonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malsupra_Saksio" title="Malsupra Saksio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malsupra Saksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia_Beherea" title="Saxonia Beherea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saxonia Beherea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="نیدرزاکسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیدرزاکسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basse-Saxe" title="Basse-Saxe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Basse-Saxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedersaksen" title="Nedersaksen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nedersaksen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSacsain_%C3%8Dochtarach" title="An tSacsain Íochtarach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSacsain Íochtarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagsainn_%C3%8Cosail" title="Sagsainn Ìosail – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sagsainn Ìosail" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixa_Saxonia" title="Baixa Saxonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baixa Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2_Saxony" title="Hâ Saxony – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hâ Saxony" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%8D%94%EC%9E%91%EC%84%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="니더작센주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니더작센주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lower Saxony" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ստորին Սաքսոնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստորին Սաքսոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="निचला सैक्सोनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निचला सैक्सोनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delnja_Sakska" title="Delnja Sakska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Delnja Sakska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donja_Saska" title="Donja Saska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Donja Saska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra-Saxonia" title="Infra-Saxonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Infra-Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen_Hilir" title="Sachsen Hilir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sachsen Hilir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basse_Saxonia" title="Basse Saxonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Basse Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_Saxonia" title="Infra Saxonia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Infra Saxonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Дæллаг Саксони – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дæллаг Саксони" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%B0ra-Saxland" title="Neðra-Saxland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Neðra-Saxland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa_Sassonia" title="Bassa Sassonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bassa Sassonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="סקסוניה התחתונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקסוניה התחתונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lower Saxony" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქვემო საქსონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქვემო საქსონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Төменгі Саксония – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Төменгі Саксония" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonia_Chini" title="Saksonia Chini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saksonia Chini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonya_J%C3%AAr%C3%AEn" title="Saksonya Jêrîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Saksonya Jêrîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia_Inferior" title="Saxonia Inferior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saxonia Inferior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejassaksija" title="Lejassaksija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lejassaksija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niddersachsen" title="Niddersachsen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Niddersachsen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemutin%C4%97_Saksonija" title="Žemutinė Saksonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemutinė Saksonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa_Sas%C3%B2nia" title="Bassa Sasònia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bassa Sasònia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedersakse" title="Nedersakse – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nedersakse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax%C3%AD-ya-Ns%C3%A9" title="Saxí-ya-Nsé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Saxí-ya-Nsé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0sa_Sas%C3%B2nia" title="Bàsa Sasònia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bàsa Sasònia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als%C3%B3-Sz%C3%A1szorsz%C3%A1g" title="Alsó-Szászország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alsó-Szászország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Долна Саксонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Долна Саксонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="ലോവർ സാക്സണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോവർ സാക്സണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="नीडरजाक्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नीडरजाक्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თუდოლენი საქსონია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თუდოლენი საქსონია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيديرزاكسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيديرزاكسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="نیدرزاکسن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیدرزاکسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen_Hilir" title="Sachsen Hilir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sachsen Hilir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доод Саксон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Доод Саксон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedersaksen" title="Nedersaksen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nedersaksen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedersaksen" title="Nedersaksen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nedersaksen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="ニーダーザクセン州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニーダーザクセン州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Лаха Саксони – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лаха Саксони" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niidersaksen" title="Niidersaksen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Niidersaksen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa_Sax%C3%B2nia" title="Bassa Saxònia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bassa Saxònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyi_Saksoniya" title="Quyi Saksoniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quyi Saksoniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تھلواں سیکسنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھلواں سیکسنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D9%86" title="نیدرزاخسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیدرزاخسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassa_Sass%C3%B2nia" title="Bassa Sassònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bassa Sassònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neddersassen" title="Neddersassen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Neddersassen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolna_Saksonia" title="Dolna Saksonia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dolna Saksonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixa_Sax%C3%B4nia" title="Baixa Saxônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baixa Saxônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_Saksoniya" title="Aşağı Saksoniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aşağı Saksoniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needersachse_(Bundesland)" title="Needersachse (Bundesland) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Needersachse (Bundesland)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia_Inferioar%C4%83" title="Saxonia Inferioară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saxonia Inferioară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonia_Inferiura" title="Saxonia Inferiura – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Saxonia Inferiura" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нижняя Саксония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нижняя Саксония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Аллараа Саксонийа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аллараа Саксонийа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0scia_Sass%C3%B2nia" title="Bàscia Sassònia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bàscia Sassònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawer_Saxony" title="Lawer Saxony – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lawer Saxony" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ichsaksen" title="Läichsaksen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Läichsaksen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksonia_e_Ul%C3%ABt" title="Saksonia e Ulët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Saksonia e Ulët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lower Saxony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A6%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A" title="لوئر سئڪسني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لوئر سئڪسني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%A9_Sasko" title="Dolné Sasko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dolné Sasko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodnja_Sa%C5%A1ka" title="Spodnja Saška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spodnja Saška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88" title="ساکسۆنیای خواروو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساکسۆنیای خواروو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Доња Саксонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Доња Саксонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donja_Saksonija" title="Donja Saksonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Donja Saksonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-Saksi" title="Ala-Saksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ala-Saksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen" title="Niedersachsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Niedersachsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mababang_Sahonya" title="Mababang Sahonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mababang Sahonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түбән Саксония – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Түбән Саксония" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="รัฐนีเดอร์ซัคเซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐนีเดอร์ซัคเซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Саксонияи Поёнӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саксонияи Поёнӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_Saksonya" title="Aşağı Saksonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aşağı 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lower Saxony</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Niedersachsen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Neddersassen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Läichsaksen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lower Saxony"><img alt="Flag of Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/120px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/180px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/240px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Flag of Lower Saxony">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_von_Niedersachsen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lower Saxony"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_von_Niedersachsen.svg/75px-Wappen_von_Niedersachsen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_von_Niedersachsen.svg/113px-Wappen_von_Niedersachsen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_von_Niedersachsen.svg/150px-Wappen_von_Niedersachsen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="612" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Coat of arms of Lower Saxony">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niedersachsen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Lower Saxony"><img alt="Official logo of Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Niedersachsen.svg/120px-Niedersachsen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Niedersachsen.svg/180px-Niedersachsen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Niedersachsen.svg/240px-Niedersachsen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="248" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Brandmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandmark">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_Lower-Saxony_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Locator_map_Lower-Saxony_in_Germany.svg/155px-Locator_map_Lower-Saxony_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Locator_map_Lower-Saxony_in_Germany.svg/233px-Locator_map_Lower-Saxony_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Locator_map_Lower-Saxony_in_Germany.svg/310px-Locator_map_Lower-Saxony_in_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Saxony&params=52_45_22_N_9_23_35_E_type:city(8003421)_region:DE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°45′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°23′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.75611°N 9.39306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.75611; 9.39306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Landtag of Lower Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Minister-President of Lower Saxony">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Weil" title="Stephan Weil">Stephan Weil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat votes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 (of 69)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2021_German_federal_election#Lower_Saxony" title="Results of the 2021 German federal election">73 (of 736)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">47,614.07 km<sup>2</sup> (18,383.90 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,003,421</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">170/km<sup>2</sup> (440/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€339.414 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€41,826 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">DE-NI</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DE9</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.930<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of German states by Human Development Index">10th of 16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lower-saxony.de/startseite/">www<wbr />.lower-saxony<wbr />.de<wbr />/startseite<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower-Saxony-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lower-Saxony-map.png/220px-Lower-Saxony-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lower-Saxony-map.png/330px-Lower-Saxony-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lower-Saxony-map.png/440px-Lower-Saxony-map.png 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Map of Lower Saxony</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lower Saxony</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Land</i></span></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northwestern Germany</a>. It is the second-largest state by land area, with 47,614 km<sup>2</sup> (18,384 sq mi), and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>. In rural areas, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> are still spoken, though by declining numbers of people. </p><p>Lower Saxony borders on (from north and clockwise) the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the states of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">state of Bremen</a> forms two <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclaves</a> within Lower Saxony, one being the city of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, the other its <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a> (which is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-exclave">semi-exclave</a>, as it has a coastline). Lower Saxony thus borders more neighbours than any other single <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesland</i></span></i>. The state's largest cities are the state capital <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> (Brunswick), <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, mainly situated in its central and southern parts, except Oldenburg and Lüneburg. </p><p>Lower Saxony is the only <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesland</i></span></i> that encompasses both maritime and mountainous areas. The northwestern area of the state, on the coast of the North Sea, is called <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a> and the seven <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Islands" title="East Frisian Islands">East Frisian Islands</a> offshore are popular with tourists. In the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the <a href="/wiki/Emsland_(region)" title="Emsland (region)">Emsland</a>, an economically emerging but rather sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a>, is almost invariably flat except for the gentle hills around the Bremen <a href="/wiki/Geest" title="Geest">geestland</a>. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/German_Central_Uplands" class="mw-redirect" title="German Central Uplands">Central Uplands</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Weser_Uplands" title="Weser Uplands">Weser Uplands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> Mountains. Between these two lie the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Hills" title="Lower Saxon Hills">Lower Saxon Hills</a>, a range of low ridges. </p><p>The region in the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lüneburger Heide</i></span></i>), is the largest heathland area of Germany. In the Middle Ages, the town of Lüneburg was wealthy due to salt-mining and the salt trade. To the north the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> valley separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</span></span>, and Brandenburg. The left banks of the Elbe downstream Hamburg are known as the <i><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altes_Land" title="Altes Land">Altes Land</a></span></span></i> (Old Country). Due to its gentle local climate and fertile soil, it is the state's largest area of fruit farming, its chief produce being <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>. </p><p>Most of the state's territory was part of the historic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>, and the state of Lower Saxony has adopted the coat of arms and other symbols of the former kingdom. It was created by the merger of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">State of Hanover</a> with three smaller states on 1 November 1946. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Lower_Saxony_by_population" title="List of cities in Lower Saxony by population">List of cities in Lower Saxony by population</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in German): <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_and_municipalities_in_Lower_Saxony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities and municipalities in Lower Saxony (page does not exist)">List of cities and municipalities in Lower Saxony</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_St%C3%A4dte_und_Gemeinden_in_Niedersachsen" class="extiw" title="de:Liste der Städte und Gemeinden in Niedersachsen">de</a>]</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in German): <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_regions_and_regional_associations_in_Lower_Saxony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of regions and regional associations in Lower Saxony (page does not exist)">List of regions and regional associations in Lower Saxony</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschaften_und_Landschaftsverb%C3%A4nde_in_Niedersachsen" class="extiw" title="de:Landschaften und Landschaftsverbände in Niedersachsen">de</a>]</sup></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower Saxony has a natural boundary in the north in the North Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Unterelbe" title="Unterelbe">lower</a> and middle reaches of the <a href="/wiki/River_Elbe" class="mw-redirect" title="River Elbe">River Elbe</a>, although parts of the city of Hamburg lie south of the Elbe. The state and city of Bremen is an <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> entirely surrounded by Lower Saxony. The <a href="/wiki/Bremen/Oldenburg_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region">Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region</a> is a cooperative body for the enclave area. To the southeast, the state border runs through the Harz, low mountains that are part of the German <a href="/wiki/Central_Uplands" title="Central Uplands">Central Uplands</a>. The northeast and west of the state, which form roughly three-quarters of its land area, belong to the North German Plain, while the south is in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Hills" title="Lower Saxon Hills">Lower Saxon Hills</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Weser_Uplands" title="Weser Uplands">Weser Uplands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leine_Uplands" title="Leine Uplands">Leine Uplands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaumburg_Land" title="Schaumburg Land">Schaumburg Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Land" title="Brunswick Land">Brunswick Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Untereichsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Untereichsfeld">Untereichsfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm_(ridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elm (ridge)">Elm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lappwald" title="Lappwald">Lappwald</a>. In the northeast of Lower Saxony is the Lüneburg Heath. The heath is dominated by the poor, sandy soils of the <a href="/wiki/Geest_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geest (topography)">geest</a>, whilst in the central-east and southeast in the <a href="/wiki/Hildesheimer_B%C3%B6rde" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildesheimer Börde">loess <i>börde</i> zone</a>, productive soils with high natural fertility occur. Under these conditions—with <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>-containing soils—the land is well-developed <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agriculturally</a>. In the west lie the <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Grafschaft_Bentheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim">County of Bentheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_Land" title="Osnabrück Land">Osnabrück Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emsland" title="Emsland">Emsland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_Land" title="Oldenburg Land">Oldenburg Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Ammerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Ammerland">Ammerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_M%C3%BCnsterland" title="Oldenburg Münsterland">Oldenburg Münsterland</a>, and on the coast <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D50_105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D50_105.jpg/220px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D50_105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D50_105.jpg/330px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D50_105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D50_105.jpg/440px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-D50_105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2882" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge" title="Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The state is dominated by several large northwards-flowing rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/Ems_(river)" title="Ems (river)">Ems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aller_(Germany)" title="Aller (Germany)">Aller</a>, and the Elbe. </p><p>The highest point in Lower Saxony is the <a href="/wiki/Wurmberg_(Harz)" title="Wurmberg (Harz)">Wurmberg</a> (971 metres or 3,186 feet) in the Harz. Most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_Lower_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains and hills in Lower Saxony">significant hills and mountains</a> are found in the southeastern part of the state. The lowest point in the state, at about 2.5 metres or 8 feet 2 inches below sea level, is a depression near <a href="/wiki/Freepsum" title="Freepsum">Freepsum</a> in East Frisia. </p><p>The state's economy, population, and infrastructure are centred on the cities and towns of Hanover, Stadthagen, Celle, Braunschweig, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Wolfsburg</span></span>, Hildesheim, and Salzgitter. Together with Göttingen in southern Lower Saxony, they form the core of the <a href="/wiki/Hannover%E2%80%93Braunschweig%E2%80%93G%C3%B6ttingen%E2%80%93Wolfsburg_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region">Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General">General</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower Saxony has clear regional divisions that manifest themselves geographically, as well as historically and culturally. In the regions that used to be independent, especially the heartlands of the former states of <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Hannover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(state)" title="Oldenburg (state)">Oldenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schaumburg-Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a>, a marked local regional awareness exists. By contrast, the areas surrounding the Hanseatic cities of Bremen and Hamburg are much more oriented towards those centres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_regions">List of regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes, overlaps and transition areas happen between the various regions of Lower Saxony. Several of the regions listed here are part of other, larger regions, that are also included in the list. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Land" title="Altes Land">Altes Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Ammerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Ammerland">Ammerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artland_(landscape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artland (landscape)">Artland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Grafschaft_Bentheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Grafschaft Bentheim">County of Bentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramgau" title="Bramgau">Bramgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Land" title="Brunswick Land">Brunswick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calenberg_Land" title="Calenberg Land">Calenberg Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalia" title="Eastphalia">Eastphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld" title="Eichsfeld">Eichsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbe-Weser_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe-Weser Triangle">Elbe-Weser Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsland" title="Emsland">Emsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6negau" title="Grönegau">Grönegau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Hadeln" title="Land Hadeln">Land Hadeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Wursten" title="Land Wursten">Land Wursten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harz_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Harz Mountains">Harz Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_B%C3%B6rde" title="Hildesheim Börde">Hildesheim Börde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCmmling" title="Hümmling">Hümmling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehdingen" title="Kehdingen">Kehdingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leine_Uplands" title="Leine Uplands">Leine Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Lüneburg Heath">Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Weser_Region" title="Middle Weser Region">Middle Weser Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_Land" title="Oldenburg Land">Oldenburg Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_M%C3%BCnsterland" title="Oldenburg Münsterland">Oldenburg Münsterland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_Land" title="Osnabrück Land">Osnabrück Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg_Land" title="Schaumburg Land">Schaumburg Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solling" title="Solling">Solling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lower_Saxony" title="South Lower Saxony">South Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Geest" title="Stade Geest">Stade Geest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Wendland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian Wendland">Wendland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser_Uplands" title="Weser Uplands">Weser Uplands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesermarsch" title="Wesermarsch">Wesermarsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCmme_Depression" title="Wümme Depression">Wümme Depression</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Just under 20% of the land area of Lower Saxony is designated as nature parks, i.e.: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCmmer_Nature_Park" title="Dümmer Nature Park">Dümmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbh%C3%B6hen-Wendland_Nature_Park" title="Elbhöhen-Wendland Nature Park">Elbhöhen-Wendland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm-Lappwald_Nature_Park" title="Elm-Lappwald Nature Park">Elm-Lappwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_Heath_Nature_Park" title="Lüneburg Heath Nature Park">Lüneburger Heide</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnden_Nature_Park" title="Münden Nature Park">Münden</a>, <a href="/wiki/TERRA.vita_Nature_Park" title="TERRA.vita Nature Park">Terra.vita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solling-Vogler_Nature_Park" title="Solling-Vogler Nature Park">Solling-Vogler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steinhuder_Meer_Nature_Park" title="Steinhuder Meer Nature Park">Lake Steinhude</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdheide_Nature_Park" title="Südheide Nature Park">Südheide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weser_Uplands_Schaumburg-Hamelin_Nature_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser Uplands Schaumburg-Hamelin Nature Park">Weser Uplands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildeshausen_Geest" title="Wildeshausen Geest">Wildeshausen Geest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourtanger_Moor-Bargerveen_International_Nature_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourtanger Moor-Bargerveen International Nature Park">Bourtanger Moor-Bargerveen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower Saxony falls climatically into the <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">north temperate zone</a> of central Europe that is affected by prevailing <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a> and is located in a transition zone between the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. This transition is clearly noticeable within the state: whilst the northwest experiences an Atlantic (North Sea coastal) to Sub-Atlantic climate, with comparatively low variations in temperature during the course of the year and a surplus water budget, the climate towards the southeast is increasingly affected by the Continent. This is clearly shown by greater temperature variations between the summer and winter halves of the year and in lower and more variable amounts of precipitation across the year. This sub-continental effect is most sharply seen in the Wendland, in the Weser Uplands (Hamelin to Göttingen) and in the area of Helmstedt. The highest levels of precipitation are experienced in the Harz because the Lower Saxon part forms the <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">windward side</a> of this mountain range against which <a href="/wiki/Orographic_rain" class="mw-redirect" title="Orographic rain">orographic rain</a> falls. The average annual temperature is 8 °C (46 °F); 7.5 °C (45.5 °F) in the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altes_Land" title="Altes Land">Altes Land</a></span></span> and 8.5 °C (47.3 °F) in the <a href="/wiki/Kreis_Cloppenburg#Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Cloppenburg">district of Cloppenburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower Saxony is divided into 37 districts (<i>Landkreise</i> or simply <i>Kreise</i>): </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Saxony,_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Lower Saxony with the district boundaries"><img alt="Map of Lower Saxony with the district boundaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lower_Saxony%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg/450px-Lower_Saxony%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lower_Saxony%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg/675px-Lower_Saxony%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lower_Saxony%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg/900px-Lower_Saxony%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Map of Lower Saxony with the district boundaries</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ammerland" title="Ammerland">Ammerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurich_(district)" title="Aurich (district)">Aurich</a> <small>(includes <a href="/wiki/Juist" title="Juist">Juist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norderney" title="Norderney">Norderney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltrum" title="Baltrum">Baltrum</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafschaft_Bentheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafschaft Bentheim">County of Bentheim</a> (<i>Grafschaft Bentheim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celle_(district)" title="Celle (district)">Celle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloppenburg_(district)" title="Cloppenburg (district)">Cloppenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven_(district)" title="Cuxhaven (district)">Cuxhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepholz_(district)" title="Diepholz (district)">Diepholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsland" title="Emsland">Emsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friesland_(district)" title="Friesland (district)">Friesland</a> <small>(includes <a href="/wiki/Wangerooge" title="Wangerooge">Wangerooge</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifhorn_(district)" title="Gifhorn (district)">Gifhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar_(district)" title="Goslar (district)">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(district)" title="Göttingen (district)">Göttingen</a><sup id="cite_ref-GL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamelin-Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamelin-Pyrmont">Hamelin-Pyrmont</a> (<i>Hameln-Pyrmont</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover Region</a> (<i>Hannover</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-LRH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harburg_(district)" title="Harburg (district)">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidekreis" title="Heidekreis">Heidekreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmstedt_(district)" title="Helmstedt (district)">Helmstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_(district)" title="Hildesheim (district)">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzminden_(district)" title="Holzminden (district)">Holzminden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leer_(district)" title="Leer (district)">Leer</a> <small>(includes <a href="/wiki/Borkum" title="Borkum">Borkum</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg" title="Lüchow-Dannenberg">Lüchow-Dannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_(district)" title="Lüneburg (district)">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nienburg_(district)" title="Nienburg (district)">Nienburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeim_(district)" title="Northeim (district)">Northeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(district)" title="Oldenburg (district)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_(district)" title="Osnabrück (district)">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterholz" title="Osterholz">Osterholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peine_(district)" title="Peine (district)">Peine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenburg_(district)" title="Rotenburg (district)">Rotenburg (Wümme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg" title="Schaumburg">Schaumburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_(district)" title="Stade (district)">Stade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uelzen_(district)" title="Uelzen (district)">Uelzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vechta_(district)" title="Vechta (district)">Vechta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_(district)" title="Verden (district)">Verden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesermarsch" title="Wesermarsch">Wesermarsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittmund_(district)" title="Wittmund (district)">Wittmund</a> <small>(includes <a href="/wiki/Langeoog" title="Langeoog">Langeoog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiekeroog" title="Spiekeroog">Spiekeroog</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_(district)" title="Wolfenbüttel (district)">Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ol></div> <p>Furthermore, there are eight urban districts and two cities with special status: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmenhorst" title="Delmenhorst">Delmenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-GL_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-LRH_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li></ol></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GL_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Under the "Göttingen Law" of 1 January 1964, the town of Göttingen was incorporated into the rural district (<i>Landkreis</i>) of Göttingen, but is treated as an urban district unless other rules apply. On 1 November 2016 the districts of Osterode and Göttingen were merged under the name Göttingen, not influencing the city's special status.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LRH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LRH_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LRH_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Under the "Law on the region of Hanover", Hanover merged with the district of Hanover to form the Hanover Region, which has been treated mostly as a rural district, but Hanover is treated as an urban district since 1 November 2001 unless other rules apply.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_subdivisions">Historical subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1946 and 2004, the state's districts and independent towns were grouped into eight regions, with a different status for two regions (<i>Verwaltungsbezirke</i>), comprising the formerly free states of Brunswick and Oldenburg. In 1978 these regions were merged into four governorates (<i><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i>). In 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Bezirksregierungen</a> (regional governments) were again split into separate bodies. </p><p>1946–1978: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurich_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurich (region) (page does not exist)">Governorate of Aurich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunswick_(administrative_region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunswick (administrative region) (page does not exist)">Administrative Region of Brunswick</a> (<i>Braunschweig</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_(region)" title="Hanover (region)">Governorate of Hanover</a> (<i>Hannover</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hildesheim_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hildesheim (region) (page does not exist)">Governorate of Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_(region)" title="Lüneburg (region)">Governorate of Lunenburg</a> (<i>Lüneburg</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburg_(administrative_region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldenburg (administrative region) (page does not exist)">Administrative Region of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osnabr%C3%BCck_(administrative_region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osnabrück (administrative region) (page does not exist)">Administrative Region of Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_(region)" title="Stade (region)">Governorate of Stade</a></li></ul> <p>1978–2004: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_(region)" title="Braunschweig (region)">Governorate of Brunswick</a> (<i>Braunschweig</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_(region)" title="Hanover (region)">Governorate of Hanover</a> (<i>Hannover</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_(region)" title="Lüneburg (region)">Governorate of Lunenburg</a> (<i>Lüneburg</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Ems" title="Weser-Ems">Governorate of Weser-Ems</a></li></ul> <p>On 1 January 2005 the four administrative regions or governorates (<i><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i>), into which Lower Saxony had been hitherto divided, were dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-GModVerw_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GModVerw-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the governorates of Braunschweig, Hanover, Lüneburg and Weser-Ems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_towns">Largest towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Largest towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Lower_Saxony_by_population" title="List of cities in Lower Saxony by population">List of cities in Lower Saxony by population</a></div> <p>The largest towns in Lower Saxony as of 31 December 2017:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-right:60px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> </td> <td>535,061 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> </td> <td>248,023 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">3 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a> </td> <td>167,081 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">4 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> </td> <td>164,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">5 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> </td> <td>123,914 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">6 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> </td> <td>119,529 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">7 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a> </td> <td>104,548 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">8 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> </td> <td>101,744 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">9 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Delmenhorst" title="Delmenhorst">Delmenhorst</a> </td> <td>77,521 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">10 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> </td> <td>76,316 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">11 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> </td> <td>75,192 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">12 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">Celle</a> </td> <td>69,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">13 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Garbsen" title="Garbsen">Garbsen</a> </td> <td>60,875 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">14 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hamelin" title="Hamelin">Hamelin</a> </td> <td>57,228 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">15 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lingen_(Ems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingen (Ems)">Lingen (Ems)</a> </td> <td>54,117 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">16 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Langenhagen" title="Langenhagen">Langenhagen</a> </td> <td>53,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">17 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nordhorn" title="Nordhorn">Nordhorn</a> </td> <td>53,278 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">18 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a> </td> <td>52,357 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">19 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a> </td> <td>51,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">20 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> </td> <td>50,607 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannover_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanover - capital and largest city of Lower Saxony"><img alt="Hanover - capital and largest city of Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hannover_City.jpg/200px-Hannover_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hannover_City.jpg/300px-Hannover_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hannover_City.jpg/400px-Hannover_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> - <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of Lower Saxony</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_(2011).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="City center of Braunschweig"><img alt="City center of Braunschweig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG/200px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG/300px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG/400px-Braunschweig_Luftaufnahme_Innenstadt_%282011%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City center of <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hildesheim_-_Blick_vom_Bergh%C3%B6zchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City center of Hildesheim with St. Andrew's, the tallest church in Lower Saxony, and Hildesheim Cathedral, a UNESCO World Heritage Site"><img alt="City center of Hildesheim with St. Andrew's, the tallest church in Lower Saxony, and Hildesheim Cathedral, a UNESCO World Heritage Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hildesheim_-_Blick_vom_Bergh%C3%B6zchen.jpg/200px-Hildesheim_-_Blick_vom_Bergh%C3%B6zchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hildesheim_-_Blick_vom_Bergh%C3%B6zchen.jpg/300px-Hildesheim_-_Blick_vom_Bergh%C3%B6zchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hildesheim_-_Blick_vom_Bergh%C3%B6zchen.jpg/400px-Hildesheim_-_Blick_vom_Bergh%C3%B6zchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City center of <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> with <a href="/wiki/St._Andreas,_Hildesheim" title="St. Andreas, Hildesheim">St. Andrew's</a>, the tallest church in Lower Saxony, and <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_Cathedral" title="Hildesheim Cathedral">Hildesheim Cathedral</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%BCneburg_Innenstadt_Luftaufnahme_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old town of the Hanseatic City of Lüneburg"><img alt="Old town of the Hanseatic City of Lüneburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/L%C3%BCneburg_Innenstadt_Luftaufnahme_02.jpg/200px-L%C3%BCneburg_Innenstadt_Luftaufnahme_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/L%C3%BCneburg_Innenstadt_Luftaufnahme_02.jpg/300px-L%C3%BCneburg_Innenstadt_Luftaufnahme_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/L%C3%BCneburg_Innenstadt_Luftaufnahme_02.jpg/400px-L%C3%BCneburg_Innenstadt_Luftaufnahme_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old town of the Hanseatic City of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuxhaven_07-2016_photo19_port_area.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cuxhaven port"><img alt="Cuxhaven port" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cuxhaven_07-2016_photo19_port_area.jpg/200px-Cuxhaven_07-2016_photo19_port_area.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cuxhaven_07-2016_photo19_port_area.jpg/300px-Cuxhaven_07-2016_photo19_port_area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cuxhaven_07-2016_photo19_port_area.jpg/400px-Cuxhaven_07-2016_photo19_port_area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> port</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Göttingen market square and the old town hall"><img alt="Göttingen market square and the old town hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg/200px-Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg/300px-Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg/400px-Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4157" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> market square and the old town hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2013_05_by-RaBoe_tele_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City center of Oldenburg"><img alt="City center of Oldenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2013_05_by-RaBoe_tele_46.jpg/200px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2013_05_by-RaBoe_tele_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2013_05_by-RaBoe_tele_46.jpg/300px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2013_05_by-RaBoe_tele_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2013_05_by-RaBoe_tele_46.jpg/400px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2013_05_by-RaBoe_tele_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City center of <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celle4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old town of Celle"><img alt="Old town of Celle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celle4.jpg/200px-Celle4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celle4.jpg/300px-Celle4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Celle4.jpg/400px-Celle4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old town of <a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">Celle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Volkswagen headquarters and factory in Wolfsburg"><img alt="Volkswagen headquarters and factory in Wolfsburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg/200px-Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg/300px-Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg/400px-Volkswagenwerk_WOB_von_Osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">Volkswagen headquarters and factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012_05_D50_by-RaBoe_054.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilhelmshaven with the North Sea"><img alt="Wilhelmshaven with the North Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012_05_D50_by-RaBoe_054.jpg/200px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012_05_D50_by-RaBoe_054.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012_05_D50_by-RaBoe_054.jpg/300px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012_05_D50_by-RaBoe_054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012_05_D50_by-RaBoe_054.jpg/400px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012_05_D50_by-RaBoe_054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> with the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Am_Marktplatz_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old town of Osnabrück"><img alt="Old town of Osnabrück" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Am_Marktplatz_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg/200px-Am_Marktplatz_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Am_Marktplatz_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg/300px-Am_Marktplatz_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Am_Marktplatz_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg/400px-Am_Marktplatz_Osnabr%C3%BCck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old town of <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichtenberg_Salzgitter_sicht_aus_Burgturm_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salzgitter with the Salzgitter AG steel plant"><img alt="Salzgitter with the Salzgitter AG steel plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lichtenberg_Salzgitter_sicht_aus_Burgturm_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Lichtenberg_Salzgitter_sicht_aus_Burgturm_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lichtenberg_Salzgitter_sicht_aus_Burgturm_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Lichtenberg_Salzgitter_sicht_aus_Burgturm_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lichtenberg_Salzgitter_sicht_aus_Burgturm_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Lichtenberg_Salzgitter_sicht_aus_Burgturm_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter_AG" title="Salzgitter AG">Salzgitter AG</a> steel plant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marktkirche_Goslar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the old town of Goslar and the Imperial Palace, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites"><img alt="View of the old town of Goslar and the Imperial Palace, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marktkirche_Goslar.jpg/200px-Marktkirche_Goslar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marktkirche_Goslar.jpg/300px-Marktkirche_Goslar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marktkirche_Goslar.jpg/400px-Marktkirche_Goslar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the old town of <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Palace_of_Goslar" title="Imperial Palace of Goslar">Imperial Palace</a>, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emden_Rathaus_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Town hall of Emden"><img alt="Town hall of Emden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emden_Rathaus_001.jpg/200px-Emden_Rathaus_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emden_Rathaus_001.jpg/300px-Emden_Rathaus_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emden_Rathaus_001.jpg/400px-Emden_Rathaus_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Town hall of <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_history_prior_to_foundation_of_Lower_Saxony">Regional history prior to foundation of Lower Saxony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional history prior to foundation of Lower Saxony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Saxony</a> derives from that of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> confederation of tribes called the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>. Before the late medieval period, there was a single <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a>. The term "Lower Saxony" was used after the dissolution of the stem duchy in the late 13th century to distinguish the parts of the former duchy ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> on one hand, and from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia" title="Duchy of Westphalia">Duchy of Westphalia</a> on the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_period">Medieval and early modern period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medieval and early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herzogtum_Sachsen_1000.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Herzogtum_Sachsen_1000.PNG/220px-Herzogtum_Sachsen_1000.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Herzogtum_Sachsen_1000.PNG/330px-Herzogtum_Sachsen_1000.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Herzogtum_Sachsen_1000.PNG/440px-Herzogtum_Sachsen_1000.PNG 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a> around 1000</figcaption></figure> <p>The name and coat of arms of the present state go back to the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Germanic tribe of Saxons</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> some of the Saxon peoples left their homeland in <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> about the 3rd century and pushed southwards over the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, where they expanded into the sparsely populated regions in the rest of the lowlands, in present-day Northwest Germany and the northeastern part of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. From about the 7th century the Saxons had occupied a settlement area that roughly corresponds to the present state of Lower Saxony, of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> and a number of areas to the east, for example, in what is now west and north Saxony-Anhalt. The land of the Saxons was divided into about 60 <i><a href="/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau (country subdivision)">Gaue</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> had not moved into this region; for centuries they preserved their independence in the most northwesterly region of the present-day Lower Saxon territory. The original language of the folk in the area of Old Saxony was <a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a>, one of the varieties of language in the Low German dialect group. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Imperial_Circles_(1512)-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_the_Imperial_Circles_%281512%29-en.png/220px-Map_of_the_Imperial_Circles_%281512%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_the_Imperial_Circles_%281512%29-en.png/330px-Map_of_the_Imperial_Circles_%281512%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Map_of_the_Imperial_Circles_%281512%29-en.png/440px-Map_of_the_Imperial_Circles_%281512%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_circle" title="Imperial circle">Imperial circles</a> at the start of the 16th century. Red: the Lower Saxon Circle, light brown: the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle</figcaption></figure> <p>The establishment of permanent boundaries between what later became Lower Saxony and Westphalia began in the 12th century. In 1260, in a treaty between the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Archbishopric of Cologne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> the lands claimed by the two territories were separated from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The border ran along the Weser to a point north of Nienburg. The northern part of the Weser-Ems region was placed under the rule of Brunswick-Lüneburg. </p><p>The word <i>Niedersachsen</i> was first used before 1300 in a Dutch rhyming chronicle (<i>Reimchronik</i>). From the 14th century it referred to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg">Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Wittenberg" title="Saxe-Wittenberg">Saxe-Wittenberg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_circle" title="Imperial circle">imperial circles</a> in 1500, a <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">Lower Saxon Circle</a> was distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle</a>. The latter included the following territories that, in whole or in part, belong today to the state of Lower Saxony: the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Osnabrück">Bishopric of Osnabrück</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Münster">Bishopric of Münster</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim" title="County of Bentheim">County of Bentheim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hoya" title="County of Hoya">County of Hoya</a>, the Principality of <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Verden" title="Prince-Bishopric of Verden">Principality of Verden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Diepholz" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Diepholz">County of Diepholz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">County of Oldenburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Schaumburg" title="County of Schaumburg">County of Schaumburg</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Counts_of_Spiegelberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Counts of Spiegelberg (page does not exist)">County of Spiegelberg</a>. At the same time a distinction was made with the eastern part of the old Saxon lands from the <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">central German</a> principalities later called <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxony" title="Upper Saxony">Upper Saxony</a> for dynastic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The close historical links between the domains of the Lower Saxon Circle now in modern Lower Saxony survived for centuries especially from a dynastic point of view. The majority of historic territories whose land now lies within Lower Saxony were sub-principalities of the medieval, Welf estates of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>. All the Welf princes called themselves dukes "of Brunswick and Lüneburg" despite often ruling parts of a duchy that was forever being divided and reunited as various Welf lines multiplied or died out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congress_of_Vienna_to_Second_World_War_(1815–1945)"><span id="Congress_of_Vienna_to_Second_World_War_.281815.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Congress of Vienna to Second World War (1815–1945)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Congress of Vienna to Second World War (1815–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KrkHannover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/220px-KrkHannover.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/330px-KrkHannover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/440px-KrkHannover.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schaumburg-Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumburg-Lippe">the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a> in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Two major principalities survived east of the Weser after the Napoleonic Wars: the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a> (after 1866 Hanover became a <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Prussian province</a>; after 1919 Brunswick became a free state). Historically a close tie existed between the royal house of Hanover (<a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> as a result of their <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> in the 18th century (the personal union was dissolved when <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> became the Queen of the United Kingdom in 1837 because Hanover did not allow female rulers). </p><p>West of the River <a href="/wiki/Hunte" title="Hunte">Hunte</a> a "de-Westphalianising process" began in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> the territories of the later administrative regions (<i><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i>) of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Osnabr%C3%BCck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Osnabrück (page does not exist)">Osnabrück</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Aurich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Aurich (page does not exist)">Aurich</a> transferred to the Kingdom of Hanover. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Schaumburg-Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumburg-Lippe">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a> retained state autonomy. Nevertheless, the entire Weser-Ems region (including the city of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>) were grouped in 1920 into a Lower Saxon Constituency Association (<i>Wahlkreisverband IX (Niedersachsen)</i>). This indicates that at that time the western administrations of the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> Province of Hanover and the state of <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(state)" title="Oldenburg (state)">Oldenburg</a> were perceived as being "Lower Saxon". </p><p>The forerunners of today's state of Lower Saxony were lands that were geographically and, to some extent, institutionally interrelated from very early on. The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Schaumburg" title="County of Schaumburg">County of Schaumburg</a> (not to be confused with the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe) around the towns of <a href="/wiki/Rinteln" title="Rinteln">Rinteln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hessisch_Oldendorf" title="Hessisch Oldendorf">Hessisch Oldendorf</a> did indeed belong to the Prussian province of <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> until 1932, a province that also included large parts of the present state of Hesse, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>; but in 1932 the County of Schaumburg became part of the Prussian Province of Hanover. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">seized power</a> in 1933, they quickly transformed Germany into a highly centralized state and divided the entire <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> into <i>Gaue</i> which largely superseded (but did not outright replace) Germany's traditional federal system. Nevertheless, some changes to the old state and provincial borders were made in 1937, notably including the city of <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> being fully integrated into the Prussian Province of Hanover under the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act" title="Greater Hamburg Act">Greater Hamburg Act</a>. The effect of this Nazi-era change was that in 1946, after the Third Reich had collapsed and when state of Lower Saxony was founded, only four states needed to be merged. With the exception of Bremen and the areas that were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Occupation_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Occupation Zone">Soviet Occupation Zone</a> in 1945, all those areas allocated to the new state of Lower Saxony in 1946, had already been merged into the "Constituency Association of Lower Saxony" in 1920. </p><p>In a lecture on 14 September 2007, Dietmar von Reeken described the emergence of a "Lower Saxony consciousness" in the 19th century, the geographical basis of which was used to invent a territorial construct: the resulting <a href="/wiki/Local_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Local heritage">local heritage</a> societies (<i>Heimatvereine</i>) and their associated magazines routinely used the terms "Lower Saxony" or "Lower Saxon" in their names. At the end of the 1920s in the context of discussions about a reform of the Reich, and promoted by the expanding local heritage movement (<i>Heimatbewegung</i>), a 25-year conflict started between "Lower Saxony" and "Westphalia". The supporters of this dispute were administrative officials and politicians, but regionally focussed scientists of various disciplines were supposed to have fuelled the arguments. In the 1930s, a real Lower Saxony did not yet exist, but there were a plethora of institutions that would have called themselves "Lower Saxon". The motives and arguments in the disputes between "Lower Saxony" and "Westphalia" were very similar on both sides: economic interests, political aims, cultural interests and historical aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_the_state_(1945–1946)"><span id="Formation_of_the_state_.281945.E2.80.931946.29"></span>Formation of the state (1945–1946)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Formation of the state (1945–1946)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> most of Northwest Germany lay within the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="British occupation zone in Germany">British Zone of Occupation</a>. On 23 August 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_for_Germany_-_British_Element" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Commission for Germany - British Element">British Military Government</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_No._46" title="Ordinance No. 46">Ordinance No. 46</a> <i>"Concerning the dissolution of the provinces of the former state of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in the British Zone and their reconstitution as independent states"</i>, which initially established the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">State of Hanover</a> on the territory of the former Prussian Province of Hanover. Its minister president, <a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Wilhelm_Kopf" title="Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf">Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf</a>, had already suggested in June 1945 the formation of a state of Lower Saxony, that was to include the largest possible region in the middle of the British Zone. In addition to the regions that actually became Lower Saxony subsequently, Kopf asked, in a memorandum dated April 1946, for the inclusion of the former Prussian district of <a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> (i.e. the Westphalian city of <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a> as well as the Westphalian districts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Minden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Minden (page does not exist)">Minden</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_L%C3%BCbbecke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Lübbecke (page does not exist)">Lübbecke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Bielefeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Bielefeld (page does not exist)">Bielefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreis_Herford" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Herford">Herford</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Halle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Halle (page does not exist)">Halle</a>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Tecklenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Tecklenburg (page does not exist)">district of Tecklenburg</a> and the state of <a href="/wiki/Lippe_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe (state)">Lippe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kopf's plan was ultimately based on a draft for the reform of the German Empire from the late 1920s by Georg Schnath and Kurt Brüning. The strong <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">Welf</a> connotations of this draft, according to Thomas Vogtherr, did not simplify the development of a Lower Saxon identity after 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative model, proposed by politicians in Oldenburg and Brunswick, envisaged the foundation of the independent state of "Weser-Ems", that would be formed from the state of Oldenburg, the Hanseatic City of Bremen and the administrative regions of Aurich and Osnabrück. Several representatives of the state of Oldenburg even demanded the inclusion of the Hanoverian districts of <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Diepholz" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Diepholz">Diepholz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Grafschaft_Hoya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Grafschaft Hoya (page does not exist)">Syke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Osterholz" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Osterholz">Osterholz-Scharmbeck</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Weserm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Wesermünde (page does not exist)">Wesermünde</a> in the proposed state of "Weser-Ems". Likewise an enlarged State of Brunswick was proposed in the southeast to include the <i>Regierungsbezirk</i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Hildesheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Hildesheim (page does not exist)">Hildesheim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Gifhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Gifhorn">district of Gifhorn</a>. Had this plan come to fruition, the territory of the present Lower Saxony would have consisted of three states of roughly equal size. </p><p>The district council of <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Vechta" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Vechta">Vechta</a> protested on 12 June 1946 against being incorporated into the metropolitan area of Hanover (<i>Großraum Hannover</i>). If the State of Oldenburg was to be dissolved, Vechta District would much rather be included in the <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalian</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in the districts where there was a political <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> the notion was widespread, that <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_M%C3%BCnsterland" title="Oldenburg Münsterland">Oldenburg Münsterland</a> and the <i>Regierungsbezirk</i> of Osnabrück should be part of a newly formed State of Westphalia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the foundation of the states of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">Hanover</a> on 23 August 1946 the northern and eastern border of North Rhine-Westphalia has largely been identical with that of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Province of Westphalia</a>. Only the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Lippe" title="Free State of Lippe">Free State of Lippe</a> was not incorporated into North Rhine-Westphalia until January 1947. With that the majority of the regions left of the Upper Weser became North Rhine-Westphalian. </p><p>In the end, at the meeting of the Zone Advisory Board on 20 September 1946, Kopf's proposal with regard to the division of the British occupation zone into three large states proved to be capable of gaining a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because this division of their occupation zone into relatively large states also met the interests of the British, on 8 November 1946 Regulation No. 55 of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military government</a> was issued, by which the State of Lower Saxony with its capital <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> were founded, backdated to 1 November 1946. The state was formed by a merger of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Free States of Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">of Oldenburg</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a> with the previously formed State of Hanover. But there were exceptions: </p> <ul><li>In the Free State of Brunswick, the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Kreis_Blankenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Blankenburg">district of Blankenburg</a> and the exclave of <a href="/wiki/Calv%C3%B6rde" title="Calvörde">Calvörde</a>, which belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Helmstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Helmstedt">district of Helmstedt</a> fell into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Zone_of_Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Zone of Occupation">Soviet Zone of Occupation</a> and were later integrated into the state of <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">State of Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amt_Neuhaus" title="Amt Neuhaus">Amt Neuhaus</a> and the villages of Neu Bleckede and Neu Wendischthun were allotted to the Soviet Zone and thus the subsequent <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. They were not returned to Lower Saxony until 1993.</li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Weserm%C3%BCnde" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesermünde">Wesermünde</a> that then lay in the <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Stade" class="mw-redirect" title="Regierungsbezirk Stade">Regierungsbezirk Stade</a> was renamed in 1947 to <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a> and incorporated into the new city-state of Bremen, which became one of the federated German states.</li></ul> <p>The demands of Dutch politicians that the Netherlands should be given the German regions east of the Dutch-German border as <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>, were roundly rejected at the London Conference of 26 March 1949. In fact only about 1.3 km<sup>2</sup> (0.50 sq mi) of west Lower Saxony was transferred to the Netherlands, in 1949. </p><p><i>→ see main article <a href="/wiki/Dutch_annexation_of_German_territory_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II">Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Lower_Saxony_as_a_state">History of Lower Saxony as a state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History of Lower Saxony as a state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niedersachsen_Verordnung_55_3339.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Niedersachsen_Verordnung_55_3339.jpg/220px-Niedersachsen_Verordnung_55_3339.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Niedersachsen_Verordnung_55_3339.jpg/330px-Niedersachsen_Verordnung_55_3339.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Niedersachsen_Verordnung_55_3339.jpg/440px-Niedersachsen_Verordnung_55_3339.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><b>Ordinance No. 55</b>, with which on 22 November 1946 the British military government founded the state Lower Saxony retroactively to 1 November 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Landtag" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Saxon Landtag">Lower Saxon parliament</a> or <i>Landtag</i> met on 9 December 1946. It was not elected; rather it was established by the British Occupation Administration (a so-called "appointed parliament"). That same day the parliament elected the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Wilhelm_Kopf" title="Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf">Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf</a>, the former Hanoverian president (<i>Regierungspräsident</i>) as their first minister-president. Kopf led a five-party coalition, whose basic task was to rebuild a state afflicted by the war's rigours. Kopf's cabinet had to organise an improvement of food supplies and the reconstruction of the cities and towns destroyed by Allied air raids during the war years. Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf remained – interrupted by the time in office of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege" title="Heinrich Hellwege">Heinrich Hellwege</a> (1955–1959) – as the head of government in Lower Saxony until 1961. </p><p>The greatest problem facing the first state government in the immediate post-war years was the challenge of integrating hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> from Germany's former territories in the east (such as <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>), which had been annexed by <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Lower Saxony was at the western end of the direct escape route from East Prussia and had the longest border with the Soviet Zone. On 3 October 1950 Lower Saxony took over the sponsorship of the very large number of refugees from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. In 1950 there was still a shortage of 730,000 homes according to official figures. </p><p>During the period when Germany was divided, the Lower Saxon <a href="/wiki/Helmstedt%E2%80%93Marienborn_border_crossing" title="Helmstedt–Marienborn border crossing">border crossing at Helmstedt</a> found itself on the main transport artery to <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> and, from 1945 to 1990 was the busiest European border crossing point. </p><p>Of economic significance for the state was the <i><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a></i> concern, that restarted the production of civilian vehicles in 1945, initially under British management, and in 1949 transferred into the ownership of the newly founded country of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and state of Lower Saxony. Overall, Lower Saxony, with its large tracts of rural countryside and few urban centres, was one of the industrially weaker regions of the federal republic for a long time. In 1960, 20% of the working population worked on the land. In the rest of the federal territory the figure was just 14%. Even in economically prosperous times the jobless totals in Lower Saxony are constantly higher than the federal average. </p><p>In 1961 <a href="/wiki/Georg_Diederichs" title="Georg Diederichs">Georg Diederichs</a> took office as the minister president of Lower Saxony as the successor to Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf. He was replaced in 1970 by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kubel" title="Alfred Kubel">Alfred Kubel</a>. The arguments about the <a href="/wiki/Gorleben_Nuclear_Waste_Repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorleben Nuclear Waste Repository">Gorleben Nuclear Waste Repository</a>, that began during the time in office of minister president <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Albrecht_(politician,_born_1930)" title="Ernst Albrecht (politician, born 1930)">Ernst Albrecht</a> (1976–1990), have played an important role in state and federal politics since the end of the 1970s. </p><p>In 1990 <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> entered the office of minister-president. On 1 June 1993, the new Lower Saxon constitution entered force, replacing the "Provisional Lower Saxon Constitution" of 1951. It enables <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscites</a> and establishes <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> as a fundamental state principle. </p><p>The former Hanoverian <a href="/wiki/Amt_Neuhaus" title="Amt Neuhaus">Amt Neuhaus</a> with its parishes of Dellien, Haar, Kaarßen, Neuhaus (Elbe), Stapel, Sückau, <a href="/wiki/Sumte" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumte">Sumte</a> and Tripkau as well as the villages of Neu Bleckede, Neu Wendischthun and Stiepelse in the parish of Teldau and the historic Hanoverian region in the forest district of Bohldamm in the parish of Garlitz transferred with effect from 30 June 1993 from <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></span></span> to Lower Saxony (<a href="/wiki/Landkreis_L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Lüneburg">Lüneburg district</a>). From these parishes the new municipality of Amt Neuhaus was created on 1 October 1993. </p><p>In 1998 <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Glogowski" title="Gerhard Glogowski">Gerhard Glogowski</a> succeeded Gerhard Schröder who became Federal Chancellor. Because he had been linked with various scandals in his home city of Brunswick, he resigned in 1999 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Sigmar Gabriel</a>. </p><p>From 2003 to his election as Federal President in 2010 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a> was minister president in Lower Saxony. The <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrücker</a> headed a CDU-led coalition with the FDP as does his successor, <a href="/wiki/David_McAllister" title="David McAllister">David McAllister</a>. After the elections on 20 January 2013 McAllister was <a href="/wiki/Deselection" class="mw-redirect" title="Deselection">deselected</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,796,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,576,137</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,121,824</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,256,386</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,393,302</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,956,416</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,777,992</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,943,265</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the end of 2014, there were almost 571,000 non-German citizens in Lower Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2023, there were almost 1,085,315 non-German citizens in Lower Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table illustrates the largest minority groups in Lower Saxony: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Nationality </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Population estimate (31.12.2022) </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Population estimate (31.12.2023) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>122,130</td> <td>120,325 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>101,355</td> <td>102,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>96,330</td> <td>100,310 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>90,715</td> <td>96,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>64,675</td> <td>79,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>45,360</td> <td>47,415 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>31,155</td> <td>36,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>26,755</td> <td>31,270 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>29,725</td> <td>29,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>28,950</td> <td>29,085 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vital statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Births from January–October 2016 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 62,761</li> <li>Births from January–October 2017 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 61,314</li> <li>Deaths from January–October 2016 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 75,733</li> <li>Deaths from January–October 2017 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 75,804</li> <li>Natural growth from January–October 2016 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -12,972</li> <li>Natural growth from January–October 2017 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -14,490</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Honeydew; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.873695660602px 5.0244318179769px 0 0; border-top-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.228725072869px 18.738131458572px 0 0; border-top-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.145360644441px 19.169981324261px 0 0; border-top-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.982097140469px 24.381813596134px 0 0; border-top-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:94.750086672456px 31.975319788268px 0 0; border-top-color:#2243B6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#2243B6"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:9.2857179281168px 99.567943850214px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Lower Saxony (Census 2011):<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011Religion_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011Religion-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church</a> (51.48%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2243B6; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (18.34%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Evangelical Free Churches</a> (1.26%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orchid; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> (0.85%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> Jewish (0.07%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Chartreuse; color:black;"> </span> Other religions (2.20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Honeydew; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Not religious</a> (25.80%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-andreas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St-andreas.jpg/200px-St-andreas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St-andreas.jpg/300px-St-andreas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St-andreas.jpg/400px-St-andreas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Andreas,_Hildesheim" title="St. Andreas, Hildesheim">St. Andreas, Hildesheim</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 2011 census stated that a majority of the population were Christians (71.93%); 51.48% of the total population were members of the Protestant Church in Germany, 18.34% were Catholics, 2.11% were members of other Christian denominations, 2.27% were members of other religions. 25.8% have no denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2011Religion_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011Religion-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though there is a high level of official belonging to a Christian denomination, the people – especially in the cities – are highly secular in behavior. </p><p>As of 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> was the faith of 41.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-EKD2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is organised in the five <a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">Landeskirchen</a> named <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Brunswick" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick">Evangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick</a> (comprising the former <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Brunswick" title="Free State of Brunswick">Free State of Brunswick</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover</a> (comprising the former <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Oldenburg" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg</a> (comprising the former <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Oldenburg" title="Free State of Oldenburg">Free State of Oldenburg</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe</a> (comprising the former <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe">Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Bavaria_and_Northwestern_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany">Evangelical Reformed Church</a> (covering all the state). </p><p>Together, these member churches of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> gather a substantial part of the Protestant population in Germany. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was the faith of 16.3% of the population in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-EKD2020_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is organised in the three dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> (western part of the state), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Münster">Münster</a> (comprising the former Free State of Oldenburg) and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hildesheim" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> (northern and eastern part of the state). The Catholic faith is mainly concentrated to the regions of Oldenburger Münsterland, the region of Osnabrück, the region of Hildesheim and in the Western Eichsfeld. 42.6% of the Low Saxons were irreligious or adhere to other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-EKD2020_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> are minority faiths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) of the state was 229.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 8.7% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 100% of the EU average.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture, strongly weighted towards the livestock sector, has always been a very important economic factor in the state. The north and northwest of Lower Saxony are mainly made up of coarse sandy soil that makes crop farming difficult and therefore grassland and cattle farming are more prevalent in those areas. Lower Saxony is home, in 2017, to one in five of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">cattle</a>, one in three of the country's <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pigs</a>, and 50% of its <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">hens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern122017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern122017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> are among the state's present-day <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">arable</a> crops. Towards the south and southeast, extensive <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> layers in the soil left behind by the last <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">ice age</a> allow high-yield crop farming. One of the principal crops there is <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a>. Consequently, the Land has a big food industry, mainly organized in small and medium-sized enterprises (<a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">SME</a>). Big players are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsches_Milchkontor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsches Milchkontor (page does not exist)">Deutsches Milchkontor</a> and <a href="/wiki/PHW_Group" title="PHW Group">PHW Group</a> (biggest German poultry farmer and producer). </p><p>Mining has also been an important source of income in Lower Saxony for centuries. <a href="/wiki/Silver_ore" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver ore">Silver ore</a> became a foundation of notable economic prosperity in the Harz Mountains as early as the 12th century, while <a href="/wiki/Iron_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron mining">iron mining</a> in the Salzgitter area and <a href="/wiki/Salt_mining" title="Salt mining">salt mining</a> in various areas of the state became another important economic backbone. Although overall yields are comparatively low, Lower Saxony is also an important supplier of crude oil in the European Union. Mineral products still mined today include <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a> is frequently transported in the area to the city of <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">deep geological repository</a> <a href="/wiki/Schacht_Konrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Schacht Konrad">Schacht Konrad</a> and between <a href="/wiki/Schacht_Asse_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Schacht Asse II">Schacht Asse II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_(district)" title="Wolfenbüttel (district)">Wolfenbüttel</a> district and <a href="/wiki/Lindwedel" title="Lindwedel">Lindwedel</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fer,_Germany" title="Höfer, Germany">Höfer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> is another large part of the regional economy. Despite decades of gradual downsizing and restructuring, the carmaker <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> with its five production plants within the state's borders still remains the single biggest private-sector employer, its world headquarters in <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></span></span>. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Law">Volkswagen Law</a>, which has recently been ruled illegal by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s high court, the state of Lower Saxony is still the second-largest shareholder, owning 20.3% of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to the importance of car manufacturing in Lower Saxony, a thriving supply industry is centred around its regional focal points. Other mainstays of the Lower Saxon industrial sector include aviation (the region of Stade is called CFK-Valley), shipbuilding (such as <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Werft" title="Meyer Werft">Meyer Werft</a>), <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. Medicine plays a major role; Hanover and Göttingen have two large University Medical Schools and hospitals, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Bock" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Bock">Otto Bock</a> in Duderstadt is the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Prosthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosthetics">prosthetics</a> and associated componentry in the world. </p><p>The service sector has gained importance following the demise of manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s. Important branches today are the tourism industry with <a href="/wiki/TUI_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="TUI AG">TUI AG</a> in Hanover, one of Europe's largest travel companies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>. Hanover is one of Germany's main hubs for insurance and financial-services companies, for example <a href="/wiki/Talanx" title="Talanx">Talanx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannover_Re" title="Hannover Re">Hannover Re</a>. </p><p>In October 2018, the Lower Saxony unemployment rate stood at 5.0% and was marginally higher than the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment rate in % </td> <td>9.3 </td> <td>9.1 </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td>10.5 </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>7.6 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Sites">World Heritage Sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World Heritage Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">List of World Heritage Sites in Germany</a></div> <p>Lower Saxony has four <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hildesheimer_Dom_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hildesheim Cathedral"><img alt="Hildesheim Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hildesheimer_Dom_2015.JPG/114px-Hildesheimer_Dom_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hildesheimer_Dom_2015.JPG/171px-Hildesheimer_Dom_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hildesheimer_Dom_2015.JPG/228px-Hildesheimer_Dom_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="2451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_Cathedral" title="Hildesheim Cathedral">Hildesheim Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim"><img alt="St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/120px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/180px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/240px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3274" data-file-height="1911" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hildesheim" title="St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim">St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rammelsberg_Bergwerksanlagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mines of Rammelsberg"><img alt="Mines of Rammelsberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rammelsberg_Bergwerksanlagen.jpg/120px-Rammelsberg_Bergwerksanlagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rammelsberg_Bergwerksanlagen.jpg/180px-Rammelsberg_Bergwerksanlagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rammelsberg_Bergwerksanlagen.jpg/240px-Rammelsberg_Bergwerksanlagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="997" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rammelsberg" title="Rammelsberg">Mines of Rammelsberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GoslarMaltermeister.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historic Town of Goslar"><img alt="Historic Town of Goslar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GoslarMaltermeister.jpg/120px-GoslarMaltermeister.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GoslarMaltermeister.jpg/180px-GoslarMaltermeister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/GoslarMaltermeister.jpg/240px-GoslarMaltermeister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Historic Town of Goslar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teiche_Buntenbock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper Harz Water Regale"><img alt="Upper Harz Water Regale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Teiche_Buntenbock.jpg/120px-Teiche_Buntenbock.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Teiche_Buntenbock.jpg/180px-Teiche_Buntenbock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Teiche_Buntenbock.jpg/240px-Teiche_Buntenbock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Harz_Water_Regale" title="Upper Harz Water Regale">Upper Harz Water Regale</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lower Saxony Wadden Sea"><img alt="Lower Saxony Wadden Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-19.jpg/120px-13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-19.jpg/180px-13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-19.jpg/240px-13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4107" data-file-height="2642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Lower Saxony Wadden Sea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_Gropius_Hauptgebaeude_200705_wiki_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fagus Factory in Alfeld"><img alt="Fagus Factory in Alfeld" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fagus_Gropius_Hauptgebaeude_200705_wiki_front.jpg/120px-Fagus_Gropius_Hauptgebaeude_200705_wiki_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fagus_Gropius_Hauptgebaeude_200705_wiki_front.jpg/180px-Fagus_Gropius_Hauptgebaeude_200705_wiki_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fagus_Gropius_Hauptgebaeude_200705_wiki_front.jpg/240px-Fagus_Gropius_Hauptgebaeude_200705_wiki_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fagus_Factory" title="Fagus Factory">Fagus Factory in Alfeld</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Politics of Lower Saxony">Politics of Lower Saxony</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinets_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Cabinets of Lower Saxony">Cabinets of Lower Saxony</a></li></ul> <p>Since 1948, politics in the state has been dominated by the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) and the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a>. Lower Saxony was one of the origins of the German environmentalist movement in reaction to the state government's support for underground nuclear waste disposal. This led to the formation of the German Green Party in 1980. </p><p>The former Minister-President, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a>, led a coalition of his CDU with the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> between 2003 and 2010. In <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony_state_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Saxony state election, 2008">the 2008 election</a>, the ruling CDU held on to its position as the leading party in the state, despite losing votes and seats. The CDU's coalition with the Free Democratic Party retained its majority although it was cut from 29 to 10. The election also saw the entry into the state parliament for the first time of the leftist <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> party. On 1 July 2010 <a href="/wiki/David_McAllister_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="David McAllister (politician)">David McAllister</a> was elected Minister-President. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony_state_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Saxony state election, 2013">state election on 20 January 2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Weil" title="Stephan Weil">Stephan Weil</a> of the Social Democrats was elected as the new Minister-President.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He governed in <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_90/Die_Gr%C3%BCnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis 90/Die Grünen">Greens</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony_state_election,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Saxony state election, 2017">state election in September 2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Weil" title="Stephan Weil">Stephan Weil</a> of the Social Democrats was again elected as the new Minister-President. He governs in <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of Lower Saxony was formed after World War II by merging the former states of Hanover, Oldenburg, Brunswick and Schaumburg-Lippe. Hanover, a former kingdom, is by far the largest of these contributors by area and population and has been a province of Prussia since 1866. The city of Hanover is the largest and capital city of Lower Saxony. </p><p>The constitution states that Lower Saxony be a free, republican, democratic,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social and environmentally sustainable state inside the Federal Republic of Germany; universal human rights, peace and justice are preassigned guidelines of society, and the human rights and civil liberties proclaimed by the constitution of the Federal Republic are genuine constituents of the constitution of Lower Saxony. Each citizen is entitled to education and there is universal compulsory school attendance. </p><p>All government authority is to be sanctioned by the will of the people, which expresses itself via elections and plebiscites. The legislative assembly is a unicameral parliament elected for terms of five years. The composition of the parliament obeys the principle of proportional representation of the participating political parties, but it is also ensured that each constituency delegates one directly elected representative. If a party wins more constituency delegates than their statewide share among the parties would determine, it can keep all these constituency delegates. </p><p>The governor of the state (prime minister) and his ministers are elected by the parliament. As there is a system of five political parties in Germany and so also in Lower Saxony, it is usually the case that two or more parties negotiate for a common political agenda and a commonly determined composition of government where the party with the biggest share of the electorate fills the seat of the governor. </p><p>The states of the Federal Republic of Germany, and so Lower Saxony, have legislative responsibility and power mainly reduced to the policy fields of the school system, higher education, culture and media and police, whereas the more important policy fields like economic and social policies, foreign policy are a prerogative of the federal government. Hence the probably most important function of the federal states is their representation in the Federal Council (Bundesrat), where their approval on many crucial federal policy fields, including the tax system, is required for laws to become enacted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister-President_of_Lower_Saxony">Minister-President of Lower Saxony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Minister-President of Lower Saxony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Minister-President of Lower Saxony">Minister-President of Lower Saxony</a></div> <p>The Minister-President heads the state government, acting as a head of state (even if the federated states have the status of a state do not establish the office of a head of state but merge the functions with the head of the executive branch) as well as the government leader. They are elected by the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Landtag of Lower Saxony</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Coat of arms of Lower Saxony">Coat of arms of Lower Saxony</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> shows a white <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saxon_Steed" title="Saxon Steed">Saxon Steed</a>) against a red background, which is an old symbol of the Saxon people. Legend has it that the horse was a symbol of the Saxon leader <a href="/wiki/Widukind" title="Widukind">Widukind</a>, albeit a black horse against a yellow background. The colours changed after the Christian baptism of Widukind. White and red are colours (besides black and gold) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> as the saviour, who is still shown with a red cross against a white background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Lower_Saxony" title="List of places in Lower Saxony">List of places in Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fe_der_Megalithkultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Straße der Megalithkultur">Straße der Megalithkultur</a> – tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 Megalithic sites.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Asparagus_Road" title="Lower Saxon Asparagus Road">Niedersächsische Spargelstraße</a> – tourist route around the Asparagus growing areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_of_Weser_Renaissance" title="Road of Weser Renaissance">Straße der Weserrenaissance</a> – tourist route that passes through Lower Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline of Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/">"Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420053548/https://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik+Niedersachsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.niedersachsen.de%2Fstartseite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung">"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de"</a>. <i>Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925065816/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistische+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder+%7C+Gemeinsames+Statistikportal&rft.atitle=Bruttoinlandsprodukt%2C+Bruttowertsch%C3%B6pfung+%7C+Statistikportal.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikportal.de%2Fde%2Fvgrdl%2Fergebnisse-laenderebene%2Fbruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de/live/live.php?navigation_id=8360&article_id=46163&_psmand=26">Naturparks in Niedersachsen, as at 31 December 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719065917/http://www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de/live/live.php?navigation_id=8360&article_id=46163&_psmand=26">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GModVerw-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GModVerw_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">siehe Text <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050522124640/http://cdl.niedersachsen.de/blob/images/C5932147_L20.pdf">Gesetz zur Modernisierung der Verwaltung in Niedersachsen</a> vom 5. November 2004 (Nds. GVBl. S. 394–401), siehe dort Artikel 1 Gesetz zur Auflösung der Bezirksregierungen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Homepage.html">"Homepage – Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)"</a>. <i>www.destatis.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717075757/https://www.destatis.de/EN/Homepage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.destatis.de&rft.atitle=Homepage+%E2%80%93+Federal+Statistical+Office+%28Destatis%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FEN%2FHomepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028052329/https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/input_felder/anzeigen.php?verzeichnis=kar&dateiname=kar38.jpg&bild_id=38">"Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe"</a>. Die Interessengebiete Kölns und Braunschweigs nach dem Vertrag von 1260 (map). <i>Lwl.org</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/input_felder/anzeigen.php?verzeichnis=kar&dateiname=kar38.jpg&bild_id=38">the original</a> on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lwl.org&rft.atitle=Landschaftsverband+Westfalen-Lippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwl.org%2Fwestfaelische-geschichte%2Fportal%2FInternet%2Finput_felder%2Fanzeigen.php%3Fverzeichnis%3Dkar%26dateiname%3Dkar38.jpg%26bild_id%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807114315/http://www.niedersachsen.de/live/live.php?navigation_id=6870&article_id=19881&_psmand=1000">"Land Niedersachsen: <i>Der Weg zum Land Niedersachsen</i>"</a>. Niedersachsen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niedersachsen.de/live/live.php?navigation_id=6870&article_id=19881&_psmand=1000">the original</a> on 7 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Niedersachsen%3A+Der+Weg+zum+Land+Niedersachsen&rft.pub=Niedersachsen.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niedersachsen.de%2Flive%2Flive.php%3Fnavigation_id%3D6870%26article_id%3D19881%26_psmand%3D1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saxony" title="History of Saxony">History of Saxony</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zur räumlichen Zuordnung des Begriffs "Westfalen/westfälisch" vgl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/input_felder/langDatensatz_ebene4.php?urlID=168&url_tabelle=tab_websegmente">Karl Ditt: <i>Der Raum Westfalen in der Historiographie des 20. Jhs.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522084653/https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/input_felder/langDatensatz_ebene4.php?urlID=168&url_tabelle=tab_websegmente">Archived</a> 22 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id%3D1753%26count%3D218%26recno%3D32%26sort%3Dort%26order%3Ddown%26geschichte%3D80">"Martin Dröge: <i>Räume, Grenzen, Identitäten – Westfalen als Gegenstand landes- und regionalgeschichtlicher Forschung</i>"</a>. Hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521093409/http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id%3D1753%26count%3D218%26recno%3D32%26sort%3Dort%26order%3Ddown%26geschichte%3D80">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Dr%C3%B6ge%3A+R%C3%A4ume%2C+Grenzen%2C+Identit%C3%A4ten+%E2%80%93+Westfalen+als+Gegenstand+landes-+und+regionalgeschichtlicher+Forschung&rft.pub=Hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de%2Ftagungsberichte%2Fid%253D1753%2526count%253D218%2526recno%253D32%2526sort%253Dort%2526order%253Ddown%2526geschichte%253D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Schaap_/_Rudolf_Willenborg" class="citation web cs1">Klaus Schaap / Rudolf Willenborg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nibis.ni.schule.de/nli1/rechtsx/nlpb/pdf/Landesgeschichte/Gr%FCndung%20des%20Landes%20Niedersachsen2.pdf">"Gründung des Landes Niedersachsen – Darstellung und Quellen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gr%C3%BCndung+des+Landes+Niedersachsen+%E2%80%93+Darstellung+und+Quellen&rft.pages=21&rft.au=Klaus+Schaap+%2F+Rudolf+Willenborg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnibis.ni.schule.de%2Fnli1%2Frechtsx%2Fnlpb%2Fpdf%2FLandesgeschichte%2FGr%25FCndung%2520des%2520Landes%2520Niedersachsen2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id%3D3145%26count%3D220%26recno%3D10%26sort%3Ddatum%26order%3Ddown%26geschichte%3D80">"Thomas Vogtherr: <i>100 Jahre Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen – Personen, Geschichtsbilder, Forschungsfelder, Netzwerke 1910–2010</i>. 27 May 2010"</a>. Hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416103438/http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id%3D3145%26count%3D220%26recno%3D10%26sort%3Ddatum%26order%3Ddown%26geschichte%3D80">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Vogtherr%3A+100+Jahre+Historische+Kommission+f%C3%BCr+Niedersachsen+und+Bremen+%E2%80%93+Personen%2C+Geschichtsbilder%2C+Forschungsfelder%2C+Netzwerke+1910%E2%80%932010.+27+May+2010&rft.pub=Hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de%2Ftagungsberichte%2Fid%253D3145%2526count%253D220%2526recno%253D10%2526sort%253Ddatum%2526order%253Ddown%2526geschichte%253D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandkreis_Vechta2004" class="citation web cs1">Landkreis Vechta (14 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517031716/http://www.landkreis-vechta.de/0800/lk/323.html">"Landkreis Vechta: <i>Zeitzeichen im Landkreis</i>"</a>. 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Vechta. p. 50f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Schaap_/_Rudolf_Willenborg" class="citation web cs1">Klaus Schaap / Rudolf Willenborg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nibis.ni.schule.de/nli1/rechtsx/nlpb/pdf/Landesgeschichte/Gr%FCndung%20des%20Landes%20Niedersachsen2.pdf">"Gründung des Landes Niedersachsen – Darstellung und Quellen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 22f<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. 23 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025050859/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7057815.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Volkswagen+law%27+is+ruled+illegal&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7057815.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista"</a>. <i>Statista</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627171657/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Arbeitslosenquote+nach+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern+in+Deutschland+2018+%7C+Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F36651%2Fumfrage%2Farbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Destatis)2018" class="citation web cs1">(Destatis), © Statistisches Bundesamt (13 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=B1C50643A60FE295E866C5D1DE88989D.GO_2_2?operation=previous&levelindex=3&levelid=1542121134059&levelid=1542121130976&step=2">"Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online"</a>. <i>www-genesis.destatis.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110120/https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=B1C50643A60FE295E866C5D1DE88989D.GO_2_2?operation=previous&levelindex=3&levelid=1542121134059&levelid=1542121130976&step=2">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-genesis.destatis.de&rft.atitle=Federal+Statistical+Office+Germany+%E2%80%93+GENESIS-Online&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.aulast=%28Destatis%29&rft.aufirst=%C2%A9+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-genesis.destatis.de%2Fgenesis%2Fonline%2Fdata%3Bsid%3DB1C50643A60FE295E866C5D1DE88989D.GO_2_2%3Foperation%3Dprevious%26levelindex%3D3%26levelid%3D1542121134059%26levelid%3D1542121130976%26step%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/wahl-in-niedersachsen-2013/landtagswahl-in-niedersachsen-hauchduenner-sieg-fuer-rot-gruen-12032083.html">Hauchdünner Sieg für Rot-Grün</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515201426/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/wahl-in-niedersachsen-2013/landtagswahl-in-niedersachsen-hauchduenner-sieg-fuer-rot-gruen-12032083.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 21 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308092501/https://www.landtag-niedersachsen.de/the_constitution_of_lower_saxony/">"The constitution of Lower Saxony"</a>. <i>The constitution of Lower Saxony</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landtag-niedersachsen.de/the_constitution_of_lower_saxony/">the original</a> on 8 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+constitution+of+Lower+Saxony&rft.atitle=The+constitution+of+Lower+Saxony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landtag-niedersachsen.de%2Fthe_constitution_of_lower_saxony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Saxony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Niedersachsen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈniːdɐzaksn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/De-Niedersachsen2.ogg\/De-Niedersachsen2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Niedersachsen2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/De-Niedersachsen2.ogg/De-Niedersachsen2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Niedersachsen2.ogg" title="File:De-Niedersachsen2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>: <i lang="nds">Neddersassen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a>: <i lang="stq">Läichsaksen</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony#Q1197" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lower-saxony.de/startseite/">Official governmental portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240417134131/https://www.lower-saxony.de/startseite/">Archived</a> 17 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niedersachsen-tourism.com/">Official website for tourism and holiday in Lower Saxony</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505204729/https://www.niedersachsen-tourism.com/">Archived</a> 5 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niedersachsen-karte.de/">Map with tourist highlights, notepad and personal guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326013200/http://www.niedersachsen-karte.de/">Archived</a> 26 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62771">Lower Saxony</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template talk:Germany districts Lower Saxony"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Lower_Saxony_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Lower_Saxony_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lower Saxony"><img alt="Flag of Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Urban and rural districts in the state of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Saxony</a> in Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Region" title="Hanover Region">Hanover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmenhorst" title="Delmenhorst">Delmenhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammerland" title="Ammerland">Ammerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurich_(district)" title="Aurich (district)">Aurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim_(district)" title="County of Bentheim (district)">Bentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celle_(district)" title="Celle (district)">Celle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloppenburg_(district)" title="Cloppenburg (district)">Cloppenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven_(district)" title="Cuxhaven (district)">Cuxhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepholz_(district)" title="Diepholz (district)">Diepholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsland" title="Emsland">Emsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friesland_(district)" title="Friesland (district)">Friesland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifhorn_(district)" title="Gifhorn (district)">Gifhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar_(district)" title="Goslar (district)">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(district)" title="Göttingen (district)">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hameln-Pyrmont" title="Hameln-Pyrmont">Hameln-Pyrmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harburg_(district)" title="Harburg (district)">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidekreis" title="Heidekreis">Heidekreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmstedt_(district)" title="Helmstedt (district)">Helmstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim_(district)" title="Hildesheim (district)">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzminden_(district)" title="Holzminden (district)">Holzminden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leer_(district)" title="Leer (district)">Leer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg" title="Lüchow-Dannenberg">Lüchow-Dannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_(district)" title="Lüneburg (district)">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nienburg_(district)" title="Nienburg (district)">Nienburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeim_(district)" title="Northeim (district)">Northeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(district)" title="Oldenburg (district)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_(district)" title="Osnabrück (district)">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterholz" title="Osterholz">Osterholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peine_(district)" title="Peine (district)">Peine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenburg_(district)" title="Rotenburg (district)">Rotenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg" title="Schaumburg">Schaumburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_(district)" title="Stade (district)">Stade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uelzen_(district)" title="Uelzen (district)">Uelzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vechta_(district)" title="Vechta (district)">Vechta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_(district)" title="Verden (district)">Verden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesermarsch" title="Wesermarsch">Wesermarsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittmund_(district)" title="Wittmund (district)">Wittmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel_(district)" title="Wolfenbüttel (district)">Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Districts of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> (since 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140653681">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1219446/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042226-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82051164">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119343248">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119343248">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dolní Sasko (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129048&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453650">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000149600&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqpl8v3k887x4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564439205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2978b457-3c4a-4a34-8b3c-d35e4804c42b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03209000?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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