Avena fatua (Common Wild Oat) (2024)

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data-full-width-responsive="true" data-adtest="off" > </ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <article class="article-detail"> <section class="entry-content paragraph"><div><p>Avena fatua (Common Wild Oat)</p><p><em>Avena fatua</em>L.</p><p><em>Anelytrum avenaceum</em> Hack.;<em> Avena fatua</em> var. <em>glabrata</em> Peterm.; <em>Avena fatua</em> var.<em> intermedia</em> Hartman; <em>Avena fatua</em> var.<em> intermedia</em> Husn.; <em>Avena fatua</em> var. <em>intermedia</em> Vasc.; <em>Avena fatua</em> ssp. <em>meridionalis</em> Malzev; <em>Avena fatua</em> var. <em>vilis</em> (Wallr.) Hausskn.; <em>Avena fatua</em> var. <em>vilis</em> (Wallr.) Malzev; <em>Avena intermedia</em> Lindgr.; <em>Avena intermedia</em> T. Lestib.; <em>Avena lanuginosa</em> Gilib.; <em>Avena meridionalis</em> (Malzev) Roshev.; <em>Avena patens</em> St.-Lag.; <em>Avena pilosa</em> Scop.; <em>Avena sativa</em> var. <em>fatua</em> (L.) Fiori; <em>Avena sativa</em> var. <em>sericea</em> Hook. f.; <em>Avena septentrionalis</em> Malzev; <em>Avena</em> <em>vilis</em>Wallr.</p><p>Common wild oat, wild oat</p><p>Poaceae (Gramineae)</p><p>Native to the Mediterranean. Ethiopia, N. Africa, Europe and Asia among other locations<div class="sm:flex sm:items-center sm:justify-center sm:flex-row sm:space-x-1 insert" style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="1299841129" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1702102356911237" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="1299841129" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1702102356911237" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div></p><p><em>Avena fatua</em> is <span>naturalised</span> in many parts of the world where cereals are grown in Africa, Europe and Asia among other locations.</p><p><em>Avena fatua</em> is found in the highlands of the three East African countries (Terry and Michieka, 1987) and in Kenya has been recorded in wheat growing areas in Rift Valley and Central provinces.</p><p><em>Avena fatua</em> is a roadside <span>weed</span> or <span>weed</span> of arable land among grain crops at altitudes of between 2100-2730 m.<div class="bg-primary-100 rounded-lg my-6 px-2 py-3 font-semibold insert" style="color: rgb(37, 99, 235)"><div class="text-common !leading-common ml-1 insert" style="margin-top: 0.2rem; margin-bottom: 0.2rem">See Also</div><a class="list-item toc-h2 py-1" style="border-bottom: none" href="https://fantasygameday.net/article/wild-oat-encyclopedia-com/10164" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wild Oat | Encyclopedia.com</a></div></p><p><em>Avena fatua</em> is an <span>erect</span>, tufted or <span>ascending</span> stout <span>annual</span> <span>grass</span> 30-150 cm tall that is a typical oat in appearance, a green <span>grass</span> with hollow, <span>erect</span> stems to 150 cm. It is sparsely hairy.</p><p>Leaf <span>blades</span> are flat, about 10-45 cm long and 3-15 mm wide with the <span>membranous</span> small structure at the junction of the leaf <span>sheath</span> and leaf <span>blade</span> (<span>ligules</span>) up to 6 mm long. The long dark green leaves are rough due to small hairs. The youngest leaf is rolled up. </p><p>The <span>ligule</span> is often irregularly toothed (<span>dentate</span>, fringed). The leaf bases do not have ear-like projections (auricles). Leaf <span>sheaths</span> are smooth or slightly hairy, especially in younger plants. </p><p>The <span>inflorescence</span> of <em>Avena fatua</em> is a loose, open <span>panicle</span> with 2-3-flowered stalked (pedicelled) <span>spikelets</span>. The <span>panicle</span> is 10-40 cm long and up to 20 cm wide with spreading branches and the <span>spikelets</span> hanging from long stalks (<span>pedicels</span>). Each of the 2-3 <span>florets</span> has an oval abscission scar at its base, causing them to fall separately.</p><p><span>Spikelets</span> are 18-28 mm long, with the narrow lance-shaped (<span>lanceolate</span>) <span>glumes</span> enclosing the 2-3 <span>florets</span> each of these with an articulation below <span>glumes</span>.</p><p>Lemmas are hairy, 14-20 mm long. <span>Seed</span> has an <span>awn</span> 2.5-4 cm long. Grains are 6-8 mm long. Seeds of <em>A. fatua</em> are viable for 3-8 years.</p><p><em>Avena fatua</em> is spread as a contaminant of cereal <span>seed</span>, by people, by farm animals and through contaminated shared farm implements. The seedlings are also hairy. The <span>awn</span> of the <em>A. fatua</em> <span>seed</span> twists into a helix on drying and untwists when wet, thereby drilling the <span>seed</span> into the soil.<div class="sm:flex sm:items-center sm:justify-center sm:flex-row sm:space-x-1 insert" style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="1299841129" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1702102356911237" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="1299841129" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1702102356911237" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div></p><p>Plants in the <span>genus</span> <em>Avena</em> resemble wheat (<em>Triticum</em> spp.) when growing; only obviously differing from wheat upon maturity when its ears hang downwards, while mature wheat ears face upwards.</p><ul> <li>In vigour, growth <span>habit</span> and large <span>spikelets</span>, <em>Avena fatua</em> is similar in appearance to cultivated oat (<em>Avena sativa</em>). However, <em>Avena sativa</em> has a denser <span>panicle</span> (flower cluster), the <span>spikelets</span> (unit of a flower cluster) have only 0-1 <span>awn</span> (<span>bristle</span>-like structure), and the <span>florets</span> (<span>grass</span> flower) do not readily separate and shed. </li><li><em>Avena sativa</em> the crop is further distinguished from <em>A. fatua</em> by <span>spikelets</span> which in the crop are not <span>articulated</span> above the <span>glumes</span> (small leaf-like structures below or enclosing a flower, or a flower <span>spikelet</span> in the grasses and <span>sedges</span>) and the lemmas (lower and outermost of the two scales that are part of a <span>grass</span> <span>floret</span> and enclose a <span>grass</span> <span>seed</span>) are smooth. </li><li><em>Avena sativa</em>: <span>basal</span> scar is horizontal rather than oblique as in <em>A. sterilis</em> and <em>A. fatua</em> and its <span>rachis</span> (main stem of flower cluster) tip is jagged, pointed, and fractured; </li><li><em>Avena sativa</em>: scutellum (modified <span>seed</span> leaf) outline on the one-seeded fruit of a <span>grass</span> (<span>caryopsis</span>) is clearly evident, whereas it is not very clear on <em>A. sterilis</em> and usually less so on <em>A. fatua</em>; </li><li><em>Avena sativa</em>: Lemmas smooth and shiny, whereas those of <em>A. sterilis</em> and <em>A. fatua</em> are grainy or rough.</li></ul><p><em>Avena fatua</em> is palatable and has medicinal uses but its benefits are outweighed by its negative impacts.</p><p><em>Avena fatua</em> is considered to be one of the world's worst agricultural weeds and it is increasing in importance (CABI Crop Compendium 2011). It is an especially serious <span>weed</span> in grain crops such as barley and wheat. <em>A fatua</em> invades and lowers the quality of a field crop, typically wheat or oat fields and competes for resources with the crops. It causes soil dryness and provides favourable conditions for diseases and pests (e.g. frit fly, nematodes and smut).</p><p>The precise management measures adopted for any plant invasion will depend upon factors such as the terrain, the cost and availability of labour, the severity of the infestation and the presence of other invasive <span>species</span>. Some components of an integrated management approach are introduced below.</p><p>The best form of invasive <span>species</span> management is prevention. As <em>Avena fatua</em> is so widespread this is unlikely to be possible in many instances. If prevention is no longer possible, it is best to treat the <span>weed</span> infestations when they are small to prevent them from establishing (early detection and rapid response). Controlling the <span>weed</span> before it seeds will reduce future problems. Control is generally best applied to the least infested areas before dense infestations are tackled. Consistent follow-up work is required for sustainable management.</p><p>There are effective nonchemical methods for controlling <em>A. fatua</em> through soil cultivation and crop rotation.</p><p>When it is a <span>weed</span> of cereal crops such as wheat, oats, barley it is difficult to distinguish <em>A. fatua</em> from the crop until flowering. Therefore, the wild oat should only be removed after flowering. Because <em>A. fatua</em> seeds can stay dormant in the soil up to 10 years, it is important to remove plants before they produce <span>seed</span>. <em>A. fatua</em> seeds should be removed before milling to ensure good grain quality. A controlled burn after harvest can reduce the viability of the <em>A. fatua</em> seeds that remain on the soil surface. Many selective herbicides can be effective alone, in mixtures or sequences. Correct timing and rate of herbicide application is critical to maximise control. When using any herbicide always read the label first and follow all instructions and safety requirements. If in doubt consult an expert.</p><p>Careful cleaning of sowing material can reduce <em>A. fatua</em> infestations.</p><p>The editors could find no information on any <span>biological control</span> agents for this <span>species</span>.</p><p>In Kenya <em>Avena fatua</em> is declared a noxious <span>weed</span> of Agriculture under the Noxious Weeds Act CAP 325, in Kenya. Accordingly the Minister of Agriculture can compel land owners who have such declared noxious weeds growing on their land to eradicate or have it otherwise removed. However, it is not declared in Uganda and Tanzania.<div class="sm:flex sm:items-center sm:justify-center sm:flex-row sm:space-x-1 insert" style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="1299841129" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1702102356911237" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="1299841129" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1702102356911237" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div></p><p>Members of the tribe Aveneae (oats) have <span>glumes</span> that are larger than the <span>lemma</span> and that remain on the <span>panicle</span> <span>inflorescence</span> after the grains shatter (persistent <span>glumes</span>). As a specific trait of <em>Avena</em> <span>species</span>, the lemmas end in 2 small teeth and have 2-3 <span>awns</span> arising from the back which are mostly dark-coloured, bent and 3-4 cm long.</p><p>Bayer Crop Science. Weedspotter - wild oat and winter oat. <a href="http://www.weedfocus.com/content.weedspotter/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">www.weedfocus.com/content.weedspotter/</a> 244/1036/e-Tools/e-Tools/Weedspotter.mspx. Accessed February 2011.</p><p>CABI Crop Compendium online data sheet. <em>Avena fatua</em>. CABI Publishing 2011. <a href="http://www.cabi.org/CPC" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">www.cabi.org/CPC</a>. Accessed March 2011.</p><p>Government of Kenya (1983). The Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act: CAP 325 of the Laws of Kenya. 2nd Ed. Government Printer, Nairobi, 5 pp.</p><p>Ibrahim, K. M and Kabuye, C.H.S. (1987) An Illustrated manual of Kenya grasses, FAO, Rome.</p><p>Terry, P.J. and Michieka, R.W. (1987). Common weeds of East Africa/Maguga ya Africka Masharaiki. FAO, Rome, 184pp.</p><p>Wikipedia contributors. "<em>Avena fatua</em> L. " Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avena_fatua. Accessed February 2011.</p><p>Agnes Lusweti, National Museums of Kenya; Emily Wabuyele, National Museums of Kenya, Paul Ssegawa, Makerere University; John Mauremootoo, BioNET-INTERNATIONAL Secretariat - UK.</p><p>This fact sheet is adapted from The Environmental Weeds of Australia by Sheldon Navie and Steve Adkins, Centre for Biological Information Technology, University of Queensland. We recognise the support from the National Museums of Kenya, <span>Tropical</span> Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI) - Tanzania and Makerere University, Uganda. This activity was undertaken as part of the BioNET-EAFRINET UVIMA Project (<span>Taxonomy</span> for Development in East Africa).</p><p>BioNET-EAFRINET Regional Coordinator: <span>[emailprotected]</span><div class="sm:flex sm:items-center sm:justify-center sm:flex-row sm:space-x-1 insert" style="margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="1299841129" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1702102356911237" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script><ins class="adsbygoogle sm:w-1/2" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-full-width-responsive="true" data-ad-slot="1299841129" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1702102356911237" data-adtest="off"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div></p></div></section> <img class="lazyload" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=Avena fatua (Common Wild Oat) (2024)" alt="Avena fatua (Common Wild Oat) (2024)" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/> <section> </section> </article> <h2 id="references" class="text-xl font-semibold mt-3 mb-3">References</h2> <ul class="ml-5 list-disc"> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" class="text-sm break-all" href="https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Avena_fatua_(Common_Wild_Oat).htm">https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Avena_fatua_(Common_Wild_Oat).htm</a> </li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" class="text-sm break-all" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/botany/botany-general/wild-oat">https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/botany/botany-general/wild-oat</a> </li> </ul> <div class="text-2xl font-semibold mt-5 mb-5">Top Articles</div> <div class="container-doc"> <a href="https://fantasygameday.net/article/how-to-last-longer-everything-about-premature-ejaculation/10164" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="group mb-20 flex flex-col items-center"> <img class="lazyload h-56 object-cover" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=How to last longer: everything about premature ejaculation" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mP8/h8AAvMB+NzmkbcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="/> <div class="group-hover:text-primary-500 block font-medium mt-5 text-2xl"> How to last longer: everything about premature ejaculation </div> </a> <a href="https://fantasygameday.net/article/sansbeaute-6-in-1-ladyshave-gezicht-oksels-benen-uiterlijk-gezichtsverzorging-marktplaats/10164" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="group mb-20 flex flex-col items-center"> <img class="lazyload h-56 object-cover" data-src="https://ts2.mm.bing.net/th?q=≥ Sansbeauté® 6-in-1 Ladyshave Gezicht - 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Avena fatua (Common Wild Oat) (2024)