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style="display:none">Personal connections other than family and close friends</div> <p><b>Consequential strangers</b> are personal connections other than family and close friends. Also known as "peripheral" or "weak" ties, they lie in the broad social territory between <a href="/wiki/Stranger" title="Stranger">strangers</a> and intimates. The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/Karen_L._Fingerman" title="Karen L. Fingerman">Karen L. Fingerman</a> and further developed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melinda_Blau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melinda Blau (page does not exist)">Melinda Blau</a>, who collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> to explore and popularize the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-Fingerman2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingerman2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlauFingerman2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlauFingerman2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social life in the 21st century includes a wide array of personal connections, not just intimates—people associated with a particular part of one's life and daily activities, such as co-workers, neighbors, gym buddies, fellow volunteers and congregants, and providers of goods and services. Typically, peripheral ties far outnumber one's close relations. Decades of research have shown the importance of primary relationships in both psychological and physiological well being. Yet an analysis of the broader social landscape suggests that consequential strangers provide many of the same benefits as intimates as well as many distinct and complementary functions. They are not universally beneficial—undesirable consequential strangers who cannot be avoided can be found in the workplace, neighborhoods and organizations. But to thrive in a modern society, research suggests, it is vital to have a variety of connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingerman2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academic underpinnings of the concept can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Granovetter" title="Mark Granovetter">Mark Granovetter</a>'s influential 1973 paper, "The Strength of Weak Ties," in which the sociologist argued that job opportunities were most likely to come from people in the more distant reaches of one's personal network—old bosses, former coworkers, college connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Granovetter1973_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granovetter1973-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent studies of <a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a> have shown that information, resources, and new connections—which confer <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>—are the province of weak ties in all arenas of life, not just employment. Benefits accrue to individuals, families, and the larger community as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one study found that African American mothers who made use of community ties as well as their families, were able to get their children into magnet schools and extracurricular programs that protected them from the dangers of inner city life.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, relationship scholars have concentrated almost entirely on intimates: partners, children, parents, and, to a lesser extent, best friends.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the trend toward <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> underscored the importance of peripheral relationships. It is almost impossible to cope with the demands of modern life without weak ties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, over the last several decades a handful of researchers and theorists have emphasized the important role of weak ties in anchoring individuals in the larger community.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lofland1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lofland1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one scholar observed in 1989, "Social scientists have long held that close and intimate friendships are the <i>sine qua non</i> of personal relationships, and no doubt they are important, but ties with acquaintances are equally important."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technology has played a key role in the unprecedented rise of consequential strangers. Advances in transportation and communication have always altered the ways in which people can connect—the pony express allowed the printed word to spread; the telephone made it possible to speak to distant contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But computers and digitalization have accelerated the process. In 1997, when Merrill Lynch asked social observer Michael Schrage to analyze how "new" technologies would transform businesses, he stressed that the shift did not herald an "information revolution" as much as a "relationship revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His predictions proved prescient. Today, at least 1.6 billion people are connected via computer and mobile devices. Various social media, such as blogs, wikis, Twitter, SMS, and networking sites like Facebook facilitate contact, coordination, and collaboration across boundaries of time and space—and at minimal cost.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most relationships—personal and business—are now conducted both on and off the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellman2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellman2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the ranks of consequential strangers have grown as has the ability to keep in touch with them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consequential strangers comprise the aggregate of personal connections outside one's inner circles of family and close friends. Such relationship are referred to elsewhere as "peripheral" (versus "core"), "secondary" (versus "primary"), or "weak ties" (versus "strong").<sup id="cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingerman2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lofland1995_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lofland1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colloquially, they are also known as acquaintances. But in reality, relationships cannot be neatly classified into groups. Rather, they fall along a continuum. Consequential strangers occupy the vast territory between strangers and close (or core) ties. They are just beyond <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Milgram" title="Stanley Milgram">Stanley Milgram</a>'s conception of a <a href="/wiki/Familiar_stranger" title="Familiar stranger">familiar stranger</a>—one frequently encountered and broadly identifiable (a woman, an Asian, a cop)—but not known in the personal sense. In contrast, a personal and repeated pattern of interaction is evident with a consequential stranger.<sup id="cite_ref-BlauFingerman2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlauFingerman2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingerman2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of consequential strangers encompasses a diverse assortment of relationship types. The gradations between weak ties are often blurred, among other reasons because all relationships are fluid and dynamic. Over time, some consequential stranger connections become close friends or even intimate partners, while others stay at the level of acquaintanceship—for example, those "anchored" to a particular place, such as a school, gym, or train station or involved in a paid service or status hierarchies (e.g., a boss and worker). </p><p>Also, the vocabulary of relationships can be confusing. Whereas some languages, such as French, have two forms of the pronoun "you"—using the informal <i>tu</i> with intimates and the formal <i>vous</i> with acquaintances—English has no such markers. The word "friend" is used to describe close <i>and</i> casual relations. One must inquire further to find out what the speaker means.<sup id="cite_ref-Fingerman2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingerman2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, "acquaintance" can be defined either as a relationship that falls short of friendship or as a stage from which the relationship becomes more intimate.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technology further complicates the linguistic issue. For example, Japanese sociologist Hidenori Tomita coined the term "intimate stranger"—a person with whom one shares intimate and yet anonymous contact—to describe "new relationships born through the new media."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_strangers_to_intimates:_relationship_development">From strangers to intimates: relationship development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From strangers to intimates: relationship development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social scientists in the seventies observed that in order for a relationship to develop into increasing intimacy, the social partners need opportunities to get together, time with one another, and a certain degree of privacy (optimum group size for developing intimacy is small).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent conceptualizations extend that premise, theorizing that a relationship is more than the sum of two people. Environmental, historical, and cultural factors also impinge on the course of a given relationship. Among factors cited are the partners' other social ties, their respective positions in the life cycle, the era in which the two are embedded, and the place—home, community, country—where their liaison unfolds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, "getting together" nowadays often occurs in virtual, not real, space.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellman2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellman2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "closest" peripheral ties involve mutual recognition and repeated interactions (in one another's physical presence or online). A treasured accountant or a cherished priest might be among one's closest consequential strangers. At the other extreme are relationships that are barely blips on the social radar, such as people with adjoining season seats for a game or same-time-next-year conventioneers.<sup id="cite_ref-BlauFingerman2009_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlauFingerman2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingerman2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another factor that shapes a relationship is the level of investment and stability. People are committed to their intimates, less so to their consequential strangers. If one's tennis partner moves or the owner of a favorite deli retires, such individuals might be missed, but others will fill their roles. Also, weak ties often serve compartmentalized needs—for a particular kind of assistance, a leisure activity, a work project—whereas intimates are more likely to serve multiple functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Granovetter1973_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granovetter1973-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Self-disclosure—both <i>breadth</i> (the variety of subjects discussed) and <i>depth</i> (the degree of intimate sharing)—is the engine that drives all relationships. As a rule of thumb, the closer the relationship, the more time spent together, the more likely that social partners will self-disclose.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in all relationships, social partners strike a balance between a need to connect and a need for one's own space. At different times of day, at different times of life, and at different points in history, people are more or less open to disclosing information about themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even within a long-term relationship, partners do not always share with one another on a deep level. Thus, although lovers and best friends may be the <i>likely</i> recipients of confidences, they are rarely the only ones. Individuals also confide in their consequential strangers, particularly those near the intimate end of the continuum. Studies have shown, for example, that this happens frequently with certain professionals—among them, hairdressers and divorce lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, gym buddies and frequent patrons at diners often share confidences with one another. In part it's the regularity of contact, in part the place itself.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under certain conditions, <a href="/wiki/Zick_Rubin" title="Zick Rubin">Zick Rubin</a> found that people even share with complete strangers, a paradox known as the "stranger on a train" phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_and_drawbacks">Benefits and drawbacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benefits and drawbacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous studies underscore the importance of intimate relationships—and nothing in the conceptualization of consequential strangers disputes this. However, weak ties can be similar to, different from, and supportive of close relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingerman2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, consequential strangers can provide many of the same benefits to individuals as do close relationships: companionship, a sense of belonging, and emotional support, particularly in times of crisis or emergency. </p><p>Because relationships mirror different aspects of the self, both weak and strong ties contribute to an individual's sense of identity. In some situations, consequential strangers may allow distinct facets of identity to emerge. For example, women over fifty who join the <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Society" title="Red Hat Society">Red Hat Society</a> tend to express aspects of themselves in the company of other "Hatters" that would surprise members of their families.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research also suggests that one can develop a greater sense of agency and mastery by stepping into multiple roles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being with one's poker buddies requires a different skill set than volunteering at the local hospital or conducting a meeting at work. And because of the lack of familiarity in these various situations, it is necessary to communicate in more "elaborated" patterns of speech with consequential strangers than with loved ones. Relating to assorted others forces an individual to "negotiate, exercise judgment, reconcile, compromise, and take account of the intentions, purposes, motivations, and perspective" of his or her assorted role partners."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weak ties also provide benefits not available in close ties: information, resources, and novelty, as well as a sense of being "known" in the larger community. Consequential strangers often act as "bridges" to new people and groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt1992_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt1992-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through them, an individual is exposed to ideas, cultures, life strategies, and diversions that are beyond the scope of their loved ones' knowledge and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casual connections provide fodder for social comparison—a psychological process in which one regards another's circumstances and feels better or worse off. In certain situations, downward comparison (feeling better than) may contribute to self-esteem. One study found that college students tend to view friends as comparable to themselves, but make downward comparisons with acquaintances. Viewing oneself as better than a close partner might jeopardize the relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequential strangers can also support intimate ties, especially in the family. In a given day, parents deal with child care providers, teachers, coaches, and other parents who can offer tangible aid, such as car pools, information about school policies, as well as emotional support to the family.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many peripheral relationships are satisfying, although some are also the cause of daily hassles.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a weak tie is bothersome, one can often walk away. However, there are certain consequential strangers from whom escape is impossible—a coworker, neighbor, or teacher that rankles. </p><p>Another study suggests that lying may be more frequent between consequential strangers than between intimates.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gossip, particularly among a closed system of colleagues or neighbors, spreads quickly among weak ties as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt1992_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt1992-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aggression in the workplace—an arena filled mostly with consequential strangers rather than close friends—is also well documented.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have even linked increases in blood pressure to the experience of working for an unfavorable supervisor.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vast literature regarding work and family further suggests that difficulties with co-workers can reverberate at home in the form of anger or withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_network_view">The network view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The network view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another way to view the impact of consequential strangers is by pulling the camera back from the individual to the entire network. Each individual travels through life in what was first conceptualized in the 1980s as a "social convoy"—an entourage of people that he or she has collected along the way. This assortment of personal ties is one type of <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a>.Some individuals are better or less equipped for life's challenges and crises, not merely because of their strength or socio-economic status, but also because of the composition of their convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates that the best convoys are composed of a combination of intimates and consequential strangers—people in the community, service providers, acquaintances one encounters in leisure and volunteer activities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perspective of the convoy enables a different view of one's life: "not as a string of events but as a cavalcade of people."<sup id="cite_ref-BlauFingerman2009_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlauFingerman2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running into an old college roommate or a former employer allows an individual to revisit the past with the perspective of the present. Some close relations are part of the convoy from birth to death (parents, children), or for large portions of the journey (partners, close friends), while others (former roommates, exes) drop by the wayside. However, consequential strangers typically travel only part of the way, often for a specific function. For example, during a health crisis, medical personnel, members of support groups, and home aides might become part of an individual's convoy for a time. </p><p>The nature of a convoy can impact well being. Epidemiological research, which has focused on both strong and weak ties, suggests that social isolation bodes badly for psychological and physiological health.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, "social integration"—having a personal network of intimates and consequential strangers—may increase longevity and resistance to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an ongoing series of "viral challenge" studies have been conducted over the last twenty years, in which subjects are quarantined and deliberately infected with a virus. Those who had contact in the prior two weeks with six or more types of relationships (based on their responses to a checklist of 12 relationship types, both weak and strong) are four times less likely to come down with a cold than volunteers who had three or fewer types of connections.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A diverse social convoy is also more likely to deliver tangible and emotional support when needed. It is like having a personal "grapevine," be it at work or in the community, that allows one to keep current, to find the best service provider, and to gain access to different types of resources by being a "bridge" between different groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt1992_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt1992-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One sociologist theorizes that knowing people in a wide range of professions, across all socio-economic levels, confers "cultural capital," enabling an individual to talk widely on many subjects. In this way, a diverse convoy is like a "liberal arts program, teaching a little of almost everything."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar benefits accrue to groups and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most innovative companies are those in which executives hire a diverse workforce and are open to input from all levels of employees, not just those at the top. They seek inspiration and encourage collaboration <i>outside</i> their own boundaries as well, in essence drawing from the widest possible range of consequential strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar vein, marketing experts realize that tapping into broad social networks is an effective way to promote ideas and products.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of social movements and political campaigns also depends on peripheral connections.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the youthful volunteers who participated in "Freedom Summer," a massive education and voter registration initiative in 1964, were drawn into the civil rights movement by people in the community, friends of friends, teachers and preachers—in short, their consequential strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, Barack Obama's successful bid for the Presidency in 2008 exemplified a similar phenomenon, aided and accelerated by technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fingerman2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fingerman2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fingerman2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFingerman2004" class="citation book cs1">Fingerman, Karen L. (2004). "Consequential Strangers: Peripheral Ties Across the Lifespan". In Lang, F. R.; Fingerman, K. L. (eds.). <i>Growing Together: Personal Relationships Across the Lifespan</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81310-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81310-5"><bdi>978-0-521-81310-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consequential+Strangers%3A+Peripheral+Ties+Across+the+Lifespan&rft.btitle=Growing+Together%3A+Personal+Relationships+Across+the+Lifespan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81310-5&rft.aulast=Fingerman&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlauFingerman2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlauFingerman2009_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlauFingerman2009_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlauFingerman2009_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlauFingerman2009_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlauFingerman2009" class="citation book cs1">Blau, Melinda; Fingerman, Karen L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consequentialstr0000blau"><i>Consequential Strangers: The Power of People Who Don't Seem to Matter...But Really Do</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06703-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consequential+Strangers%3A+The+Power+of+People+Who+Don%27t+Seem+to+Matter...But+Really+Do&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06703-3&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft.au=Fingerman%2C+Karen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsequentialstr0000blau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fingerman2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fingerman2009_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingerman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fingerman, Karen L. (2009). "Consequential Strangers and Peripheral Partners: The Importance of Unimportant Relationships". <i>Journal of Family Theory and Review</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 69–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-2589.2009.00010.x">10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00010.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Theory+and+Review&rft.atitle=Consequential+Strangers+and+Peripheral+Partners%3A+The+Importance+of+Unimportant+Relationships&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-82&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1756-2589.2009.00010.x&rft.aulast=Fingerman&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granovetter1973-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Granovetter1973_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Granovetter1973_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranovetter1973" class="citation journal cs1">Granovetter, Mark (1973). 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Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1762-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-1762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Consequences+of+Modernity&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1762-5&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsequencesofmo00anth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span> Inspired some social scientists to reconsider this bias further.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrillSnow2005" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Calvin; Snow, David A. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82617-4"><bdi>978-0-521-82617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Relationships%3A+On+and+Off+the+Internet&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Personal+Relations&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82617-4&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehandboo00vang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1982" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Claude (1982). 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"Cultures That Support Product Innovation Processes". <i>Academy of Management Executive</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 42–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2FAME.2002.8540307">10.5465/AME.2002.8540307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Executive&rft.atitle=Cultures+That+Support+Product+Innovation+Processes&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=42-54&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2FAME.2002.8540307&rft.aulast=Jassawalla&rft.aufirst=Avan+R.&rft.au=Sashittal%2C+Hemant+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl2006" class="citation journal cs1">Carl, Walter J. (2006). "What's All the Buzz About: Everyday Communication and the Relational Basis of Word-of-Mouth and Buzz Marketing Practices". <i>Management Communication Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 601–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0893318905284763">10.1177/0893318905284763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145065557">145065557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=What%27s+All+the+Buzz+About%3A+Everyday+Communication+and+the+Relational+Basis+of+Word-of-Mouth+and+Buzz+Marketing+Practices&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=601-634&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0893318905284763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145065557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carl&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassy2003" class="citation book cs1">Passy, Florence (2003). "Social Networks Matter, But How?". In Diani, Mario; McAdam, Doug (eds.). <i>Social Movements and Networks: Relationship Approaches to Collective Action</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925177-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925177-3"><bdi>978-0-19-925177-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Networks+Matter%2C+But+How%3F&rft.btitle=Social+Movements+and+Networks%3A+Relationship+Approaches+to+Collective+Action&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21-48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925177-3&rft.aulast=Passy&rft.aufirst=Florence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAdam1988" class="citation book cs1">McAdam, Doug (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomsummer00mcad"><i>Freedom Summer</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504367-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504367-9"><bdi>978-0-19-504367-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Summer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504367-9&rft.aulast=McAdam&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomsummer00mcad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsequential+strangers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_media" title="Corporate social media">Corporate social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_social_network" title="Distributed social network">Distributed social network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_software_and_protocols_for_distributed_social_networking" title="Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking"><i>list</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_networking" title="Enterprise social networking">Enterprise social networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_software" title="Enterprise social software">Enterprise social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_knowledge_networking" title="Personal knowledge networking">Personal knowledge networking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br /> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_awareness" title="Ambient awareness">Ambient awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortative_mixing" title="Assortative mixing">Assortative mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(interpersonal)" title="Bridge (interpersonal)">Interpersonal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_network_analysis" title="Organizational network analysis">Organizational network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_data_revolution" title="Social data revolution">Social data revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exchange_theory" title="Social exchange theory">Social exchange theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_psychology" title="Social media and psychology">Social media and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_intelligence" title="Social media intelligence">Social media intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_optimization" title="Social media optimization">Social media optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_endogamy" title="Structural endogamy">Structural endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_collective_consciousness" title="Virtual collective consciousness">Virtual collective consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models and<br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Account_verification" title="Account verification">Account verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_aggregation" title="Social network aggregation">Aggregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_change_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network change detection">Change detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">Collaboration graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Global_Graph" title="Giant Global Graph">Giant Global Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_communication" title="Lateral communication">Lateral communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_system" title="Reputation system">Reputation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_graph" title="Social graph">Social graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">Social media analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Social network analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking potential">Social networking potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_television" title="Social television">Social television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_cohesion" title="Structural cohesion">Structural cohesion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_fraud" title="Affinity fraud">Affinity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_finance" title="Collaborative finance">Collaborative finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_economy" title="Creator economy">Creator economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">Influencer marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sorting" title="Social sorting">Social sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">Viral marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_recognition" title="Community recognition">Community recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_contagion" title="Complex contagion">Complex contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consequential strangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_a_friend" title="Friend of a friend">Friend of a friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friending_and_following" title="Friending and following">Friending and following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_paradox" title="Friendship paradox">Friendship paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet addiction">Internet addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overchoice" title="Overchoice">Overchoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation" title="Six degrees of separation">Six degrees of separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media addiction">Social media addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_invisibility" title="Social invisibility">Social invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_game" title="Social network game">Social network game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(internet)" title="Tribe (internet)">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_recession" title="Friendship recession">Friendship recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_network_researchers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social network researchers">Researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(user_experience)" title="Persona (user experience)">Persona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_profiling" title="Social profiling">Social profiling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral messages">Viral messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&oldid=1188804683">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consequential_strangers&oldid=1188804683</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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