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mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pacistan rootpage-Pacistan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Prif ddewislen </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z">Hafan</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned">Porth y Gymuned</a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi">Y Caffi</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes">Materion cyfoes</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r">Newidiadau diweddar</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x">Erthygl ar hap</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth">Cymorth</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Chwilio </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gwedd </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class="">Rhoi</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Pacistan" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class="">Creu cyfrif</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Pacistan" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Mewngofnodi</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Offer personol </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy">Rhoi</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Pacistan" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"> Creu cyfrif</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Pacistan" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"> Mewngofnodi</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu">dysgu mwy</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y">Cyfraniadau</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n">Sgwrs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geirdarddiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geirdarddiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Geirdarddiad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geirdarddiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daearyddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daearyddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Daearyddiaeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daearyddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Hanes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Hanes </button> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cynhanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynhanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cynhanes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynhanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goresgyniad_Islamaidd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goresgyniad_Islamaidd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Goresgyniad Islamaidd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goresgyniad_Islamaidd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfnod_trefedigaethol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfnod_trefedigaethol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cyfnod trefedigaethol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfnod_trefedigaethol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudiad_Pacistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudiad_Pacistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Mudiad Pacistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudiad_Pacistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annibyniaeth_a_Phacistan_fodern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annibyniaeth_a_Phacistan_fodern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Annibyniaeth a Phacistan fodern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annibyniaeth_a_Phacistan_fodern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gwleidyddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwleidyddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Gwleidyddiaeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gwleidyddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diwylliant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwylliant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diwylliant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diwylliant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pobol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pobol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Pobol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pobol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Gweler hefyd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cyfeiriadau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toglo'r tabl cynnwys </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pacistan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 271 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-271" aria-hidden="true" > 271 iaith </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Acehneg" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Circaseg Gorllewinol" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Circaseg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ፓኪስታን - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓኪስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1n" title="Pakistán - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pakistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacistan" title="Pacistan - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pacistan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باكستان - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باكستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%90%DC%A9%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܦܐܩܣܛܐܢ - Aramaeg" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܐܩܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاكيستان - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پاكيستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باكستان - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باكستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাকিস্তান - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paquistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Afareg" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Afareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Aymareg" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکیستان - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاکیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Balïeg" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C4%97stans" title="Pakėstans - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pakėstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакістан - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пакістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакістан - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пакістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাকিস্তান - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%93" title="པ་ཀི་སི་ཐན - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་ཀི་སི་ཐན" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাকিস্তান - Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পাকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨄᨀᨗᨔᨈᨊ - Bwginaeg" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨀᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bwginaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Tsiamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Tsiamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%82" title="ᏆᎩᏍᏖᏂ - Tsierocî" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᎩᏍᏖᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Tsierocî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1kist%C3%A1n" title="Pákistán - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pákistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Пакистанъ - Hen Slafoneg" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пакистанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Hen Slafoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C4%B1stan" title="Pakıstan - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pakıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޕާކިސްތާން - Difehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕާކިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Difehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Πακιστάν - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πακιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistano" title="Pakistano - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pakistano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1n" title="Pakistán - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pakistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Paquistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ffwla" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Ffwla" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan - Arpitaneg" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Paquistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaan" title="Pakistaan - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pakistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phacast%C3%A1in" title="An Phacastáin - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phacastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 - Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagast%C3%A0n" title="Pagastàn - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pagastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paquistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakit%C3%A3" title="Pakitã - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pakitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="પાકિસ્તાન - Gwjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાકિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gwjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Phakistaan" title="Yn Phakistaan - Manaweg" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Phakistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Hawsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hawsa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakitana" title="Pakitana - Hawäieg" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pakitana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawäieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="פקיסטן - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פקיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakiszt%C3%A1n" title="Pakisztán - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pakisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պակիստան - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պակիստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ibaneg" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B8%E1%91%AD%E1%94%85%E1%91%95%E1%93%90" title="ᐸᑭᔅᑕᓐ - Inwctitwt" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐸᑭᔅᑕᓐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inwctitwt" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="パキスタン - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パキスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kisygu%27e" title="kisygu'e - Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kisygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პაკისტანი - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაკისტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Cara-Calpaceg" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Calpaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Пакистэн - Cabardieg" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Пакистэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Cabardieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitaan%C9%A9" title="Pakisitaanɩ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pakisitaanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paki%CC%B1si%CC%B1tan" title="Paki̱si̱tan - Tyapeg" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Paki̱si̱tan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyapeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Congo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Congo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пәкістан - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пәкістан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ប៉ាគីស្ថាន - Chmereg" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៉ាគីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmereg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="파키스탄 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파키스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%B2%DA%A9%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پٲکِستان - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پٲکِستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Comi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Comi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistania" title="Pakistania - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pakistania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Iddew-Sbaeneg" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacistan" title="Pacistan - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pacistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachistan" title="Pachistan - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pachistan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1ni" title="Pakistáni - Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pakistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດປາກິດສະຖານ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດປາກິດສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanas" title="Pakistanas - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pakistanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C4%81na" title="Pakistāna - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pakistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Madwreg" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Mocsia" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mocsia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A0na" title="Pakistàna - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pakistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakit%C4%81ne" title="Pakitāne - Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pakitāne" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="പാകിസ്താൻ - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാകിസ്താൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯥꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ - Manipwri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯥꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipwri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paquistan" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပါကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پاکستون - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاکستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sotho Gogleddol" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CA%BCe%CA%BCaahj%C3%AD_Naakaii_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Eʼeʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah - Nafaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Eʼeʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Nafaho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paquistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistuanu" title="Pakistuanu - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pakistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paakistaan" title="Paakistaan - Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Paakistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପାକିସ୍ତାନ - Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାକିସ୍ତାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Picardeg" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Almaeneg Pensylfania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Pensylfania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पाकिस्तान - Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaan" title="Pakistaan - Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Pakistaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A3o" title="Paquistão - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paquistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisuyu" title="Pakisuyu - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pakisuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакістан - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пакістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitani" title="Pakisitani - Ciniarŵandeg" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Pakisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Ciniarŵandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पाकिस्थानम् - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पाकिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистаан - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пакистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ - Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاڪستان - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پاڪستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sami Gogleddol" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baksitan" title="Baksitan - Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Baksitan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပႃႇၵိတ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ - Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႃႇၵိတ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="පාකිස්ථානය - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාකිස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitana" title="Pakisitana - Samöeg" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pakisitana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samöeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakistaan" title="Bakistaan - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakistaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani" title="Pakistani - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pakistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhakhistani" title="IPhakhistani - Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPhakhistani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பாக்கித்தான் - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்கித்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ - Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పాకిస్తాన్ - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాకిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaun" title="Pakistaun - Tetumeg" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Pakistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetumeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Покистон - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Покистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศปากีสถาน - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศปากีสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ፓኪስታን - Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፓኪስታን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Talysheg" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81kisitani" title="Pākisitani - Tongeg" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pākisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Пакистан Ислам Җөмһүрияте - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пакистан Ислам Җөмһүрияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Twmbwca" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Twmbwca" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Fotiaceg" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Fotiaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="پاكىستان ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاكىستان ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пакистан - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пакистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاکستان - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاکستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokiston" title="Pokiston - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pokiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A4n" title="Pakistän - Folapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pakistän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Folapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaan" title="Pakistaan - Woloff" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Pakistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Woloff" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პაკისტანი - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პაკისტანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פאקיסטאן - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאקיסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C3%ADst%C3%A0n" title="Pakístàn - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pakístàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Zêlandeg" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zêlandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ - Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pakistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴基斯坦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPakistani" title="IPakistani - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPakistani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q843#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pacistan" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c">Erthygl</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sgwrs:Pacistan" rel="discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen [t]" accesskey="t">Sgwrs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Cymraeg </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pacistan">Darllen</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v">Golygu</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e">Golygu cod</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h">Gweld hanes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Blwch offer </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pacistan">Darllen</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v">Golygu</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e">Golygu cod</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=history">Gweld hanes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Pacistan" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j">Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Pacistan" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k">Newidiadau perthnasol</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q">Tudalennau arbennig</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&oldid=13040505" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon">Dolen barhaol</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon">Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Pacistan&id=13040505&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon">Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPacistan">Cael URL byr</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPacistan">Lawrlwytho cod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pacistan">Llunio llyfr</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pacistan&action=show-download-screen">Lawrlwytho fel PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p">Fersiwn argraffu</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_/_Pakistan" hreflang="en">Comin Wikimedia</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q843" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g">Eitem Wicidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Pacistan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><big>Gweriniaeth Islamaidd Pakistan اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاكِستان (Wrdw) Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān</big></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td>gwladwriaeth sofran, <a href="/wiki/Gwlad" title="Gwlad">gwlad</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enwyd ar ôl</th><td>sincerity in Islam, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pacistan)" title="Punjab (Pacistan)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, Azad Kashmir, Sindh, Balochistan <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P138" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Lb-Pakistan.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Lb-Pakistan.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Lb-Pakistan.ogg/Lb-Pakistan.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Prifddinas</th><td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P36" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Poblogaeth</th><td>223,773,700 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P1082" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sefydlwyd</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style="">14 Awst 1947 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P571" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Anthem</th><td>Qaumi Taranah <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P85" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pennaeth llywodraeth</th><td>Shehbaz Sharif <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P6" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cylchfa amser</th><td>UTC+05:00, Asia/Karachi <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gefeilldref/i</th><td>Tsushima <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P190" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Iaith/Ieithoedd   swyddogol</th><td><a href="/wiki/Saesneg" title="Saesneg">Saesneg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrdw" title="Wrdw">Wrdw</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P37" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Daearyddiaeth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhan o'r canlynol</th><td><a href="/wiki/De_Asia" title="De Asia">De Asia</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gwlad</th><td><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Pacistan"><img alt="Baner Pacistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Arwynebedd</th><td>881,913 ±1 km² <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P2046" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn ffinio gyda</th><td><a href="/wiki/Affganistan" title="Affganistan">Affganistan</a>, India, <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P47" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfesurynnau</th><td>30°N 71°E <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P625" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Gwleidyddiaeth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Corff gweithredol</th><td>Llywodraeth Pacistan <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P208" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Corff deddfwriaethol</th><td>Llywodraeth Pacistan <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P194" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Swydd pennaeth   y wladwriaeth</th><td>Arlywydd Pacistan <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P1906" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pennaeth y wladwriaeth</th><td>Asif Ali Zardari <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P35" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Swydd pennaeth   y Llywodraeth</th><td>Prif Weinidog Pacistan <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P1313" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pennaeth y Llywodraeth</th><td>Shehbaz Sharif <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P6" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="250" data-zoom="8" data-lat="30" data-lon="71" data-overlays="["_aa2928d3ce14c4ad8fa04dc00ff9a8859a254ce0"]" href="/wiki/Arbennig:Map/8/30/71/cy"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,30,71,280x250.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Pacistan&revid=13040505&groups=_aa2928d3ce14c4ad8fa04dc00ff9a8859a254ce0" width="280" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,30,71,280x250@2x.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Pacistan&revid=13040505&groups=_aa2928d3ce14c4ad8fa04dc00ff9a8859a254ce0 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:LocationPakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/LocationPakistan.svg/270px-LocationPakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/LocationPakistan.svg/405px-LocationPakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/LocationPakistan.svg/540px-LocationPakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Crefydd/Enwad</th><td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristnogaeth" title="Cristnogaeth">Cristnogaeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hind%C5%B5aeth" title="Hindŵaeth">Hindŵaeth</a>, Ahmadiyya <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P140" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Ariannol</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cynnyrch_mewnwladol_crynswth" title="Cynnyrch mewnwladol crynswth">Cyfanswm CMC (GDP)</a></th><td>$348,263 million, $376,533 million <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P2131" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Arian</th><td>Rupee Pacistan <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P38" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Canran y diwaith</th><td>5 ±1 canran <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P1198" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfartaledd plant</th><td>3.53 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P4841" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mynegai_Datblygiad_Dynol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mynegai Datblygiad Dynol">Mynegai Datblygiad Dynol</a></th><td>0.544 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843?uselang=cy#P1081" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pakistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pakistan">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Comin</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843" class="extiw" title="d:Q843">golygwch ar Wicidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Gwlad" title="Gwlad">Gwlad</a> yn ne <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> yw Gweriniaeth Islamaidd Pakistan neu Pakistan (hefyd Pacistan). Y gwledydd cyfagos yw <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> i'r dwyrain, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> i'r gorllewin, <a href="/wiki/Affganistan" title="Affganistan">Affganistan</a> i'r gogledd-orllewin a <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>) i'r gogledd. Mae ar arfordir <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Arabia" title="Môr Arabia">Môr Arabia</a> yn y de. Mae mwy na 150 miliwn o bobl yn byw yn y wlad, y mwyafrif ohonynt yn <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Fwslemiaid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> yw <a href="/wiki/Prifddinas" title="Prifddinas">prifddinas</a> y wlad. Hi yw <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwledydd_yn_nhrefn_eu_poblogaeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwledydd yn nhrefn eu poblogaeth">pumed wlad fwyaf poblog y byd</a>, gyda'i phoblogaeth yn fwy na 225.2 miliwn, ac mae ganddi <a href="/wiki/Islam_yn_%C3%B4l_gwlad" title="Islam yn ôl gwlad">boblogaeth Fwslimaidd ail-fwyaf</a> y byd. Pacistan yw'r <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwledydd_yn_nhrefn_eu_harwynebedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwledydd yn nhrefn eu harwynebedd">33ain wlad fwyaf yn ôl arwynebedd</a>, sy'n 340,509 milltir sg (881,913 km sg). Mae wedi ei wahanu o <a href="/wiki/Tajicistan" title="Tajicistan">Tajikistan</a> gan Goridor Wakhan yn y gogledd, ac mae hefyd yn rhannu ffin forwrol ag <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>. Mae Pacistan yn safle sawl diwylliant hynafol, gan gynnwys safle <a href="/wiki/Oes_Newydd_y_Cerrig" title="Oes Newydd y Cerrig">Oes Newydd y Cerrig</a> (Neolithig) Mehrgarh 8,500 mlwydd oed yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan,_Pacistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balochistan, Pacistan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Balochistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gwareiddiad_Dyffryn_Indus" title="Gwareiddiad Dyffryn Indus">Gwareiddiad Dyffryn Indus yn</a> o'r <a href="/wiki/Oes_yr_Efydd" title="Oes yr Efydd">Oes Efydd</a>, y gwareiddiadau mwyaf helaeth o'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hen_Fyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hen Fyd (dim tudalen ar gael)">Hen Fyd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Roedd y rhanbarth sy'n cynnwys talaith fodern Pacistan yn deyrnas i sawl ymerodraeth a brenhiniaeth, gan gynnwys yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymerodraeth_Achaemenid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymerodraeth Achaemenid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Achaemenid</a>; am gyfnod byr roedd yn nwylo <a href="/wiki/Macedon" title="Macedon">Alecsander Fawr</a>; y <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Seleucaidd" title="Ymerodraeth Seleucaidd">Seleucid</a>, y Maurya, y Kushan, y <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_y_Gupta" title="Ymerodraeth y Gupta">Gupta</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Califf yr Umayyad yn ei ranbarthau deheuol, yr Hindw Shahi, y Ghaznavids, y Delhi Sultanate, y <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_y_Mughal" title="Ymerodraeth y Mughal">Mughals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> y Durranis, yr Ymerodraeth Sikhaidd, rheolaeth Cwmni Dwyrain India Prydain, ac yn fwyaf diweddar, Ymerodraeth Indiaidd Prydain o 1858 i 1947. Wedi'i sbarduno gan 'Fudiad Pacistan', a geisiodd famwlad i <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Fwslimiaid</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India Prydain</a>, a buddugoliaethau etholiadol ym 1946 gan yr '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" class="extiw" title="en:All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>', enillodd Pacistan annibyniaeth o Loegr ym 1947 ar ôl <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhaniad_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhaniad India (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rhaniad Ymerodraeth Indiaidd Prydain</a>. Dyfarnwyd gwladwriaeth ar wahân i'w rhanbarthau Mwslimaidd a gwelwyd ymfudo torfol digyffelyb a bu farw llawer iawn.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Yn wreiddiol, roedd yn Ddominiwn o <a href="/wiki/Y_Gymanwlad" title="Y Gymanwlad">Gymanwlad Prydain</a>, drafftiodd Pacistan ei chyfansoddiad yn swyddogol ym 1956, a daeth i'r amlwg fel <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Islamaidd" title="Gweriniaeth Islamaidd">gweriniaeth Islamaidd</a>. Ym 1971, ymbellhaodd Dwyrain Pacistan fel gwlad newydd a alwyd yn "<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>" ar ôl rhyfel cartref naw mis o hyd. Yn ystod y pedwar degawd canlynol, rheolwyd Pacistan gan lywodraethau sifil a milwrol, democrataidd ac awdurdodol, cymharol seciwlar a hollol <a href="/wiki/Islamiaeth" title="Islamiaeth">Islamaidd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Etholodd Pacistan lywodraeth sifil yn 2008, ac yn 2010 mabwysiadodd <a href="/wiki/Llywodraeth_seneddol" title="Llywodraeth seneddol">system seneddol</a> newydd gydag etholiadau.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Mae Pacistan yn bŵer canol, ac mae ganddi'r chweched lluoedd arfog mwyaf yn y byd. Mae'n <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_o_wledydd_sydd_ag_arfau_niwclear" title="Rhestr o wledydd sydd ag arfau niwclear">wladwriaeth gydag arfau niwclear</a> ac mae ymhlith yr economïau sy'n dod i'r amlwg ac sy'n tyfu,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> gyda dosbarth canol mawr sy'n tyfu'n gyflym.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Nodweddir hanes gwleidyddol Pacistan ers annibyniaeth gan gyfnodau o dwf economaidd a milwrol sylweddol yn ogystal â rhai ansefydlog, yn wleidyddol ac yn economaidd. Mae'n wlad o ethnigrwydd amrywiol iawn a cheir amryw o ieithoedd; amrywiol hefyd yw ei daearyddiaeth a'i bywyd gwyllt. Fodd bynnag, mae'r wlad yn parhau i wynebu heriau, gan gynnwys tlodi, anllythrennedd, llygredd a therfysgaeth.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Mae Pacistan yn aelod o'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Cenhedloedd_Unedig" title="Y Cenhedloedd Unedig">Cenhedloedd Unedig</a>, Sefydliad Cydweithrediad Shanghai, y <a href="/wiki/Sefydliad_dros_Gydweithio_Islamaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefydliad dros Gydweithio Islamaidd">Sefydliad Cydweithrediad Islamaidd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y_Gymanwlad" title="Y Gymanwlad">Cymanwlad y Cenhedloedd</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cymdeithas_Cydweithrediad_Rhanbarthol_De_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cymdeithas Cydweithrediad Rhanbarthol De Asia (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cymdeithas Cydweithrediad Rhanbarthol De Asia</a>, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynghrair_Gwrthderfysgaeth_Filwrol_Islamaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynghrair Gwrthderfysgaeth Filwrol Islamaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">Glymblaid Gwrthderfysgaeth Filwrol Islamaidd</a>, ac fe'i dynodir yn brif gynghrair nad yw'n aelod o NATO gan yr <a href="/wiki/Unol_Daleithiau_America" title="Unol Daleithiau America">Unol Daleithiau</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geirdarddiad">Geirdarddiad</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Geirdarddiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geirdarddiad">golygu cod</a>]</div> Ystyr yr enw 'Pacistan' yn llythrennol yw "gwlad sy'n gyforiog o'r pur" neu "wlad lle mae'r pur yn gyforiog ohoni", yn <a href="/wiki/Wrdw" title="Wrdw">Wrdw</a> a <a href="/wiki/Perseg" title="Perseg">Phersia</a>. Mae'n cyfeirio at y gair پاک (pāk), sy'n golygu "pur" mewn <a href="/wiki/Perseg" title="Perseg">Perseg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Daw'r ôl-ddodiad ـستان (wedi'i drawslythrennu yn Gymraeg fel 'stân' o Bersieg, ac mae'n golygu "lle sy'n gyforiog o" <a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> neu "y fan llelle ceir digonedd".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Bathwyd enw'r wlad ym 1933 gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choudhry_Rahmat_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choudhry Rahmat Ali (dim tudalen ar gael)">Choudhry Rahmat Ali</a>, actifydd o fewn Mudiad Pacistan, pan gyhoeddodd yr enw mewn pamffled Nawr neu Byth, gan ei ddefnyddio fel <a href="/wiki/Llythrenw" title="Llythrenw">acronym</a> ("tri deg miliwn o frodyr Mwslimaidd sy'n byw yn PAKISTAN"),<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daearyddiaeth">Daearyddiaeth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Daearyddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Daearyddiaeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daearyddiaeth_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daearyddiaeth Pakistan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Daearyddiaeth Pakistan</a></dd></dl></div> Mae Pakistan yn gorwedd yn rhan orllewinol <a href="/wiki/Isgyfandir_India" title="Isgyfandir India">isgyfandir India</a>. Mae ei thirwedd yn amrywio'n fawr, o fynyddoedd uchel yr <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> yn y gogledd i wastadeddau poeth ar arfordir <a href="/wiki/Cefnfor_India" title="Cefnfor India">Cefnfor India</a> yn y de. Dominyddir y wlad gan ddyffryn eang <a href="/wiki/Afon_Indus" title="Afon Indus">Afon Indus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes">Hanes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cynhanes">Cynhanes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Cynhanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Cynhanes">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/220px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/330px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/440px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption> Cerflun Brenin-Offeiriad Indws o Mohenjo-Daro.</figcaption></figure> Deilliodd rhai o'r gwareiddiadau dynol hynafol cynharaf yn Ne Asia yn yr ardaloedd lle saif Pacistan heddiw.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Y trigolion cynharaf y gwyddys amdanynt yn y rhanbarth oedd y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soaniaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soaniaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Soaniaid</a> a hynny yn ystod <a href="/wiki/Hen_Oes_y_Cerrig_Isaf" title="Hen Oes y Cerrig Isaf">Hen Oes y Cerrig Isaf</a> (neu'r <a href="/wiki/Hen_Oes_y_Cerrig_Isaf" title="Hen Oes y Cerrig Isaf">Paleolithig Isaf</a>). Darganfuwyd offer carreg o'r cyfnod hwn yn Nyffryn Soan <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pacistan)" title="Punjab (Pacistan)">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Roedd <a href="/wiki/Afon_Indus" title="Afon Indus">rhanbarth Indus</a>, sy'n cwmpasu'r rhan fwyaf o Bacistan heddiw, yn safle sawl diwylliant hynafol olynol gan gynnwys y Mehrgarh Neolithig <a href="#cite_note-vipul-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwareiddiad_Dyffryn_Indus" title="Gwareiddiad Dyffryn Indus">a Gwareiddiad Dyffryn Indus</a> (o'r Oes Efydd)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2010-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> (2,800–1,800 CC) yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harappa (dim tudalen ar gael)">Harappa</a> a Mohenjo-Daro.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/220px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/330px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/440px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Bwdha" title="Bwdha">Bwdha</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gandhara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gandhara (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gandhara</a>, celf Greco-Bwdhaidd, <a href="/wiki/1g" class="mw-redirect" title="1g">1g</a> - <a href="/wiki/2g" class="mw-redirect" title="2g">2g</a> OC.</figcaption></figure> Nodweddir y cyfnod Vedic (1500–500 CC) gan ddiwylliant Indo-Aryan; yn ystod y cyfnod hwn <a href="/wiki/Veda" title="Veda">cyfansoddwyd y Vedas</a>, yr ysgrythurau hynaf sy'n gysylltiedig â <a href="/wiki/Hind%C5%B5aeth" title="Hindŵaeth">Hindŵaeth</a>, ac yn ddiweddarach ymsefydlodd y diwylliant hwn yn y rhanbarth.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Roedd Multan yn ganolfan bererindod Hindŵaidd bwysig.<a href="#cite_note-taxila-22">[22]</a> Ffynnodd gwareiddiad Vedic yn ninas hynafol Gandhāran Takṣaśilā, sydd bellach yn Taxila yn y Punjab, a sefydlwyd tua 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllchinAllchin1988-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-vipul-17">[17]</a> Rheolodd ymerodraethau a theyrnasoedd hynafol olynol y rhanbarth: Ymerodraeth Achaemenid Persia (tua 519 CC), <a href="/wiki/Alecsander_Fawr" title="Alecsander Fawr">ymerodraeth Alecsander Fawr</a> yn 326 CC<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> ac Ymerodraeth Maurya, a sefydlwyd gan Chandragupta Maurya ac a estynnwyd gan <a href="/wiki/Asoka" title="Asoka">Ashoka Fawr</a>, tan 185 CC. Roedd y Deyrnas Indo-Roegaidd a sefydlwyd gan Demetrius o Bactria (180–165 CC) yn cynnwys Gandhara a <a href="/wiki/Punjab" class="mw-disambig" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> a chyrhaeddodd ei anterth daearyddol o dan Menander (165-150CC), pan ffynnodd y diwylliant Greco-Bwdhaidd yn y rhanbarth.<a href="#cite_note-vipul-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Roedd gan Taxila un o'r prifysgolion a chanolfannau addysg uwch cynharaf yn y byd, a sefydlwyd yn ystod y cyfnod Vedic hwyr (<a href="/wiki/6g_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="6g CC">6g CC</a>).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27">[27]</a> Roedd yr ysgol yn cynnwys sawl mynachlog heb ystafelloedd cysgu mawr na neuaddau darlithio, lle darparwyd y cyfarwyddyd crefyddol ar sail unigol.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27">[27]</a> Cafodd y brifysgol hynafol ei dogfennu gan luoedd goresgynnol <a href="/wiki/Alecsander_Fawr" title="Alecsander Fawr">Alecsander Fawr</a> ac fe'i cofnodwyd hefyd gan bererinion <a href="/wiki/Tsieina" title="Tsieina">Tsieineaidd</a> yn y 4g neu'r 5g OC.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Yn ei anterth, rheolodd Brenhinllin Rai (489–632 OC) o Sindh y rhanbarth hwn a'r tiriogaethau cyfagos.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Brenhinllin Pala oedd yr ymerodraeth Fwdhaidd olaf, a oedd, o dan Dharmapala a Devapala, yn ymestyn ar draws De Asia o'r hyn sydd bellach yn <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> trwy Ogledd India i Bacistan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goresgyniad_Islamaidd">Goresgyniad Islamaidd</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Goresgyniad Islamaidd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Goresgyniad Islamaidd">golygu cod</a>]</div> Gorchfygodd y gorchfygwr Arabaidd Muhammad bin Qasim Sindh ym 711 OC.<a href="#cite_note-Information_of_Pakistan-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Mae cronoleg swyddogol llywodraeth Pacistan yn honni mai dyma’r adeg y gosodwyd sylfaen Pacistan<a href="#cite_note-Information_of_Pakistan-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> ond cyrhaeddodd y cysyniad o Bacistan yn y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>. Ymledodd Islam drwy'r rhanbarth yn y cyfnod Canoloesol Cynnar (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="tel:642–1219">642–1219</a> OC). Yn ystod y cyfnod hwn, chwaraeodd cenhadon <a href="/wiki/Swff%C3%AFaeth" title="Swffïaeth">Sufi</a> ran ganolog wrth drosi mwyafrif o'r boblogaeth Fwdhaidd a Hindŵaidd ranbarthol i Islam.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Ar ôl trechu llinach y Turk a Hindwaidd Shahi a oedd yn llywodraethu <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Cwm Kabul</a>, Gandhara (Khyber Pakhtunkwa heddiw), a gorllewin Punjab yn y 7g i'r 11g OC, rheolodd sawl ymerodraeth Fwslimaidd olynol y rhanbarth, gan gynnwys Ymerodraeth Ghaznavid ( <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="tel:975–1187">975–1187</a> OC), Teyrnas Ghorid, a Sultanate Delhi (1206–1526 OC). Disodlwyd llinach Lodi, yr olaf o Swltaniaeth Delhi, gan Ymerodraeth Mughal (1526-1857 OC). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Badshahi_Masjid_-_Side_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Badshahi_Masjid_-_Side_View.jpg/220px-Badshahi_Masjid_-_Side_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Badshahi_Masjid_-_Side_View.jpg/330px-Badshahi_Masjid_-_Side_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Badshahi_Masjid_-_Side_View.jpg/440px-Badshahi_Masjid_-_Side_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5078" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption> Mosg Badshahi, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></figcaption></figure> Cyflwynodd y Mughaliaid lenyddiaeth Persia a diwylliant uchel, gan sefydlu gwreiddiau diwylliant Indo-Persia yn y rhanbarth.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Yn rhanbarth Pacistan heddiw, y dinasoedd allweddol yn ystod y cyfnod Mughal oedd <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> a Thatta,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> a dewiswyd y ddwy fel safle adeiladau Mughal trawiadol.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Yn gynnar yn yr <a href="/wiki/16g" class="mw-redirect" title="16g">16g</a>, daeth y rhanbarth o dan <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_y_Mughal" title="Ymerodraeth y Mughal">Ymerodraeth Mughal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Yn y 18g, chwalwyd yr Ymerodraeth Mughal wrth i bwerau cystadleuol Cydffederasiwn Maratha ddod i'r amlwg ac yn ddiweddarach yr Ymerodraeth Sikhaidd, ynghyd â goresgyniadau gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nader_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nader Shah (dim tudalen ar gael)">Nader Shah</a> o <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> ym 1739 ac Ymerodraeth Durrani yn <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> ym 1759. Nid oedd pŵer gwleidyddol cynyddol y Prydeinwyr yn Bengal wedi cyrraedd tiriogaethau Pacistan fodern eto. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyfnod_trefedigaethol">Cyfnod trefedigaethol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfnod trefedigaethol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfnod trefedigaethol">golygu cod</a>]</div> Yn 1839 daeth newid byd, pan reolwyd tiriogaeth Pacistan fodern gan Loegr (neu 'Prydain'), pan feddiannodd byddin Lloegr <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> a'i ddal fel porthladd milwrol strategol bwysig yn ystod y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhyfel_Cyntaf_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhyfel Cyntaf Afghanistan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rhyfel Cyntaf Afghanistan</a> a ddilynodd yn fuan wedyn. Cymerwyd gweddill Sindh ym 1843, ac yna cymerodd yr <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="extiw" title="en:British East India Company">East India Company</a> (Cwmni Dwyrain India), ac yna ar ôl <a href="/wiki/Gwrthryfel_India_1857" title="Gwrthryfel India 1857">rheol uniongyrchol Gwrthryfel ôl-Sepoy</a> (1857-1858) goresgynnodd y <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_brenhines_y_Deyrnas_Unedig" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, brenhines y Deyrnas Unedig">Frenhines Victoria</a> o'r <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Brydeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Brydeinig">Ymerodraeth Brydeinig</a>, y rhan fwyaf o'r wlad drwy ryfel a thrais. Y prif ryfeloedd oedd yn erbyn llinach Baloch Talpur, a ddaeth i ben gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brwydr_Miani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brwydr Miani (dim tudalen ar gael)">Frwydr Miani</a> (1843) yn Sindh, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhyfel_Eingl-Sikhaidd_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhyfel Eingl-Sikhaidd (disambiguation) (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rhyfeloedd Eingl-Sikhaidd</a> (1845-1849) a'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhyfel_Eingl-Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhyfel Eingl-Afghanistan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rhyfeloedd Eingl-Afghanistan</a> (1839–1919). Erbyn 1893, roedd pob Pacistan fodern yn rhan o Ymerodraeth Indiaidd Prydain, ac arhosodd felly tan annibyniaeth Pacistan ym 1947. O dan Brydain, rhannwyd Pacistan fodern yn Adran Sind, Talaith Punjab, ac Asiantaeth Baluchistan yn bennaf. Roedd yna amryw o daleithiau tywysogaidd, a'r mwyaf ohonynt oedd Bahawalpur. <a href="/wiki/Gwrthryfel_India_1857" title="Gwrthryfel India 1857">Gwrthryfel</a> 1857 o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Gwrthryfel_India_1857" title="Gwrthryfel India 1857">"Gwrthryfel Sepoy</a> o <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal"</a> oedd brwydr arfog fwya'r ardal yn erbyn y Prydeinwyr.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Daeth rhwyg yn y berthynas rhwng yr Hindŵiaid a'r Mwslemiaid a arweiniodd at drais crefyddol yn India Prydain.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Gwaethygodd y ddadl iaith y tensiynau rhwng Hindwiaid a Mwslemiaid ymhellach.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Dadleuwyd dros dwy genedl,<a href="#cite_note-congress-41">[41]</a> ac arweiniodd at greu'r <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="All-India Muslim League" class="cx-link" data-linkid="704">All-India Muslim League</a> ym 1906. Mewn cyferbyniad ag ymdrechion gwrth-Brydeinig <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyngres_Genedlaethol_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyngres Genedlaethol India (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cyngres Genedlaethol India</a>, roedd y Gynghrair Fwslimaidd yn fudiad o blaid Prydain ac yn derbyn rhai o werthoedd Prydain a fyddai’n siapio cymdeithas sifil Pacistan yn y dyfodol.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Mewn digwyddiadau yn ystod <a href="/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Byd_Cyntaf" title="Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf">y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf</a>, fe wnaeth Cudd-wybodaeth Prydain ddifetha cynllwyn gwrth-Seisnig yn ymwneud â chysylltiad y Gyngres ac Ymerodraeth yr Almaen.  Ymgysylltodd y frwydr ddi-drais dros annibyniaeth, a arweiniwyd gan Gyngres India, filiynau o wrthdystwyr mewn ymgyrchoedd torfol o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudiad_Ymadael_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudiad Ymadael India (dim tudalen ar gael)">anufudd-dod sifil</a> yn y <a href="/wiki/1920au" title="1920au">1920au</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/1930au" title="1930au">1930au</a> yn erbyn yr <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Brydeinig" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Brydeinig">Ymerodraeth Brydeinig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press-44">[44]</a> Yn raddol, cododd y Gynghrair Fwslimaidd i boblogrwydd torfol yn y 1930au. Yn ei anerchiad arlywyddol ar 29 Rhagfyr 1930, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Iqbal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Iqbal (dim tudalen ar gael)">galwodd Allama Iqbal</a> am "gyfuno taleithiau Indiaidd mwyafrif Mwslimaidd y Gogledd-orllewin " sy'n cynnwys Punjab, Talaith Gogledd Orllewin y Gogledd-orllewin, Sind a Baluchistan.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Arweiniodd <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, sylfaenydd Pacistan i arddel y theori dwy genedl ac arwain y Gynghrair Fwslimaidd i fabwysiadu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datrysiad_Lahore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datrysiad Lahore (dim tudalen ar gael)">Penderfyniad Lahore</a> 1940 a gyflwynwyd gan Sher -e-Bangla AK Fazlul Haque, a elwir yn boblogaidd fel "Penderfyniad Pacistan".<a href="#cite_note-congress-41">[41]</a> Yn yr <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ail_Ryfel_Byd" title="Yr Ail Ryfel Byd">Ail Ryfel Byd</a>, cefnogodd Jinnah a'r Gynghrair Fwslimaidd ymdrechion rhyfel Prydain.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mudiad_Pacistan">Mudiad Pacistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Mudiad Pacistan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Mudiad Pacistan">golygu cod</a>]</div> Arweiniodd etholiadau 1946 at ennill y Gynghrair Fwslimaidd 90% o'r seddi a neilltuwyd ar gyfer Mwslimiaid. Felly, plebiscite oedd etholiad 1946 i bob pwrpas lle roedd Mwslimiaid India i bleidleisio ar greu Pacistan, pleidlais a enillodd y Gynghrair Fwslimaidd. Cefnogwyd y fuddugoliaeth hon gan dirfeddianwyr mawr Sindh a Punjab. Gorfodwyd y Gyngres i gydnabod y ffaith.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Nid oedd gan y Prydeinwyr unrhyw ddewis arall heblaw ystyried barn Jinnah gan ei fod wedi dod i'r amlwg fel unig lefarydd Mwslimiaid India-Prydeinig gyfan. Fodd bynnag, nid oedd y Prydeinwyr am i India drefedigaethol gael ei rhannu, ac mewn un ymdrech olaf i'w hatal, fe wnaethant ddyfeisio cynllun Cenhadaeth y Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Wrth i genhadaeth y cabinet fethu, cyhoeddodd llywodraeth Prydain ei bwriad i ddod â Rheol Prydain i ben ym 1946-47.<a href="#cite_note-Academia_Edu-49">[49]</a> Cytunodd cenedlaetholwyr yr India-Prydeinig - gan gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> ac Abul Kalam Azad o'r Gyngres, Jinnah o Gynghrair Fwslimaidd All-India, a'r Meistr Tara Singh a oedd yn cynrychioli'r Sikhiaid - i'r telerau a throsglwyddo pŵer ac annibyniaeth ym Mehefin 1947 gyda Ficeroy India, Arglwydd Mountbatten o Burma.<a href="#cite_note-jinnah-50">[50]</a> Wrth i'r Deyrnas Unedig gytuno i rannu India ym 1947, sefydlwyd talaith fodern Pacistan ar 14 Awst 1947, gan gyfuno rhanbarthau dwyreiniol a gogledd-orllewinol mwyafrif Mwslimaidd India Prydain.<a href="#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press-44">[44]</a> Roedd yn cynnwys taleithiau Balochistan, Dwyrain Bengal, Talaith Gogledd Orllewin y Gogledd Orllewin, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pacistan)" title="Punjab (Pacistan)">Gorllewin Punjab</a>, a Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-congress-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-jinnah-50">[50]</a> Yn y terfysgoedd a ddaeth gyda’r rhaniad yn Nhalaith Punjab, credir bod rhwng 200,000 a 2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> o bobl wedi’u lladd yn yr hyn y mae rhai wedi’i ddisgrifio fel hil-laddiad dialgar rhwng y crefyddau.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Cipiwyd a threisiwyd 50,000 o ferched Mwslimaidd gan Hindŵiaid a Sikhiaid. Cipiwyd a threisiwyd 33,000 o ferched Hindŵaidd a Sikhaidd gan Fwslemiaid hefyd.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Symudodd tua 6.5 miliwn o Fwslimiaid o India i Orllewin Pacistan a symudodd 4.7 miliwn o Hindwiaid a Sikhiaid o Orllewin Pacistan i India.<a href="#cite_note-ECM-54">[54]</a> Hwn oedd yr ymfudiad torfol mwyaf yn hanes dyn.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Yn y pen draw, achosodd anghydfod dilynol ynghylch Jammu a Kashmir yr hyn a elwir yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhyfel_Indo-Pacistan_1947%E2%80%931948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhyfel Indo-Pacistan 1947–1948 (dim tudalen ar gael)">Rhyfel Indo-Pacistanaidd 1947-1948</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annibyniaeth_a_Phacistan_fodern">Annibyniaeth a Phacistan fodern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Annibyniaeth a Phacistan fodern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Annibyniaeth a Phacistan fodern">golygu cod</a>]</div> Ar ôl annibyniaeth ym 1947, daeth Jinnah, Llywydd y Gynghrair Fwslimaidd, yn Llywodraethwr Cyffredinol cyntaf y genedl yn ogystal ag Arlywydd-Llefarydd cyntaf y Senedd,  ond bu farw o'r ddarfodedigaeth ar 11 Medi 1948.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Yn y cyfamser, penodwyd <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, yn Brif Weinidog <a href="/wiki/Prif_Weinidog_Pacistan" title="Prif Weinidog Pacistan">cyntaf</a> y genedl. Rhwng 1947 a 1956, roedd Pacistan yn frenhiniaeth yng Nghymanwlad y Cenhedloedd, ac roedd ganddi ddwy frenhiniaeth nes iddi ddod yn weriniaeth.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Ni dderbyniwyd Pacistan annibyniaeth yn llwyr gan lawer o arweinwyr Prydain, yn eu plith yr Arglwydd Mountbatten.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Mynegodd Mountbatten yn glir ei ddiffyg cefnogaeth a ffydd yn syniad y Gynghrair Fwslimaidd o Bacistan.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Gwrthododd Jinnah gynnig Mountbatten i wasanaethu fel Llywodraethwr Cyffredinol Pacistan.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Pan ofynnodd Collins a Lapierre i Mountbatten a fyddai wedi ymosod ar Pacistan pe bai'n gwybod bod Jinnah yn marw o'r ddarfodedigaeth, atebodd 'baswn, mae'n debyg'.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gwleidyddiaeth">Gwleidyddiaeth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Gwleidyddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Gwleidyddiaeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwleidyddiaeth_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwleidyddiaeth Pakistan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gwleidyddiaeth Pakistan</a></dd></dl></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diwylliant">Diwylliant</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Diwylliant" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Diwylliant">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diwylliant_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diwylliant Pakistan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Diwylliant Pakistan</a></dd></dl></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economi">Economi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Economi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Economi">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economi_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economi Pakistan (dim tudalen ar gael)">Economi Pakistan</a></dd></dl></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pobol">Pobol</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Pobol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Pobol">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweler_hefyd">Gweler hefyd</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwareiddiad_Dyffryn_Indus" title="Gwareiddiad Dyffryn Indus">Gwareiddiad Dyffryn Indus</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nodyn:Asia" title="Nodyn:Asia">gw</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs_Nodyn:Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sgwrs Nodyn:Asia (dim tudalen ar gael)">sg</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:Asia&action=edit">go</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia </a></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwladwriaethau_sofranaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwladwriaethau sofranaidd">Gwladwriaethau sofranaidd</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Affganistan" title="Affganistan">Affganistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bhwtan" title="Bhwtan">Bhwtan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Corea" title="Corea">Corea</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_Corea" title="De Corea">De Corea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Corea" title="Gogledd Corea">Gogledd Corea</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Yr_Emiradau_Arabaidd_Unedig" title="Yr Emiradau Arabaidd Unedig">Yr Emiradau Arabaidd Unedig</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fietnam" title="Fietnam">Fietnam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Cyprus" title="Gogledd Cyprus">Gogledd Cyprus</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Iorddonen" title="Gwlad Iorddonen">Gwlad Iorddonen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> · <a href="/wiki/Irac" title="Irac">Irac</a> · <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Coweit" title="Coweit">Coweit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cirgistan" title="Cirgistan">Cirgistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Libanus" title="Libanus">Libanus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maleisia" title="Maleisia">Maleisia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pacistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Y_Philipinau" title="Y Philipinau">y Philipinau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sawdi_Arabia" title="Sawdi Arabia">Sawdi Arabia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Singap%C3%B4r" title="Singapôr">Singapôr</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanca" title="Sri Lanca">Sri Lanca</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tajicistan" title="Tajicistan">Tajicistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Tai" title="Gwlad Tai">Gwlad Tai</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tsieina" title="Tsieina">Tsieina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Tsieina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gweriniaeth Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Tsieina</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Tyrcmenistan" title="Tyrcmenistan">Tyrcmenistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wsbecistan" title="Wsbecistan">Wsbecistan</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_drawsgyfandirol" title="Gwlad drawsgyfandirol">Gwladwriaethau trawsgyfandirol</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-eilrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">Yr Aifft</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>3 · <a href="/wiki/Aserbaijan" title="Aserbaijan">Aserbaijan</a>4 · <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>3 · <a href="/wiki/Dwyrain_Timor" title="Dwyrain Timor">Dwyrain Timor</a>5 · <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>4 · <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>5 · <a href="/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan">Casachstan</a>6 · <a href="/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia">Rwsia</a>6 · <a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci">Twrci</a>6 · <a href="/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen">Iemen</a>7 </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Tiriogaeth_ddibynnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiriogaeth ddibynnol">Tiriogaethau dibynnol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardal_ymreolaethol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardal ymreolaethol (dim tudalen ar gael)">ardaloedd ymreolaethol</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tiriogaeth_(israniad_gwladol)" title="Tiriogaeth (israniad gwladol)">thiriogaethau</a> eraill</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Cong" title="Hong Cong">Hong Cong</a>8 · <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>8 · <a href="/wiki/Y_Tiriogaethau_Palesteinaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Tiriogaethau Palesteinaidd">Tiriogaethau Palesteinaidd</a>9 · <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>8 </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;" colspan="2">Dynodir <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwledydd_anghydnabyddedig" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwledydd anghydnabyddedig">gwlad anghydnabyddedig neu a gydnabyddir yn rhannol</a> gan lythrennau italig. 1 Cydnabyddir gan <a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Twrci">Dwrci</a> yn unig.  2 Gyda'r mwyafrif o'i thir yn <a href="/wiki/Affrica" title="Affrica">Affrica</a>.  3 Yn <a href="/wiki/De_Orllewin_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Orllewin Asia">Ne Orllewin Asia</a> yn gyfan gwbwl, ond ystyrir yn rhan o <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a> am resymau hanesyddol, gwleidyddol, ac/neu diwylliannol.  4 Yn rhannol neu ddim o gwbwl yn Ewrop, yn dibynnu ar ddiffiniadau'r ffiniau rhwng Ewrop ac Asia.  5 Ystyrid weithiau yn rhan o <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.  6 Gyda lleiafrif o'i thir yn Asia.  7 Ystyrid ynysfor <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> yn rhan o Affrica.  8 Gweinyddir gan Weriniaeth Pobl Tsieina.  9 Nid yn llwyr annibynnol. </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robin_Coningham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robin Coningham (dim tudalen ar gael)">Coningham, Robin</a>; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (dim tudalen ar gael)">Cambridge University Press</a> Quote: ""Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Wright, Rita P. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ">The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society</a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–2, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4">978-0-521-57219-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ</a>, "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFWynbrandt2009" class="citation book">Wynbrandt, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb">A Brief History of Pakistan</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-6184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofpa0000wynb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSpuler1969" class="citation book">Spuler, Bertold (1969). The Muslim World: a Historical Survey. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/90-04-02104-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/90-04-02104-3"><bdi>90-04-02104-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World%3A+a+Historical+Survey&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=90-04-02104-3&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Copland, Ian (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ">India, 1885-1947: The Unmaking of an Empire</a>, Seminar Studies in History, Longman, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-38173-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-582-38173-5">978-0-582-38173-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ</a> Quote: "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and Ionawr 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Talbot, Ian (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ">A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, pp. 227–240, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-21659-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-21659-2">978-0-300-21659-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7286145.stm">"Pakistani parties to share power"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC News (dim tudalen ar gael)">BBC News</a>. 9 Mawrth 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistani+parties+to+share+power&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2008-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F7286145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFIqbal2015" class="citation web">Iqbal, Anwar (8 Tachwedd 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1218182">"Pakistan an emerging market economy: IMF"</a>. www.dawn.com. Cyrchwyd 27 Chwefror 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dawn.com&rft.atitle=Pakistan+an+emerging+market+economy%3A+IMF&rft.date=2015-11-08&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1218182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/973649/pakistan-has-18th-largest-middle-class-in-the-world-report">"Pakistan has 18th largest 'middle class' in the world: report"</a>. The Express Tribune. 16 Hydref 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Pakistan+has+18th+largest+%27middle+class%27+in+the+world%3A+report&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F973649%2Fpakistan-has-18th-largest-middle-class-in-the-world-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMathew_Joseph_C.2016" class="citation book">Mathew Joseph C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337">Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taylor_%26_Francis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taylor & Francis (dim tudalen ar gael)">Taylor & Francis</a>. t. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-351-99725-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-351-99725-6"><bdi>978-1-351-99725-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Pakistan%3A+Emerging+Voices+from+India&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-99725-6&rft.au=Mathew+Joseph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaverty" class="citation book">Raverty, Henry George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307070438/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1478.raverty">A Dictionary of Pashto</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1478.raverty">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2016-03-07. Cyrchwyd 2021-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Pashto&rft.aulast=Raverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv02.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.0%3A1%3A1478.raverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Hayyim, Sulayman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=ستان&searchhws=yes">"ستان"</a>, New Persian-English Dictionary, 2, Tehran: Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim, p. 30, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=ستان&searchhws=yes">https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=ستان&searchhws=yes</a> |quote= ستان (p. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> Steingass, Francis Joseph, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=ستان&searchhws=yes">"ستان"</a>, A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, p. 655, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=ستان&searchhws=yes">https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/steingass_query.py?qs=ستان&searchhws=yes</a>, "stān (after a vowel), istān (after a consonant), Place where anything abounds, as ḵẖurmāstān, A palm-grove, gulistān, A flower-garden, &c." </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFChoudhary_Rahmat_Ali1933" class="citation web">Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 Ionawr 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html">"Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?"</a>. Columbia University. Cyrchwyd 4 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Now+or+never%3A+Are+we+to+live+or+perish+for+ever%3F&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1933-01-28&rft.au=Choudhary+Rahmat+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00islamlinks%2Ftxt_rahmatali_1933.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007), "Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent", in Michael Petraglia, Bridget Allchin, The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics, Springer, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4020-5562-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4020-5562-1">978-1-4020-5562-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFParth_R._Chauhan" class="citation web">Parth R. Chauhan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104171240/http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution">"An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian[[:Nodyn:Snd]] A Theoretical Perspective"</a>. Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology. University of Sheffield. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/issue7/chauhan.html#distribution">gwreiddiol</a> ar 4 Ionawr 2012. Cyrchwyd 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sheffield+Graduate+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+the+Siwalik+Acheulian+%26+Reconsidering+Its+Chronological+Relationship+with+the+Soanian%3ANodyn%3ASnd+A+Theoretical+Perspective&rft.au=Parth+R.+Chauhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk%2Fissue7%2Fchauhan.html%23distribution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"> URL–wikilink conflict (<a href="/wiki/Cymorth:CS1_errors#wikilink_in_url" title="Cymorth:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vipul-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-vipul_17-0">17.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vipul_17-1">17.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vipul_17-2">17.2</a> <cite id="CITEREFVipul_Singh2008" class="citation book">Vipul Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC">The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination</a>. Dorling Kindesley, licensees of Pearson Education India. tt. 3–4, 15, 88–90, 152, 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-317-1753-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-317-1753-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1753-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+Indian+History+Manual+for+the+UPSC+Civil+Services+Preliminary+Examination&rft.pages=3-4%2C+15%2C+88-90%2C+152%2C+162&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindesley%2C+licensees+of+Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1753-0&rft.au=Vipul+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwsiXwh_tIGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVipul_Singh2008">Vipul Singh (2008). </cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2010-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2010_18-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2010">Wright 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFFeuersteinSubhash_KakDavid_Frawley1995" class="citation book">Feuerstein, Georg; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbx7q0gxyTcC&q=In+Search+of+the+Cradle+of+Civilization">In search of the cradle of civilization: new light on ancient India</a>. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. t. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8356-0720-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8356-0720-9"><bdi>978-0-8356-0720-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+the+cradle+of+civilization%3A+new+light+on+ancient+India&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Quest+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0720-9&rft.aulast=Feuerstein&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Subhash+Kak&rft.au=David+Frawley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkbx7q0gxyTcC%26q%3DIn%2BSearch%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCradle%2Bof%2BCivilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobert_Arnett2006" class="citation book">Robert Arnett (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tmn91va2e4UC&pg=PT180">India Unveiled</a>. Atman Press. tt. 180–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-9652900-4-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-9652900-4-3"><bdi>978-0-9652900-4-3</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 23 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Unveiled&rft.pages=180-&rft.pub=Atman+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9652900-4-3&rft.au=Robert+Arnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTmn91va2e4UC%26pg%3DPT180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarian_Rengel2004" class="citation book">Marian Rengel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJMlW-zDE14C">Pakistan: a primary source cultural guide</a>. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. tt. 58–59, 100–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8239-4001-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8239-4001-1"><bdi>978-0-8239-4001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+a+primary+source+cultural+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58-59%2C+100-102&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-4001-1&rft.au=Marian+Rengel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJMlW-zDE14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taxila-22"><a href="#cite_ref-taxila_22-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSarina_SinghLindsay_BrowPaul_ClammerRodney_Cocks2008" class="citation book">Sarina Singh; Lindsay Brow; Paul Clammer; Rodney Cocks; John Mock (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC">Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway</a>. Lonely Planet. tt. 60, 128, 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-74104-542-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-74104-542-0"><bdi>978-1-74104-542-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%26+the+Karakoram+Highway&rft.pages=60%2C+128%2C+376&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-542-0&rft.au=Sarina+Singh&rft.au=Lindsay+Brow&rft.au=Paul+Clammer&rft.au=Rodney+Cocks&rft.au=John+Mock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzn8I4qEew9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllchinAllchin1988-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllchinAllchin1988_23-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllchinAllchin1988">Allchin & Allchin 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._del_Testa2001" class="citation book">David W. del Testa, gol. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA7">Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists</a>. Westport, CN: The Oryx Press. t. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-57356-153-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-57356-153-2"><bdi>978-1-57356-153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+Leaders%2C+Military+Rulers%2C+and+Political+Activists&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=The+Oryx+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-153-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSwi2TYabS4C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Hasan_Dani" class="citation web">Ahmad Hasan Dani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605063128/http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/guide_to_historic_taxila.htm">"Guide to Historic Taxila"</a>. The National Fund for Cultural Heritage. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/guide_to_historic_taxila.htm">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2017-06-05. Cyrchwyd 15 Ionawr 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Historic+Taxila&rft.pub=The+National+Fund+for+Cultural+Heritage&rft.au=Ahmad+Hasan+Dani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.gov.pk%2Fhtml_Pages%2Fguide_to_historic_taxila.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> "History of Education", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-27">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0">27.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1">27.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFScharfeBronkhorstSpulerAltenmüller2002" class="citation book">Scharfe, Hartmut; Bronkhorst, Johannes; Spuler, Bertold; Altenmüller, Hartwig (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationancient00scha">Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India</a>. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationancient00scha/page/141">141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-12556-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-12556-8"><bdi>978-90-04-12556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+Der+Orientalistik%3A+India.+Education+in+ancient+India&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12556-8&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft.au=Bronkhorst%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Spuler%2C+Bertold&rft.au=Altenm%C3%BCller%2C+Hartwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feducationancient00scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Needham1994" class="citation book">Joseph Needham (1994). A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham. McFarland & Co. t. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-89950-903-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-89950-903-7"><bdi>978-0-89950-903-7</bdi></a>. <q>When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+selection+from+the+writings+of+Joseph+Needham&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89950-903-7&rft.au=Joseph+Needham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAndre_Wink1996" class="citation book">Andre Wink (1996). Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World. Brill. t. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-09249-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-09249-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo+Islamic+World&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09249-5&rft.au=Andre+Wink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Information_of_Pakistan-30">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Information_of_Pakistan_30-0">30.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Information_of_Pakistan_30-1">30.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723113602/http://infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx">"History in Chronological Order"</a>. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx">gwreiddiol</a> ar 23 Gorffennaf 2010. Cyrchwyd 15 Ionawr 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+in+Chronological+Order&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infopak.gov.pk%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFParacha" class="citation web">Paracha, Nadeem F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/721012/why-some-in-pakistan-want-to-replace-jinnah-as-the-founder-of-the-country-with-an-8th-century-arab">"Why some in Pakistan want to replace Jinnah as the founder of the country with an 8th century Arab"</a>. Scroll.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Why+some+in+Pakistan+want+to+replace+Jinnah+as+the+founder+of+the+country+with+an+8th+century+Arab&rft.aulast=Paracha&rft.aufirst=Nadeem+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F721012%2Fwhy-some-in-pakistan-want-to-replace-jinnah-as-the-founder-of-the-country-with-an-8th-century-arab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSaigol2014" class="citation web">Saigol, Rubina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1125484">"What is the most blatant lie taught through Pakistan textbooks?"</a>. Dawn. Cyrchwyd 14 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=What+is+the+most+blatant+lie+taught+through+Pakistan+textbooks%3F&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Saigol&rft.aufirst=Rubina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1125484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFLapidus2002" class="citation book">Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2">A history of Islamic societies</a>. Cambridge University Press. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2/page/382">382</a>–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3"><bdi>978-0-521-77933-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Islamic+societies&rft.pages=382-384&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77933-3&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofislamic0000lapi_t2d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobert_L._Canfield2002" class="citation book">Robert L. Canfield (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA1">Turko-Persia in historical perspective</a>. Cambridge University Press. tt. 4–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-52291-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-52291-5"><bdi>978-0-521-52291-5</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Persia+in+historical+perspective&rft.pages=4-21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52291-5&rft.au=Robert+L.+Canfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3JhKNSk8tQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandra2005" class="citation book">Chandra, Satish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA365">Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part II</a>. Har-Anand Publications. t. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9"><bdi>978-81-241-1066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals+Part+II&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1066-9&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMalik2008" class="citation book">Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6NfsuDACQwC&pg=PA79">The History of Pakistan</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. t. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-313-34137-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-313-34137-3"><bdi>978-0-313-34137-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34137-3&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar+Haider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6NfsuDACQwC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMetcalf,_B.Metcalf,_T._R.2006" class="citation book">Metcalf, B.; Metcalf, T. R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (arg. 2nd). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68225-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68225-1&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+B.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/india/sepoyreb.html">"Sepoy Rebellion: 1857"</a>. Thenagain.info. 12 Medi 2003. Cyrchwyd 19 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sepoy+Rebellion%3A+1857&rft.pub=Thenagain.info&rft.date=2003-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenagain.info%2Fwebchron%2Findia%2Fsepoyreb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2007" class="citation web">Markovits, Claude (2 Tachwedd 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massviolence.org/india-from-1900-to-1947?cs=print">"India from 1900 to 1947"</a>. Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. Cyrchwyd 2 Chwefror 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+from+1900+to+1947&rft.pub=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massviolence.org%2Findia-from-1900-to-1947%3Fcs%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAk̲h̲tar1993" class="citation book">Ak̲h̲tar, Altāf Ḥusain Ḥālī; Talk̲h̲īṣ, Salim (1993). Ḥayāt-i jāved. Lāhore: Sang-i Mīl Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-969-35-0186-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-969-35-0186-5"><bdi>978-969-35-0186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B8%A4ay%C4%81t-i+j%C4%81ved&rft.place=L%C4%81hore&rft.pub=Sang-i+M%C4%ABl+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-969-35-0186-5&rft.aulast=Ak%CC%B2h%CC%B2tar&rft.aufirst=Alt%C4%81f+%E1%B8%A4usain+%E1%B8%A4%C4%81l%C4%AB%3B+Talk%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%2C+Salim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-congress_41-0">41.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_41-1">41.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_41-2">41.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/95017247/">"Country Profile: Pakistan"</a>. Library of Congress. 1995. tt. 2–3, 6, 8. Cyrchwyd 2 Medi 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Pakistan&rft.pages=2-3%2C+6%2C+8&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F95017247%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"><cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/95017247/">"Country Profile: Pakistan"</a>. </cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFQureshi1999" class="citation book">Qureshi, M. Naeem (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panislaminbritis0000qure">Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat movement, 1918–1924</a>. Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panislaminbritis0000qure/page/57">57</a>, 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-11371-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-11371-8"><bdi>978-90-04-11371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan-Islam+in+British+Indian+politics%3A+a+study+of+the+Khilafat+movement%2C+1918%E2%80%931924&rft.place=Leiden+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=57%2C+245&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11371-8&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=M.+Naeem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanislaminbritis0000qure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFJohn_Farndon1999" class="citation book">John Farndon (1999). Concise encyclopaedia. Dorling Kindersley Limited. t. 455. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7513-5911-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7513-5911-4"><bdi>978-0-7513-5911-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopaedia&rft.pages=455&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7513-5911-4&rft.au=John+Farndon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press_44-0">44.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_Institution_Press_44-1">44.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation book">Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe">The idea of Pakistan</a> (arg. 1st pbk.). Washington, DC: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookings_Institution_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brookings Institution Press (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8157-9761-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8157-9761-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-9761-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+idea+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofpakistan00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCohen2004">Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). </cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html">"Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address"</a>. Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Cyrchwyd 19 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speeches%2C+Writings%2C+and+Statements+of+Iqbal&rft.atitle=Sir+Muhammad+Iqbal%27s+1930+Presidential+Address&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00islamlinks%2Ftxt_iqbal_1930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203020939/https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html">"Understanding Jinnah's Position on World War I and II Lessons to be learned"</a>. United Kingdom: Politact. 5 Ionawr 2009. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politact.com/global-security-studies/understanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 3 Chwefror 2015. Cyrchwyd 3 Chwefror 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jinnah%27s+Position+on+World+War+I+and+II+Lessons+to+be+learned&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Politact&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politact.com%2Fglobal-security-studies%2Funderstanding-jinnahs-position-on-world-war-i-and-ii-lessons-to-be-learned.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMohiuddin2007" class="citation book">Mohiuddin, Yasmin Niaz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68">Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook</a>. ABC-CLIO. t. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85109-801-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85109-801-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-801-9</bdi></a>. <q>In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-801-9&rft.aulast=Mohiuddin&rft.aufirst=Yasmin+Niaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTMy0B9OZjAC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMohiuddin2007" class="citation book">Mohiuddin, Yasmin Niaz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68">Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook</a>. ABC-CLIO. t. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85109-801-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85109-801-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-801-9</bdi></a>. <q>Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-801-9&rft.aulast=Mohiuddin&rft.aufirst=Yasmin+Niaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTMy0B9OZjAC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academia_Edu-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Academia_Edu_49-0">↑</a> Akram, Wasim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2146058">Jinnah and cabinet Mission Plan</a>. Academia Edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/2146058">https://www.academia.edu/2146058</a>. Adalwyd 3 Chwefror 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-jinnah-50">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-jinnah_50-0">50.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jinnah_50-1">50.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFStanley_Wolpert2002" class="citation book">Stanley Wolpert (2002). Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. tt. 306–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-577462-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-577462-7"><bdi>978-0-19-577462-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=306-332&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577462-7&rft.au=Stanley+Wolpert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1169309">"Murder, rape and shattered families: 1947 Partition Archive effort underway"</a>. Dawn. 13 Mawrth 2015. Cyrchwyd 14 Ionawr 2017. <q>There are no exact numbers of people killed and displaced, but estimates range from a few hundred thousand to two million killed and more than 10 million displaced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Murder%2C+rape+and+shattered+families%3A+1947+Partition+Archive+effort+underway&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1169309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrass2003" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Brass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Brass (dim tudalen ar gael)">Brass, Paul R.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414111514/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">"The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Genocide_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Genocide Research (dim tudalen ar gael)">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. Carfax Publishing: Taylor and Francis Group. tt. 81–82 (5(1), 71–101). Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> (PDF) ar 2021-04-14. Cyrchwyd 16 Awst 2014. <q>In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+partition+of+India+and+retributive+genocide+in+the+Punjab%2C+1946%E2%80%9347%3A+means%2C+methods%2C+and+purposes&rft.pages=81-82+%285%281%29%2C+71-101%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fbrass%2FPartition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFDaiya2011" class="citation book">Daiya, Kavita (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&pg=PA75">Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India</a>. Temple University Press. t. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59213-744-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59213-744-2"><bdi>978-1-59213-744-2</bdi></a>. <q>The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+Belongings%3A+Partition%2C+Gender%2C+and+National+Culture+in+Postcolonial+India&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-744-2&rft.aulast=Daiya&rft.aufirst=Kavita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7a-FuiMcTYC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECM-54"><a href="#cite_ref-ECM_54-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFHasanRaza2009" class="citation book">Hasan, Arif; Raza, Mansoor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7imPH4KVJUC&pg=PA12">Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan</a>. IIED. t. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-84369-734-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-84369-734-3"><bdi>978-1-84369-734-3</bdi></a>. <q>When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Small+Towns+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=IIED&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84369-734-3&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft.au=Raza%2C+Mansoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7imPH4KVJUC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBates2011" class="citation web">Bates, Crispin (3 Mawrth 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml">"The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies"</a>. BBC History. Cyrchwyd 16 Awst 2014. <q>Unfortunately, it was accompanied by the largest mass migration in human history of some 10 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Story+of+Partition+and+its+Legacies&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmodern%2Fpartition1947_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSubir_Bhaumik1996" class="citation book">Subir Bhaumik (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iftjFki3fhYC&pg=PA6">Insurgent Crossfire: North-East India</a>. Lancer Publishers. t. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-897829-12-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-897829-12-7"><bdi>978-1-897829-12-7</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgent+Crossfire%3A+North-East+India&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-897829-12-7&rft.au=Subir+Bhaumik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiftjFki3fhYC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jinnah_mohammad_ali.shtml">"BBC – History – Historic Figures: Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)"</a>. BBC. Cyrchwyd 20 December 2016. <q>Jinnah became the first governor general of Pakistan, but died of tuberculosis on 11 Medi 1948.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Historic+Figures%3A+Mohammad+Ali+Jinnah+%281876%E2%80%931948%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fjinnah_mohammad_ali.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> Kumarasingham, Harshan (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726109">THE 'TROPICAL DOMINIONS': THE APPEAL OF DOMINION STATUS IN THE DECOLONISATION OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CEYLON, vol. 23</a>, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, pp. 223, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/23726109">23726109</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726109">https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726109</a>, "Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 Awst 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively." </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcGrath1996" class="citation book">McGrath, Allen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0FuAAAAMAAJ">The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy</a>. Oxford University Press. t. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-577583-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-577583-9"><bdi>978-0-19-577583-9</bdi></a>. <q>Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Pakistan%27s+Democracy&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577583-9&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0FuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhmed1997" class="citation book">Ahmed, Akbar S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA136">Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin</a>. Psychology Press. t. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-14966-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-14966-2"><bdi>978-0-415-14966-2</bdi></a>. <q>Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%2C+Pakistan+and+Islamic+Identity%3A+The+Search+for+Saladin&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14966-2&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGdiqF6V8wYC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFWolpert2009" class="citation book">Wolpert, Stanley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC&pg=PA163">Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India</a>. Oxford University Press. t. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-974504-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-974504-3"><bdi>978-0-19-974504-3</bdi></a>. <q>Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shameful+Flight%3A+The+Last+Years+of+the+British+Empire+in+India&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974504-3&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJHTif-WA6oC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhmed2005" class="citation book">Ahmed, Akbar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PT209">Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-134-75022-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-134-75022-1"><bdi>978-1-134-75022-1</bdi></a>. <q>When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan if he had known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, his answer was instructive. There was no doubt in his mind about the legality or morality of his position on Pakistan. 'Most probably,' he said (1982:39).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%2C+Pakistan+and+Islamic+Identity%3A+The+Search+for+Saladin&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75022-1&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqyniTHXFxUC%26pg%3DPT209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3APacistan" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awdurdod" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Awdurdod" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awdurdod" class="mw-redirect" title="Awdurdod">Awdurdod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80-125947">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268930849">268930849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80125947">n80125947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4075812-6">4075812-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/026397404">026397404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424488">cb119424488</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424488">(data)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (dim tudalen ar gael)">HDS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F003423.php">003423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569020">00569020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130559&CON_LNG=ENG">ge130559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452213">XX452213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KulturNav" title="KulturNav">KulturNav</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/language/en/254fd5ab-f477-4bee-ba8b-f483455003a5">id</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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