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Mindreading (a term used mostly by philosophers) or theory of mind (a term preferred by scientists) refer to the ability to attribute mental states to other individuals. Some versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzees engage in belief reasoning, or can think about false belief, and chimpanzees have been given nonverbal versions of the false belief moved-object task (also known as the Sally-Ann task); there are no published reports of chimpanzees passing that task. Other versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzee understand what others can see, and chimpanzees can pass those tests. From this data, some claim that chimpanzees know something about perceptions, but nothing about belief. Others claim that chimpanzees don\u0026amp;#39;t understand belief or perceptions, because the data fails to overcome the \u0026amp;quot; logical problem \u0026amp;quot; , and permits an alternative, non-mentalistic interpretation. I will argue that neither view is warranted. Belief reasoning in chimpanzees has focused on examining false belief in a moved object scenario, but has largely ignored other functions of belief. The first part of the paper is an argument for how to best understand belief reasoning, and offers suggestion for future investigation. The second part of the paper addresses, and diffuses, the \u0026amp;quot; logical problem \u0026amp;quot;. I conclude that chimpanzees may reason about belief, but that there is already compelling evidence that they reason about perceptions.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Kristin Andrews","url":"https://yorku.academia.edu/KristinAndrews"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2017-10-21","dateModified":"2017-10-21","headline":"Ape Mindreading","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54779554/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Animal Cognition","Animal cognition (Psychology)","Philosophy Of Animals","Animal minds","Mindreading","Social Cognition In Humans and Non human Animals","Methods In Animal Cognition"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"yorku"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54779554/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34918329/Ape_Mindreading"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: 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{"work":{"id":34918329,"created_at":"2017-10-21T12:48:00.507-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-12T13:59:43.041-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Since the question \" Do chimpanzees have a theory of mind? \" was raised in 1978, scientists have attempted to answer it, and philosophers have attempted to clarify what the question means and whether it has been, or could be, answered. Mindreading (a term used mostly by philosophers) or theory of mind (a term preferred by scientists) refer to the ability to attribute mental states to other individuals. Some versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzees engage in belief reasoning, or can think about false belief, and chimpanzees have been given nonverbal versions of the false belief moved-object task (also known as the Sally-Ann task); there are no published reports of chimpanzees passing that task. Other versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzee understand what others can see, and chimpanzees can pass those tests. From this data, some claim that chimpanzees know something about perceptions, but nothing about belief. Others claim that chimpanzees don't understand belief or perceptions, because the data fails to overcome the \" logical problem \" , and permits an alternative, non-mentalistic interpretation. I will argue that neither view is warranted. Belief reasoning in chimpanzees has focused on examining false belief in a moved object scenario, but has largely ignored other functions of belief. The first part of the paper is an argument for how to best understand belief reasoning, and offers suggestion for future investigation. The second part of the paper addresses, and diffuses, the \" logical problem \". I conclude that chimpanzees may reason about belief, but that there is already compelling evidence that they reason about perceptions."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Ape Mindreading","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2705]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card ds-work-card--no-bottom-spacing"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":54779554,"attachmentType":"docx"}"><img alt="First page of “Ape Mindreading”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54779554/mini_magick20190115-3822-1qq9srt.png?1547622392" /><img alt="Academia Logo" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/academia_logo.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free DOCX</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Ape Mindreading</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2705" href="https://yorku.academia.edu/KristinAndrews"><img alt="Profile image of Kristin Andrews" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2705/79409/16365357/s65_kristin.andrews.jpg" />Kristin Andrews</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">18 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 34918329; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=34918329"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Since the question " Do chimpanzees have a theory of mind? " was raised in 1978, scientists have attempted to answer it, and philosophers have attempted to clarify what the question means and whether it has been, or could be, answered. Mindreading (a term used mostly by philosophers) or theory of mind (a term preferred by scientists) refer to the ability to attribute mental states to other individuals. Some versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzees engage in belief reasoning, or can think about false belief, and chimpanzees have been given nonverbal versions of the false belief moved-object task (also known as the Sally-Ann task); there are no published reports of chimpanzees passing that task. Other versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzee understand what others can see, and chimpanzees can pass those tests. From this data, some claim that chimpanzees know something about perceptions, but nothing about belief. Others claim that chimpanzees don't understand belief or perceptions, because the data fails to overcome the " logical problem " , and permits an alternative, non-mentalistic interpretation. I will argue that neither view is warranted. Belief reasoning in chimpanzees has focused on examining false belief in a moved object scenario, but has largely ignored other functions of belief. The first part of the paper is an argument for how to best understand belief reasoning, and offers suggestion for future investigation. The second part of the paper addresses, and diffuses, the " logical problem ". 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data-author-id="657189" href="https://oakland.academia.edu/JenniferVonk">Jennifer Vonk</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mind & Language, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"We don't need a microscope to explore the chimpanzee's mind","attachmentId":4940700,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/824614/We_dont_need_a_microscope_to_explore_the_chimpanzees_mind","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/824614/We_dont_need_a_microscope_to_explore_the_chimpanzees_mind"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View 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data-entity-id="58235228" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58235228/Re_Conceiving_Nonhuman_Animal_Knowledge_Through_Contemporary_Primate_Cognitive_Studies">Re-Conceiving Nonhuman Animal Knowledge Through Contemporary Primate Cognitive Studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3647617" href="https://dal.academia.edu/AndrewFenton">Andrew Fenton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Re-Conceiving Nonhuman Animal Knowledge Through Contemporary Primate Cognitive 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1990</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","attachmentId":46780042,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11269487/Inferences_about_guessing_and_knowing_by_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11269487/Inferences_about_guessing_and_knowing_by_chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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