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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macedonia_and_Thrace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonia_and_Thrace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Macedonia and Thrace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonia_and_Thrace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magna_Graecia:_mainland_Italy_and_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magna_Graecia:_mainland_Italy_and_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Magna Graecia: mainland Italy and Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magna_Graecia:_mainland_Italy_and_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionian_Sea,_Adriatic_Sea,_and_Illyria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionian_Sea,_Adriatic_Sea,_and_Illyria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Illyria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionian_Sea,_Adriatic_Sea,_and_Illyria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Sea_and_Propontis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Sea_and_Propontis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Black Sea and Propontis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Sea_and_Propontis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_first_phase_(2nd_half_of_the_7th_c._BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_phase_(2nd_half_of_the_7th_c._BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>The first phase (2nd half of the 7th c. BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_phase_(2nd_half_of_the_7th_c._BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_second_phase_(6th_c._BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_second_phase_(6th_c._BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>The second phase (6th c. BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_second_phase_(6th_c._BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Later Colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wider_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wider_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Wider Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wider_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_the_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_the_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Rest of the Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Greek_colonies_before_Alexander_the_Great_(pre-336_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Greek_colonies_before_Alexander_the_Great_(pre-336_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of Greek colonies before Alexander the Great (pre-336 BC)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Greek_colonies_before_Alexander_the_Great_(pre-336_BC)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Greek colonies before Alexander the Great (pre-336 BC) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Greek_colonies_before_Alexander_the_Great_(pre-336_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Modern Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Modern Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Modern Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Modern Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Modern Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Modern France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Georgia/_Abkhazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Georgia/_Abkhazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Modern Georgia/ Abkhazia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Georgia/_Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Modern Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Modern Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Modern Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Modern North Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Palestine_(Gaza_Strip)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Palestine_(Gaza_Strip)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Modern Palestine (Gaza Strip)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Palestine_(Gaza_Strip)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Modern Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>Modern Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.17</span> <span>Modern Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.18</span> <span>Modern Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.19</span> <span>Modern Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.20</span> <span>Modern Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.21</span> <span>Modern Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greek colonisation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Kolonisation" title="Griechische Kolonisation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Griechische Kolonisation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="استعمار إغريقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعمار إغريقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Старажытнагрэчаская каланізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытнагрэчаская каланізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гръцка колонизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръцка колонизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonitzaci%C3%B3_grega" title="Colonització grega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colonització grega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eck%C3%A1_kolonizace" title="Řecká kolonizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řecká kolonizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Kolonisation" title="Griechische Kolonisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechische Kolonisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δεύτερος ελληνικός αποικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερος ελληνικός αποικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_griega" title="Colonización griega – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonización griega" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziar_kolonizazio" title="Greziar kolonizazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziar kolonizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="استعمار دوره باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استعمار دوره باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_grecque" title="Colonisation grecque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonisation grecque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_grega" title="Colonización grega – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colonización grega" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A7%80" title="그리스의 식민지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스의 식민지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հունական գաղութացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունական գաղութացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizzazione_greca" title="Colonizzazione greca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonizzazione greca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקולוניזציה היוונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקולוניזציה היוונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბერძნული კოლონიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერძნული კოლონიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griichesch_Kolonisatioun" title="Griichesch Kolonisatioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Griichesch Kolonisatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_gyarmatos%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Görög gyarmatosítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görög gyarmatosítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_kolonisatie" title="Griekse kolonisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griekse kolonisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_kolonizacja" title="Wielka kolonizacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka kolonizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_grega" title="Colonização grega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonização grega" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Греческая колонизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греческая колонизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culunizzazzioni_greca" title="Culunizzazzioni greca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Culunizzazzioni greca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cka_koloniz%C3%A1cia" title="Grécka kolonizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grécka kolonizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%A1ka_kolonizacija" title="Grška kolonizacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grška kolonizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Грчка колонизација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грчка колонизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dka_kolonizacija" title="Grčka kolonizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grčka kolonizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Грек колонизациясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грек колонизациясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan_kolonizasyonu" title="Yunan kolonizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunan kolonizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Давньогрецька колонізація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецька колонізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" title="古希臘殖民 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古希臘殖民" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q828047#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaic Greek expansion across the Mediterranean and Black Sea (8th–6th centuries BC)</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg/350px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg/525px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg/700px-Greek_Colonization_Archaic_Period.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Greek territories and colonies during the Archaic period (750–550 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Greek colonisation</b> refers to the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greeks</a>, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">8th–6th centuries BC</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. </p><p>The Archaic expansion differed from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, in that it consisted of organised direction (see <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Oikistes" title="Oikistes">oikistes</a></i></span>) away from the originating <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis#Etymology" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a></i> rather than the simplistic movement of tribes, which characterised the aforementioned earlier migrations. Many colonies, or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apoikiai</i></span>(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἀποικία</span>, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "home away from home"</span>), that were founded during this period eventually evolved into strong <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Greek city-states</a>, functioning independently of their <i>metropolis</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives">Motives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_Cdm_Paris_322_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boat_Cdm_Paris_322_n1.jpg/250px-Boat_Cdm_Paris_322_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boat_Cdm_Paris_322_n1.jpg/375px-Boat_Cdm_Paris_322_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boat_Cdm_Paris_322_n1.jpg/500px-Boat_Cdm_Paris_322_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of an Archaic Greek ship on pottery, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The reasons for the Greeks to establish <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> were strong economic growth with the consequent <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a> of the motherland,<sup id="cite_ref-ragazzi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ragazzi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the land of these Greek city states could not support a large city. The areas that the Greeks would try to colonise were hospitable and fertile.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Volanakis_Argo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Constantine_Volanakis_Argo.jpg/220px-Constantine_Volanakis_Argo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Constantine_Volanakis_Argo.jpg/330px-Constantine_Volanakis_Argo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Constantine_Volanakis_Argo.jpg/440px-Constantine_Volanakis_Argo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i>, the myth thought to pertain to the bold nautical expeditions of this period</figcaption></figure> <p>The founding of the colonies was consistently an organised enterprise by the <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a></i> (mother city), although in many cases it collaborated with other cities. The place to be colonised was selected in advance with the goal of offering business advantages, but also security from raiders. In order to create a feeling of security and confidence in the new colony, the choice of place was decided according to its usefulness.<sup id="cite_ref-histnat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histnat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission always included a leader nominated by the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parceled out the land, including farms. The system of governance usually took a form similar to that of the metropolis. </p><p>Greek colonies were often established along coastlines, especially during the period of colonisation between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. Many Greek colonies were strategically positioned near coastlines to facilitate trade, communication, and access to maritime resources. These colonies played a crucial role in expanding Greek culture, trade networks, and influence throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> regions. While some colonies were established inland for various reasons, coastal locations were generally more common due to the Greeks' strong connection to the sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Colonies in antiquity</a></div> <p>The Greeks started colonising around the beginning of the 8th century BC when the <a href="/wiki/Euboeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboeans">Euboeans</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Pithecusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithecusae">Pithecusae</a> in Southern Italy and <a href="/wiki/Olynthus" title="Olynthus">Olynthus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalcidice</a>, Greece. Subsequently, they founded the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Zancle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-histnat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histnat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 8th century, Euboea fell into decline with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Lelantine_War" title="Lelantine War">Lelantine War</a> but colonial foundation continued by other Greeks such as the Ionians and Corinthians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ionians started their first colonies around the 7th century in Southern Italy, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> founded multiple colonies in the Northern Aegean.<sup id="cite_ref-ml_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ml-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macedonia_and_Thrace">Macedonia and Thrace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Macedonia and Thrace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdera.JPG/250px-Abdera.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdera.JPG/375px-Abdera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdera.JPG/500px-Abdera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a>, a classical city of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous colonies were founded in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">Northern Greece</a>, chiefly in the region of <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalcidice</a> but also in the region of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. </p><p>Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who lent their name to these colonies. The most important settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were <a href="/wiki/Olynthos" class="mw-redirect" title="Olynthos">Olynthos</a> (which was settled in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athenians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Torone" class="mw-redirect" title="Torone">Torone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mende_(Chalcidice)" title="Mende (Chalcidice)">Mende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sermyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermyle">Sermyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphytis" title="Aphytis">Aphytis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleonae_(Athos)" title="Cleonae (Athos)">Cleonae</a> in the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Athos</a>. Other important colonies in Chalcidice were <a href="/wiki/Akanthos_(Greece)" title="Akanthos (Greece)">Acanthus</a>, founded by colonists from <a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Potidaea" title="Potidaea">Potidaea</a>, a colony of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Thasians">Thasians</a> with the help of the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Callistratus_of_Aphidnae" title="Callistratus of Aphidnae">Callistratus of Aphidnae</a> founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Datus_(Greece)" title="Datus (Greece)">Datus</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, the Athenians with the <a href="/wiki/Hagnon,_son_of_Nikias" title="Hagnon, son of Nikias">Hagnon, son of Nikias</a> founded the city of Ennea Hodoi (Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ), meaning nine roads, at the current location of the "Hill 133" north of <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Serres" title="Serres">Serres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace by the Ionians from the coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. Important colonies were <a href="/wiki/Maroneia" title="Maroneia">Maroneia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Milesians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Milesians">Milesians</a> also founded <a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Rhaedestus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Propontis" class="mw-redirect" title="Propontis">Propontis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samians" class="mw-redirect" title="Samians">Samians</a> colonised the island of <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a>, becoming the source of its name. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Parians</a> colonised <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a> under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Oecist" class="mw-redirect" title="Oecist">oecist</a> and father of the poet <a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a>, Telesicles. </p><p>In 340 BC, while <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> was regent of Macedon, he founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Alexandropolis_Maedica" title="Alexandropolis Maedica">Alexandropolis Maedica</a> after defeating a local Thracian tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magna_Graecia:_mainland_Italy_and_Sicily">Magna Graecia: mainland Italy and Sicily</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Magna Graecia: mainland Italy and Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italiotes" title="Italiotes">Italiotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siceliotes" title="Siceliotes">Siceliotes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/260px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/390px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/520px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek colonies and their dialect groupings in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/220px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/330px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG/440px-Agrigento-Tempio_della_Concordia01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concordia,_Agrigento" title="Temple of Concordia, Agrigento">Temple of Concordia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Valle dei Templi</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzi_di_riace,_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg/220px-Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg/330px-Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg/440px-Bronzi_di_riace%2C_V_secolo_ac._01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Riace_Bronzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Riace Bronzes">Riace Bronzes</a></i> exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Magna_Graecia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Magna Graecia">National Museum of Magna Graecia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg/220px-Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg/330px-Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg/440px-Choregos_Painter_-_RVAp_1-123_-_the_stealers_of_daintings_-_Herakles_supporting_the_world_-_Milano_MA_A_0-9-2841_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apulian_vase_painting" title="Apulian vase painting">Apulian pottery</a> exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Milan" title="Archaeological Museum, Milan">Archaeological Museum of Milan</a>, 380-370 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNGANS_259.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/220px-SNGANS_259.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/330px-SNGANS_259.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SNGANS_259.jpg/440px-SNGANS_259.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>A Syracusan <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 415</span>–405 BC), sporting <a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the name given by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> to the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Italian regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> which were extensively settled by Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Tozer2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tozer2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeks began to settle in southern Italy in the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-CerchiaiJannelli2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CerchiaiJannelli2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first great migratory wave directed towards the western Mediterranean was that of the <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboeans</a> aimed at the Gulf of Naples who, after <a href="/wiki/Pithecusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithecusae">Pithecusae</a> (on the isle of <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>), the oldest Greek settlement in Italy, founded <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> nearby, their first colony on the mainland, and then in the Strait of Messina, <a href="/wiki/Zancle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zancle">Zancle</a> in Sicily, and nearby on the opposite coast, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second wave was of the <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaeans</a> who concentrated initially on the Ionian coast (<a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidonia" title="Poseidonia">Poseidonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Kroton</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly before 720<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-magna_grecia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magna_grecia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an unknown date between the 8th and 6th centuries BC the Athenians, of Ionian lineage, founded <a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a> (near today's <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sicily the Euboeans later founded <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a>, which became the base for the founding of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Leontini" class="mw-redirect" title="Leontini">Leontini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>. They were accompanied by small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a> and Ionians; the Athenians had notably refused to take part in the colonisation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, an 8th-century BC colony of the Corinthians. </p><p>Refugees from <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> which evolved into one of the most powerful cities in the area. <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a>; <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Cretans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretans">Cretans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Cnidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidus">Cnidus</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Locrians" title="Locrians">Locrians</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Epizephyrean_Locris" class="mw-redirect" title="Epizephyrean Locris">Epizephyrean Locris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-histnat_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histnat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, <a href="/wiki/Lagaria" title="Lagaria">Lagaria</a> which was between <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a> and the river <a href="/wiki/Sinni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinni River">Sinni River</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Phocians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocians">Phocians</a>. </p><p>Evidence of frequent contact between the Greek settlers and the indigenous peoples comes from <a href="/wiki/Timpone_della_Motta" title="Timpone della Motta">Timpone Della Motta</a> which shows influence of Greek style in <a href="/wiki/Oenotrians" title="Oenotrians">Oneotroian</a> pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many cities in the region became in turn <i>metropoleis</i> for new colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Camarina" class="mw-redirect" title="Camarina">Camarina</a> in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of <a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a>. Likewise, Naxos, which founded many colonies while <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> founded the colony of <a href="/wiki/Poseidonia" title="Poseidonia">Poseidonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> founded its own colony, <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Acragas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-strabo6.2.6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strabo6.2.6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With colonisation, <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek culture</a> was exported to Italy with its dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek language</a>, its religious rites, and its traditions of the independent <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i>. An original <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilization">Hellenic civilization</a> soon developed, and later interacted with the native <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> civilisations. One of the most important cultural transplants was the <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcidean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cumaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumaean alphabet">Cumaean</a> variety of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a> subsequently evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, which became the most widely used alphabet in the world. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td>City </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="4">Year (BC) of foundation - by author<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>Thucydides</b> </td> <td><b>Eusebius</b> </td> <td><b>Jerome</b> </td> <td><b>Others</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cumae </td> <td>Κύμη </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>1050(?) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metapontum </td> <td>Μεταπόντιον </td> <td>- </td> <td>773(?) </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zancle </td> <td>Ζάγκλη </td> <td>- </td> <td>757/756 </td> <td>- </td> <td>756 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Naxos </td> <td>Νάξος </td> <td>734 </td> <td>735 </td> <td>741 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syracuse </td> <td>Συρακκούσες </td> <td>733 </td> <td>733 </td> <td>738/737 </td> <td>733 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lentini </td> <td>Λεοντῖνοι </td> <td>728 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catania </td> <td>Κατάνη </td> <td>728 </td> <td>733 </td> <td>737/736 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Megara </td> <td>Μέγαρα </td> <td>727 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reggio </td> <td>Ερυθρά / Ρήγιον </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>c. 730 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Milazzo </td> <td>Μύλαι </td> <td>- </td> <td>715(?) </td> <td>716(?) </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sybaris </td> <td>Σύβαρις </td> <td>- </td> <td>708-707 </td> <td>709-708 </td> <td>721/720 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crotone </td> <td>Κρότων </td> <td>- </td> <td>709 </td> <td>- </td> <td>709/708 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taranto </td> <td>Τάρας </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>706 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Locri </td> <td>Λοκροί Ἐπιζεφύριοι </td> <td>- </td> <td>673 </td> <td>679 </td> <td>c. 700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poseidonia </td> <td>Ποσειδωνία </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>700(?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gela </td> <td>Γέλα </td> <td>688 </td> <td>688 </td> <td>691/690 </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caulonia </td> <td>Καυλωνία </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>c. 675 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acre </td> <td> </td> <td>663 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Casmene </td> <td>Κασμέναι </td> <td>643 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Selinunte </td> <td>Σελινούς </td> <td>627 </td> <td>757(?) </td> <td>650/649 </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Himera </td> <td>Ιμέρα </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>648 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lipari </td> <td>Μελιγουνίς </td> <td>- </td> <td>627(?) </td> <td>629(?) </td> <td>580/576 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Camarina </td> <td>Καμάρινα </td> <td>598 </td> <td>598/597 </td> <td>601/600 </td> <td>598/596 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agrigento </td> <td>Ακράγας </td> <td>580 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>580/576 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionian_Sea,_Adriatic_Sea,_and_Illyria"><span id="Ionian_Sea.2C_Adriatic_Sea.2C_and_Illyria"></span>Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Illyria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Illyria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreekCitiesMapIllyriaAdriatic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GreekCitiesMapIllyriaAdriatic.png/220px-GreekCitiesMapIllyriaAdriatic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GreekCitiesMapIllyriaAdriatic.png/330px-GreekCitiesMapIllyriaAdriatic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GreekCitiesMapIllyriaAdriatic.png/440px-GreekCitiesMapIllyriaAdriatic.png 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Greek Colonies on the Adriatic coast</figcaption></figure> <p>The region of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> were colonised strictly by <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>. The Corinthians founded important overseas colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italy and the west which succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth included <a href="/wiki/Leucada" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucada">Leucada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astakos" title="Astakos">Astacus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaktorio" title="Anaktorio">Anactoreum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambracia" title="Ambracia">Ambracia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corcyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcyra">Corcyra</a> - all in modern-day western Greece. </p><p>The Corinthians also founded important colonies in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, which evolved into important cities, <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnus</a>, in present-day Albania. The fact that about the 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> confirms that the city was among the richest of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek world">Ancient Greek world</a>. An ancient account describes Epidamnos as 'a great power and very populated' city.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaeum</a> was another Greek colony in Illyria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes2008175_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes2008175-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abantes" title="Abantes">Abantes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion at the Illyria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further west, colonists from the Greek city-state <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a> in 385 BC founded the colony Pharos on the island of Hvar in the Adriatic, on the site of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Stari_Grad,_Croatia" title="Stari Grad, Croatia">Stari Grad</a> in Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-ml_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ml-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 4th century BC the Greek tyrant of Syracus <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysius I</a> founded the colony Issa on the modern-day island of <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Vis</a>, and traders from Issa then went on to found <a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporia</a> in Tragurion (<a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Trogir</a>) and Epetion (<a href="/wiki/Stobre%C4%8D" title="Stobreč">Stobreč</a>) on the Illyrian mainland in 3rd century BC. </p><p>In 1877 a Greek inscription was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Lumbarda" title="Lumbarda">Lumbarda</a> on the eastern tip of the island of <a href="/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula" title="Korčula">Korčula</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> which talks about the founding of another Greek settlement there in the 3rd or 4th century BC, by colonists from Issa. The artifact is known as <a href="/wiki/Lumbarda_Psephisma" title="Lumbarda Psephisma">Lumbarda Psephisma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of coinage on the Illyrian coast used for trade between the Illyrians and the Greeks can be dated to around the 4th century BC and minted in Adriatic colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Issa</a> and Pharos.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Sea_and_Propontis">Black Sea and Propontis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Black Sea and Propontis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea">Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies_in_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies in Thrace and Dacia">Greek colonies in Thrace and Dacia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg/250px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg/375px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg/500px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Euxine_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Greek colonies along the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, marked by their corresponding centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Greeks had at one point called the Black Sea shore "inhospitable", according to ancient sources they eventually created 70 to 90 colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonization of the Black Sea was led by the Megarans and some of the Ionian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a>. The majority of colonies in the region of the Black Sea and <a href="/wiki/Propontis" class="mw-redirect" title="Propontis">Propontis</a> were founded in the 7th century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_first_phase_(2nd_half_of_the_7th_c._BC)"><span id="The_first_phase_.282nd_half_of_the_7th_c._BC.29"></span>The first phase (2nd half of the 7th c. BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The first phase (2nd half of the 7th c. BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the area of Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of <a href="/wiki/Astacus_in_Bithynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Astacus in Bithynia">Astacus in Bithynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonia">Chalcedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> which occupied a privileged position. Miletus founded <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a> and the Phocaeans <a href="/wiki/Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meiz_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meiz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the western shore of the Black Sea the Megarans founded the cities of <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a> and a little later, <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Nesebar</a>. A little farther north in today's <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> the Milesians founded the cities of <a href="/wiki/Histria_(ancient_city)" title="Histria (ancient city)">Histria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argamum" title="Argamum">Argame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a>. </p><p>In the south of the Black Sea the most important colony was <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> which according to prevailing opinion was founded by Miletus some time around the middle of the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-meiz_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meiz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinope was founded with a series of other colonies in the Pontic region: <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Cerasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a>, Cromne, <a href="/wiki/Pteria_(Cappadocia)" title="Pteria (Cappadocia)">Pteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a>, etc. </p><p>Further north from the <a href="/wiki/Danube_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube delta">Danube delta</a> the Greeks colonised the islet, probably then a peninsula, of Barythmenis (modern <a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Berezan</a>) which evolved into the colony of <a href="/wiki/Borysthenes" title="Borysthenes">Borysthenes</a> in the next century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_second_phase_(6th_c._BC)"><span id="The_second_phase_.286th_c._BC.29"></span>The second phase (6th c. BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The second phase (6th c. BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important colony founded on the southern shore of the Black Sea was a Megaran and Boeotian foundation: <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a> in 560-550 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the north shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the first to start with <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Olbia" title="Pontic Olbia">Pontic Olbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panticapaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panticapaeum">Panticapaeum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>). In about 560 BC the Milesians founded <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> in the region of modern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meiz_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meiz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean</a> peninsula (the Greeks then called it Tauric Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded likewise the cities of <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Sympheropolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaeum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> (Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they founded <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a> (in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine and <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a>, the last being a colony of the <a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teians</a>. </p><p>On the eastern shore, which was known in ancient times as <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a>, today in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and the autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, the Greeks founded the cities of <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a> and Dioscouris. The latter was called <i>Sebastopolis</i> by the Romans and Byzantines and is known today as <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>. </p><p>Heraclea Pontica founded <a href="/wiki/Callatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Callatis">Callatis</a> on the southern coast of Romania at the end of the 6th c. BC.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Colonies">Later Colonies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later Colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only a few colonies were founded during the Greek Classical period which included <a href="/wiki/Mesembria" title="Mesembria">Mesembria</a> (modern Nessebar) by the Megareans in 493 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heraclea Pontica founded <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesus Taurica">Chersonesus Taurica</a> in Crimea at the end of the 5th or early 4th c. BC. </p><p>The ancient Greek settlement called <a href="/wiki/Manitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitra">Manitra</a> of the 4th-3rd centuries BC near the town of Baherove in Crimea<sup id="cite_ref-Manitra_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manitra-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was discovered in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wider_Mediterranean">Wider Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wider Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/250px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/375px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg/500px-Odysseus_Sirens_BM_E440_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Legendary Greek king <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">sirens</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> typifies the particulars of the age.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greek colonies expanded as far as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North Africa, on the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Kyrenaika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenaika">Kyrenaika</a>, colonists from Thera founded <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Kyrene</a>, which evolved into a very powerful city in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-histnat_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histnat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other colonies in Kyrenaika later included <a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Benghazi" title="History of Benghazi">Euesperides</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taucheira" class="mw-redirect" title="Taucheira">Taucheira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>. </p><p>By the middle of the 7th century, the lone Greek colony in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> had been founded, <a href="/wiki/Naukratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naukratis">Naukratis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psammitecus I</a> gave a trade concession to Milesian merchants for one establishment on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile</a>, founding a trading post which evolved into a prosperous city by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelusium_(525_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)">Persian expedition to Egypt in 525 B.C.</a> </p><p>2023 archaeological findings in <a href="/wiki/Heracleion" title="Heracleion">Thonis-Heracleion</a> at Egypt, suggested that Greeks, who were already allowed to trade in the city, "had started to take root" there as early as during the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a> and that likely Greek mercenaries were employed to defend the city.<sup id="cite_ref-businessinsider_-_Sunken_ancient_temples_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider_-_Sunken_ancient_temples-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to the emporion established in the Nile Delta it is possible there was a Greek trading colony established by the Euboians along the Syrian coast on the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> river at the site <a href="/wiki/Al-Mina" title="Al-Mina">Al-Mina</a> in the early 8th century BC. The Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Posideion" class="mw-redirect" title="Posideion">Posideion</a> on the promontory Ras al-Bassit was colonised just to the south of the Orontes estuary later in the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> mentions <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meschela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meschela (page does not exist)">Meschela</a> (Μεσχέλα), a city on the northern coast of Africa, founded by the Greeks after the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rest_of_the_Mediterranean">Rest of the Mediterranean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rest of the Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></div> <p>On the north side of the Mediterranean, the Phokaians founded <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Massalia</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. Massalia became the base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region of Spain. Phokaia also founded <a href="/wiki/Aleria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleria">Alalia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. The Phokaians arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. As related by Herodotus, a local king summoned the Phokaians to found a colony in the region and rendered meaningful aid in the fortification of the city. The Phokaians founded <a href="/wiki/Empuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Empuries">Empuries</a> in this region and later the even more distant <a href="/wiki/H%C4%93meroskopeion" title="Hēmeroskopeion">Hemeroskopeion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Greek_colonies_before_Alexander_the_Great_(pre-336_BC)"><span id="List_of_Greek_colonies_before_Alexander_the_Great_.28pre-336_BC.29"></span>List of Greek colonies before Alexander the Great (pre-336 BC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of Greek colonies before Alexander the Great (pre-336 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Greek_colonisation" title="Special:EditPage/Greek colonisation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Albania">Modern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AL1. <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaeum</a> AL2. <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a> AL3. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a> AL4. <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a> AL5. <a href="/wiki/Chimara" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimara">Chimara</a> AL6. <a href="/wiki/Buthrotum" class="mw-redirect" title="Buthrotum">Bouthroton</a> AL7. <a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a> AL8. <a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Arabia">Modern <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AR1. <a href="/wiki/Gerrha" title="Gerrha">Gerrha</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Bulgaria">Modern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>* <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Scymnus" title="Pseudo-Scymnus">Pseudo-Scymnus</a> writes that some say that the city of Bizone belongs to the barbarians, while others to be a Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Mesembria" title="Mesembria">Mesembria</a>. </p><p>BUL1. <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesembria</a> BUL2. <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a> BUL3. <a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antheia_(Thrace)" title="Antheia (Thrace)">Antheia</a> BUL4. <a href="/wiki/Ahtopol" title="Ahtopol">Agathopolis</a> BUL5. <a href="/wiki/Kavarna" title="Kavarna">Kavarna</a> BUL6. <a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Pomorie</a> BUL7. <a href="/wiki/Obzor" title="Obzor">Naulochos</a> BUL8. <a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Krounoi</a> BUL9. <a href="/wiki/Pistiros" title="Pistiros">Pistiros</a> BUL10. <a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a> BUL11. <a href="/wiki/Kavarna" title="Kavarna">Bizone</a> * BUL12. <a href="/wiki/Develtos" title="Develtos">Develtos</a> BUL13. <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Sintica" title="Heraclea Sintica">Heraclea Sintica</a> BUL14. <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Beroe</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Croatia">Modern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>C1. <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> C2. <a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Tragyrion</a> C3. <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Aspálathos</a> C4. <a href="/wiki/Stobre%C4%8D" title="Stobreč">Epidaurus</a> C5. <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Issa</a> C6. <a href="/wiki/Hvar" title="Hvar">Dimos</a> C7. <a href="/wiki/Stari_Grad,_Croatia" title="Stari Grad, Croatia">Pharos</a> C8. <a href="/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula" title="Korčula">Kórkyra Mélaina</a> C9. <a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidaurum</a> C10. <a href="/wiki/Narona" title="Narona">Narona</a> C11. <a href="/wiki/Lumbarda" title="Lumbarda">Lumbarda</a> C.12 <a href="/wiki/%CE%95petion" class="mw-redirect" title="Εpetion">Εpetion</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Cyprus">Modern <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CY1. <a href="/wiki/Chytri" title="Chytri">Chytri</a> CY2. <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia" title="Kyrenia">Kyrenia</a> CY3.Golgi<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Egypt">Modern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>E1. <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_France">Modern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>F1. <a href="/wiki/Agde" title="Agde">Agde</a> F2. <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Massalia</a> F3. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Brusc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Brusc (page does not exist)">Tauroentium/Tauroeis</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F4. <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Olbia</a> F5. <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nicaea</a> F6. <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monoikos</a> F7. <a href="/wiki/Antibes" title="Antibes">Antipolis</a> F8. <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9ria" title="Aléria">Alalia</a> F9. <a href="/wiki/Trinquetaille" title="Trinquetaille">Rhodanousia</a> F10. <a href="/wiki/Saint-Tropez" title="Saint-Tropez">Athenopolis</a> F11. Pergantium<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Georgia/_Abkhazia"><span id="Modern_Georgia.2F_Abkhazia"></span>Modern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern Georgia/ Abkhazia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>* Abkhazia is recognised only by Russia and a <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">small number of other countries</a>. </p><p>G1. <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathys</a> G2. <a href="/wiki/Gagra" title="Gagra">Triglite</a> G3. <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a> G4. <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a> G5. <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a> G6. <a href="/wiki/Ochamchire" title="Ochamchire">Gyenos</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Greece">Modern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GR1. <a href="/wiki/Potidaea" title="Potidaea">Potidaea</a> GR2. <a href="/wiki/Stagira_(ancient_city)" title="Stagira (ancient city)">Stageira</a> GR3. <a href="/wiki/Akanthos_(Greece)" title="Akanthos (Greece)">Acanthus</a> GR4. <a href="/wiki/Mende_(Chalcidice)" title="Mende (Chalcidice)">Mende</a> GR5. <a href="/wiki/Ambracia" title="Ambracia">Ambracia</a> GR6. <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corcyra</a> GR7. <a href="/wiki/Maroneia" title="Maroneia">Maroneia</a> GR8. <a href="/wiki/Krinides" title="Krinides">Krinides</a> GR9. <a href="/wiki/Olynthus" title="Olynthus">Olynthus</a> GR10. <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a> GR11. <a href="/wiki/Therma" title="Therma">Therma</a> GR12. <a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(Mygdonia)" title="Arethusa (Mygdonia)">Arethusa</a> GR13. <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Leucas</a> GR14. <a href="/wiki/Eion" title="Eion">Eion</a> GR15. <a href="/wiki/Sane_(Acte)" title="Sane (Acte)">Sane</a> GR16. <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> GR17. <a href="/wiki/Argilus" title="Argilus">Argilus</a> GR18. <a href="/wiki/Sane_(Acte)" title="Sane (Acte)">Sane</a> GR19. <a href="/wiki/Akanthos_(Greece)" title="Akanthos (Greece)">Akanthos</a> GR20. <a href="/wiki/Astacus_(Acarnania)" title="Astacus (Acarnania)">Astacus</a> GR21. <a href="/wiki/Galepsus_(Thrace)" title="Galepsus (Thrace)">Galepsus</a> GR22. <a href="/wiki/Oesyme" title="Oesyme">Oesyme</a> GR23. <a href="/wiki/Phagres" title="Phagres">Phagres</a> GR24. <a href="/wiki/Datus_(Greece)" title="Datus (Greece)">Datus</a> GR25. <a href="/wiki/Stryme" title="Stryme">Stryme</a> GR26. <a href="/wiki/Pistyrus" title="Pistyrus">Pistyrus</a> GR27. <a href="/wiki/Rhaecelus" title="Rhaecelus">Rhaecelus</a> GR28. <a href="/wiki/Dicaea_(Macedonia)" title="Dicaea (Macedonia)">Dicaea</a> GR29. <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Pieria" title="Methoni, Pieria">Methoni</a> GR30. <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_in_Trachis" title="Heraclea in Trachis">Heraclea in Trachis</a> GR31. <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Acarnania)" title="Heraclea (Acarnania)">Heraclea in Acarnania</a> GR32. <a href="/wiki/Anactorium" title="Anactorium">Anactorium</a> GR33. <a href="/wiki/Sale_(Thrace)" title="Sale (Thrace)">Sale</a> GR34. <a href="/wiki/Drys_(Thrace)" title="Drys (Thrace)">Drys</a> GR35. <a href="/wiki/Toroni" title="Toroni">Toroni</a> GR36. <a href="/wiki/Amorgos" title="Amorgos">Amorgos</a> GR37. <a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a> GR38. <a href="/wiki/Scabala" title="Scabala">Scabala</a> GR39. <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a> GR40. <a href="/wiki/Colonides" title="Colonides">Colonides</a> GR41. <a href="/wiki/Antiparos" title="Antiparos">Oliarus</a> GR42. <a href="/wiki/Potidaea" title="Potidaea">Potidaea</a> GR43. <a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a> GR44. <a href="/wiki/Myrcinus" title="Myrcinus">Myrcinus</a> GR45. <a href="/wiki/Tarphe" title="Tarphe">Tarphe</a> GR46. <a href="/wiki/Sollium" title="Sollium">Sollium</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Italy">Modern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I1. <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a> I2. <a href="/wiki/Adria" title="Adria">Adria</a> I3. <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a> I4. <a href="/wiki/Castel_dell%27Ovo" title="Castel dell'Ovo">Parthenope</a> I5. <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> I6. <a href="/wiki/Procida" title="Procida">Procida</a> I7. <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Dicaearchia</a> I8. <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolis</a> I9. <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a> I10. <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontum</a> I11. <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> I12. <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a> I13. <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a> I14. <a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a> I15. <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotona</a> I16. <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli,_Apulia" title="Gallipoli, Apulia">Gallipoli</a> I17. <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a> I18. <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> I19. <a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Kale Akte</a> I20. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> I21. <a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a> I22. <a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a> I23. <a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a> I24. <a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a> I25. <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a> I26. <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Epizepherean Locris</a> I27. <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegium</a> I28. <a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Lentini</a> I29. <a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinountas</a> I30. <a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a> I31. <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a> I32. <a href="/wiki/Tauromenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauromenium">Tauromenium</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I33. <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Acragas</a> I34. <a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a> I35. <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> I36. <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> I37. <a href="/wiki/Leontini" class="mw-redirect" title="Leontini">Leontini</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I38. <a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a> I39. <a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a> I40. <a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a> I41. <a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a> I42. <a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a> I43. <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a> I44. <a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a> I45. <a href="/wiki/Brucoli" title="Brucoli">Trotilon</a> I46. <a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pyxous</a> I47. <a href="/wiki/Milazzo" title="Milazzo">Mylae</a> I48. <a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a> I49. <a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a> I50. <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a> I51. <a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tindari</a> I52. <a href="/wiki/Macalla_(ancient_city)" title="Macalla (ancient city)">Macalla</a> I53. <a href="/wiki/Temesa_(ancient_city)" title="Temesa (ancient city)">Temesa</a> I54. <a href="/wiki/Gioia_Tauro" title="Gioia Tauro">Metauros</a> I55. <a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a> I56. <a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a> I57. <a href="/wiki/Taras_(mythology)#Taranto" title="Taras (mythology)">Saturo</a> I58. <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siris,_Magna_Graecia" title="Siris, Magna Graecia">Siris</a> I59. <a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a> * I60. <a href="/wiki/Agathyrnum" title="Agathyrnum">Agathyrnum</a> I61. <a href="/wiki/Adranon" title="Adranon">Adranon</a> I62. <a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a> I63. <a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a> I64. <a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a> I65. <a href="/wiki/Engyon" title="Engyon">Engyon</a> I66. <a href="/wiki/Thapsos" title="Thapsos">Thapsos</a> I67. <a href="/wiki/Pithekoussai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithekoussai">Pithekoussai</a> I68. <a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano" title="Castelmezzano">Castelmezzano</a> I69. <a href="/wiki/Licata" title="Licata">Licata</a> I70. <a href="/wiki/Ortygia" title="Ortygia">Ortygia</a> I71. <a href="/wiki/Lagaria" title="Lagaria">Lagaria</a> I72. <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I73. <a href="/wiki/Mactorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mactorium">Mactorium</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I74. <a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Libya">Modern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L1. <a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barce</a> L2. <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> L3. <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a> L4. <a href="/wiki/Tocra" title="Tocra">Taucheira</a> L5. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a> L6. <a href="/wiki/Benghazi#Ancient_Greek_colony" title="Benghazi">Euesperides</a> L7. <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Antipyrgus</a> L8. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Cyrenaica)" title="Apollonia (Cyrenaica)">Apollonia</a> L9. <a href="/wiki/Cinyps_(Libya)" title="Cinyps (Libya)">Cinyps</a> L10. <a href="/wiki/Menelai_Portus" title="Menelai Portus">Menelai Portus</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Montenegro">Modern <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Modern Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>M1. <a href="/wiki/Budva" title="Budva">Bouthoe</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_North_Macedonia">Modern <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern North Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>* Some historians believe that it was near the modern <a href="/wiki/Resen,_North_Macedonia" title="Resen, North Macedonia">Resen</a> (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern <a href="/wiki/Vranje" title="Vranje">Vranje</a> (Serbia). </p><p>MA1. <a href="/wiki/Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a> * MA2. <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lyncestis" title="Heraclea Lyncestis">Heraclea Lyncestis</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Palestine_(Gaza_Strip)"><span id="Modern_Palestine_.28Gaza_Strip.29"></span>Modern <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern Palestine (Gaza Strip)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthedon_(Palestine)" title="Anthedon (Palestine)">Anthedon (Palestine)</a>, probably a colony of <a href="/wiki/Anthedon_(Boeotia)" title="Anthedon (Boeotia)">Anthedon (Boeotia)</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Romania">Modern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Modern Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RO1. <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a> RO2. <a href="/wiki/Histria_(ancient_city)" title="Histria (ancient city)">Histria/Istros</a> RO3. <a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Aegyssus</a> RO4. <a href="/wiki/Tuzla,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Tuzla, Constanța">Stratonis</a> RO5. <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83" title="Cernavodă">Axiopolis</a> RO6. <a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Kallatis</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Russia">Modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modern Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RU1. <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a> RU2. <a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a> RU3. <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a> RU4. <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Bata</a> RU5. <a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a> RU6. <a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a> RU7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korokondame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korokondame (page does not exist)">Korokondame</a> RU8. <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a> RU9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyramba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyramba (page does not exist)">Tyramba</a> RU10. <a href="/wiki/Patraeus_(city)" title="Patraeus (city)">Patraeus</a> RU11. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toricos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toricos (page does not exist)">Toricos</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Serbia">Modern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>* Some historians believe that it was near the modern <a href="/wiki/Resen,_North_Macedonia" title="Resen, North Macedonia">Resen</a> (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern <a href="/wiki/Vranje" title="Vranje">Vranje</a> (Serbia). </p><p>SE1. <a href="/wiki/Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a> * </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Spain">Modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modern Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S1. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Portus Illicitanus</a> S2. <a href="/wiki/Akra_Leuke" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra Leuke">Akra Leuke</a> S3. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonis (page does not exist)">Alonis</a> S4. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopeum</a> S5. <a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zakynthos</a> S6. <a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a> S7. <a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a> S8. <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a> S9. <a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a> S10. <a href="/wiki/Menace_(Greek_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menace (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a> S11. <a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a> S12. <a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a> S13. <a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Syria">Modern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Modern Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SY1. <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Bassit" title="Ras al-Bassit">Posidium</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Turkey">Modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Modern Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TR1. <a href="/wiki/Silivri" title="Silivri">Selymbria</a> TR2. <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a> TR3. <a href="/wiki/Cius" title="Cius">Cius</a> TR4. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> TR5. <a href="/wiki/Birgi" title="Birgi">Dios Hieron</a> TR6. <a href="/wiki/Iasos" title="Iasos">Iasos</a> TR7. <a href="/wiki/Myndus" title="Myndus">Myndus</a> TR8. <a href="/wiki/Selge,_Pisidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Selge, Pisidia">Selge</a> TR9. <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a> TR10. <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a> TR11. <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> TR12. <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Tralles</a> TR13. <a href="/wiki/Phaselis" title="Phaselis">Phaselis</a> TR14. <a href="/wiki/Aspendos" title="Aspendos">Aspendos</a> TR15. <a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a> TR16. <a href="/wiki/Sillyon" title="Sillyon">Sillyon</a> TR17. <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Zephyrion</a> TR18. <a href="/wiki/Kelenderis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelenderis">Kelenderis</a> TR19. <a href="/wiki/Mallus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallus (city)">Mallus</a> TR20. <a href="/wiki/Amos_(ancient_city)" title="Amos (ancient city)">Amos</a> TR21. <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> TR22. <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amaseia</a> TR23. <a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amastris</a> TR24. <a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Ainos</a> TR25. <a href="/wiki/Berge_(Bisaltia)" title="Berge (Bisaltia)">Berge</a> TR26. <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Ere%C4%9Flisi" title="Marmara Ereğlisi">Perinthos</a> TR27. <a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a> TR28. <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> TR29. <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> TR30. <a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a> TR31. <a href="/wiki/Sestos" title="Sestos">Sestos</a> TR32. <a href="/wiki/Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a> TR33. <a href="/wiki/Band%C4%B1rma" title="Bandırma">Panormos</a> TR34. <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a> TR35. <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Ilion</a> TR36. <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Sigeion</a> TR37. <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> TR38. <a href="/wiki/Tirebolu" title="Tirebolu">Tirebolu</a> TR39. <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a> TR40. <a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a> TR41. <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a> TR42. <a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a> TR43. <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7aabat" title="Akçaabat">Pharnakia</a> TR44. <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a> TR45. <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a> TR46. <a href="/wiki/Themiscyra_(Pontus)" title="Themiscyra (Pontus)">Themiscyra</a> TR47. <a href="/wiki/Astacus_in_Bithynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Astacus in Bithynia">Astacus in Bithynia</a> TR48. <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a> TR49. <a href="/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)" title="Pitane (Aeolis)">Pitane</a> TR50. <a href="/wiki/Phocaea" title="Phocaea">Phocaea</a> TR51. <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> TR52. <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> TR53. <a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a> TR55. <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a> TR56. <a href="/wiki/Patara,_Lycia" class="mw-redirect" title="Patara, Lycia">Patara</a> TR57. <a href="/wiki/Canae" title="Canae">Canae</a> TR58. <a href="/wiki/Bargylia" title="Bargylia">Bargylia</a> TR59. <a href="/wiki/Madytus" title="Madytus">Madytus</a> TR60. <a href="/wiki/Elaeus" title="Elaeus">Elaeus</a> TR61. <a href="/wiki/Tieion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tieion">Tieion</a> TR62. <a href="/wiki/Apamea_Myrlea" title="Apamea Myrlea">Apamea Myrlea</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR63. <a href="/wiki/Klazomenai" title="Klazomenai">Klazomenai</a> TR64. <a href="/wiki/Notion_(ancient_city)" title="Notion (ancient city)">Notion</a> TR65. <a href="/wiki/Parium" title="Parium">Parion</a> TR66. <a href="/wiki/Heraion_(Thrace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraion (Thrace)">Heraion Teichos</a> TR67. <a href="/wiki/Bisanthe" title="Bisanthe">Bisanthe</a> TR68. <a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a> TR69. <a href="/wiki/Karabiga" title="Karabiga">Priapus</a> TR70. <a href="/wiki/Alopeconnesus" title="Alopeconnesus">Alopeconnesus</a> TR71. <a href="/wiki/Limnae_(Bithynia)" title="Limnae (Bithynia)">Limnae</a> TR73. <a href="/wiki/Crithote_(Thrace)" title="Crithote (Thrace)">Crithote</a> TR74. <a href="/wiki/Pactya" title="Pactya">Pactya</a> TR75. <a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Perinthus</a> TR76. <a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a> TR77. <a href="/wiki/Teichiussa" title="Teichiussa">Teichiussa</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR78. <a href="/wiki/Triopium" title="Triopium">Triopium</a> TR79. <a href="/wiki/Placia" title="Placia">Placia</a> TR80. <a href="/wiki/Scylace" title="Scylace">Scylace</a> TR81. <a href="/wiki/Arisba" title="Arisba">Arisba</a> TR82. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mysia)" title="Apollonia (Mysia)">Apollonia</a> TR83. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_ad_Rhyndacum" title="Apollonia ad Rhyndacum">Apollonia ad Rhyndacum</a> TR84. <a href="/wiki/Myrina_(Aeolis)" title="Myrina (Aeolis)">Myrina</a> TR85. <a href="/wiki/Pythopolis_(Mysia)" title="Pythopolis (Mysia)">Pythopolis</a> TR86. <a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a> TR87. <a href="/wiki/Armene" title="Armene">Armene</a> TR88. <a href="/wiki/Kolonai" title="Kolonai">Kolonai</a> TR89. <a href="/wiki/Paesus" title="Paesus">Paesus</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR90. <a href="/wiki/Scepsis" title="Scepsis">Scepsis</a> TR91. <a href="/wiki/Myus" title="Myus">Myus</a> TR92. <a href="/wiki/Mallus_(Cilicia)" title="Mallus (Cilicia)">Mallus</a> TR93. <a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsus</a> TR94. <a href="/wiki/Caryanda" title="Caryanda">Caryanda</a> TR95. <a href="/wiki/Athenae_(Pontus)" title="Athenae (Pontus)">Athenae</a> TR96. <a href="/wiki/Syrna_(Caria)" title="Syrna (Caria)">Syrna</a> TR97. <a href="/wiki/Cyme_(Aeolis)" title="Cyme (Aeolis)">Cyme</a> TR98. <a href="/wiki/Marathesium" title="Marathesium">Marathesium</a> TR99. <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a> TR100. <a href="/wiki/Neonteichos" title="Neonteichos">Neonteichos</a> TR101. <a href="/wiki/Artace_(Mysia)" title="Artace (Mysia)">Artace</a> TR102. <a href="/wiki/Semystra" title="Semystra">Semystra</a> TR103. <a href="/wiki/Cobrys" title="Cobrys">Cobrys</a> TR104. <a href="/wiki/Cypasis" title="Cypasis">Cypasis</a> TR105. <a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Kydonies</a> TR106. <a href="/wiki/Coryphas" title="Coryphas">Coryphas</a> TR107. <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_(Aeolis)" title="Heraclea (Aeolis)">Heraclea (Aeolis)</a> TR108. <a href="/wiki/Gargara" title="Gargara">Gargara</a> TR109. <a href="/wiki/Lamponeia" title="Lamponeia">Lamponeia</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR110. <a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Aeolis)" title="Elaea (Aeolis)">Elaea</a> TR111. <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Mariandyn</a> TR112. <a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a> TR113. <a href="/wiki/Knidos" title="Knidos">Knidos</a> TR114. <a href="/wiki/Prusias_ad_Hypium" title="Prusias ad Hypium">Prusias ad Hypium</a> TR115. <a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(city)" title="Dardanus (city)">Dardanus</a> TR116. <a href="/wiki/Pygela" title="Pygela">Pygela</a> TR117. <a href="/wiki/Temnos" title="Temnos">Temnos</a> TR118. <a href="/wiki/Gryneium" title="Gryneium">Gryneium</a> TR119. <a href="/wiki/Aigai_(Aeolis)" title="Aigai (Aeolis)">Aigai</a> TR120. <a href="/wiki/Rhoiteion" title="Rhoiteion">Rhoiteion</a> TR121. <a href="/wiki/Cadrema" title="Cadrema">Cadrema</a> TR122. <a href="/wiki/Daminon_Teichos" title="Daminon Teichos">Daminon Teichos</a> TR123. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrela (page does not exist)">Hydrela</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR124. <a href="/wiki/Athymbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Athymbra">Athymbra</a> TR125. <a href="/wiki/Carussa" title="Carussa">Carussa</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR126. <a href="/wiki/Termera" title="Termera">Termera</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR127. <a href="/wiki/Hamaxitus" title="Hamaxitus">Hamaxitus</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR128. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mastya (page does not exist)">Mastya</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TR129.<a href="/wiki/Nagidos" title="Nagidos">Nagidos</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Ukraine">Modern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Modern Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>* According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geloni" class="mw-redirect" title="Geloni">Geloni</a> were originally Greeks who settle away from the coastal emporia among the Budini and their language evolved into half Greek and half Scythian.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jozef_%C5%A0af%C3%A1rik" title="Pavel Jozef Šafárik">Pavel Jozef Šafárik</a> wrote that they might be Greeks among the Slavs and Fins (Μιξέλληνες - half Greeks half barbarians).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U1. <a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U2. <a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a> U3. <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Olbia_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Olbia (archaeological site)">Olbia</a> U4. <a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U5. <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> U6. <a href="/wiki/Panticapaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panticapaeum">Panticapaeum</a> U7. <a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a> U8. <a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a> U9. <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a> U10. <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a> U11. <a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a> U11. <a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a> U12. <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a> U13. <a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a> U14. <a href="/wiki/Chornomorske" title="Chornomorske">Kalos Limen</a> U15. <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalita</a> U16. <a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a> U17.<a href="/wiki/Manitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitra">Manitra</a><sup id="cite_ref-Manitra_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manitra-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U18. <a href="/wiki/Gelonus" title="Gelonus">Gelonus</a>* U19. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarpanchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarpanchi (page does not exist)">Tarpanchi</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/800px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/1200px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/1600px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Greek colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and their metropolitan cities depicted with red labels, while <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> colonies are depicted with yellow labels</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ragazzi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ragazzi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/magna-grecia_%28Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi%29/">"Magna Grecia"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magna+Grecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmagna-grecia_%2528Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDescœudres2013" class="citation journal cs1">Descœudres, Jean-Paul (4 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm260">"Greek colonization movement, 8th–6th centuries"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444351071.wbeghm260">10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3489-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3489-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-3489-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Human+Migration&rft.atitle=Greek+colonization+movement%2C+8th%E2%80%936th+centuries&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444351071.wbeghm260&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3489-0&rft.aulast=Desc%C5%93udres&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9781444351071.wbeghm260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histnat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histnat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histnat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histnat_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histnat_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaos_Papahatzis1971" class="citation book cs1">Nikolaos Papahatzis; et al. (1971). <i>Ιστορία του ελληνικού έθνους</i> [<i>History of the Greek Nation</i>]. Vol. 2. Ekdotike Athenon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%AD%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82&rft.pub=Ekdotike+Athenon&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Nikolaos+Papahatzis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ml-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ml_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ml_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardo2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lombardo, Mario (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518967.2012.669150">"Greek colonization: small and large islands"</a>. <i>Mediterranean Historical Review</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 73–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09518967.2012.669150">10.1080/09518967.2012.669150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0951-8967">0951-8967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Greek+colonization%3A+small+and+large+islands&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-85&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09518967.2012.669150&rft.issn=0951-8967&rft.aulast=Lombardo&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F09518967.2012.669150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleni_Triakoupoulou-Salakidou1997" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eleni Triakoupoulou-Salakidou (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaiologia.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/63-14.pdf">"Ακάνθος-Εριίσσος-Ιερίσσος"</a> [Acanthus-Erissus-Hierissus] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνες (Archaeology & Art)</i> (in Greek). Vol. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82+%28Archaeology+%26+Art%29&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.volume=63&rft.date=1997-06&rft.au=Eleni+Triakoupoulou-Salakidou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaiologia.gr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F07%2F63-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.perseus-grc1:4.102">Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, 4.102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0129%3Achapter%3D9">Plutarch, Alexander, 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MAG</span>-nə <span style="font-size:90%">GREE</span>-see-ə, -⁠ <span style="font-size:90%">GREE</span>-shə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠ <span style="font-size:90%">GRAY</span>-shə</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈmaŋna<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡrae̯ki.a]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Great[er] Greece</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Megálē Hellás</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[meɡálɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>hellás]</a></span>, with the same meaning; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Magna Grecia</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈmaɲɲa<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡrɛːtʃa]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tozer2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tozer2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Fanshawe_Tozer2014" class="citation book cs1">Henry Fanshawe Tozer (30 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lsS0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>A History of Ancient Geography</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-07875-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-07875-7"><bdi>978-1-108-07875-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Geography&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-108-07875-7&rft.au=Henry+Fanshawe+Tozer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlsS0BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CerchiaiJannelli2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CerchiaiJannelli2004_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuca_CerchiaiLorena_JannelliFausto_Longo2004" class="citation book cs1">Luca Cerchiai; Lorena Jannelli; Fausto Longo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fH32nSiCue0C"><i>The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-751-1"><bdi>978-0-89236-751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Cities+of+Magna+Graecia+and+Sicily&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-751-1&rft.au=Luca+Cerchiai&rft.au=Lorena+Jannelli&rft.au=Fausto+Longo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfH32nSiCue0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STEFANIA DE VIDO 'Capitani coraggiosi'. Gli Eubei nel Mediterraneo C. Bearzot, F. Landucci, in Tra il mare e il continente: l'isola d'Eubea (2013) ISBN 978-88-343-2634-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo 6.1.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus 8.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magna_grecia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magna_grecia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/magna-grecia_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/">"MAGNA GRECIA"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MAGNA+GRECIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fmagna-grecia_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>, 6.1.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1903). "6.2.2". <i>Geographica</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Falconer_(translator)" title="William Falconer (translator)">W. Falconer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.2.2&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+6.2+">6.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Peter S. (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Fajaonline1144.allen">"Book Review of Meetings of Cultures: Between Conflict and Coexistence, edited by Pia Guldager Bilde and Jane Hjarl Petersen"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>114</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3764%2Fajaonline1144.allen">10.3764/ajaonline1144.allen</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-828X">1939-828X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Book+Review+of+Meetings+of+Cultures%3A+Between+Conflict+and+Coexistence%2C+edited+by+Pia+Guldager+Bilde+and+Jane+Hjarl+Petersen&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3764%2Fajaonline1144.allen&rft.issn=1939-828X&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3764%252Fajaonline1144.allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strabo6.2.6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strabo6.2.6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1903). "6.2.6". <i>Geographica</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Falconer_(translator)" title="William Falconer (translator)">W. Falconer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.2.6&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span> in <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+6.2+">6.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LA COLONIZZAZIONE E LE ORIGINI DEI COLONI <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.locriantica.it/storia/per_greco1.htm">https://www.locriantica.it/storia/per_greco1.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabanes2008" class="citation book cs1">Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In <a href="/wiki/Gocha_R._Tsetskhladze" title="Gocha R. Tsetskhladze">Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bO55DwAAQBAJ"><i>Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas</i></a>. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047442448" title="Special:BookSources/9789047442448"><bdi>9789047442448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Colonisation+in+the+Adriatic&rft.btitle=Greek+Colonisation%3A+An+Account+of+Greek+Colonies+and+Other+Settlements+Overseas&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789047442448&rft.aulast=Cabanes&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbO55DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes2008175-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes2008175_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabanes2008">Cabanes 2008</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.22.4">Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.22.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkes, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+at+the+Crossroad+of+Civilisations%3A+Two+Contemporary+Views&rft.pub=The+Foundation+for+Science%2C+Technology+and+Civilisation+UK+%28FSTC+UK%29&rft.date=2009-01-24&rft.au=The+editorial+team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimheritage.com%2Fgaza-crossroad-civilisations-two-contemp-views%2F%23sec3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span> Article references a book and an exhibition: Gerald Butt (1995), <i>Life at the Crossroads: A History of Gaza</i>, and "Gaza at the Crossroads of Civilizations" (2007) at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_(Geneva)" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva)">Musée d'art et d'histoire in Geneva</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antikforever.com/Syrie-Palestine/Philistins%20Arameens/gaza_ascalon.htm"><i>Les Villes Philistines, Gaza, Ascalon</i></a>(in French), at antikforever.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901040000/http://antikforever.com/Syrie-Palestine/Philistins%20Arameens/gaza_ascalon.htm">Archived</a> 1 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D16%3Aentry%3Dmyrlea-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Myrlēa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:id=teichiussa">The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Teichiussa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dpaesus-geo">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Paesus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DL%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Dlamponeia-geo">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Lamponeia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=hydrela-geo">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Hydrela</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x47056">The British museum, Hydrela</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DG%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dgeloni-geo">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Geloni</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0004:entry=borysthenes">Perseus Encyclopedia, Borysthenes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=nikonion">The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister, Stillwell, Richard, MacDonald, William L., McAlister, Marian Holland, Ed., Nikonion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekerskaya2001" class="citation book cs1">Sekerskaya, N. M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTSeiXqGKBwC&pg=PA67">"Nikonion"</a>. In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (ed.). <i>North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies</i>. Colloquia Pontica. Vol. 6. Leiden: Brill. pp. 67–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004120419" title="Special:BookSources/9789004120419"><bdi>9789004120419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nikonion&rft.btitle=North+Pontic+Archaeology%3A+Recent+Discoveries+and+Studies&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Colloquia+Pontica&rft.pages=67-90&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789004120419&rft.aulast=Sekerskaya&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTSeiXqGKBwC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=tarpanchi">The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Tarpanchi, Crimea</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuchtriegel2020" class="citation book cs1">Zuchtriegel, Gabriel (2020). <i>Colonization and Subalternity in Classical Greece: Experience of the Nonelite Population</i>. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108409223" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108409223"><bdi>978-1108409223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonization+and+Subalternity+in+Classical+Greece%3A+Experience+of+the+Nonelite+Population&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1108409223&rft.aulast=Zuchtriegel&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucasMurrayOwen2019" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Jason; Murray, Carrie Ann; Owen, Sara (2019). <i>Greek Colonization in Local Context: Case Studies Exploring the Dynamics among Locals and Colonizers</i>. University of Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology Monographs. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789251326" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789251326"><bdi>978-1789251326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Colonization+in+Local+Context%3A+Case+Studies+Exploring+the+Dynamics+among+Locals+and+Colonizers&rft.series=University+of+Cambridge+Museum+of+Classical+Archaeology+Monographs&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1789251326&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Murray%2C+Carrie+Ann&rft.au=Owen%2C+Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladzeAtasoyTemürYiğitpaşa2019" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.; Atasoy, Sümer; Temür, Akın; Yiğitpaşa, Davut (2019). <i>Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Sea and Its Hinterland in Antiquity: Select Papers from the Third International Conference 'The Black Sea in Antiquity and Tekkeköy: An Ancient Settlement on the Southern Black Sea Coast', 27-29 October 2017, Tekkeköy, Samsun</i>. Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvwh8bw7">10.2307/j.ctvwh8bw7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241412939">241412939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlements+and+Necropoleis+of+the+Black+Sea+and+Its+Hinterland+in+Antiquity%3A+Select+Papers+from+the+Third+International+Conference+%27The+Black+Sea+in+Antiquity+and+Tekkek%C3%B6y%3A+An+Ancient+Settlement+on+the+Southern+Black+Sea+Coast%27%2C+27-29+October+2017%2C+Tekkek%C3%B6y%2C+Samsun.&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvwh8bw7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241412939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha+R.&rft.au=Atasoy%2C+S%C3%BCmer&rft.au=Tem%C3%BCr%2C+Ak%C4%B1n&rft.au=Yi%C4%9Fitpa%C5%9Fa%2C+Davut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosher2016" class="citation book cs1">Bosher, Kathryn (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EE0hAwAAQBAJ"><i>Theater outside Athens: Drama in Greek Sicily and South Italy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107527508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107527508"><bdi>978-1107527508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theater+outside+Athens%3A+Drama+in+Greek+Sicily+and+South+Italy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1107527508&rft.aulast=Bosher&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEE0hAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrad2013" class="citation book cs1">Irad, Malkin (2013). <i>A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean</i>. Oxford University Press; Reprint edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199315727" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199315727"><bdi>978-0199315727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Small+Greek+World%3A+Networks+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199315727&rft.aulast=Irad&rft.aufirst=Malkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladze2011" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2011). <i>The Black Sea, Greece, Anatolia and Europe in the First Millennium BC</i>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042923249" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042923249"><bdi>978-9042923249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea%2C+Greece%2C+Anatolia+and+Europe+in+the+First+Millennium+BC&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9042923249&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2010" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, P. J. (2010). <i>A History of the Classical Greek World: 478 - 323 BC</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405192866" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405192866"><bdi>978-1405192866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Classical+Greek+World%3A+478+-+323+BC&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1405192866&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietlerLópez-Ruiz2009" class="citation book cs1">Dietler, Michael; López-Ruiz, Carolina (2009). <i>Colonial Encounters in Ancient Iberia: Phoenician, Greek, and Indigenous Relations</i>. University Of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226148472" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226148472"><bdi>978-0226148472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Encounters+in+Ancient+Iberia%3A+Phoenician%2C+Greek%2C+and+Indigenous+Relations&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0226148472&rft.aulast=Dietler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Ruiz%2C+Carolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladze2008" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3C9b4FvpEwC"><i>Greek Colonisation: An Account Of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas: Volume 2</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004155763" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004155763"><bdi>978-9004155763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Colonisation%3A+An+Account+Of+Greek+Colonies+and+Other+Settlements+Overseas%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004155763&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3C9b4FvpEwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladze2006" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2006). <i>Greek Colonisation: An Account Of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas: Volume 1</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004122048" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004122048"><bdi>978-9004122048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Colonisation%3A+An+Account+Of+Greek+Colonies+and+Other+Settlements+Overseas%3A+Volume+1&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9004122048&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirigin2006" class="citation book cs1">Kirigin, Branko (2006). <i>Pharos. The Parian Settlement in Dalmatia: A study of a Greek colony in the Adriatic</i>. British Archaeological Reports. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841719917" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841719917"><bdi>978-1841719917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharos.+The+Parian+Settlement+in+Dalmatia%3A+A+study+of+a+Greek+colony+in+the+Adriatic&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1841719917&rft.aulast=Kirigin&rft.aufirst=Branko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2006" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jonathan M. (2006). <i>A History of the Archaic Greek World: ca. 1200-479 BCE</i>. Wiley-Blackwel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631226680" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631226680"><bdi>978-0631226680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Archaic+Greek+World%3A+ca.+1200-479+BCE&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwel&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0631226680&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerchiaiJanelliLongoEdward_Smith2004" class="citation book cs1">Cerchiai, Luca; Janelli, Lorena; Longo, Fausto; Edward Smith, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fH32nSiCue0C"><i>The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily</i></a>. J. Paul Getty Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892367511" title="Special:BookSources/978-0892367511"><bdi>978-0892367511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Cities+of+Magna+Graecia+and+Sicily&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0892367511&rft.aulast=Cerchiai&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.au=Janelli%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Longo%2C+Fausto&rft.au=Edward+Smith%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfH32nSiCue0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladze2004" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2004). <i>The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation: Essays Dedicated to Sir John Boardman</i>. Oxford University School of Archaeology; 2nd Revised edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0947816612" title="Special:BookSources/978-0947816612"><bdi>978-0947816612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Greek+Colonisation%3A+Essays+Dedicated+to+Sir+John+Boardman&rft.pub=Oxford+University+School+of+Archaeology%3B+2nd+Revised+edition&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0947816612&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladzeSnodgrass2002" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha; Snodgrass, A. M. (2002). <i>Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea</i>. British Archaeological Reports. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841714424" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841714424"><bdi>978-1841714424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Settlements+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+and+the+Black+Sea&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1841714424&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha&rft.au=Snodgrass%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2001" class="citation book cs1">Graham (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFl_DgN73UUC"><i>Collected Papers on Greek Colonization</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004116344" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004116344"><bdi>978-9004116344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+on+Greek+Colonization&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004116344&rft.au=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFl_DgN73UUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominguezSanchez2001" class="citation book cs1">Dominguez, Adolfo; Sanchez, Carmen (2001). <i>Greek Pottery from the Iberian Peninsula: Archaic and Classical Periods</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004116047" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004116047"><bdi>978-9004116047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Pottery+from+the+Iberian+Peninsula%3A+Archaic+and+Classical+Periods&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004116047&rft.aulast=Dominguez&rft.aufirst=Adolfo&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanSolovyovTsetskhladze2001" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John; Solovyov, Sergei; Tsetskhladze, Gocha (2001). <i>Northern Pontic Antiquities in the State Hermitage Museum</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004121461" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004121461"><bdi>978-9004121461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Pontic+Antiquities+in+the+State+Hermitage+Museum&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004121461&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Solovyov%2C+Sergei&rft.au=Tsetskhladze%2C+Gocha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1999" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1999). <i>The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500281093" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500281093"><bdi>978-0500281093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+Overseas%3A+Their+Early+Colonies+and+Trade&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0500281093&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladze1998" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (1998). <i>The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area</i>. Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3515073028" title="Special:BookSources/978-3515073028"><bdi>978-3515073028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Colonisation+of+the+Black+Sea+Area&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3515073028&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac1997" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Benjamin H. (1997). <i>The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest</i>. Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society, Vol 10. Brill Academic Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004069213" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004069213"><bdi>978-9004069213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Settlements+in+Thrace+Until+the+Macedonian+Conquest&rft.series=Studies+of+the+Dutch+Archaeological+and+Historical+Society%2C+Vol+10&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9004069213&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreister1997" class="citation book cs1">Treister, M Yu (1997). <i>The Role of Metals in Ancient Greek History</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004104730" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004104730"><bdi>978-9004104730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Metals+in+Ancient+Greek+History&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9004104730&rft.aulast=Treister&rft.aufirst=M+Yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Getzel M. (1996). <i>The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor</i>. Hellenistic Culture and Society. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520083295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520083295"><bdi>978-0520083295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Settlements+in+Europe%2C+the+Islands%2C+and+Asia+Minor&rft.series=Hellenistic+Culture+and+Society&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0520083295&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Getzel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrad1987" class="citation book cs1">Irad, Malkin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-0UAAAAIAAJ"><i>Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004071193" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004071193"><bdi>978-9004071193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Colonization+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-9004071193&rft.aulast=Irad&rft.aufirst=Malkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-0UAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSealey1976" class="citation book cs1">Sealey, Raphæl (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JT_zty82ZUC"><i>A History of the Greek City States, 700-338 B. C.</i></a> University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520031777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520031777"><bdi>978-0520031777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Greek+City+States%2C+700-338+B.+C.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0520031777&rft.aulast=Sealey&rft.aufirst=Raph%C3%A6l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JT_zty82ZUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+colonisation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonisation&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.oxfordre.com/page/maps-greek-colonies">Greek colonies to 500 BCE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/angk/hd_angk.htm">Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art-The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/the-places">Topostext: Education / Reference Tool for Greek Civilization</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hellenistic/Macedonian_colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Template:Hellenistic colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hellenistic_colonies" title="Template 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2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/70px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/105px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg/140px-Alexander_III_empire_map-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Arachosia" title="Alexandria Arachosia">Alexandria Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ariana" title="Alexandria Ariana">Alexandria Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_in_the_Caucasus" title="Alexandria in the Caucasus">Alexandria in the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Indus" title="Alexandria on the Indus">Alexandria on the Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea Paralos</a></li> <li><a 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