CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html><head><title>Google Scholar</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><meta name="google-site-verification" content="Y8J1_s45IeTudoUMT5t7AB5kel7unVEK-WjxXG4nPkQ"><link rel="canonical" href="https://scholar.google.com.au/"><meta name="description" content="Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Search across a wide variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions."><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_md_ac{position:absolute;top:28px;left:0;right:0;z-index:1100;white-space:normal;display:none;pointer-events:none;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"]{text-align:left;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"]{text-align:right;}.gs_md_ac ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;line-height:1.24;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);touch-action:manipulation;cursor:pointer;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;pointer-events:auto;}.gs_md_acp{display:flex;line-height:0;}.gs_md_acp .gs_md_acs,.gs_md_acp ul{max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_acs{visibility:hidden;white-space:pre;height:0;min-width:0%;flex:0 1 auto;font-size:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_acs{font-size:18px;}.gs_md_acp ul{white-space:nowrap;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_md_ac li{position:relative;padding:2px 8px;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;color:#222;background-color:#fff;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_md_ac li.gs_sel{color:#000;background-color:#c6dafc;}.gs_md_ac li:active{background-color:#e8f0fe;}.gs_el_ios .gs_md_ac li:active{background-color:#fff;}.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh,.gs_md_ac li.gs_md_ac_lh b{color:#660099;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li{padding:11px 8px 9px 8px;font-size:18px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac li:first-child{border-top:none;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-right:29px;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-left:29px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-right:49px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] li.gs_md_ac_lh{padding-left:49px;}.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{position:absolute;top:0;}.gs_md_ac[dir="ltr"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{right:0;}.gs_md_ac[dir="rtl"] .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X{left:0;}.gs_el_tc #gs_top .gs_md_ac .gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_Xt{padding:10px;}.gs_md_ac_lh .gs_ico_X:hover{background-color:#eee;}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_lgt:empty{min-width:60px;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_hdr{background-color:transparent;border-color:transparent;margin-bottom:166px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{margin-bottom:134px;}#gs_hdr_md{position:static;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu{display:inline-block;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:0;}#gs_hdr_lgo{display:none;}#gs_hdr_hpl{padding:17px 4px;margin-left:-6px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_hpl,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_hpl{display:none;}#gs_hdr_hpl a{margin:0 16px;}#gs_hdr_srch{position:absolute;padding:0;top:64px;left:56px;right:56px;max-width:none;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch{padding:0;top:58px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:0;top:58px;left:16px;right:16px;}#gs_hdr_hp_lgow{margin:32px 0;height:64px;line-height:64px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_hp_lgow{margin:16px 0;}#gs_hdr_hp_lgo{display:inline-block;width:381px;max-width:90%;vertical-align:bottom;}#gs_hdr_frm{margin:0 auto;max-width:540px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;}@media(min-height:850px){#gs_hdr{margin-bottom:calc(33vh - 108px);}#gs_hdr_hp_lgow{margin-top:calc(33vh - 242px);}}@media(max-height:749px){.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_hp_lgow,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_hp_lgow,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_srch{top:10px;right:16px;}.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_srch{top:10px;}.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_frm,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_frm{max-width:none;}}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 56px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px 0 56px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px 0 56px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}.gsh_clim{display:table-row}.gsh_clil,.gsh_clic{display:table-cell;padding-bottom:8px}.gsh_clil{padding-right:8px;}.gsh_lla{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.gsh_lua{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.gsh_llr{list-style-type:lower-roman}.gsh_lur{list-style-type:upper-roman}.gsh_l>li{margin-left:32px;}.gs_fma .gsh_l>li{margin-left:16px;}.gsh_h3{font-size:inherit;font-weight:normal}.gsh_h3,.gsh_csp{margin:16px 0}.gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin-top:-8px}.gs_fma .gsh_h3{margin:12px 0 0 0;font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_fma_abs .gsh_csp{margin:0 0 12px 0;}.gs_fma b,.gs_fma .gsh_h3{color:#444;}.gs_fma .gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_fma .gsh_csp:last-child,.gs_fma .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin:0;}.gs_fma ul .gsh_clim:last-child .gsh_clic{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_fma ul,.gs_fma ol{margin:12px 0;}.gsh_ovln{text-decoration:overline}.gsh_small .gsh_l .gsh_csp{margin:8px 0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:first-child,.gsh_small .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin-top:0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.gsh_dspfr{text-align:center}.gsh_dspfr svg{margin:8px 0}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}#gs_hp_main{text-align:center;padding-right:32px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hp_main{padding-right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hp_main{padding:0;}#gs_hp_giants,#gs_hp_eng{margin:32px 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hp_giants,.gs_el_ph #gs_hp_eng{margin:16px 8px;}#gs_hp_giants{font-weight:bold;}#gs_hp_eng a{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}#gs_hp_sdt,#gs_hp_lr{margin:16px 0;}#gs_hp_sdtl a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hp_sdtl a{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gs_hp_ra{display:inline-block;margin:0 0 12px 12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_hp_ra:first-child{margin-left:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hp_ra{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_hp_lr .gs_hp_ra:last-child{white-space:normal;}#gs_md_albl-d{width:483px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_albl-d{width:100%;}.gs_lbl_btns{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:18px 16px;}.gs_lbl_hide{display:none;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var m,aa=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ba=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},ca=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },da=ca(this),r=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=da;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ba(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; r("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,g){this.Ya=f;ba(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:g})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.Ya};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e}); r("Symbol.iterator",function(a){if(a)return a;a=Symbol("Symbol.iterator");for(var b="Array Int8Array Uint8Array Uint8ClampedArray Int16Array Uint16Array Int32Array Uint32Array Float32Array Float64Array".split(" "),c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=da[b[c]];typeof d==="function"&&typeof d.prototype[a]!="function"&&ba(d.prototype,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:function(){return ea(aa(this))}})}return a}); var ea=function(a){a={next:a};a[Symbol.iterator]=function(){return this};return a},t=function(a){var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)return b.call(a);if(typeof a.length=="number")return{next:aa(a)};throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");},fa=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},ha; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")ha=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ia;a:{var ja={a:!0},ka={};try{ka.__proto__=ja;ia=ka.a;break a}catch(a){}ia=!1}ha=ia?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var la=ha,ma=function(a,b){a.prototype=fa(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(la)la(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.Sb=b.prototype};r("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); r("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var na=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};r("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});var oa=function(a){return a?a:na};r("Int8Array.prototype.at",oa);r("Uint8Array.prototype.at",oa);r("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",oa);r("Int16Array.prototype.at",oa); r("Uint16Array.prototype.at",oa);r("Int32Array.prototype.at",oa);r("Uint32Array.prototype.at",oa);r("Float32Array.prototype.at",oa);r("Float64Array.prototype.at",oa);r("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});var pa=function(a,b){a instanceof String&&(a+="");var c=0,d=!1,e={next:function(){if(!d&&c<a.length){var f=c++;return{value:b(f,a[f]),done:!1}}d=!0;return{done:!0,value:void 0}}};e[Symbol.iterator]=function(){return e};return e}; r("Array.prototype.keys",function(a){return a?a:function(){return pa(this,function(b){return b})}});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var qa=function(a){var b=typeof a;return b=="object"&&a!=null||b=="function"},ra=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var sa=function(){this.Z=this.Z;this.ha=this.ha};sa.prototype.Z=!1;sa.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.Z};sa.prototype.dispose=function(){this.Z||(this.Z=!0,this.ma())};sa.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};sa.prototype.ma=function(){if(this.ha)for(;this.ha.length;)this.ha.shift()()};var ta=function(){};function u(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function v(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function w(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function x(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!w(a,b);(c?u:v)(a,b);return c};function y(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var ua=y("iPhone")||y("iPad")||y("iPod"),va=y("iPhone")||y("Android")&&y("Mobile");function xa(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,Qb:a.width,Pb:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.Qb;b=b.Pb;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||va)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var ya,za=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); ya=za?+za[1]>0:y("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!y("Firefox")||y("Mobile")||y("Tablet")?ua||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function Aa(){if(Ba==void 0){Ba=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){Ba=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",ta,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",ta,a)}catch(b){}}return Ba}var Ba;var Ca=function(a){this.Rb=a},Da=new Ca("B"),Ea=new Ca("DIV"),Fa=new Ca("IFRAME"),Ga=new Ca("INPUT"),Ha=new Ca("LI"),Ia=new Ca("STYLE"),Ja=new Ca("SPAN");function z(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function B(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Ka++)}function C(a,b){return a.getAttribute(b)||""}function La(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"} function Ma(a,b){var c=[];a=a.elements;for(var d=a.length,e=0;e<d;e++){var f=a[e],g=encodeURIComponent(f.name||""),h=f.type;!g||b&&!b(f)||f.disabled||!(h!="checkbox"&&h!="radio"||f.checked)||c.push(g+"="+encodeURIComponent(f.value||""))}return c.join("&")}function Na(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=G(Ga),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}function Oa(a){a.match(Pa)&&(window.location.href=a)}function G(a){return document.createElement(a.Rb)} function Qa(a){var b=G(Ea);b.className=a;return b}function Ra(a){var b=z(a);b||(b=G(Ia),b.id=a,document.head.appendChild(b));return b}function Sa(a){for(;a;){var b=a.nodeName;if(b=="A")return a;if(b=="SPAN"||b=="B"||b=="I"||b=="EM"||b=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}return null}function Ta(a){return"transform:scale(1,"+a+");"}function H(a){return"transform:translate(0,"+a+"px);"}var Ka=100,Ua=/\S+/g,Pa=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Wa=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function Xa(){return Date.now()}function Ya(){return window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Xa()}function Za(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++$a}var $a=0;function ab(a){var b=[];a=t(a);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next())c=c.value.charCodeAt(0),b.push(c<32||c>=126?c:String.fromCharCode(32+(c-32+47)%94))};var J=function(){this.A=[];this.da={};this.va=this.J=0};J.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Za(a);this.da[b]||(this.A.push(a),this.da[b]=this.A.length,++this.J)};J.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Za(a);var b=this.da[a];b&&(this.A[b-1]=null,delete this.da[a],--this.J*2<this.A.length&&!this.va&&bb(this))};J.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.A;try{++this.va;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.va&&this.J*2<b.length&&bb(this)}};J.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.J}; var bb=function(a){var b=a.A,c=b.length;a=a.da;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Za(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function K(a,b,c,d,e){cb(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,db)}function L(a,b,c,d){cb(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,eb)}function fb(a,b,c,d,e){function f(g){L(a,b,f,d);c(g)}d=d===void 0?!1:d;K(a,b,f,d,e===void 0?!1:e);return f}function gb(a,b,c,d){var e=fb(a,"animationend",function(g){clearTimeout(f);b(g)}),f=setTimeout(function(){L(a,"animationend",e);d&&d()},c)}function M(a){hb?hb.add(a):a()} var ib=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(Ya())},33)};function jb(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function kb(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function db(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&Aa();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function eb(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)} function cb(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var g=b.length,h=0;h<g;h++)f(a,b[h],c,d,e)}function lb(){hb.notify();hb=null}function mb(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(L(document,"readystatechange",mb),lb())}var hb,nb=!!document.attachEvent,ob=document.readyState;if(nb?ob!="complete":ob=="loading")hb=new J,nb?K(document,"readystatechange",mb):fb(document,"DOMContentLoaded",lb); function pb(){fb(document,["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);K(document,"keydown",qb,!0)},!0,!0)}function qb(a){a.keyCode==9&&(x(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),L(document,"keydown",qb,!0),pb())}pb();function rb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=z(a);sb(f,function(){u(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){v(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function tb(a){a=N[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function sb(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var g=B(a),h=tb(g);if(!h||h<tb(f)){var k=document.activeElement;f=z(f);ub(vb(f||a),!0);b&&b();wb.push(function(l){N[g].pop();N[g].length||delete N[g];if(!l){(l=e)||k==document.body||(l=k);var n=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(p){}else n&&a.contains(n)&&n.blur()}c&&c()});N[g]||(N[g]=[]);N[g].push(wb.length);k&&a.contains(k)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,n=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||n&&ya)l=a;try{l.focus(),n&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(p){}},0)}} function xb(a){ub((tb(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function yb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;wb.pop()(a)}function ub(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;wb.length>a;)yb(b||wb.length>a+1)}function vb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=tb(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var wb=[],N={};K(document,"click",function(a){var b=wb.length;b&&!kb(a)&&b>vb(a.target)&&yb(!0)});K(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!kb(a)&&wb.length&&yb()}); K(document,"focus",function(a){var b=wb.length;if(b)for(var c=vb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in N)if(tb(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(z(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Ua)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var g=z(d[f]);if(g&&g.offsetWidth){d=g;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){jb(a);d.focus();break}else yb(!0),--b}},!0);function zb(a,b,c,d){if((d===void 0?0:d)||!(c in Ab)){a=a&&a.getItem(c);if(a)try{var e=JSON.parse(a)}catch(f){}b[c]=e}return b[c]}function Bb(a,b,c,d){b[c]=d;try{a&&a.setItem(c,JSON.stringify(d))}catch(e){}}function Cb(a){var b=Eb;delete Ab[a];try{b&&b.removeItem(a)}catch(c){}}function Fb(a,b){return zb(Eb,Ab,a,b===void 0?!1:b)}var Ab={},Eb,Gb={},Hb;try{Eb=window.localStorage,Hb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function Ib(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function Jb(){return Kb||Ib(window.history.state)}function Lb(){var a=Mb(),b=Nb();b=Ob(b);a=Pb(a);a=Qb(a)||"#";Kb=Ib(b);Rb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function Sb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return b.sort().join("&")}function Qb(a){return(a=Sb(a))?"#"+a:""} function Tb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function Ub(){var a=window.location.hash,b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return Tb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function Vb(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return Tb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function Wb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}} function Pb(a){var b=Ub();Wb(b,a);return b}function Ob(a){var b=Jb(),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];Wb(c,a);return c}function Xb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!Yb){var a=window.history.state;Yb=!0;Kb=Ib(a);Zb.notify()}$b=!1},0)}var Zb=new J,Kb,Yb=!1,$b=!0,Rb="pushState"in window.history,ac; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")ac=!1;else{var bc=.001*Xa(),cc=GSP.eventId,dc=!1,ec=zb(Hb,Gb,"nh",!1);ec instanceof Array||(ec=[]);for(var fc=ec.length,gc=0,hc=0;hc<fc;hc++){var ic=ec[hc];if(ic instanceof Array&&ic.length==2){var jc=ic[1]==cc;dc=dc||jc;fc-hc<=10&&+ic[0]>bc-86400&&!jc&&(ec[gc++]=ic)}}ec.length=gc;ec.push([bc,cc]);Bb(Hb,Gb,"nh",ec);ac=dc}var kc=ac;"onpageshow"in window?K(window,"pageshow",Xb):M(Xb); K(window,Rb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,Yb=!0,Kb=Ib(a),Zb.notify())});function lc(){mc&&(L(z("gs_alrt_l"),"click",mc),mc=void 0)}function nc(a,b,c,d,e){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?[]:d;z("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=a;a=oc();a.action=c.match(Pa)?c:"";c=z("gs_alrt_l");c.textContent=b;b=z("gs_alrt_h");b.innerHTML="";for(var f in d)a=G(Ga),a.type="hidden",a.name=f,a.value=d[f],b.appendChild(a);lc();e&&(mc=e,K(c,"click",e));x(c,"gs_fm_s",!e);pc()} function pc(){var a=oc();u(a,"gs_anm");u(a,"gs_vis");K(document,"click",qc);clearTimeout(rc);rc=setTimeout(qc,4E3);++sc;setTimeout(tc,0)}function qc(){sc||(L(document,"click",qc),clearTimeout(rc),rc=void 0,lc(),v(oc(),"gs_vis"))}function oc(){return z("gs_alrt")}function tc(){sc=0}var rc,sc=0,mc;M(function(){var a=z("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!kc&&pc(),K(window,"pagehide",function(){sc=0;qc();v(oc(),"gs_anm")}))});function P(a,b,c){b=b===void 0?uc:b;c=c===void 0?!1:c;b.length=0;a.normalize&&(a=a.normalize("NFKD").replace(vc,""));return a.toLowerCase().replace(wc,function(d,e){b.length||e&&b.push(0);b.push(d.length);return e&&(!c||e+d.length<a.length)?" ":""})}function xc(a,b,c,d,e){var f=c.indexOf(a),g="",h="";f>0&&(f=c.indexOf(" "+a));!(a&&f+1)||e!==void 0&&e&&f||(f+=c[f]==" ",g=yc(c.substr(0,f),b,d),h=yc(c.substr(0,f+a.length),b,d).substr(g.length));return[g,h,b.substr(g.length+h.length)]} function yc(a,b,c){var d=a.length;for(a=a.split(" ").length;a--;)d+=(c[a]||0)-1;return b.substr(0,d+1)}var uc=[],vc=/[\u0300-\u036f]+/g,wc=RegExp("[\\s\x00-/:-@[-`{-\u00bf\u2000-\u206f\u2e00-\u2e42\u3000-\u303f\uff00-\uff0f\uff1a-\uff20\uff3b-\uff40\uff5b-\uff65]+","g"),zc=/^[\d\s]*[\u0590-\u08ff\ufb1d-\ufdff\ufe70-\ufefc]/;var Ac=function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g){e=e===void 0?[]:e;this.C=a;this.source=b;this.Na=c===void 0?"":c;this.B=d===void 0?"":d;this.W=e;this.Kb=f===void 0?"":f;this.Ra=g===void 0?"":g};var Bc=function(){this.eb=100;this.J=0;this.V=this.O=null;this.fa=Object.create(null)};Bc.prototype.get=function(a){if(a=this.fa[a])return Cc(this,a),a.value};Bc.prototype.set=function(a,b){var c=this.fa[a];c?(c.value=b,Cc(this,c)):(this.J>=this.eb&&(delete this.fa[this.V.key],this.V=this.V.T,this.V.ga=null,--this.J),c=this.fa[a]={key:a,value:b,ga:this.O,T:null},this.O?this.O.T=c:this.V=c,this.O=c,++this.J)}; var Cc=function(a,b){var c=b.ga,d=b.T;d&&((d.ga=c)?c.T=d:a.V=d,a.O.T=b,b.ga=a.O,b.T=null,a.O=b)};function R(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,g=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),h=d.responseURL,k=window.location,l=k.protocol;k="//"+k.host+"/";h&&h.indexOf(l+k)&&h.indexOf("https:"+k)&&(e=0,g=f="");c(e,f,g||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function Dc(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var Ec=function(a,b){this.Lb=a;this.Ua=b;this.ca=this.ba=0;this.ya=this.za="";this.Aa=void 0;this.Ja=new Bc},Hc=function(a,b,c){var d=b?a.Ja.get(Fc(a,b,c)):[];d?a.Ua(b,c,d):(a.za=b,a.ya=c,a.ba>=10||a.ca>=3||(a.ba?a.Aa!==void 0||(a.Aa=setTimeout(function(){Gc(a)},100<<Math.max(a.ba-4,0))):Gc(a)))},Gc=function(a){a.Aa=void 0;var b=a.za,c=a.ya;a.za=a.ya="";if(b){++a.ba;var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d&&d.readyState==4){var e=d.status;e==200&&a.ta(b,c,d.responseText);d=null; Ic(a,e)}};d.ontimeout=function(){d&&(d=null,Ic(a))};d.open("GET",Fc(a,b,c),!0);d.timeout=3E4;d.send()}},Ic=function(a,b){b=b===void 0?0:b;--a.ba;var c=3*(b==403?1:0)+(b>499&&b<600?1:0);a.ca+=c;c&&setTimeout(function(){a.ca-=c},3E4)}; Ec.prototype.ta=function(a,b,c){try{var d=JSON.parse(c)}catch(q){}if(d&&typeof d=="object"&&(c=d.l,c instanceof Array)){d=[];for(var e=c.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d,h=g.push,k=""+c[f],l=k.indexOf("|");var n=k.substr(0,l);var p=P(n);k=k.substr(l+1);l=[];n=new Ac(k,0,"",P(k,l),l,n,p);h.call(g,n)}this.Ja.set(Fc(this,a,b),d);this.Ua(a,b,d)}};var Fc=function(a,b,c){return"/scholar_complete?"+encodeURIComponent(a.Lb)+"="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c};var Kc=function(a){this.Va="H:"+a;this.G=[];this.Jb=.001*Xa();a=Fb(this.Va);a instanceof Array||(a=[]);for(var b=this.G,c={"":1},d=0;d<a.length&&b.length<50;d++){var e=new Jc(a[d]);c.hasOwnProperty(e.B)||(c[e.B]=1,b.push(e))}}; Kc.prototype.add=function(a,b,c){c=(c===void 0?0:c)||.001*Xa();b=(b===void 0?0:b)||c;a=new Jc([0,0,a]);if(a.B){for(var d=this.G,e=d.length,f=0;f<e&&d[f].B!=a.B;)++f;f<e||d.push(a);e=d[f];if(!(b-e.F<2)){e.F=b;e.C=a.C;e.W=a.W;for(e.H=Math.min(e.H+Lc(b),10*Lc(c));f&&Mc(d[f],d[f-1]);)a=d[f],d[f]=d[f-1],d[--f]=a;d.splice(50,1);Nc(this)}}};Kc.prototype.remove=function(a){for(var b=this.G,c=b.length,d=0;d<c;d++)if(b[d].C==a){b.splice(d,1);Nc(this);break}}; var Nc=function(a){for(var b=[],c=a.G,d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)b.push(c[e].encode());Bb(Eb,Ab,a.Va,b)};function Lc(a){return Math.exp(.0231*(Math.max(a-1422777600,0)/86400|0))}var Jc=function(a){a instanceof Array||(a=Oc);this.F=+a[0]||0;this.H=+a[1]||0;this.C=""+a[2];this.W=[];this.B=P(this.C,this.W,!0)};Jc.prototype.encode=function(){return[this.F,this.H,this.C]}; var Mc=function(a,b){var c=a.H-b.H;return c>0||!c&&a.F>b.F},Oc=[0,0,""],Pc=function(a,b,c){this.F=a;this.H=b;this.C=c},Qc=function(a,b){var c=a.H-b.H;return c>0||!c&&a.F>b.F};var Rc=function(a){this.D=a};function Sc(a){var b=G(Da);b.textContent=a;return b};var Tc=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.j=c===void 0?null:c;this.Ba=!1};Tc.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.j&&this.j.stopPropagation();this.Ba=!0};var S=function(a){a.j&&jb(a.j);a.Ba=!0};var T=function(a,b){this.Da=a;this.Ib=b},Uc=function(a,b,c){this.Da=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function Vc(a,b){U(a,"click",b)}function Wc(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Za(a),e=Xc[d];if(!e){e=Xc[d]=[];d=Yc(b[0].Da);for(var f in d){var g=Zc[f];g||(g=Zc[f]=Object.create(null));for(var h in d[f]){var k=g[h];k||(k=g[h]=[]);k.push(a)}}$c(a,e,b[0],ad);for(f=1;f<c;f++)$c(a,e,b[f],bd)}}}function V(a,b,c){cd(new Tc(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function U(a,b,c){var d=dd;typeof b==="string"&&(ed[0]=b,b=ed);var e=b.length;a=Yc(a);for(var f in a)for(var g in a[f])for(var h=0;h<e;h++)d(f,g,b[h],c)}function Yc(a){typeof a==="string"&&(fd[0]=a,a=fd);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),g=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!g)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[g]=!0}return c} function dd(a,b,c,d){var e=gd[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&K(document,c,hd,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=gd[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new J);a.add(d)}function hd(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);cd(new Tc(a.type,b,a))} function cd(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!w(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!id("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!id(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function id(a,b,c){var d=gd[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.Ba}function $c(a,b,c,d){var e=c.Da;c=c.Ib;for(var f in c){var g=ra(d,a,c[f]);U(e,f,g);b.push(new Uc(e,f,g))}}function ad(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=jd(a,d)||a;a=kd(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function bd(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=jd(a,d);if(e){a=kd(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function kd(a,b){var c=ld(b),d=md[c];d||(d=md[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var g=d[f];if(g instanceof a)return g}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Za(a);(d=nd[a])||(d=nd[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function jd(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=od(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=od(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function od(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=Zc[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function ld(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+pd++);return b}var gd=Object.create(null),fd=[""],ed=[""],Zc=Object.create(null),Xc=Object.create(null),nd=Object.create(null),md=Object.create(null),pd=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=hd;function qd(a){if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return w(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function rd(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function sd(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function td(a,b,c,d){d=d===void 0?!1:d;return ud(a,b,qd(c),d,!1)} function ud(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=rd(b,d);f;f=sd(f,d))if(e=ud(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=sd(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};var W=function(a){var b=this;this.i=a.querySelector(".gs_in_ac");this.D=a.querySelector(".gs_md_ac");this.aa=this.N=!1;this.G=new Kc(this.i.name);this.ib=new Ec(this.i.name,function(c,d,e){d==b.ia&&vd(b,c)&&(c.length>=b.ja.length||!vd(b,b.ja))&&(b.ja=c,b.Ca=e,wd(b))});this.Sa=0;this.Mb=new Rc(this.D);this.Oa=[];this.Qa=[];this.ja="";this.Ca=[];this.ia="";this.I=this.i.value;xd(this);K(this.i.form,["change","gs-change"],function(){xd(b)})},yd=function(a){return a.D.style.display=="block"},Ad=function(a){if(yd(a)){var b= zd(a);b&&v(b,"gs_sel");a.N=a.aa=!1;a.D.style.display="none"}},Bd=function(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?[]:c;a.Oa=c;c=a.G;var d=P(b);var e=" "+d,f=d.length,g=d.split(" ").length,h=.1/Lc(c.Jb),k=c.G,l=k.length;c=[];for(var n=0;n<l;n++){var p=k[n],q=p.B,A=q.indexOf(d);if(!(A<0)){var I=10;A&&(A=q.lastIndexOf(e),I=+(A>=0));q=I*(2*(g-1)+(1+((q[A+f]||" ")==" ")))/g;A=p.H*h;if(q=d?q*A:1){p=new Pc(p.F,q,p.C);for(q=0;q<c.length&&!Qc(p,c[q]);)++q;q<3&&c.splice(q,0,p);c.splice(3,1)}}}d=[];for(e=0;e<c.length;e++)f=d,g= f.push,h=c[e].C,k=[],h=new Ac(h,2,"",P(h,k),k),g.call(f,h);a.Qa=d;Hc(a.ib,b,a.ia);wd(a)},vd=function(a,b){return P(a.i.value).indexOf(P(b))==0},Cd=function(a){var b=a.i.value;a.I=b;xd(a);var c=[],d=a.i.getAttribute("data-iq")||"",e=a.i.getAttribute("data-is");if(d==b&&e){d=document.querySelectorAll(e);e=d.length;for(var f=0;f<e&&f<10;f++){var g=d[f];c.push(new Ac(g.textContent,1,g.innerHTML))}}Bd(a,b,c)},wd=function(a){a.Sa++||ib(function(){a.Sa=0;var b=a.Oa,c=a.Qa;var d=a.Ca;if(b.length)b=b.slice(0, 10);else{b=c.slice(0,3);var e=d.length&&d[0].Ra;c=e?3:10;var f=b.length;if(!f||!e){for(e=Object.create(null);f--;)e[b[f].B]=!0;for(f=0;f<d.length&&b.length<c;f++){var g=d[f];e[g.B]||b.push(g)}}}d=b;var h=a.i.value,k=a.Mb.D.firstElementChild;g=k.querySelector(".gs_md_acs");b=k.querySelector("ul");c=(c=b.querySelector(".gs_sel"))?c.getAttribute("data-q"):"";f=d.length;var l=[];e=P(h,l);b.innerHTML="";if(f){var n=d[0].Ra,p=n&&"gs_md_acp";typeof p==="string"||(p=p.join(" "));k.className!=p&&(k.className= p);h=xc(n,h,e,l,!0);g.textContent=h[0]+h[1];h=h[2];e=P(h,l);for(g=0;g<f;g++){n=d[g];k=G(Ha);l=(n.Kb||"")+n.C;k.className="gs_md_ac_li";k.setAttribute("data-q",l);k.setAttribute("onclick","");if(n.Na)k.innerHTML=n.Na;else{h=xc(e,n.C,n.B,n.W);if(!h[1]){for(h=0;n.B[h]==e[h];)++h;h=xc(e.substr(0,h),n.C,n.B,n.W)}h[0]&&k.appendChild(Sc(h[0]));k.appendChild(document.createTextNode(h[1]));h[2]&&k.appendChild(Sc(h[2]));n.source==2&&(u(k,"gs_md_ac_lh"),h=G(Ja),h.className="gs_ico gs_ico_X gs_ico_Xt",k.appendChild(h))}l== c&&u(k,"gs_sel");b.appendChild(k)}}d=d.length&&document.activeElement==a.i;d!=yd(a)&&(d?yd(a)||(a.N=a.aa=!1,a.D.style.display="block"):Ad(a))})},zd=function(a){return a.D.querySelector(".gs_sel")},Ed=function(a,b){var c=a.i.getAttribute("data-oq")||"oq",d=a.i.form,e=d.elements[c];e||(e=G(Ga),e.name=c,e.type="hidden",d.appendChild(e));e.value=a.I;a.i.value=Dd(b)},Fd=function(a){V("gs-change",a.i)};m=W.prototype; m.yb=function(){var a=this.i.value;this.I!=a&&(this.I=a,Bd(this,a),Gd(this.i,P(a).match(zc)?"rtl":"ltr"))}; m.ra=function(a){if(!this.aa){var b=a.j,c=b.keyCode;b=kb(b);var d;c!=13||b?c!=27||b?c!=38&&c!=40||b?(c==46&&!b||c==88&&(b==1||b==4))&&(d=zd(this))&&w(d,"gs_md_ac_lh")&&(this.i.selectionStart||0)>=this.i.value.length&&(this.G.remove(Dd(d)),Bd(this,this.i.value=this.I),S(a),Fd(this)):(yd(this)?((d=zd(this))&&v(d,"gs_sel"),(d=td(this.D,d||this.D,".gs_md_ac_li",c==38))?(u(d,"gs_sel"),this.i.value=Dd(d)):this.i.value=this.I,Fd(this)):Cd(this),S(a)):yd(this)&&(this.i.value=this.I,Ad(this),S(a),Fd(this)): ((d=zd(this))&&Ed(this,d),Ad(this),Fd(this))}};m.sa=function(){var a=this;document.activeElement==this.i?Cd(this):(clearTimeout(this.wa),this.wa=setTimeout(function(){a.wa=void 0},500))};m.xb=function(){this.wa!==void 0&&Cd(this)};m.mb=function(){var a=this;setTimeout(function(){Ad(a)},this.N?300:0)};m.lb=function(a){this.N&&S(a)};m.vb=function(){this.aa=!0};m.ub=function(){this.aa=!1};var xd=function(a){var b=a.i,c=Ma(b.form,function(d){return d!=b});c!=a.ia&&(a.ia=c,a.ja="",a.Ca=[])};m=W.prototype; m.qb=function(a){this.N=!0;S(a)};m.rb=function(){this.N=!0};m.pa=function(){this.N=!1};m.nb=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget;if(w(a.target,"gs_ico_X"))this.G.remove(Dd(b)),Bd(this,this.i.value=this.I);else{Ed(this,b);Ad(this);this.i.blur();var c=this.i.form;setTimeout(function(){c.submit()},0)}Fd(this)};m.pb=function(a){a=a.currentTarget;if(!w(a,"gs_sel")){var b=zd(this);b&&v(b,"gs_sel");u(a,"gs_sel")}};m.ob=function(a){v(a.currentTarget,"gs_sel")}; var Hd=[new T(".gs_in_acw",{}),new T(".gs_in_ac",{input:W.prototype.yb,keydown:W.prototype.ra,mousedown:W.prototype.sa,focus:W.prototype.xb,blur:W.prototype.mb,beforedeactivate:W.prototype.lb,compositionstart:W.prototype.vb,compositionend:W.prototype.ub}),new T(".gs_md_ac",{mousedown:W.prototype.qb,touchstart:W.prototype.rb,mouseup:W.prototype.pa,touchend:W.prototype.pa,touchcancel:W.prototype.pa}),new T(".gs_md_ac_li",{click:W.prototype.nb,mouseover:W.prototype.pb,mouseout:W.prototype.ob})]; function Dd(a){return a.getAttribute("data-q")||""}function Gd(a,b){a.getAttribute("dir")!=b&&(a.setAttribute("dir",b),a=a.parentNode,a.setAttribute("dir",b),a.querySelector(".gs_md_ac").setAttribute("dir",b))}function Id(){for(var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_ac"),b=a.length,c=0;c<b;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.getAttribute("data-iq")||"";d.value=e;Gd(d,P(e).match(zc)?"rtl":"ltr");V("gs-change",d);e=d.getAttribute("data-oq")||"oq";(e=d.form.elements[e])&&d.form.removeChild(e)}};function Jd(a){return(w(a,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(w(a,"gs_par")?1:0)}function Kd(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;x(a,"gs_sel",b==1);x(a,"gs_par",b==2);a.setAttribute("aria-checked",Ld[b]);c||a.setAttribute("data-s",""+b)}var Ld=["false","true","mixed"];var Md=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.A=new J;this.Ta=0;this.Ea=[b,a,function(){c.Ta++||ib(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.Ta=0;c.A.notify()}};Md.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.A.getSize()||K.apply(null,this.Ea);this.A.add(a)};Md.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.A.remove(a);this.A.getSize()||L.apply(null,this.Ea)};var Nd=new Md("scroll"),Od=new Md("resize");function Pd(a){Qd.add(a);a()}var Qd=new J;function Rd(){var a=document.documentElement,b=xa();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:ya||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(w(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;x(a,c,d)}}e&&Qd.notify()}x(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",ua);Rd();Od.addListener(Rd);K(window,["pageshow","load"],Rd);var Sd=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.m=a;this.Y=b;this.S=c;this.X=d;this.xa=e;this.R=f;this.v=null},Td=function(a,b){a.v=b},Ud=function(){this.s=[];this.o=-1};Ud.prototype.push=function(a){++this.o;this.o==this.s.length?this.s.push(a):(this.s[this.o]=a,this.s.splice(this.o+1,this.s.length-this.o))};Ud.prototype.pop=function(){--this.o};var Vd=function(a){for(var b=X;b.o>a;)xb(b.top().m)},Wd=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.s.length&&!(a.s[c].R>=b);++c);return c};Ud.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.o)}; Ud.prototype.at=function(a){return this.s[a]||null};function Xd(a,b){var c=a==X.o;X.o=a;b&&!Jb()&&Lb();c||Yd()}function Zd(a,b,c,d){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=X.top();e&&a==e.m&&b==e.Y&&c==e.S||(X.push(new Sd(a,b,c,d,e&&e.m==a?e.xa+1:1,Xa())),b=Mb(),a=Nb(),a=Ob(a),b=Pb(b),b=Qb(b)||"#",Kb=Ib(a),Rb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Yd())}function $d(a){a=ae(z(a));return!!a&&w(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&w(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")} function be(){var a=z("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=X.o&&!c;++d)c=!$d(X.at(d).m);x(z("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=X.o;c>=1&&(c=X.at(c-1).m,d=$d(c),x(z(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!$d(X.top().m)?"scroll":""} function Yd(){function a(){var O=c.clientHeight,E=+I.getAttribute("data-h");E||(g.style.maxHeight="none",E=f.offsetHeight);var F=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");E=Math.max((O-E)/2,10);O=Math.max(O-48-(F?F.offsetHeight:0)-2*E,10);F=$d(e);f.style.top=F?"auto":E+"px";g.style.maxHeight=F?"none":O+"px";ce(g)}var b=X.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=z("gs_top"),e=b.m,f=z(e),g=z(e+"-bdy"),h=1200+X.o,k=z(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.X,n=b.S,p=b.Y,q=z("gs_md_s"),A=z(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",I=ae(f),D=window.pageYOffset,Q=p&&p[0]!="#"&&!l,wa=X.o>0?X.at(X.o-1).m:"",Va=!!N[e];Q?(Va?x(k,"gs_md_ldg",!0):de(f,k,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+z("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),V("gs-md-ldin",k)):(l&&de(f,k,l,b),V("gs-md-lded",k));Va&&e==wa||sb(f,function(){(I||f).style.zIndex=h;ee(A);Va||(I&&u(I,"gs_vis"),u(f,"gs_vis"),x(f,"gs_abt",$b),x(q,"gs_abt",$b),fe(e),X.o==0?Pd(be):be(),I&&g&&(a(),Od.addListener(a)));X.o==0&&(u(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-D+"px")},function(){Va||(Od.removeListener(a), I&&v(I,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_vis"),v(f,"gs_abt"));for(var O=X.top()?X.top().xa:0;X.top()&&X.top().m==e;){var E=X.top();Dc(E.v);E.v=null;X.pop()}if(X.top()){if(E=X.top().m,ee(z(E).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),v(z(E),"gs_md_ins_vis"),Va){a:{E=X;for(var F=E.o;F>=0;F--)if(E.s[F].m==e){E=F;break a}E=-1}F=X.at(E);(I||f).style.zIndex=1200+E;de(f,k,F.X,F)}}else v(q,"gs_vis"),v(q,"gs_abt");X.o==-1?(Qd.remove(be),c.style.overflowY="",v(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,D)):be();ge||(O>0?window.history.go(-O): Lb())},he(f),ie(f),wa);Q&&(Dc(b.v),b.v=null,Td(b,R(p,n,function(O,E,F){b.v=null;F=(O=O==200&&F.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?E:je();de(f,k,F,b);if(O)for(O=e,F=0;F<X.s.length;++F){var Db=X.at(F);O==Db.m&&p==Db.Y&&n==Db.S&&(Db.X=E,F==X.o&&Lb())}V("gs-md-lded",k)})))}function ae(a){a=a.parentNode;return w(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function he(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?z(a):null}function ie(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?z(a):null} function de(a,b,c,d){x(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,g={},h=0;h<f;h++){for(var k=ld(e[h]),l=md[k],n=l?l.length:0,p=0;p<n;p++){var q=l[p],A=Za(q.constructor),I=g[A];I||(I=g[A]={});I[k]=!0;q&&typeof q.dispose=="function"&&q.dispose()}delete md[k]}for(var D in g){D=+D;e=g[D];h=(f=nd[D])?f.length:0;for(l=k=0;l<h;l++)n=f[l],n in e||(f[k++]=n);k?f.length=k:delete nd[D]}b.innerHTML=c;d.X=c;fe(a.id);Dc(d.v);d.v=null} function fe(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,ce(a)}function ce(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(La(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function ke(){return z("gs_md_err").innerHTML}function je(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+ke()+"</div></div>"} function Mb(){var a=X.top();return{d:a&&a.m||void 0,u:a&&a.Y||void 0,p:a&&a.S?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.R||void 0}}function Nb(){var a=X.top();return{n:a&&a.xa||0,p:a&&a.S||"",h:a&&a.X||""}}function ee(a){if(le!=a){var b=z("gs_md_s");le&&v(b,le);(le=a)&&u(b,a)}}var ge=0,le="",X=new Ud; Zb.add(function(){var a=Ub(),b=a.d||"",c=b?z(b):null;++ge;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=Jb()||{};a=+f.n||0;var g=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Wa)||(d="");for(var h=Wd(X,e),k=h;k<X.s.length;++k){var l=X.at(k);if(e<l.R&&l.m!=b)break}for(l=h-1;l>=0;--l){var n=X.at(l);if(e>n.R&&n.m!=b)break}Vd(k-1);for(k=0;k<=l;++k)n=X.at(k).m,N[n]||Xd(l,!1);if(l=h<X.s.length)l=X.at(h),l=b==l.m&&d==l.Y&&c==!!l.S&&e==l.R;l?Xd(h,!0):(a==0&&(Vd(-1),X=new Ud,e=Xa()),c!=!!g&&(d=g="",f=je()),b=new Sd(b, d,g,f,a,e),c=X,e=b.R,a=Wd(c,e),e=a<c.s.length&&e==c.at(a).R,c.s.splice(a,e?1:0,b),X.o=a,Lb(),Yd())}else Vd(-1);--ge});var me=function(a){sa.call(this);this.ea=a;this.ua=Object.create(null);this.v=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.ua[c]=d.innerHTML)}};ma(me,sa);me.prototype.ma=function(){Dc(this.v);this.ea=this.v=null;sa.prototype.ma.call(this)};me.prototype.Cb=function(a){var b=this;S(a);if((a=this.ea)&&!this.v){var c="json=&"+Ma(a);ne(this,!0);this.v=R(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.ta(d,e)})}}; me.prototype.ta=function(a,b){this.v=null;ne(this,!1);var c=this.ea,d=c.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(d=d?z(d):null)d.innerHTML="";try{var e=a==200&&JSON.parse(b)}catch(p){}a=!1;e&&typeof e=="object"||(a=ke(),d?d.innerHTML=a:nc(a),e={},a=!0);c.setAttribute("data-p",""+(e.P||""));V("gs-ajax-form-done",c);if(b=e.L)Oa(""+b);else{if(b=e.M)d?d.innerHTML=b:nc(b),a=!0;b=1E6;if(d&&d.innerHTML){var f=d;b=d.getBoundingClientRect().top}d=c.elements;e=e.E;typeof e=="object"||(e=Object.create(null));for(var g in this.ua){var h= d[g],k=void 0,l=""+(e[g]||""),n=h.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");x(h.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!l);n&&(n.innerHTML=l||this.ua[g]||"");l&&(k=h.getBoundingClientRect().top)<b&&(f=h,b=k);a=a||!!l}(c=c.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!a&&xb(c);f&&f.scrollIntoView&&(b<0||b+20>window.innerHeight)&&f.scrollIntoView()}};var ne=function(a,b){a=a.ea;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;x(d,"gs_bsp",b)}}; Wc(me,[new T(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:me.prototype.Cb})]);var oe=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];U(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Jd(b),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;Kd(b,oe[+d][c],!0);V("gs-change",b,a.j)});U(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(S(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});U([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.j.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(S(a),b.click())});var pe=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),qe="",re=null;function se(){re=null}function te(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):re&&a==re.src||((re=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(se,1E3))}function ue(){var a=Vb(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;te(a)}M(function(){qe=kc?"&bn=1":"";kc&&ue()}); K(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(qe="&bn=1",ue())});K(document,pe,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;(a=Sa(a.target))&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?z(a):null,a=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+qe,te(a))}},!1,!0);U(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=z(a))&&a.submit()});var ve=function(a){this.m=B(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.ka=B(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};m=ve.prototype;m.oa=function(a){var b=z(this.m);return a!==void 0?td(b,b,".gs_md_li",a):null};m.open=function(a){a=this.oa(a);if(w(z(this.ka),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=z(this.ka);rb(this.m,function(){u(b,"gs_sel")},function(){v(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};m.close=function(){xb(this.m)};m.sb=function(a){S(a);w(z(this.ka),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.j.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; m.Ma=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)S(a),this.open(b==38)};m.wb=function(a){a.target.id==this.m&&this.Ma(a)};Wc(ve,[new T(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new T(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":ve.prototype.sb,keydown:ve.prototype.Ma}),new T(".gs_md_d",{keydown:ve.prototype.wb})]);var we=function(a){ve.call(this,a);this.Fb=B(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.Hb=B(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};ma(we,ve);we.prototype.oa=function(){return z(this.m).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};we.prototype.zb=function(a){xe(this,a)};we.prototype.qa=function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||xe(this,a)}; var xe=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=z(a.Fb),e=a.oa();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),z(a.Hb).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&ye(e,!1),ye(c,!0));S(b);a.close();V("gs-change",d,b.j)},ye=function(a,b){x(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};Wc(we,[new T(".gs_md_ris",{}),new T(".gs_md_li",{click:we.prototype.zb,keydown:we.prototype.qa})]);U("#gs_lp","click",function(a){S(a);Zd("gs_lp_d")});U("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){S(a);xb("gs_lp_d")});var ze=function(a){this.Wa=B(a)};ze.prototype.qa=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.j.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=z(this.Wa);d=td(d,b,".gs_md_li",c==38)||td(d,d,".gs_md_li",c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=La(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.Wa){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=sd(d,c)||rd(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],w(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(S(a),d.focus())}; Wc(ze,[new T(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new T(".gs_md_li",{keydown:ze.prototype.qa})]);U("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){S(a);Zd("gs_hdr_drw")});U("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){S(a);xb("gs_hdr_drw")});U("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){S(a);xa()==1?Oa(document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href):rb("gs_hdr_act_d")});U("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.j.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=td(c,c,".gs_md_li",b==38))S(a),b.focus()}}); U("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var g=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(g)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,g);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){L(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";x(z("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&ya&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];K(window,f,b)}});U("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){x(z("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); U("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){S(a);var b=z("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();V("input",b,a.j)});U("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){S(a);var b=z("gs_hdr");rb("gs_hdr_frm",function(){v(b,"gs_hdr_src");u(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){u(b,"gs_hdr_src");v(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},z("gs_hdr_tsi"))});U(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&xb(a)});var Ae=function(){},Be,Ce;m=Ae.prototype;m.tb=function(a){a.j.button||(S(a),De(a))};m.ra=function(a){Ee(a)&&(S(a),De(a))};m.Ab=function(a){Ee(a)&&S(a)};m.sa=function(a){if(!a.j.button){S(a);var b=a.j;b&&(Fe=b.clientX||0,Ge=b.clientY||0,K(document,He,Ie,!0),clearTimeout(Be),Be=setTimeout(Je,2E3));De(a)}};m.Eb=function(a){S(a);if(Ke){var b=a.j;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)Le=b.clientX,Me=b.clientY,K(document,Ne,Oe,!0),clearTimeout(Ce),Ce=setTimeout(Pe,2E3)}De(a)}; var Ee=function(a){a=a.j.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},De=function(a){V("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.j)},Je=function(){L(document,He,Ie,!0);clearTimeout(Be);Be=void 0},Ie=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Fe)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Ge)<10?(jb(a),a.type=="click"&&Je()):Je()},Pe=function(){L(document,Ne,Oe,!0);clearTimeout(Ce);Ce=void 0},Oe=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Le)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Me)<10?(jb(a),a.type=="click"&&Pe()):Pe()},Fe=0,Ge=0,He=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],Ke=y("Android")&&!y("Chrome"),Le=0,Me=0,Ne=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];Wc(Ae,[new T(".gs_press",{click:Ae.prototype.tb,keydown:Ae.prototype.ra,keyup:Ae.prototype.Ab,mousedown:Ae.prototype.sa,touchstart:Ae.prototype.Eb})]);function Qe(a){Re.style.left=Se&&Te===Ue?a.left+"px":"auto";Re.style.width=Se?a.width+"px":"auto";V("gs-sth-change",z("gs_sth"))}function Ve(){var a=We.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=Re.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&ua)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Ue;var f=Se!=d||Te!==Ue!=e;b!==Te&&(Te=b,Re.style.transform=b===Ue?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Se=d,x(Xe,"gs_sth_vis",d),x(Xe,"gs_sth_trk",e),Qe(a),We.style.height=Se?c+"px":"auto")} function Ye(){Se&&Qe(We.getBoundingClientRect())}var Ue,Xe,We,Re,Se=!1,Te;M(function(){if(Xe=z("gs_sth"))We=Xe.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),Re=Xe.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),Nd.addListener(Ve),Od.addListener(Ye),Ve()});(function(a){M(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})})(function(){for(var a=t(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis")),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())v(b.value,"gs_invis")});function Ze(a,b,c,d,e){c=c===void 0?0:c;d=d===void 0?1:d;e=e===void 0?5:e;for(var f,g,h=0;h<e;h++)f=(c+d)/2,g=a(f),g<b?c=f:d=f;return(c+d)/2}function $e(a){return a*a*(1.74-.74*a)}function af(a){return a*a*(3-2*a)}function bf(a){return Ze(af,a,Math.max(a-.1,0),Math.min(a+.1,1))}function cf(a){var b=t(a);a=b.next().value;var c=b.next().value,d=b.next().value;b=1/(b.next().value-a)||0;return[0,(c-a)*b,(d-a)*b,1]}function df(a,b,c,d){var e=b-a;return d?[a,a+e*c]:[b-e*c,b]};function ef(a,b){x(a,"gs_sel",b);a.querySelector(".gs_tg_ctl").setAttribute("aria-checked",b?"true":"false")};var ff=function(a){this.g=a;this.Ga=a.getAttribute("data-author")||"";this.Ka=this.g.querySelector(".gs_fao_del");this.Nb=this.g.querySelector(".gs_fao_res");this.na=this.g.querySelector(".gs_fao_fo");this.Gb=w(a,"gs_fao_folr")};ff.prototype.La=function(a){var b=this;a=gf(a.currentTarget==this.Ka?"data-del":"data-res",this.Ga);hf(this,!0);x(this.g,"gs_fao_dis");var c="xsrf="+jf("data-xsrf");R(a,c,function(d,e){hf(b,!1);kf(d,e)?x(b.g,"gs_fao_dis"):lf()})}; ff.prototype.jb=function(){var a=this;hf(this,!0);var b=w(this.na,"gs_sel");x(this.g,"gs_fao_followed");var c=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fao");c=mf(this.Ga,b?Array.prototype.indexOf.call(c,this.g):void 0);b=(b?"":"un")+(this.Gb?"follow_related_btn":"follow_articles_btn")+"=&xsrf="+jf("data-xsrf");R(c,b,function(d,e){hf(a,!1);kf(d,e)?(d=a.na,ef(d,!w(d,"gs_sel")),x(a.g,"gs_fao_followed")):lf()})}; var hf=function(a,b){x(a.g,"gs_fao_loading",b);a.Nb.disabled=b;x(a.Ka,"gs_dis",b);a=a.na;x(a.querySelector(".gs_tg_ctl"),"gs_dis",b);x(a,"gs_dis",b)},nf=[new T(".gs_fao",{}),new T(".gs_fao_del",{click:ff.prototype.La}),new T(".gs_fao_res",{click:ff.prototype.La}),new T(".gs_fao_fo",{"gs-change":ff.prototype.jb})];function kf(a,b){try{var c=a==200&&JSON.parse(b)}catch(d){}a="";c&&typeof c=="object"?c.M&&(a=c.M+""):a=ke();return a?(nc(a),!0):(c=c.L)?(Oa(""+c),!0):!1} function lf(){if(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fao.gs_fao_followed").length+document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fao.gs_fao_dis").length==document.querySelectorAll(".gs_fao").length){var a=z("gs_fa_done").innerHTML;nc(a)}}function gf(a,b){return jf(a).replace("{user_id}",b)}function mf(a,b){b=b!==void 0?"&gsc_fa_pos="+b:"";return gf("data-fol",a)+b}function jf(a){return z("gs_fa_data").getAttribute(a)||""};function of(a){var b=document.querySelector(".gs_mylib .gs_ia_notf");b&&x(b,"gs_rdt",a>0)};function pf(a,b){for(var c=a.length,d=window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight,e={},f=0;f<c;e={K:void 0},f++){var g=a[f];if(g){var h=g.indexOf("https://www.google-analytics.com/collect?");h==0?g+="&vp="+d:g.indexOf("/scholar_url?")==0&&(g+="&cd="+b+"&ws="+d);navigator.sendBeacon?h==0?(e=g.substr(41),g=g.substr(0,40),e.indexOf("&key=")>0&&(e=Tb(e),g="https://www.google-analytics.com/mp/collect?"+Sb({measurement_id:e.tid||"",api_secret:e.key||""}),e=JSON.stringify({client_id:e.cid||"",events:[{name:"page_view", params:{page_referrer:e.dr||"",page_location:e.dl||"",page_title:e.dt||""}}]})),navigator.sendBeacon(g,e)):navigator.sendBeacon(g):h!=0&&(e.K=new Image,qf.push(e.K),e.K.onload=e.K.onerror=e.K.onabort=function(k){return function(){var l=qf.indexOf(k.K);l<0||qf.splice(l,1)}}(e),e.K.src=g)}}}var qf=[];function rf(){z("gs_asd_frm").submit()};function sf(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?1:f;var g=bf(e===void 0?0:e),h=bf(f);e=g*(1.6*g*g-1.8*g+1.2);f=h*(1.6*h*h-1.8*h+1.2);var k=cf([g*(1.6*g*g-1.8*g+1.2),1.6*g*g*h-.6*g*g-1.2*g*h+.8*g+.4*h,1.6*g*h*h-1.2*g*h+.4*g-.6*h*h+.8*h,h*(1.6*h*h-1.8*h+1.2)]);g=cf([g*g*(3-2*g),g*(-2*g*h+g+2*h),h*(-2*g*h+2*g+h),h*h*(3-2*h)]);g="animation-timing-function:cubic-bezier("+[k[1],g[1],k[2],g[2]].join()+")";k=[];h=a.substring(1)+"_anm";k.push("@keyframes "+h+"{");e=Math.round(e*1E3)/10;f=Math.round(f*1E3)/10;e>.1&& k.push("0%{"+b+"}");k.push(e+"%{"+b+g+"}");k.push(f+"%{"+c+"}");k.push("100%{"+c+"}}");k.push(a+"{animation:"+h+" "+(d.toFixed(2)+"s linear;}"));return k.join("")}function tf(a,b){function c(h){f===0&&(f=h);h=Math.min((h-f)/(b*1E3),1);var k=Math.min(Math.max(h,0),1);k=Ze($e,h,k,Math.min(k+.17,1),5);window.scroll(e,d+af(k)*g);h<1&&ib(c)}var d=window.pageYOffset,e=window.pageXOffset,f=0,g=a-d;ib(c)} function uf(a,b){if(a==b)return 0;var c=window.innerHeight,d=Math.abs(b-a);return a<0&&b<0||a>c&&b>c?0:a>=0&&a<=c&&b>=0&&b<=c?d:a<0&&b>c||a>c&&b<0?c:a<0?b:b<0?a:a>c?c-b:c-a} function vf(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,k){var l=l===void 0?0:l;var n=z("gs_top");n.style.minHeight=n.offsetHeight+"px";var p=b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom;c=c();var q=b.getBoundingClientRect().top;p=c?q+l:p;b=c?b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom:q+l;q=Math.abs(b-p);if(q==0)return n.style.minHeight="",0;l=uf(p,b);var A=c?-1:1,I=z("gs_ftr");p=I.getBoundingClientRect().bottom-A*q;p=Math.min(q,Math.max(window.innerHeight-p,0),window.pageYOffset);var D=b<0;D&&p>0&&(l=Math.min(q,l+p));b=Math.min(1,Math.max(0,(l- 100)/900))*.266+.134;p>0&&(u(I,"gs_pfix"),tf(window.pageYOffset-p,b));p=Math.abs(l/q);l=[];q*=A;A=c||D;var Q=t(df(q,0,p,A));D=Q.next().value;Q=Q.next().value;d=t(d);for(var wa=d.next();!wa.done;wa=d.next())l.push(sf("#"+B(wa.value),H(D),H(Q),b));D=t(df(c?1:0,c?0:1,p,A));d=D.next().value;D=D.next().value;l.push(sf("#"+B(f),Ta(d),Ta(D),b));D=a.offsetHeight;d=D+q;Q=t(df(c?d/D:1,c?1:D/d,p,A));D=Q.next().value;Q=Q.next().value;l.push(sf("#"+B(g),Ta(D),Ta(Q),b));c||l.push("#"+B(a)+"{height:"+d+"px}");g= t(df(c?q:0,c?0:-q,p,A));a=g.next().value;g=g.next().value;e=t(e);for(c=e.next();!c.done;c=e.next())l.push(sf("#"+B(c.value),H(a),H(g),b));h.textContent=l.join("");h=function(){v(I,"gs_pfix");n.style.minHeight="";k()};gb(f,h,b*1E3+100,h);return b};ab("R8D02D50AD3,7@C>.");ab(":7C2>6,4=2DDYlC6=:6G65.");ab("2,52E2\\<@A6C?:@\\:5.");ab("^D49@=2C^<@A6C?:@]9E>=");function wf(a,b,c,d){xf.notify({fb:a,Pa:b,Xa:c,error:d})}function yf(a,b){if(zf)return!1;zf=a;wf(a,b);return!0}function Af(a,b,c,d){var e=zf="";if(c){e=b.split(":");b=e[0]||Bf;e=e[1]||"";var f={};f[a+","+b]=e;Cf(f)}wf(a,e,c,d)} function Df(){var a=C(z("gs_lbd_data"),"data-did"),b=C(z("gs_lbd_data"),"data-lid");if(yf(a,b)){var c=b?Ef.replace("{id}",Bf+":"+b):Ff.replace("{id}",a);R(c,"",function(d,e){a:{zf="";var f="",g="";if(d==200)try{var h=JSON.parse(e)}catch(k){}(d=qa(h))&&typeof h.NR=="number"&&of(h.NR);if(d){if(h.L){Oa(""+h.L);wf(a,b,!1,f);break a}if(h.M)f=""+h.M;else if(Array.isArray(h.U)&&h.U.length==1&&qa(h.U[0]))g=""+(h.U[0].c||"");else if(!b||h.U)f=ke()}else f=ke();Af(a,g,!f,f)}})}} function Gf(a){return(a=Fb("s",a===void 0?!1:a))&&qa(a)?a:{}}function Cf(a){var b=Xa(),c=Gf(!0),d;for(d in c){var e=c[d];e instanceof Array&&e.length==2&&b-e[1]<12E5||delete c[d]}for(var f in a)c[f]=[a[f],b];Bb(Eb,Ab,"s",c)}var xf=new J,Bf,Ef,Ff,zf="";function Hf(){Bb(Eb,Ab,"rpb",Xa())};function If(){var a=z(w(z("gs_ra_flw"),"gs_ra_fls")?"gs_ra_ufrb":"gs_ra_frb");a.disabled=!a.disabled;x(a,"gs_bsp")}function Jf(){if(!Kf){Kf=!0;If();var a=w(z("gs_ra_flw"),"gs_ra_fls");R(a?Lf:Mf,"",function(b,c){If();Kf=!1;var d="";if(b==200)try{var e=JSON.parse(c)}catch(g){}if(qa(e))if(e.L)Oa(""+e.L);else if(e.M)d=""+e.M;else{a:{for(var f in e){b=!1;break a}b=!0}b||(d=ke())}else d=ke();d?nc(d):(x(z("gs_ra_flw"),"gs_ra_fls"),Hf(),nc(a?Nf:Of,Pf,"",[],Jf))})}}var Kf=!1,Mf="",Lf="",Of="",Nf="",Pf="";function Qf(a){Hf();var b=z("gs_ra_m-p_f");b.innerHTML="";Na(b,a===1?"all_articles":"top_articles");Na(b,"continue").value=Rf;b.submit()}function Sf(){Rf=Y("data-pmr");Vc("#gs_ra_m-a",function(){Qf(1)});Vc("#gs_ra_m-t",function(){Qf(2)});Vc("#gs_ra_no_r_cp",function(){Qf(1)})}var Rf="";function Y(a){return C(z("gs_ra_data"),a)}function Tf(){return(z("gs_hp_ra")||z("gs_ra_b")).nextElementSibling}function Uf(){return z("gs_ra_bd")}function Vf(a){Ra("gs_ra_style").textContent=a}function Wf(a){return C(a,"data-did")}function Xf(){return document.querySelectorAll(".gs_ora")} function Yf(){for(var a=Xf(),b=0;b<a.length;b++)for(var c=t(a[b].querySelectorAll("a[data-clk]")),d=c.next();!d.done;d=c.next()){d=d.value;var e=Tb(d.getAttribute("data-clk"));e.cd=b+"";d.setAttribute("data-clk",Sb(e))}if(b=z("gs_ra_dbg")){try{var f=JSON.parse(b.innerHTML)}catch(g){}if(f&&typeof f=="object")for(a=t(a),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())b=b.value,b.querySelector(".gs_ora_dbg")||(c=Qa("gs_ora_dbg"),d=Wf(b),c.innerHTML=f[d]||"",b.appendChild(c))}};function Zf(){var a=z("gs_res_glb");return a?a.getAttribute("data-sval")||"":""};function $f(){return z("gs_res_lbl_frm")} function ag(){bg("");for(var a=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_lbl_op .gs_in_cb"),b=a.length,c=[],d=[];b--;){var e=a[b];+e.getAttribute("data-s")!=Jd(e)&&(Jd(e)?c:d).push(e.getAttribute("data-id")||"")}a=z("gs_lbd_new-input");b=(b=document.querySelector("#gs_lbd_new_in .gs_in_cb"))&&Jd(b);a=a&&b?a.value:null;if(!c.length&&!d.length&&a==null)return xb("gs_md_albl-d"),!1;b=window.location;c={label_ids_to_add:c,label_ids_to_remove:d,label_name_add:a,"continue":b.pathname+b.search};d=$f();for(var f in c)a= Na(d,f),c[f]==null?d.removeChild(a):a.value=c[f];return!0}function cg(a){var b=z("gs_lbd_new"),c=b.querySelector(".gs_in_cb");x(b,"gs_lbd_new_sel",a);a&&(Kd(c,1),z("gs_lbd_new-input").focus())}function dg(a){var b=z("gs_md_albl-d-t");x(b,"gs_lbl_hide",!a)}function eg(a){var b=z("gs_md_albl-d").querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");x(b,"gs_lbl_hide",!a)} function fg(a){var b=(Zf()||Y("data-sval")).replace("{id}",a).replace("%7Bid%7D",a);R(b,"",function(c,d){var e="";if(c==200)if(c=G(Ea),c.innerHTML=d,c=c.querySelector(".gs_md_prg .gs_alrt"))(d=C(c,"data-r"))?Oa(d):e=c.innerHTML;else{dg(!0);eg(!0);Zd("gs_md_albl-d",b,"",d);return}else e=ke();Af(a,"",!1,e)})}function bg(a){var b=z("gsc_lbd_alrt")||z("gs_md_albl-d").querySelector(".gs_md_prg .gs_alrt");b&&(b.innerHTML=a)};var gg=["gsb","gsr"],hg=!1,ig=!1;function jg(){if(hg&&!ig)for(var a=t(gg),b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next()){b=b.value;var c=z(b+"_promo");c&&c.offsetWidth&&w(c,b+"_not_installed")&&(b=c.getAttribute("data-trk"),navigator.sendBeacon(b),ig=!0)}} function kg(){K(window,"message",function(a){var b=a.data;if(a.origin.match(/[.]google[.]com(:[0-9]+)?$/)&&b&&typeof b==="object"){a=t(gg);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next()){c=c.value;var d=z(c+"_promo");if(d){var e=+b[c+"Promo"];e>=0&&(d.className=c+(e?"_not_installed":"_installed"))}}hg=!0;jg()}});Pd(jg);M(function(){var a=G(Fa);a.id="gs_ext_promo_ping";a.frameBorder="0";a.scrolling="no";a.tabIndex=-1;a.src=(window.location.host.indexOf("scholar.google.")?"":"//scholar.google.com")+"/scholar_gsb_promo_ping"; document.body.appendChild(a)})};function lg(){Vc("#gsb_promo_x",function(a){z("gsb_promo").className="";S(a);R(a.target.href,"",function(){})})};function mg(){Vc("#gsr_promo_x",function(a){z("gsr_promo").className="";S(a);R(a.target.href,"",function(){})})};function ng(){og=Ya()}function pg(){var a=Ya()-og|0;a<500||(og=Ya(),qg.notify(a))}function rg(){document.hidden?pg():ng()}var og=0,qg=new J;function sg(){var a=z("gs_hp_sdtl"),b=z("gs_hp_sdt1");a&&b&&(a.style.display=b.checked?"none":"block")};var tg=function(a){this.g=a;this.Ha=z("gs_hep_body")}; tg.prototype.Db=function(){var a=this;if(!ug){var b=!w(this.g,"gs_hep_expanded"),c=z("gs_hep_bd"),d=z("gs_hep_msk"),e=Ra("gs_hep_style");ug=!0;if(b){var f=this.g.getAttribute("data-trk");f&&navigator.sendBeacon&&navigator.sendBeacon(f)}vf(this.g,this.Ha,function(){d.style.height=a.Ha.scrollHeight+"px";u(a.g,"gs_anm");return x(a.g,"gs_hep_expanded",b)},[],[this.g.nextElementSibling],d,c,e,function(){ug=!1;v(a.g,"gs_anm");d.style.height="";e.textContent=""})}}; var vg=[new T("#gs_hep_b",{}),new T("#gs_hep_brief",{click:tg.prototype.Db})],ug=!1;var wg=function(a){this.g=a;this.Fa=a.querySelector(".gs_ora_ep");this.la=a.querySelector(".gs_ora_detail")}; wg.prototype.kb=function(a){var b=this;if(!xg&&!w(a.target,"gs_ora_sv")){var c=!w(this.g,"gs_ra_expanded");if(c){if(S(a),navigator.sendBeacon){a=Array.prototype.indexOf.call(Xf(),this.g);var d=this.g.getAttribute("data-trk").split(" ");pf(d,a)}}else if(a.target!=this.Fa)return;d=[Tf(),z("gs_ra_footer")];yg(this,!0);a=Ra("gs_ra_style");xg=!0;d=vf(z("gs_ra_b"),this.la,function(){b.Fa.setAttribute("aria-label",Y(c?"data-sl":"data-sm"));u(b.g,"gs_ra_anm");u(b.g,"gs_anm");return x(b.g,"gs_ra_expanded", c)},zg(this),d,z("gs_ora_msk"),Uf(),a,function(){xg=!1;v(b.g,"gs_ra_anm");v(b.g,"gs_anm");yg(b,!1);Vf("");w(b.g,"gs_ra_expanded")&&V("gs_ra_evt_ae",b.g)});a.textContent+=".gs_anm .gs_ora_ft{animation:gs_ra_fade_in "+d+"s linear "+(c?"reverse":"")+"}"}}; var zg=function(a){var b=[];for(a=a.g;a.id!="gs_ra_b";){for(var c=a.nextElementSibling;c&&c!=Uf();)w(c,"gs_orab_mask")||b.push(c),c=c.nextElementSibling;a=a.parentNode}return b},yg=function(a,b){var c=z("gs_ora_msk");b?c||(c=G(Ea),c.id="gs_ora_msk",a.la.appendChild(c)):c&&a.la.removeChild(c)};wg.prototype.Ob=function(){var a=C(this.g,"data-lid"),b=Wf(this.g);yf(b,a)&&fg(b)}; var Ag=function(a){var b=document.querySelector('.gs_ora[data-did="'+a.fb+'"]');b&&(x(b.querySelector(".gs_ora_sv"),"gs_bsp",a.error===void 0),a.Xa&&b.setAttribute("data-lid",a.Pa))},Bg=[new T(".gs_ora",{}),new T(".gs_ora",{click:wg.prototype.kb}),new T(".gs_ora_sv",{click:wg.prototype.Ob})],xg=!1;var Cg=function(a){this.g=a;this.Ia=a.id}; Cg.prototype.Bb=function(a){Dg?(a=Eg(this.g))?(Yf(),Fg([a])):nc(Y("data-nm")):Gg.indexOf(this.Ia)>=0||(Gg.push(this.Ia),u(a.currentTarget,"gs_bsp"),Gg.length>1||R(Hg(),"",function(b,c){for(var d=t(Gg),e=d.next();!e.done;e=d.next())e=z(e.value).querySelector(".gs_orab_m"),v(e,"gs_bsp");try{var f=b==200&&JSON.parse(c)}catch(g){}if(f&&typeof f=="object"&&f.r&&typeof f.r=="object"){Dg=f.r;b=[];c=t(Gg);for(d=c.next();!d.done;d=c.next())(d=Eg(z(d.value)))&&b.push(d);b.length==0?nc(Y("data-nm")):(Fg(b), Yf())}else nc(ke());Gg.length=0}))}; var Eg=function(a){for(var b=a.querySelector(".gs_orab_m"),c=t(Ig),d=c.next();!d.done;d=c.next()){d=d.value;var e=C(b,d).split(",");b.setAttribute(d,"");d=a;var f=d.querySelector(".gs_orab_ar"),g=[];e=t(e);for(var h=e.next();!h.done;h=e.next())(h=h.value)&&g.push(""+(Dg[h]||""));(g=g.join(""))?(e=Qa("gs_orab_ar_n"),e.innerHTML=g,e.setAttribute("data-bucket",d.id),f.appendChild(e),d=e):d=null;if(d)return u(b,"gs_vis"),d}return null},Hg=function(){for(var a=[],b=t(document.querySelectorAll(".gs_orab_m")), c=b.next();!c.done;c=b.next()){c=c.value;for(var d=t(Ig),e=d.next();!e.done;e=d.next())(e=C(c,e.value))&&a.push(e)}return Y("data-fu").replace("{docids}",a.join(","))},Fg=function(a){var b={};a=t(a);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next())c=c.value,b[c.getAttribute("data-bucket")]=c;var d=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_orab"),e=d[0].querySelector(".gs_orab_mask").offsetHeight,f={},g=window.innerHeight;c=a=0;for(var h,k=t(d),l=k.next();!l.done;l=k.next()){l=l.value;var n=l.id,p=t(Jg(l,b[n])),q=p.next().value, A=p.next().value;p=p.next().value;if(q<0){V("gs_ra_evt_be",l);return}q=q+A<=g?A:Math.max(0,g-q);f[n]={hb:-A,gb:q,cb:a,Za:c,ab:p,bb:e};A!=0&&(!h&&(h=l),c+=q*p/A,a-=p)}g=[];e=Math.min(1,Math.max(0,(c-100)/900))*.266+.134;k=t(d);for(l=k.next();!l.done;l=k.next())l=l.value,n=l.id,l=Kg(l,b[n],f[n],e,c),g.push(l);k=z("gs_ra_b").offsetHeight;l=k+a;f=l/k;k=(l+c)/k;g.push(sf("#"+B(Uf()),Ta(f),Ta(k),e,0,1));(f=Tf())&&g.push(sf("#"+B(f),H(a),H(a+c),e,0,1));Vf(g.join(""));Lg(d,b,!0);a=function(){Lg(d,b,!1);Vf(""); h&&V("gs_ra_evt_be",h)};gb(Uf(),a,e*1E3+100,a)},Jg=function(a,b){if(!b)return[0,0,0];var c=b.getBoundingClientRect();b=c.height;c=c.top;a=a.querySelector(".gs_orab_m");var d=a.getAttribute("data-m1")!=""||a.getAttribute("data-m2")!="";return[c,b,b-(d?0:a.offsetHeight)]},Kg=function(a,b,c,d,e){var f=c.hb,g=c.gb,h=c.cb,k=c.Za,l=c.ab;c=c.bb;if(h==0&&!b)return"";a=a.id;var n=[],p=k/e;h!=0&&n.push(sf(".gs_ra_be_tsb-"+a,H(h),H(h+k),d,0,p));b&&(b=Math.min(k+l,e),e=b/e,n.push(sf(".gs_ra_be_tse-"+a,H(f),H(f+ g),d,p,e)),n.push(sf(".gs_ra_be_scm-"+a,Ta(l/c),Ta((l-(b-k))/c),d,p,e)));return n.join("")},Lg=function(a,b,c){a=t(a);for(var d=a.next();!d.done;d=a.next()){d=d.value;var e=d.id,f=b[e];x(d,"gs_ra_be_tsb-"+e,c);f&&(x(f,"gs_ra_be_tsa-"+e,c),x(f,"gs_ra_be",c),f=d.querySelector(".gs_orab_m"),x(f,"gs_ra_be_tse-"+e,c),x(d.querySelector(".gs_orab_mask"),"gs_ra_be_scm-"+e,c),c||v(f,"gs_vis"))}},Mg=[new T(".gs_orab",{}),new T(".gs_orab_m",{click:Cg.prototype.Bb})],Ig=["data-m1","data-m2"],Dg,Gg=[];var Ng=["click","input"],Og,Pg=!1,Qg,Rg,Sg=!1,Tg={},Z=[];function Ug(){var a=Y("data-mru");R(a,"json=1",function(){});Pg=!0}function Vg(){Og=void 0;Ug()}function Wg(a){a=a.target;if(z("gs_ra_b").contains(a))Pg||(clearTimeout(Og),Og=void 0,Ug()),Sg=!0,L(document,Ng,Wg);else if(a.nodeName=="INPUT"||Sa(a))clearTimeout(Og),Og=void 0}function Xg(){Rg&&Qg.unobserve(Rg);Rg=null}function Yg(a){if(!(a>=Z.length))for(;a>=0;a--){var b=Wf(Z[a]);if(Tg[b])break;Tg[b]=1}} function Zg(){var a=window.innerHeight;for(var b=Z.length,c=0;c<b;){var d=Math.floor((c+b)/2);Z[d].getBoundingClientRect().top<a?c=d+1:b=d}a=c<Z.length?Z[c]:null;Xg();a&&(Qg.observe(a),Rg=a)}function $g(){Z=Xf();Zg();Yg(ah(Rg)-1)}function bh(a){(a=a[0])&&a.isIntersecting&&(a=ah(a.target),Yg(a),Sg=!0,a<Z.length-1?(a=Z[a+1],Xg(),a&&(Qg.observe(a),Rg=a)):Xg())}function ah(a){a=Array.prototype.indexOf.call(Z,a);return a>=0?a:Z.length}function ch(a){Yg(ah(a.target));Zg()} function dh(){window.IntersectionObserver&&(Qg=new IntersectionObserver(bh),setTimeout(function(){Z=Xf();Zg()},0),U("#gs_ra_b","gs_ra_evt_be",$g),U("#gs_ra_b","gs_ra_evt_ae",ch))}function eh(){if(Sg){var a=Y("data-trvv").replace("{docids}",Object.keys(Tg).join(","));navigator.sendBeacon&&navigator.sendBeacon(a)}};var fh=Fb("fb");if(fh&&qa(fh))for(var gh in fh){var hh=fh[gh];hh instanceof Array&&hh.length==2&&typeof hh[1]==="number"&&Xa()-hh[1]<12E5&&Hf()}Cb("fb");var ih=Vb(window.location.search); if("rpb"in ih){if(window.history.replaceState){delete ih.rpb;delete ih.gmla;var jh=window.location.pathname+"?"+Sb(ih)+window.location.hash;window.history.replaceState(Jb(),"",jh)}}else{var kh=Fb("rpb");if(!kh||typeof kh!=="number"||Xa()-kh>3E5)kh=void 0,Cb("rpb");if(kh){ih.rpb="";var lh=window.location.pathname+"?"+Sb(ih)+window.location.hash;lh.match(Pa)&&window.location.replace(lh)}}GSP.customAC&&(Wc(W,Hd),M(Id),K(window,"pageshow",function(){setTimeout(Id,0)})); U(".gs_tg_ctl","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget.parentNode;ef(b,!w(b,"gs_sel"));V("gs-change",b,a.j)});Wc(ff,nf);U("#gs_asd_psb","click",rf);U("#gs_asd_frm","keydown",function(a){var b=a.target;b.tagName=="INPUT"&&b.type=="text"&&a.j.keyCode==13&&rf()});U("#gs_hp_drw_adv","click",function(){Zd("gs_asd")}); U("#gs_hp_frm","click",function(a){a=a.target;var b=a.name,c=z("gs_hp_frm"),d=z("gs_hp_sdt1");c=c.querySelector('input[name="lr"][value=""]');if(a.tagName=="INPUT"&&a.type=="radio"){b=="lr"?a!=c&&d&&(d.checked=!0):b=="as_sdt"&&a!=d&&c&&(c.checked=!0);sg();a=z("gs_hp_frm").elements;b=z("gs_hdr_frm");for(d=0;d<a.length;d++){c=a[d];var e=c.name;c.checked?(e=Na(b,e),e.value=c.value):c.type=="checkbox"&&(e=b.elements[e])&&e.parentNode.removeChild(e)}V("gs-change",b)}}); qg.add(function(a){var b=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_hp_upd .gs_hp_upa").length,c=document.querySelectorAll("#gs_hp_ra .gs_ora").length,d=Vb(window.location.href),e=d.hl;e=e?"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(e):"";d=(d=d.authuser)?"&authuser="+encodeURIComponent(d):"";navigator.sendBeacon("/scholar_hpt?us_size="+b+"&ra_size="+c+"&elapsed="+a+e+d+"&ei="+GSP.eventId)}); M(function(){new Kc("q");var a=z("gsb_promo");a&&lg();var b=z("gsr_promo");b&&mg();(a||b)&&kg();sg();a=z("gs_hdr_tsi");if(!ya||y("Windows")&&!y("Windows Phone"))a.focus(),a.value=a.value;a=parseInt(C(z("gs_hp_data"),"data-nrla"),10)||0;of(a)});navigator.sendBeacon&&"hidden"in document&&(K(window,["pageshow","focus"],ng),K(window,["pagehide","blur"],pg),K(document,"visibilitychange",rg));U("#gs_lbd_apl","click",function(){ag()&&V("submit",$f())});U("#gs_lbd_new_btn","click",function(){cg(!0)}); U("#gs_lbd_new_cb","click",function(){cg(!1)});U("#gs_lbd_trash","click",function(){Df()});U("#gs_md_albl-d","gs-md-lded",function(){z("gs_lbd_data")?(K($f(),"submit",ag),Af(C(z("gs_lbd_data"),"data-did"),Na($f(),"s").value,!0,"")):(dg(!1),eg(!1))});U("#gs_res_lbl_frm","gs-ajax-form-done",function(){var a=C($f(),"data-p");(a=/^NR:([0-9]+)$/.exec(a))&&of(parseInt(a[1],10)||0)});xf.add(function(a){a.error===void 0?(sc=0,qc(),bg("")):a.error?N["gs_md_albl-d"]?bg(a.error):nc(a.error):a.Xa&&!a.Pa&&xb("gs_md_albl-d")}); Wc(wg,Bg);M(function(){var a=Xf();if(a.length!=0){var b={};a=t(a);for(var c=a.next();!c.done;c=a.next()){var d=c.value;c=Wf(d);d=C(d,"data-lid");b[c]=d}Ag&&xf.add(Ag);a=Y("data-uid");c=Y("data-sva");d=Y("data-tra");Bf=a;Ef=d;Ff=c;try{var e=JSON.parse("")}catch(g){}e&&qa(e)&&!kc||(e={});Cf(e);e=Gf();for(var f in b)a=b[f],c=e[f+","+Bf],c instanceof Array&&(c=""+c[0],a!=c&&(a=c,wf(f,a,!0,"")))}});Wc(Cg,Mg);M(function(){Xf().length!=0&&(Yf(),Og=setTimeout(Vg,5E3),K(document,Ng,Wg),dh(),qg.add(eh))}); M(function(){if(z("gs_ra_data")){Sf();var a=Y("data-fb"),b=Y("data-ufb"),c=Y("data-fm"),d=Y("data-ufm"),e=Y("data-fbum");Mf=a;Lf=b;Of=c;Nf=d;Pf=e;U("#gs_ra_flw","click",Jf)}});Wc(tg,vg); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"vUBCZ8LWIqjB6rQPz6e92Ac"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_asd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_asd-t" data-ifc="gs_asd_q" data-wfc="gs_asd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_asd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_asd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_asd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Advanced search</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_asd_psb" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_asd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_asd{width:80%;max-width:552px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_asd_frm{margin-top:-8px;}.gs_asd_tr{clear:both;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_tr:first-child{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_asd_dt{float:left;width:190px;padding:6px 2px 2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dt{float:none;width:auto;padding:0 0 4px 0;}.gs_asd_dd{margin-left:194px;padding:2px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_dd{margin-left:0;padding:0;}.gs_asd_yri .gs_in_txt{width:48px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_asd input,.gs_el_ph #gs_asd label{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}.gs_asd_occtr{padding:5px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_asd_occtr{padding:0;}</style><form id="gs_asd_frm" class="gs_scl" action="/scholar"><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt" id="gs_asd_dt_t"><b>Find articles</b></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_q">with <b>all</b> of the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_q" value="" id="gs_asd_q" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_epq">with the <b>exact phrase</b></label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_epq" value="" id="gs_asd_epq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_oq">with <b>at least one</b> of the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_oq" value="" id="gs_asd_oq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_eq"><b>without</b> the words</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_eq" value="" id="gs_asd_eq" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_occt">where my words occur</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="any" id="gs_asd_occt_a" checked><label for="gs_asd_occt_a">anywhere in the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_asd_occtr"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_occt" value="title" id="gs_asd_occt_t"><label for="gs_asd_occt_t">in the title of the article</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_sau">Return articles <b>authored</b> by</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_sauthors" value="" id="gs_asd_sau" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>e.g., <i>"PJ Hayes"</i> or <i>McCarthy</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_pub">Return articles <b>published</b> in</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_publication" value="" id="gs_asd_pub" autocapitalize="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><div>e.g., <i>J Biol Chem</i> or <i>Nature</i></div></div></div><div class="gs_asd_tr"><div class="gs_asd_dt"><label for="gs_asd_ylo">Return articles <b>dated</b> between</label></div><div class="gs_asd_dd"><div class="gs_asd_yri"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_ylo" value="" id="gs_asd_ylo" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div> — <div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtm"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="as_yhi" value="" id="gs_asd_yhi" size="4" maxlength="4" autocapitalize="off" pattern="[0-9]*"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div>e.g., <i>1996</i></div></div></div><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"><input type=hidden name="inst" value="5707797360132065019"></form></div></div></div><div data-h="367" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_albl-d-t" data-wfc="gs_md_albl-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_albl-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_albl-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_albl-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Saved to My library</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gs_md_albl-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"></div><div class="gs_md_ftr"><div class="gs_lbl_btns"><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_apl" class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Done</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button><button type="button" id="gs_lbd_trash" class=" gs_btn_olact gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Remove article</span></span><span class="gs_bs"></span></button></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en&inst=5707797360132065019" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en&inst=5707797360132065019" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en&inst=5707797360132065019" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hp_drw_adv" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnADV gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Advanced search</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?sciifh=1&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com.au/%3Finst%3D5707797360132065019" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="gs_hdr_dso" href="/schhp?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_hpl"><a href="/citations?hl=en&inst=5707797360132065019" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_mylib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a></div><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><div id="gs_hdr_hp_lgow"><img id="gs_hdr_hp_lgo" src="/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_64dp.png" srcset="/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_64dp.png 1.5x"></div><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/scholar"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><input type=hidden name="as_sdt" value="0,5"><input type=hidden name="inst" value="5707797360132065019"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="q" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com.au/%3Finst%3D5707797360132065019">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gs_hp_main"><div id="gs_hp_data" style="display:none" data-nrla="-1"></div><form id="gs_hp_frm" action="javascript:void(0)" role="presentation"><div id="gs_hp_sdt"><span class="gs_hp_ra"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_sdt" value="0,5" id="gs_hp_sdt1" checked><label for="gs_hp_sdt1">Articles</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></span> <span class="gs_hp_ra"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_sdt" value="2006" id="gs_hp_sdt2"><label for="gs_hp_sdt2">Case law</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></span></div><div id="gs_hp_sdtl" style="display:none"><span class="gs_hp_ra"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_sdt" value="2003" id="gs_hp_sdtlf"><label for="gs_hp_sdtlf">Federal courts</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></span> <span class="gs_hp_ra"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_sdt" value="4,5" id="gs_hp_sdtlc"><label for="gs_hp_sdtlc">California courts</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></span> <span class="gs_hp_ra"><a href="/scholar_courts?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019">Select courts...</a></span></div></form><div class="gs_med" style="margin:32px 0"><span class="gs_red">New!</span> <a href="https://scholar.googleblog.com/2024/11/ai-outlines-in-scholar-pdf-reader-skim.html">AI outlines in Scholar PDF Reader: skim per-section bullets, deep read what you need</a></div><div><style>#gs_hp_ra{margin:26px auto 48px auto;max-width:579px;text-align:left;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hp_ra{margin:14px auto 48px auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hp_ra{margin:26px auto;}</style><div id="gs_hp_ra"></div><div><div id="gs_hp_giants" class="gs_grn gs_med">Stand on the shoulders of giants</div></div></div><noscript><div style="margin:1em 0"><div class="gs_wrn gs_alrt"><div>Sorry, some features may not work when JavaScript is turned off.</div><div>Please <a href="//support.google.com/answer/23852">enable JavaScript</a> in your browser for the best experience.</div></div></div></noscript><div id="gs_hp_eng"><a href="//scholar.google.com/scholar_ncr">Go to Google Scholar</a></div></div><iframe src="//scholar.google.com/gen_nid" style="display:none"></iframe></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><style>#gs_lp{margin:0 8px;padding:12px 8px;}#gs_lp .gs_ico{left:auto;top:9px;}#gs_lp .gs_lbl{color:#666;}#gs_lp .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836;}html:not(.gs_el_tc) #gs_lp_d{bottom:100%;position:absolute;top:auto;transition:all 0s;}html:not(.gs_el_tc) #gs_lp_d .gs_md_ulr{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;bottom:0;box-shadow:2px -2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);position:absolute;width:100%;}#gs_lp_d .gs_md_ul{width:20%;}#gs_lp_d .gs_md_li{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;padding:8px 0 8px 24px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d{height:100%;position:fixed;top:0;visibility:hidden;width:100%;z-index:1200;left:0;}html:not(.gs_el_tc) #gs_lp_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_lbl{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;color:#666;font-size:20px;font-weight:normal;line-height:24px;padding:16px 0 16px 24px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d .gs_md_ul{display:block;width:100%;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d .gs_md_li{padding-bottom:16px;padding-top:16px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_lp_shd{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_lp_shd.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}html:not(.gs_el_tc) #gs_md_s.gs_lp_shd{display:none;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d{background:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;overflow-y:scroll;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;width:300px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;visibility:visible;}.gs_el_tc #gs_lp_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_lp_bb{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-top:-1px;}</style><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_lp" role="button" aria-controls="gs_lp_d" class="gs_btnPBL gs_in_ib"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">EN</span></a><div id="gs_lp_d" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="gs_lp_lbl" data-shd="gs_lp_shd" data-ifc="gs_lp_cur" data-wfc="gs_lp_d" data-cfc="gs_lp" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds"><div class="gs_md_ul_tb gs_md_ulr"><h3 id="gs_lp_lbl">Languages</h3><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li gs_sel" id="gs_lp_cur" aria-selected="true" role="menuitem" href="javascript:void(0)">English</a><a class="gs_md_li gs_lp_bb" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=zh-CN">中文 (简体)</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=ca">Català</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=cs">Čeština</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=da">Dansk</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=de">Deutsch</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=es">Español</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=tl">Filipino</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=fr">Français</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=hr">Hrvatski</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=id">Indonesia</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=it">Italiano</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=lv">Latviešu</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=lt">Lietuvių</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=hu">Magyar</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=nl">Nederlands</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=no">Norsk</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=pl">Polski</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=pt-BR">Português (Brasil)</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=pt-PT">Português (Portugal)</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=ro">Română</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=sk">Slovenčina</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=sl">Slovenščina</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=fi">Suomi</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=sv">Svenska</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=vi">Tiếng Việt</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=tr">Türkçe</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=el">Ελληνικά</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=bg">Български</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=ru">Русский</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=sr">Српски</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=uk">Українська</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=iw"><span dir=rtl>עברית</span>‎</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=ar"><span dir=rtl>ﺎﻠﻋﺮﺒﻳﺓ</span>‎</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=fa"><span dir=rtl>ﻑﺍﺮﺳی</span>‎</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=hi">हिन्दी</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=th">ไทย</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=ko">한국어</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=zh-TW">中文 (繁體)</a><a class="gs_md_li" role="menuitem" href="/scholar_setlang?scisig=AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0JDFUy4S9U5vNYRumDqfM3RVoI&as_sdt=0,5&inst=5707797360132065019&hl=ja">日本語</a></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com.au/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com.au/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>