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title="Le Conseil du CERN choisit Mark Thomson comme prochain directeur général du CERN à compter de 2026"> <span> Le Conseil du CERN choisit Mark Thomson comme... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-11-06T11:00:02Z">6 novembre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191152" id="preview-card--2" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/ba1938f2-89a3-4bdd-bd79-5b83ed6f3e35.JPG?itok=Lh4ptU3U" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/news/cern/estonian-flag-raised-cern"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/news/cern/estonian-flag-raised-cern" hreflang="fr" title="Le drapeau de l’Estonie hissé au CERN"> <span> Le drapeau de l’Estonie hissé au CERN </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-17T12:33:54Z">17 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191124" id="preview-card--3" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/Picture%201.jpg?itok=YeI6iEmy') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/Picture%201.jpg?itok=YeI6iEmy" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/press-release/physics/particle-physicists-chart-course-future"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/press-release/physics/particle-physicists-chart-course-future" hreflang="fr" title="La physique des particules dessine son avenir"> <span> La physique des particules dessine son avenir... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Physics </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-11T09:08:31Z">11 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div data-history-node-id="191077" id="preview-card--4" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2024-10/10-Family-photo%20%281%29.jpg?itok=UtnK0P4h" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/fr/news/press-release/cern/blowing-out-70-candles-cern-celebrates-seven-decades-discoveries-and-looks" hreflang="fr" title="Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de célébrer sept décennies de découvertes et de se projeter vers un futur brillant pour la science et l’innovation"> <span> Le CERN souffle ses 70 bougies, l’occasion de... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> At CERN </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Press release </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> <time datetime="2024-10-01T10:00:00Z">1 octobre, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <p class="cern-btn"><a class="cern-btn" href="/fr/news?audience=23">Dernières actualités</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-0 col-sm-0 col-md-6 col-lg-6 col-item-megamenu"> <div 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Les détecteurs collectent des indices sur les particules produites dans ces collisions – notamment leur vitesse, leur masse et leur charge – qui aident les physiciens à les identifier. Pour ce faire, des <a href="/fr/about/accelerators">accélérateurs</a>, de <a href="/fr/science/pulling-together-superconducting-electromagnets">puissants électroaimants</a>, et plusieurs couches de sous-détecteurs complexes sont nécessaires.</p> <p>Une particule se déplace généralement en ligne droite, mais sa trajectoire s'incurve en présence d'un champ magnétique. Les électroaimants placés autour des détecteurs de particules sont là pour tirer parti de ce phénomène, en produisant un champ magnétique. À partir de la courbure de la trajectoire d’une particule, les physiciens peuvent calculer l’impulsion de cette dernière, ce qui les aide à l’identifier. Les particules à impulsion élevée se déplacent quasiment en ligne droite, alors que celles à impulsion plus faible décrivent de petites spirales.</p> <p>Un détecteur de particules moderne est composé de plusieurs couches de sous-détecteurs, chacun conçu pour rechercher une propriété particulière ou un type spécifique de particule. Les trajectographes révèlent la trajectoire des particules ; les calorimètres arrêtent et absorbent les particules pour en mesurer l'énergie, et les identificateurs de particules utilisent diverses techniques pour identifier le type de particule.</p> <h3><a id="tracking" name="tracking"></a>Les trajectographes</h3> <p>Les trajectographes révèlent la trajectoire des particules chargées électriquement qui interagissent avec la substance qu'elles traversent. La plupart des trajectographes modernes ne rendent pas les traces des particules directement visibles, mais enregistrent de faibles signaux électriques que les particules produisent en se déplaçant. La configuration des traces décelées par le détecteur est ensuite reconstituée par ordinateur.</p> <p>Les muons n’interagissent que très peu avec la matière et peuvent se déplacer sur de longues distances, même à travers plusieurs mètres de matériau dense. Les muons traversent donc facilement les couches internes du détecteur. C’est pour cette raison que les chambres à muons, qui sont des trajectographes conçus pour détecter ce type de particule, constituent généralement la couche la plus externe du détecteur.</p> <h3><a id="calorimeter" name="calorimeter"></a>Les calorimètres</h3> <p>Un calorimètre mesure l’énergie que perd une particule en le traversant. Généralement, il est conçu pour arrêter entièrement, ou « absorber » la plupart des particules issues d'une collision, les forçant à déposer toute leur énergie à l'intérieur du détecteur, et mesurant ainsi leur énergie totale. Les calorimètres doivent effectuer deux tâches simultanément : arrêter les particules et mesurer l'énergie qu'elles ont perdue. C'est pour cette raison qu'ils sont généralement constitués de couches d'un matériau de haute densité « passif » ou « absorbant » (du plomb par exemple), intercalées avec des couches d'un milieu « actif », tel que des scintillateurs en plastique ou de l'argon liquide.</p> <p>Les calorimètres électromagnétiques mesurent l'énergie des électrons et des photons qui interagissent avec les particules chargées électriquement de la matière qu'ils traversent. Les calorimètres hadroniques échantillonnent l'énergie des hadrons (particules contenant des quarks, telles que des protons et des neutrons) qui interagissent avec les noyaux des atomes. Les calorimètres stoppent la plupart des particules connues, à l'exception des muons et des neutrinos.</p> <figure role="group"> <img alt="The calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="b462ef56-3699-457e-a50a-4ae4e1a69e7d" height="äuto"" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/katebrad/0312173_14-A4-at-144-dpi.jpg" width="1496" loading="lazy"> <figcaption>Le calorimètre à argon liquide de l'expérience <a href="https://atlas.cern/Discover/Detector/Calorimeter">ATLAS</a> fait 6,4 mètres de long et fonctionne à une température de -183°C.</figcaption> </figure> <h3><a id="identif" name="identif"></a>Les identificateurs de particules</h3> <p>Outre le trajectographe pour mesurer l'impulsion d'une particule et le calorimètre pour en mesurer l’énergie, les scientifiques disposent d'autres méthodes d’identification des particules. Ces méthodes reposent toutes sur le calcul de la vitesse de la particule. Cette mesure, associée à l'impulsion déterminée à l’aide du trajectographe, contribue à calculer la masse d'une particule, et donc à l'identifier.</p> <p>La vitesse peut être mesurée de différentes façons. La plus simple consiste à calculer, au moyen d’un détecteur de temps de vol précis, le temps que met une particule pour parcourir une certaine distance. Une autre méthode consiste à examiner dans quelle mesure une particule ionise la matière qu'elle traverse, étant donné que la ionisation dépend de la vitesse de la particule et peut être mesurée par un trajectographe. Si une particule chargée se déplace plus vite que la vitesse de la lumière dans un milieu donné, elle émet un rayonnement Tchérenkov, dont l'angle dépend de sa vitesse. Ou encore, lorsqu'une particule traverse la limite entre deux isolants électriques présentant des résistances différentes, elle émet un rayonnement de transition dont l'énergie dépend de sa vitesse.</p> <p>En rassemblant tous ces indices issus des différentes parties du détecteur, les physiciens obtiennent un instantané de ce qui se trouvait dans le détecteur au moment d'une collision. 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