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<span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sayyid_Rashid_Rida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sayyid_Rashid_Rida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sayyid Rashid Rida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sayyid_Rashid_Rida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Iqbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Iqbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Muhammad Iqbal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Iqbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sayyid_Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sayyid_Abul_Ala_Maududi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sayyid_Abul_Ala_Maududi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_Brotherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_Brotherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Muslim Brotherhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_Brotherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sayyid_Qutb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sayyid_Qutb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sayyid Qutb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sayyid_Qutb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempted_use_against_Communists/leftists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_use_against_Communists/leftists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Attempted use against Communists/leftists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_use_against_Communists/leftists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six-Day_War_(1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six-Day_War_(1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Six-Day War (1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six-Day_War_(1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_Revolution_(1978–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_Revolution_(1978–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Iranian Revolution (1978–1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Revolution_(1978–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Mosque_seizure_(1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Mosque_seizure_(1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Grand Mosque seizure (1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Mosque_seizure_(1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(1979–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(1979–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(1979–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Gulf_War_(1990–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gulf_War_(1990–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Persian Gulf War (1990–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gulf_War_(1990–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hizb_ut-Tahrir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hizb_ut-Tahrir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Hizb ut-Tahrir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hizb_ut-Tahrir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Arab_Spring_(2011–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Arab_Spring_(2011–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Post-Arab Spring (2011–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Arab_Spring_(2011–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Islamism_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Islamism_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rise of Islamism by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_of_Islamism_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rise of Islamism by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Islamism_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan_(Taliban)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan_(Taliban)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Afghanistan (Taliban)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan_(Taliban)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt_(Jihadism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_(Jihadism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Egypt (Jihadism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_(Jihadism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt_(Muslim_Brotherhood)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt_(Muslim_Brotherhood)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Egypt (Muslim Brotherhood)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt_(Muslim_Brotherhood)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_against_Islamist_extremism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_against_Islamist_extremism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8.1</span> <span>Law against Islamist extremism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_against_Islamist_extremism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_Brotherhood_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_Brotherhood_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8.2</span> <span>Muslim Brotherhood in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_Brotherhood_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaza_(Hamas)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaza_(Hamas)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Gaza (Hamas)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaza_(Hamas)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_and_Syria_(Islamic_State)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_and_Syria_(Islamic_State)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Iraq and Syria (Islamic State)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_and_Syria_(Islamic_State)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>Contemporary era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:230%;"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Scholastic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Political</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace" title="Movement of Society for Peace">Movement of Society for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">Party of Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> <p><b>Militant</b> </p> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Ma'alim fi al-Tariq</i> ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist"><i>Islamic Government: <br />Governance of the Jurist</i> ("Velayat-e faqih")</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Islamism a religio-political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> that seeks to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory,<sup id="cite_ref-Burgat-IMiNA-1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgat-IMiNA-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> purify it of foreign elements, reassert its role into "social and political as well as personal life"<sup id="cite_ref-Berman,_S_2003,_p._258_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman,_S_2003,_p._258-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where "government and society are ordered in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" (aka <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BYERS-2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYERS-2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shepard-1996-40_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shepard-1996-40-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought to have started to form towards the end of the 19th Century with <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed as an idea "more or less in 1940" (according to Olivier Roy),<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> (founder of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller-Future-120_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-Future-120-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surprising the world with the overthrow of the Shah of Iran in 1979, and going on to "arguably" alter "the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders" (according to author <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wright_(author)" title="Robin Wright (author)">Robin Wright</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-WRIGHT-SHI-10-1015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRIGHT-SHI-10-1015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, at least some observers have detected a decline in the vigor and popularity of the ideology,<sup id="cite_ref-Roy-2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well a backlash against Islamist rule in some countries (Turkey, Iran, and Sudan).<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursor_events">Precursor events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Precursor events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_on_revival_of_Caliphate">Debate on revival of Caliphate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Debate on revival of Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate">abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> on 1 November 1922 ended the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which had lasted since 1299. On 11 November 1922, at the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Conference of Lausanne</a>, the sovereignty of the Grand National Assembly exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara Government">Government in Angora</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>) over Turkey was recognized. The last sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a>, departed the Ottoman capital, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>), on 17 November 1922. The legal position was solidified with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> on 24 July 1923. In March 1924, <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">the Caliphate was abolished</a>, marking the end of Ottoman influence. This shocked the Sunni clerical world, and some felt the need to present Islam not as a traditional religion but as an <a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">innovative</a> socio-political ideology of a modern nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahnema2005101_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahnema2005101-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, also known as the <i>Bolshevik Revolution</i>, in Russia led by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in 1917 was a source of inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahnema2005x1vi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahnema2005x1vi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though militantly atheist (and though they subjected Muslims under their control to "vigorous state-sponsored anti Islamic propaganda" (29)), Bolsheviks were the enemy of their enemy, branded themselves as the movement of the future that overturned the economic, political system of European colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat movement">Khilafat movement</a> (1919–24) following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(politician)" title="Shaukat Ali (politician)">Shaukat Ali</a>, Maulana <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a> as an expression of this desperation. The reaction to new realities of the modern world gave birth to Islamist ideologues like <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> and organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> in Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam">Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam</a> in India. Rashid Rida was a prominent Salafi <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> who called for the revival of <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a> in Sunni seminaries and a pioneering theoretician of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamism</a> in the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1922–1923, Rida would publish a series of articles in <i>Al-Manar</i> titled “<i>The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate</i>”. In this highly influential treatise, Rida advocates for the restoration of Caliphate ruled by muslim jurists and proposes gradualist measures of education, reformation and purification through the efforts of <i>Salafiyya</i> reform movements across the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayatullah Khomeini's book <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">government of the jurist</a> is greatly influenced by this book, so is his call to the pure Islam (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اسلام ناب</span>) and his analysis of the post-colonial Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalaji200972_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalaji200972-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sayyid Rashid Rida, a student of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, had visited India in 1912 and was impressed by the <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Deoband</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Nadwatul_Ulama" title="Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama">Nadwatul Ulama</a> seminaries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These seminaries carried the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Ahmad Barelvi">Syed Ahmad Barelvi</a> and his pre-modern Islamic emirate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maududi was an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> ideologue and Hanafi Sunni scholar active in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad Deccan</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Maududi was born to a clerical family and got his early education at home. At the age of eleven, he was admitted to a public school in Aurangabad. In 1919, he joined the Khilafat Movement and got closer to the scholars of Deoband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahnema2005100_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahnema2005100-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commenced the <i><a href="/wiki/Dars-i_Nizami" title="Dars-i Nizami">dars-i nizami</a></i> education under supervision of Deobandi seminary at the Fatihpuri mosque in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahnema2005101_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahnema2005101-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, he wrote a book on Jihad, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jihad_fil_Islam" title="Al Jihad fil Islam"><i>al-Jihad fil-Islam</i></a>(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجهاد في الاسلام</span>), that can be regarded as his first contribution to islamism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahnema2005102_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahnema2005102-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a prolific writer and wrote many books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahnema2005104–110_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahnema2005104–110-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writings had a profound impact on <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvert2010213–217_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvert2010213–217-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessor_figures_and_movements">Predecessor figures and movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Predecessor figures and movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Islamic revivalist movements and leaders pre-dating Islamism include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a> (~1564–1624) was part of a reassertion of orthodoxy within <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Mysticism">Islamic Mysticism</a> (Taṣawwuf) and was known to his followers as the ' <i><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></i> ('renovator) of the second millennium'. It has been said of Sirhindi that he 'gave to Indian Islam the rigid and conservative stamp it bears today.'<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> (1263-1328), a Syrian Islamic jurist during the 13th and 14th centuries who is often quoted by contemporary Islamists. Ibn Taymiyya argued against the shirking of Sharia law, was against practices such as the celebration of Muhammad's birthday, and "he believed that those who ask assistance from the grave of the Prophet or saints, are mushrikin (polytheists), someone who is engaged in <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Waliullah">Shah Waliullah</a> (1703-1762) of India and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd-al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab</a> of Arabia were contemporaries who met each other while studying in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. Shah Waliullah was a forerunner of reformist Islamists like <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a> in his belief that there was "a constant need for new <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> as the Muslim community progressed and expanded and new generations had to cope with new problems" and his interest in the social and economic problems of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd-al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab</a> (1703-1792) advocated doing away with the later accretions like grave worship and getting back to the letter and the spirit of Islam as preached and practiced by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. He went on to found <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>.</li></ul> <p>Revivalists who fought early in the colonial era included </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ahmad_Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi">Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi</a> (1856-1921) was a disciple and successor of Shah Waliullah's son who emphasized the 'purification' of Islam from un-Islamic beliefs and practices. He anticipated modern militant Islamists by leading an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">extremist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> movement and attempted to create an Islamic state based on the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>. While he battled <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh fundamentalist rule</a> in Muslim-majority North-Western India, his followers fought against <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonialism</a> after his death and allied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny">Indian Mutiny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After the failure of the Indian Mutiny, some of Shah Waliullah's followers turned to more peaceful methods for preserving India's Islamic heritage and founded the <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Ulum">Dar al-Ulum</a> seminary in 1867 in the town of <a href="/wiki/Deoband" title="Deoband">Deoband</a>. From the school developed the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi movement</a> which became the largest <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical movement">philosophical movement</a> of traditional Islamic thought on the subcontinent and led to the establishment of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasahs</a> throughout modern-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shamil fought the Russians in Daghestan (1830-1859)(p. 39)</li> <li>Abdul-Qadir fought the French in Algeria (1833-1847)(p. 39)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HypnoDude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HypnoDude.jpg/150px-HypnoDude.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HypnoDude.jpg/225px-HypnoDude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HypnoDude.jpg/300px-HypnoDude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamal-al-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though Islamists draw on work of early/medieval Islamic scholars (mentioned above), the roots of Islamist movements are found in the late 19th century when "the Islamic world grappled simultaneously with increased engagement with modernity and the ideas of Enlightenment, on the one hand, and with its own decline in the face of Western colonialism, on the other".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Print technology and mass literacy expanded, facilitating the spread of new ideas as well as greater access to Islamic materials—particularly the <a href="/wiki/Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurʾān">Qurʾān</a>. This "undermined the authority of trained religious scholars", (<a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ʿulamāʾ</a>), as interpretative gatekeepers, as lay believers used printed Quran's to engage "in their own individual interpretations of the scripture (ijtihād)", leading to "increased scriptural literalism". At the same time "modernist thinkers attempted to reconcile decay in the Islamic world (which had once been a leader in scientific achievement and intellectual endeavour) with the success of the West".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A particularly harsh demonstration of Islamic decline was the dismemberment of most of the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> by non-Muslim European colonial powers towards the end of the 19th century saw .<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire had spent massive sums on Western civilian and military technology to try to modernize and compete with the encroaching European powers, and in the process went deep into debt to these powers. </p><p>In this context, the publications of Jamal ad-din <a href="/wiki/Al-Afghani" title="Al-Afghani">al-Afghani</a> (1837–97), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> (1849–1905) and <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> (1865–1935) preached Islamic alternatives to the political, economic, and cultural decline of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida formed the beginning of the Islamist movement,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the reformist Islamist movement. </p><p>Their ideas included the creation of a truly Islamic society under sharia law, and the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a>, the blind imitation of earlier authorities, which they believed deviated from the true messages of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike some later Islamists, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Early Salafiyya</a> strongly emphasized the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sayyid_Rashid_Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sayyid Rashid Rida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MohammedRachidRidaAvant1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MohammedRachidRidaAvant1935.jpg/220px-MohammedRachidRidaAvant1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MohammedRachidRidaAvant1935.jpg/330px-MohammedRachidRidaAvant1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/MohammedRachidRidaAvant1935.jpg/440px-MohammedRachidRidaAvant1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سيد رشيد رضا</span>; 23 September 1865 – 22 August 1935).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida#Islamic_Political_Theory" title="Rashid Rida">Islamic Political Doctrines of Rashid Rida</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)</a></div> <p>Syrian-Egyptian Islamic scholar Muhammad Rashid Rida first articulated the modern concept of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> that played a significant role in forming the revolutionary ideology of the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, as well as influencing other Sunni Islamist movements. </p><p>In his influential book <i>al-Khilafa aw al-Imama al-'Uzma</i> ("<i>The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</i>"); Rida explained that societies that properly obeyed <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> would be successful alternatives to the disorder and injustice of both <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Rida's Caliphate, the <i><a href="/wiki/Khalifa" title="Khalifa">Khalifa</a></i> would be the supreme head who would supervise the application of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic laws</a> in a partnership with the <i>Mujtahid</i> ulema (juristic clergy). They would engage in <i>Ijtihad</i> by evaluating the Scriptures and govern through <i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a></i> (consultation).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <i><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Khilafa</a></i> providing true Islamic governance, Islamic civilization would be revitalised, the political and legal independence of the Muslim <i>umma</i> (community of Muslim believers) would be restored, and the heretical influences of Sufism would be cleanse from Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This doctrine would become the blueprint of future Islamist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Muhammad Iqbal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> was a philosopher, poet and politician<sup id="cite_ref-aml.org.pk_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aml.org.pk-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> who is widely regarded as having inspired the <a href="/wiki/Two-Nation_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Nation Theory">Islamic Nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aml.org.pk_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aml.org.pk-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goethezeitportal_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethezeitportal-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rahnemaa01_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahnemaa01-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal is admired as a prominent classical poet by <a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>, Indian and other international scholars of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes.co.pk_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes.co.pk-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly acclaimed "Islamic philosophical thinker of modern times".<sup id="cite_ref-aml.org.pk_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aml.org.pk-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came back to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Mohammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Mohammad Ali">Muhammad Ali Johar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>. He was a critic of the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Indian_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Nationalism">Indian nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> in 1934 in a book titled <a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio-iqbalsworks_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-iqbalsworks-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-bio-iqbalsworks_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-iqbalsworks-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal expressed fears that not only would <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and secular <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> society, but that India's <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, he promoted ideas of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">greater Islamic political co-operation and unity</a>, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences. Sir Mummad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> as well as for the session in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in 1932. In his <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a> on 29 December 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India. This address later inspired the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a>. </p><p>The thoughts and vision of Iqbal later influenced many <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist</a> Islamists, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi">Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sayyid_Abul_Ala_Maududi">Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Ala Maududi">Abul Ala Maududi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi">Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonney1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonney1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in India, and then after independence from Britain, in Pakistan. Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism, and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about Islam and Islamic law. Maududi founded the <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972. However, Maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising. His extremely influential books (translated into many languages) placed Islam in a modern context, and influenced not only conservative <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> but liberal modernizer Islamists such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Faruqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Faruqi">al-Faruqi</a>, whose "<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Knowledge">Islamization of Knowledge</a>" carried forward some of Maududi's key principles. </p><p>Maududi believed that Islam was all-encompassing: "Everything in the universe is 'Muslim' for it obeys God by submission to His laws... The man who denies God is called <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a> (concealer) because he conceals by his disbelief what is inherent in his nature and embalmed in his own soul."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maududi also believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a "theo-democracy,"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the principles of: <i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i> (unity of God), <i><a href="/wiki/Risalah_(fiqh)" title="Risalah (fiqh)">risala</a></i> (prophethood) and <i><a href="/wiki/Khilafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafa">khilafa</a></i> (caliphate).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by "revolution" he meant not a violent rupture with the status quo or violence or populist policies of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or <i>da'wah</i> that would be "revolutionary" in its effects.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Muslim Brotherhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></div> <p>Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al_Banna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al Banna">Hassan al Banna</a>. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto "the Qur'an is our constitution,"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on Shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al_Banna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al Banna">Al-Banna</a> was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdul_Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamal Abdul Nasser">Gamal Abdul Nasser</a>, who jailed thousands of members for several years. </p><p>Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. For many years it was described as "semi-legal"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_2011%E2%80%932012" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012">Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012</a>, the political parties identified as "Islamist" (the Brotherhood's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a>, Salafi <a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> and liberal Islamist <a href="/wiki/Al-Wasat_Party" title="Al-Wasat Party">Al-Wasat Party</a>) won 75% of the total seats.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, an Islamist of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, was the first democratically elected president of Egypt. He was deposed during the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 Egyptian coup d'état</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sayyid_Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sayyid Qutb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayyid_Qutb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg/220px-Sayyid_Qutb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Sayyid Qutb</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alim_fi-l-Tariq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq">Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq</a></div> <p>Maududi's political ideas influenced Sayyid Qutb a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> movement, and one of the key philosophers of Islamism and highly influential thinkers of Islamic universalism.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qutb believed things had reached such a state that the Muslim community had literally ceased to exist. It "has been extinct for a few centuries,"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having reverted to Godless ignorance (<a href="/wiki/Jahiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahiliyya">Jahiliyya</a>). </p><p>To eliminate jahiliyya, Qutb argued Sharia, or Islamic law, must be established. Sharia law was not only accessible to humans and essential to the existence of Islam, but also all-encompassing, precluding "evil and corrupt" non-Islamic ideologies like communism, nationalism, or secular democracy. </p><p>Qutb preached that Muslims must engage in a two-pronged attack of converting individuals through <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">preaching Islam</a> peacefully and also waging what he called <a href="/wiki/Offensive_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive jihad">militant jihad</a> so as to forcibly eliminate the "power structures" of Jahiliyya—not only from the Islamic homeland but from the face of the earth. </p><p>Qutb was both a member of the brotherhood and enormously influential in the Muslim world at large. Qutb is considered by some (Fawaz A. Gerges) to be "the founding father and leading theoretician" of modern jihadists, such as <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and in Europe has not embraced his vision of undemocratic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> and armed jihad, something for which they have been denounced by radical Islamists.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_impact">International impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_use_against_Communists/leftists"><span id="Attempted_use_against_Communists.2Fleftists"></span>Attempted use against Communists/leftists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attempted use against Communists/leftists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, 1960s, and most of the 1970s, Western countries sometimes attempted to take advantage of Islamic revival fervour to use it as a weapon against lefist adversaries, based on the assumption that whatever differences they had with pious Muslims, leftists and especially the Marxist-Leninist movement was a stronger and more dangerous adversary. This was particularly the case during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Soviet Bloc states because part of the Communist ideology was <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>. It was later understood that the hatred Islamists felt for the West was just as intense as their hatred for atheist <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> and led to "<a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">blowback</a>", but in the meantime the practice often strengthened theIslamist movements involved. </p><p>In a September 1957 White House meeting between <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> and senior U.S. foreign policy officials, it was agreed to use the communists' lack of religion against them by setting up a secret task force to deliver weapons to Middle East states, including the Saudi Arabia. "We should do everything possible to stress the 'holy war' aspect" that has currency in the Middle East, President Eisenhower stated in agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s and sometimes later, this aid sometimes went to fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups .<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US spent billions of dollars to aid the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War#Foreign_involvement" title="Soviet–Afghan War">mujahideen</a> Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the Soviet Union, and non-Afghan <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs#Attitude_to_the_West" title="Afghan Arabs">veterans</a> of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact. The <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Afghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Afghan">Arab Afghan</a> hero <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, are thought to be the "<a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">blowback</a>" of that operation.<sup id="cite_ref-ForeignAffairsNovember2005_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForeignAffairsNovember2005-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is a strong opponent of Israel's existence, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, officially created in 1987, traces back its origins to institutions and clerics supported by Israel in the 1970s and 1980s. Israel tolerated and supported Islamist movements in Gaza, with figures like <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Yassin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a>, as Israel perceived them preferable to the secular and then more powerful <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fatah">al-Fatah</a> with the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-24-1-09_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-24-1-09-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> – whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (<i><a href="/wiki/Infitah" title="Infitah">infitah</a></i>); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">making peace with Israel</a>—released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His "encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement" was said to have been "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">formidable insurgency</a> was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers "in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity."<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six-Day_War_(1967)"><span id="Six-Day_War_.281967.29"></span>Six-Day War (1967)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Six-Day War (1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></div> <p>The quick and decisive defeat of troops from several Arab countries (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia) by the small non-Muslim country of Israeli during the Six-Day War constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries, was blamed on the secular <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> of the ruling regimes. A steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics ensued. <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by <a href="/wiki/Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maududi">Maududi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> gained ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_Revolution_(1978–1979)"><span id="Iranian_Revolution_.281978.E2.80.931979.29"></span>Iranian Revolution (1978–1979)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iranian Revolution (1978–1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roollah-khomeini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/220px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/330px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/440px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ruhollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_fundamentalist_Islam_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of fundamentalist Islam in Iran">History of fundamentalist Islam in Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></div> <p>The first modern "Islamist state" (with the possible exception of Zia's Pakistan)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established among the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> of Iran. In a major shock to the rest of the world, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> (a religious elderly cleric who had lived in exile for more than a decade) led the Iranian Revolution of 1979 in order to overthrow the oil-rich, well-armed, Westernized and pro-American secular monarchy ruled by Shah <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Reza Pahlavi">Muhammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. "Few expected the regime of the Shah, which had international support and a modern army of 400,000, to crumble in the face of unarmed demonstrators within a matter of months."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khomeini believed that complete imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Mohammad">Prophet Mohammad</a> and his successors such as <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> for the restoration of Sharia law was essential to Islam, that secular, Westernizing Muslims were not misguided, but "agents" of the West serving Western interests, helping to "plunder" Muslim lands as part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by Western governments.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the duty of Muslims to "destroy" "all traces" of any other sort of government other than true <a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a> because these are "systems of <a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">unbelief</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-IaR1981:48_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IaR1981:48-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Troublesome" groups that cause "corruption in Muslim society," and damage "Islam and the Islamic state" will be eliminated just as The Prophet eliminated the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Bani_Qurayza" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Qurayza">Bani Qurayza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IaR1981:89_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IaR1981:89-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khomeini and his followers helped translate the works of Mawdudi and Qutb into Persian and were influenced by them, but their views differed from them and other Sunni scholars in that: </p> <ul><li>As a <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, Khomeini looked to <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> ibn Abī Tālib and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> Imam, but not Caliphs <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Omar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>.</li> <li>Khomeini talked not about restoring the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a>, but about establishing a state where the guardianship of the democratic or the dictatorial political system was performed by Shia jurists (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i>) as the successors of <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a twelver doctrine)">Shia Imams</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Mahdi</a> returns from <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a>. His concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Velayat-e-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Velayat-e-faqih">velayat-e-faqih</a></i> ("guardianship of the [Islamic] jurist"), held that the leading Shia Muslim cleric in society—which Khomeini's mass of followers believed and chose to be himself—should serve as the supervisor of the state in order to protect or "guard" Islam and <i>Sharia</i> law from "innovation" and "anti-Islamic laws" passed by dictators or democratic parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The revolution was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> through Islamist thought and also by writings that sought either to counter Marxism (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr</a>'s work) or to integrate socialism and Islamism (<a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a>'s work). A strong wing of the revolutionary leadership was made up of leftists or "radical populists", such as <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Mohtashami-Pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Akbar Mohtashami-Pur">Ali Akbar Mohtashami-Pur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for the Iranian revolution in the Muslim world has waxed and waned. Initially enthusiasm was intense, but weakened as "purges, executions, and atrocities tarnished its image".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict">2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict</a>, the Iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly Sunni "<a href="/wiki/Arab_street" title="Arab street">Arab street</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to its support for <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and to President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>'s vehement opposition to the United States and his call that <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> shall vanish.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022-3, continuing <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">widespread domestic unrest and protest</a> has again lowered its image. </p><p>The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of <a href="/wiki/United_States-Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-Iran relations">US economic sanctions</a>, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (<a href="/wiki/SCIRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SCIRI">SCIRI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lebanon (<a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (two Muslim countries that also have large Shiite populations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Mosque_seizure_(1979)"><span id="Grand_Mosque_seizure_.281979.29"></span>Grand Mosque seizure (1979)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grand Mosque seizure (1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></div> <p>The strength of the Islamist movement was manifest in an event which might have seemed sure to turn Muslim public opinion against <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>, but did just the opposite. In 1979 the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Grand Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> was seized by an armed fundamentalist group and held for over a week. Scores were killed, including many pilgrim bystanders<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a gross violation of one of the most holy sites in Islam (and one where arms and violence are strictly forbidden).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of prompting a backlash against the movement from which the attackers originated, however, Saudi Arabia, already very conservative, responded by shoring up its fundamentalist credentials with even more Islamic restrictions. Crackdowns followed on everything from shopkeepers who did not close for prayer and newspapers that published pictures of women, to the selling of dolls, teddy bears (images of animate objects are considered <a href="/wiki/Haraam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraam">haraam</a>), and dog food (dogs are considered unclean).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other Muslim countries, blame for and wrath against the seizure was directed not against fundamentalists, but against Islamic fundamentalism's foremost geopolitical enemy—the United States. Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> sparked attacks on American embassies when he announced: </p> <blockquote><p>It is not beyond guessing that this is the work of criminal <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> and international Zionism</p></blockquote><p> despite the fact that the object of the fundamentalists' revolt was the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, America's major ally in the region. Anti-American demonstrations followed in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. The US Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> was burned by protesters chanting pro-Khomeini slogans and the embassy in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan was burned to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_(1979–1989)"><span id="Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan_.281979.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></div> <p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan</a>, attempting to suppress an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)">Afghan Civil War</a>. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>) against an anti-religious superpower, galvanized thousands of Muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith. Leading this pan-Islamic effort was Palestinian sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam#Life_in_Pakistan_and_Afghanistan" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a>. While the military effectiveness of these "<a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Afghan Arabs</a>" was marginal, an estimated 16,000<sup id="cite_ref-Atkins_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkins-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 35,000 Muslim volunteers<sup id="cite_ref-Commins-174_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commins-174-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came from around the world to fight in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Commins-174_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commins-174-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rashid-129_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rashid-129-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Soviet Union abandoned the Marxist Najibullah regime and withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 (the regime finally fell in 1992), the victory was seen by many Muslims as the triumph of Islamic faith over superior military power and technology that could be duplicated elsewhere. </p> <blockquote><p>The jihadists gained legitimacy and prestige from their triumph both within the militant community and among ordinary Muslims, as well as the confidence to carry their jihad to other countries where they believed Muslims required assistance.|<sup id="cite_ref-for-aff-bergen_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-for-aff-bergen-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The "veterans of the guerrilla campaign" returning home to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and other countries "with their experience, ideology, and weapons," were often eager to continue armed jihad. </p><p>The collapse of the Soviet Union itself, in 1991, was seen by many Islamists, including Bin Laden, as the defeat of a superpower at the hands of Islam. Concerning the $6 billion in aid given by the US and Pakistan's military training and intelligence support to the mujahideen,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bin Laden wrote: "[T]he US has no mentionable role" in "the collapse of the Soviet Union ... rather the credit goes to God and the mujahidin" of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gulf_War_(1990–1991)"><span id="Persian_Gulf_War_.281990.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Persian Gulf War (1990–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Persian Gulf War (1990–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the Islamist movement was the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, which brought several hundred thousand US and allied non-Muslim military personnel to Saudi Arabian soil to put an end to <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s occupation of Kuwait. Prior to 1990 Saudi Arabia played an important role in restraining the many Islamist groups that received its aid. But when Saddam, secularist and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athist</a> dictator of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, attacked Kuwait (his enemy in the war), western troops came to protect the Saudi monarchy. Islamists accused the Saudi regime of being a puppet of the west. </p><p>These attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam's defeat either, since American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups (Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups) that did not, but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">Egypt</a>, a bloody civil war in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_massacres_of_the_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>'s terror attacks climaxing in the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">9/11 attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the beginning of the twenty first century, "the word secular, a label proudly worn" in the 1960s and 70s was "shunned" and "used to besmirch" political foes in Egypt and the rest of the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-murphy-161_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murphy-161-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamists surpassed the small secular opposition parties in terms of "doggedness, courage," "risk-taking" or "organizational skills".<sup id="cite_ref-murphy-160_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murphy-160-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In the Middle East and Pakistan, religious discourse dominates societies, the airwaves, and thinking about the world. Radical mosques have proliferated throughout Egypt. Book stores are dominated by works with religious themes ... The demand for sharia, the belief that their governments are unfaithful to Islam and that Islam is the answer to all problems, and the certainty that the West has declared war on Islam; these are the themes that dominate public discussion. Islamists may not control parliaments or government palaces, but they have occupied the popular imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Opinion polls in a variety of Islamic countries showed that significant majorities opposed groups like <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a>, but also wanted religion to play a greater role in public life.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hizb_ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hizb ut-Tahrir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> is an influential international Islamist movement, founded in 1953 by an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a> <i>(judge)</i> <a href="/wiki/Taqiuddin_al-Nabhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiuddin al-Nabhani">Taqiuddin al-Nabhani</a>. HT is unique from most other Islamist movements in that the party focuses not on implementation of Sharia on local level or on providing social services, but on unifying the Muslim world under its vision of a new Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> spanning from North Africa and the Middle East to much of central and South Asia. </p><p>To this end it has drawn up and published a 186-article constitution for its proposed caliphate-state specifying specific policies such as sharia law, a "unitary ruling system" headed by a caliph elected by Muslims, an economy based on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, public ownership of utilities, public transport, and energy resources, death for <a href="/wiki/Murtadd" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtadd">apostates</a> and Arabic as the "sole language of the State."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Draft_Constitution_of_the_Khilafah_State1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Draft_Constitution_of_the_Khilafah_State1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Draft_Constitution_of_the_Khilafah_State2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Draft_Constitution_of_the_Khilafah_State2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its focus on the Caliphate, the party takes a different view of Muslim history than some other Islamists such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qutb" title="Muhammad Qutb">Muhammad Qutb</a>. HT sees Islam's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, or one of the other four <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">"rightly guided" caliphs</a> in the 7th century, but with the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">abolition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a> in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames "the disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers" working through Turkish modernist <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HT does not engage in armed <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> or work for a democratic system, but works to take power through "ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government," i.e., launch a "bloodless" <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a>. It allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt, and is now banned in both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party is sometimes described as "Leninist" and "rigidly controlled by its central leadership,"<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its estimated one million members required to spend "at least two years studying party literature under the guidance of mentors <i>(<a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a>)</i>" before taking "the party oath."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HT is particularly active in the ex-soviet republics of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Arab_Spring_(2011–present)"><span id="Post-Arab_Spring_.282011.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Post-Arab Spring (2011–present)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-Arab Spring (2011–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One observer (Quinn Mecham) notes four trends in Islamism rising from the Arab Spring of 2010–11: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt#Post-2013_Egyptian_coup_d'état" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">repression</a> of the Muslim Brotherhood. Primarily by the Egyptian military and courts following the forcible removal of <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Morsi from office in 2013</a>; but also by Saudi Arabia and a number of Gulf countries (not Qatar).<sup id="cite_ref-Mecham_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mecham-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brookings_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookings-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rise of Islamist "<a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">state-building</a>" where "state failure" has taken place—most prominently in Syria, Iraq, Libya and Yemen. Islamists have found it easier than competing non-Islamists trying to fill the void of state failure, by securing external funding, weaponry and fighters—"many of which have come from abroad and have rallied around a pan-Islamic identity". The norms of governance in these Islamist areas are militia-based, and the population submit to their authority out of fear, loyalty, other reasons, or some combination.<sup id="cite_ref-Mecham_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mecham-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "most expansive" of these new "models" is the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mecham_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mecham-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increasing sectarianism at least in part from <a href="/wiki/Proxy_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxy War">Proxy Wars</a>. Fighters are proxies primarily for Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states and for Iran. Islamists are fighting Islamists across sectarian lines in Lebanon (Sunni militants targeting <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> positions), Yemen (between mainstream Sunni Islamists of <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a> and the Shiite <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> <a href="/wiki/Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi">Houthi</a> movement), in Iraq (Islamic State and Iraqi Shiite militias)<sup id="cite_ref-Mecham_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mecham-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increased caution and political learning in countries such as Algeria and Jordan where Islamist have chosen not to lead a major challenge against their governments. In Yemen Islah "has sought to frame its ideology in a way that will avoid charges of militancy".<sup id="cite_ref-Mecham_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mecham-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Another observer (Tarek Osman) notes with concern that </p> <ul><li>the failure to take power during the Arab Spring has led not to "soul-searching" in major Islamist groups about what went wrong, but instead to "antagonism and fiery anger" and a thirst for revenge. Partisans of political Islam (although this does not include some prominent leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a> but is particularly true in Egypt) see themselves as victims of an injustice whose perpetrators are not just "individual conspirators but entire social groups".<sup id="cite_ref-osman-2016-244_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osman-2016-244-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/240px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/360px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png/480px-Territoires_de_l%27Etat_islamique_juin_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="3439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>'s territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>"The Islamic State", formerly known as the "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" and before that as the "Islamic State of Iraq", (also called by the Arabic acronym <i>Daesh</i>), is a <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadist</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">extremist</a> militant group which is led by and mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Arabs from Syria and Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it had control over territory occupied by ten million people<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Syria and Iraq, and has nominal control over small areas of Libya, Nigeria, and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters-turfwar_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-turfwar-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Militant_Attack_and_Support_Zones_in_Afghanistan_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Militant_Attack_and_Support_Zones_in_Afghanistan-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (While a self-described state, it lacks international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ISIL also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world, including <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pakistani_Taliban_pledges_allegiance_to_ISIL_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistani_Taliban_pledges_allegiance_to_ISIL-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISIL_gains_supporters_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISIL_gains_supporters-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originating as the <i><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></i> in 1999, ISIL pledged allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> in 2004, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)">Iraqi insurgency</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> by Western coalition forces in 2003, joined the fight in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> beginning in 2011, and was expelled from al-Qaeda in early 2014, (which complained of its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence"<sup id="cite_ref-al-Qaeda_severs_link_with_ISIL_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Qaeda_severs_link_with_ISIL-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlQaedaTiesEnd_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlQaedaTiesEnd-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). ISIL gained prominence after it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in western Iraq in an <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">offensive</a> in June that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group is adept at social media, posting Internet videos of <a href="/wiki/ISIL_beheading_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL beheading incidents">beheadings of soldiers, civilians, journalists and aid workers</a>, and is known for its <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">destruction of cultural heritage sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-al-shorfa_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-shorfa-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) has held ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has reported <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> by the group on a "historic scale". The group has been <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of designated terrorist organizations">designated a terrorist organisation</a> by the UN, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) and member states, the United States, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria and other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2020, approximately 40 years after the Islamic overthrow of the Shah of Iran and the seizure of the Grand Mosque by extremists, a number of observers (<a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a>, Mustafa Akyol, Nader Hashemi) detected a decline in the vigor and popularity of Islamism. Islamism had been an idealized/utopian concept to compare with the grim reality of the status quo, but in more than four decades it had failed to establish a "concrete and viable blueprint for society" despite repeated efforts (Olivier Roy);<sup id="cite_ref-Roy-2004_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead had left a less than inspiring track record of its impact on the world (Nader Hashemi).<sup id="cite_ref-Hashemi-40-2021_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-40-2021-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, in addition to the trend towards moderation by Islamist or formerly Islamist parties (such as <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">PKS of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP of Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party_(PAS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)">PAS of Malaysia</a>) mentioned above, there has been a social/religious and sometimes political backlash against Islamist rule in countries like Turkey, Iran, and Sudan (Mustafa Akyol).<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in 2020, Mustafa Akyol argues there has been a strong reaction by many Muslims against political Islam, including a weakening of religious faith—the very thing Islamism was intended to strengthen. He suggests this backlash against Islamism among Muslim youth has come from all the "terrible things" that have happened in the Arab world in the twenty first century "in the name of Islam"—such as the "sectarian civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)">Yemen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polls taken by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Barometer" title="Arab Barometer">Arab Barometer</a> in six Arab countries — Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan, Iraq and Libya — found "Arabs are losing faith in religious parties and leaders." In 2018–19, in all six countries, fewer than 20% of those asked whether they trusted Islamist parties answered in the affirmative. That percentage had fallen (in all six countries) from when the same question was asked in 2012–14. Mosque attendance also declined more than 10 points on average, and the share of those Arabs describing themselves as "not religious" went from 8% in 2013 to 13% in 2018–19.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Syria, Sham al-Ali reports "Rising apostasy among Syrian youths".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in 2021, Nader Hashemi notes that in Iraq, Sudan, Tunisia, Egypt, Gaza, Jordan and other places were Islamist parties have come to power or campaigned to, "one general theme stands. The popular prestige of political Islam has been tarnished by its experience with state power."<sup id="cite_ref-Zakaria-10-years-29-4-21_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zakaria-10-years-29-4-21-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hashemi-40-2021_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-40-2021-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Islamist terrorism was in decline and tended "to be local" rather than pan-Islamic. As of 2021, Al-Qaeda consisted of "a bunch of militias" with no effective central command (Fareed Zakaria).<sup id="cite_ref-Zakaria-10-years-29-4-21_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zakaria-10-years-29-4-21-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_Islamism_by_country">Rise of Islamism by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rise of Islamism by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Islamism_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Islamism by country">Rise of Islamism by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan_(Taliban)"><span id="Afghanistan_.28Taliban.29"></span>Afghanistan (Taliban)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Afghanistan (Taliban)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></div> <p>In Afghanistan, the mujahideen's victory against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)">civil war</a> between political and tribal warlords, making Afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> ruled by communist forces collapsed, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">democratic Islamist</a> elements of mujahideen founded the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State of Afghanistan</a>. In 1996, a more conservative and anti-democratic Islamist movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> rose to power, defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 90% of Afghanistan. </p><p>The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasahs</a> the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a> movement established for impoverished <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a> and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalist</a> or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading "an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs" under the label of Sharia to an entire country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their ideology was also described as being influenced by <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">extremist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadism</a> of their guest <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taliban considered "politics" to be against Sharia and thus did not hold elections. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a> who was given the title "<a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a>" or Commander of the Faithful, and a pledge of loyalty by several hundred Taliban-selected <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a> clergy in April 1996. Taliban were overwhelmingly Pashtun and were accused of not sharing power with the approximately 60% of Afghans who belonged to other ethnic groups. (see: <a href="/wiki/Taliban#Ideology_and_aims" title="Taliban">Taliban#Ideology and aims</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taliban's hosting of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> led to an American-organized attack which drove them from power following the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-98-11-21_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-98-11-21-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taliban continued to fight a vigorous <a href="/wiki/Taliban#Resurgence_after_2001" title="Taliban">insurgency</a> with suicide bombings and armed attacks being launched against <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and Afghan government targets. The Taliban re-established control of the country in 2021 following a <a href="/wiki/US-Taliban_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="US-Taliban deal">2020 peace agreement with the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">overthrow of the US-backed government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeria">Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_massacres_of_the_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s">List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s</a></div> <p>In 1989, a broad Islamist coalition movement was founded in Algeria known as the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a>). Led by <a href="/wiki/Abbassi_Madani" title="Abbassi Madani">Abbassi Madani</a>, and a charismatic Islamist young preacher, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Belhadj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Belhadj">Ali Belhadj</a>, it was influenced by Salafism and the jihad in Afghanistan, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>. Taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization of the ruling leftist-nationalist FLN government, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following Sharia law, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men. The FIS won sweeping victories in local elections and was set to win national elections in 1991, when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état. </p><p>As Islamists took up arms to overthrow the government, the FIS's leaders were arrested and it became overshadowed by Islamist guerrilla groups, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Army" title="Islamic Salvation Army">Islamic Salvation Army</a>, MIA and <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Islamic Group">Armed Islamic Group</a> (or GIA). A bloody and devastating <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">civil war</a> ensued in which between 150,000 and 200,000 people were killed over the next decade. </p><p>The civil war was not a victory for Islamists. By 2002 the main guerrilla groups had either been destroyed or had surrendered. The popularity of Islamist parties has declined to the point that "the Islamist candidate, Abdallah Jaballah, came a distant third with 5% of the vote" in the 2004 presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh">Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh</a> is the largest Islamist party in the country and supports the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law and promotes the country's main right-wing politics. Since 2000, the main political opposition <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a> (BNP) has been allied with it and another Islamic party, <a href="/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jote" title="Islami Oikya Jote">Islami Oikya Jote</a>. Some of their leaders and supporters, including former ministers and MPs, have been hanged for alleged war crimes during Bangladesh's <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">struggle for independence</a> and speaking against the ruling <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Bangladesh Awami League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2012, the party named <i>Islam</i> had four candidates and they were elected in <a href="/wiki/Sint-Jans-Molenbeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Sint-Jans-Molenbeek">Molenbeek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, they ran candidates in 28 municipalities. Its policies include schools must offer halal food and women must be able to wear a headscarf anywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of the Islam Party's goals is to separate men and women on public transportation. The party's president argues this policy will help protect women from sexual harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Islam in Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Denmark" title="Terrorism in Denmark">Terrorism in Denmark</a></div> <p>The Islamist movements gradually grew since the 1990s. The first Islamist groups and networks were predominantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Denmark" title="Immigration to Denmark">the countries they immigrated from</a>. Those involved had close contact with militant Islamists in the Middle East, South Asia and North Africa. Their operations had supporting militant groups financially as their first priority. Since the 1990s, people from the Islamist movements joined several conflicts to train with or participate in fighting with Islamist militants.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s the Islamist movements grew and by 2014 there were militants among the Islamist movements in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odense" title="Odense">Odense</a>. Several people from crime gangs join Islamist movements that sympathise with militant Islamism. The militant Islamist movement were estimated to encompass some hundreds in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Danish National Centre for Social Research released a report commissioned by the Ministry of Children, Integration and Social Affairs documenting 15 extremist groups operating in Denmark. Most were non-Muslim far-right or far-left groups, but five were Sunni Islamist groups. These Sunni Islamist groups include <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir#Denmark" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir Denmark</a>, <i>Dawah-bærere</i> (Dawah Carriers), <i>Kaldet til Islam</i> (The Call to Islam), <i>Dawah-centret</i> (The Dawah Centre), and the <i>Muslimsk Ungdomscenter</i> (The Muslim Youth Centre). All of these Sunni Islamist groups operate in Greater Copenhagen with the exception of <i>Muslimsk Ungdomscenter</i>, which operates in Aarhus. Altogether, roughly 195 to 415 Muslims belong to one of these organizations and most are young men.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt_(Jihadism)"><span id="Egypt_.28Jihadism.29"></span>Egypt (Jihadism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Egypt (Jihadism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt#Islamic_political_movements" title="Islam in Egypt">Egyptian Islamist movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Islamism_in_20th-century_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Islamism in 20th-century Egypt">Revolutionary Islamism in 20th-century Egypt</a></div> <p>While Qutb's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood, led by <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Hudaybi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan al-Hudaybi">Hasan al-Hudaybi</a>, remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism. Fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s (particularly the manifesto <i>Milestones</i>, a.k.a. <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alim_fi-l-Tariq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq">Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq</a></i>) did, however, develop and they pursued a more radical direction.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, the Brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals. </p><p>The path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a> organization responsible for the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">extremist</a> group directed its attacks against what it believed were "apostate" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies. Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag, in which he states: </p> <blockquote><p>...there is no doubt that the first battlefield for jihad is the extermination of these infidel leaders and to replace them by a complete Islamic Order...</p></blockquote> <p>Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a> (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker (<a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Mahgoub" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifaat al-Mahgoub">Rifaat al-Mahgoub</a>), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful, and the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a>), renounced violence in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, <a href="/wiki/Salvation_from_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation from Hell">Salvation from Hell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a>, and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt_(Muslim_Brotherhood)"><span id="Egypt_.28Muslim_Brotherhood.29"></span>Egypt (Muslim Brotherhood)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Egypt (Muslim Brotherhood)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egyptian Revolution of 2011</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> won the 2012 presidential election. He was overthrown and the MB crushed in Egypt after the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 Egyptian coup d'état</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Democratic Union of Muslims (French: <i><a href="/wiki/Union_des_d%C3%A9mocrates_musulmans_fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des démocrates musulmans français">Union des démocrates musulmans français</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_d%C3%A9mocrates_musulmans_fran%C3%A7ais" class="extiw" title="fr:Union des démocrates musulmans français">fr</a>]</span></i>, UDMF), a party founded in 2012, planned to take part in 2019 municipal elections. They presented candidate lists for 50 different cities.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UDMF also fielded candidates for European Parliament elections. The rise of the party can be attributed to French Muslim dissatisfaction with mainstream political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Darmanin" title="Gérald Darmanin">Gérald Darmanin</a>, Minister of the Interior of France, said in his book, <i>Le séparatisme Islamiste</i>, ‘Islamism, the most powerful ideology in the world, has deprived Islam of its voice.’<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_against_Islamist_extremism">Law against Islamist extremism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Law against Islamist extremism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Samuel_Paty" title="Murder of Samuel Paty">Murder of Samuel Paty</a></div> <p>After the murder of Paty, a bill was put forward to fight Islamist extremism and separatism to fight the roots of jihadist violence. It was approved by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> in February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new bill was introduced, which makes it unlawful to threaten a public servant in order to gain an exception or special treatment which carries a penalty of up to five years in prison. The legislation expands the powers of authorities to close places of worship and religious organisations when they promote "hate or violence". The law requires religious funds from abroad exceeding €10,000 to be declared and the relevant accounts to be certified, so as to regulate the donations from countries such as Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Millions of euros in funding had previously reached France from countries such as Turkey, Morocco and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It provides stricter rules for allowing home-schooling in order to prevent parents taking children out of school in order to let them pursue their education in underground Islamist institutions. Doctors performing <a href="/wiki/Virginity_test" title="Virginity test">virginity tests</a> would be subject to fines or prison sentences. These changes were prompted by a number of cases of Muslim men trying to have their marriages annulled by accusing their spouse of having had sex before marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorities will have to refuse residency documents to applicants who practise <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_153-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced marriage, which The French ministry of the interior states affects 200,000 women in France,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was likewise required to be combated with greater scrutiny from registrars.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_154-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslim_Brotherhood_in_France">Muslim Brotherhood in France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Muslim Brotherhood in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brotherhood's build-up in France started with <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_organisations_islamiques_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Union des organisations islamiques en France">Union des organisations islamiques en France</a> (UOIF) which later changed its name to <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulmans_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Musulmans de France">Musulmans de France</a>. The organization primarily consisted of foreign students who entered France from Tunisia and Morocco. By 2020, there were 147 mosques and 18 Islamic schools associated with the brotherhood. UOIF has about 50 000 members distributed among 200 member organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brotherhood pursues a <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarianist</a> philiosophy and works against Muslims adopting liberal lifestyles and becoming assimilated into French society. In the long term, they aim towards entering politics by increasing the number of Muslims until they can form a political party of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaza_(Hamas)"><span id="Gaza_.28Hamas.29"></span>Gaza (Hamas)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gaza (Hamas)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/220px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/330px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg/440px-Flag_of_al-Qassam_Brigades.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> flag</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist organization that governs the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> where it has moved to establish sharia law in matters such as separation of the genders, using the lash for punishment, and Islamic dress code.<sup id="cite_ref-islamist/islamic_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamist/islamic-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamas also has a military resistance wing, the <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abcnews.go.com_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abcnews.go.com-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some decades prior to the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Palestine Intifada</a> in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-GKJTPI2002:153_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKJTPI2002:153-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine took a "quiescent" stance towards Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-GKJTPI2002:152_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKJTPI2002:152-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focusing on preaching, education and social services, and benefiting from Israel's "indulgence" to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-GKJTPI2002:156_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKJTPI2002:156-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the First Intifada gathered momentum and Palestinian shopkeepers closed their shops in support of the uprising, the Brotherhood announced the formation of HAMAS ("zeal"), devoted to <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against Israel. Rather than being more moderate than the PLO, the 1988 <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">Hamas charter</a> took a more uncompromising stand, calling for the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-long-HAHHIC_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-HAHHIC-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was soon competing with and then overtaking the PLO for control of the intifada. The Brotherhood's base of devout middle class found common cause with the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GKJTPI2002:154_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKJTPI2002:154-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamas has continued to play a significant role in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. From 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or "martyrdom operations".<sup id="cite_ref-long-HAHHIC_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-HAHHIC-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the January 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats,<sup id="cite_ref-long-HAHHIC_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-HAHHIC-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2007 it <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">drove the PLO out of Gaza</a>. Hamas has been praised by Muslims for driving Israel out of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-long-HAHHIC_162-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-HAHHIC-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">2008–09</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Gaza Wars</a> despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_and_Syria_(Islamic_State)"><span id="Iraq_and_Syria_.28Islamic_State.29"></span>Iraq and Syria (Islamic State)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Iraq and Syria (Islamic State)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></div> <p>Early in the history of the state of Pakistan (12 March 1949), a parliamentary resolution (the <a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a>) was adopted in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">vision</a> of founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> proclaiming: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a> belongs to <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> alone but He has delegated it to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him as a sacred trust. </p><ul><li>The State shall exercise its powers and authority through the elected representatives of the people.</li> <li>The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed.</li> <li>Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings of Islam as set out in the Quran and Sunnah.</li> <li>Provision shall be made for the religious minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures.</li></ul></blockquote> <p>This resolution later became a key source of inspiration for writers of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a>, and is included in the constitution as preamble. </p><p>In July 1977, General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> overthrew Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a>'s regime in Pakistan. Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months, shortly before he was overthrown.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia-ul-Haq was much more committed to Islamism, and "<a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Islamization</a>" or implementation of Islamic law, became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and Islamism became his "official state ideology". Zia ul Haq was an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Mawdudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawdudi">Mawdudi</a> and Mawdudi's party <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> became the "regime's ideological and political arm".<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pakistan this Islamization from above was "probably" more complete "than under any other regime except those in Iran and Sudan," but Zia-ul-Haq was also criticized by many Islamists for imposing "symbols" rather than substance, and using Islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike neighboring Iran, Zia-ul-Haq's policies were intended to "avoid revolutionary excess", and not to strain relations with his American and Persian Gulf state allies.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zia-ul-Haq was killed in 1988 but Islamization remains an important element in Pakistani society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Islamism in Sudan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress (Sudan)">National Congress (Sudan)</a></div> <p>For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a>. His <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a> first gained influence when strongman General <a href="/wiki/Gaafar_al-Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaafar al-Nimeiry">Gaafar al-Nimeiry</a> invited members to serve in his government in 1979. Turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign Islamist banking systems, especially those linked with Saudi Arabia. He also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller,_Graham_E._2003_p._108_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller,_Graham_E._2003_p._108-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military. Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power, but strict application of sharia law, torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition,<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch_Report_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch_Report-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an intensification of the long-running war in southern Sudan,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> once in power. The NIF regime also harbored <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. </p><p>After Sudanese intelligence services were implicated in an <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak#Governing_style" title="Hosni Mubarak">assassination attempt</a> on the President of Egypt, UN economic sanctions were imposed on Sudan, a poor country, and Turabi fell from favor.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was imprisoned for a time in 2004–05. Some of the NIF policies, such as the war with the non-Muslim south, have been reversed, though the National Islamic Front still holds considerable power in the government of <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress (Sudan)">National Congress Party</a>, another Islamist party in country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Switzerland is not normally seen as a center of Islamism, especially when compared to countries such as Belgium or France. However, from 2012 to 2018, the majority of the country's jihadist and would-be jihadist population were radicalized in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necmettin-Erbakan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Necmettin-Erbakan.jpg/220px-Necmettin-Erbakan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Necmettin-Erbakan.jpg/330px-Necmettin-Erbakan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Necmettin-Erbakan.jpg/440px-Necmettin-Erbakan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a>, elected in 1996, was the second Islamist Prime Minister of Turkey after <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemsettin_G%C3%BCnaltay" title="Şemsettin Günaltay">Şemsettin Günaltay</a>, but was removed from power by a <a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">"postmodern coup d'état"</a> in 1997.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkey had a number of Islamist parties, often changing names as they were banned by the constitutional court for anti-secular activities. <a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> (1926–2011) was the leader of several of the parties, the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_Party" title="National Order Party">National Order Party</a> (<i>Milli Nizam Partisi</i>, 1970–1971), the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Party" title="National Salvation Party">National Salvation Party</a> (<i>Milli Selamet Partisi</i>, 1972–1981), and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a> (<i>Refah Partisi</i>, 1983–1998); he also became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Party" title="Felicity Party">Felicity Party</a> (<i>Saadet Partisi</i>, 2003–2011). Current Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has long been considered a champion of political Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP), which has dominated Turkish politics since 2002, is sometimes described as Islamist, but rejects such classification.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Contemporary era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_country">By country</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Various Islamist political groups are dominant forces in the political systems of <b>Afghanistan</b>, <b>Iran</b> and <b>Iraq</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a> is an Islamist coalition of political parties, created for the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_legislative_election,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian legislative election, 2012">legislative election of 2012</a> in <b>Algeria</b>. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace" title="Movement of Society for Peace">Movement of Society for Peace</a> (Hamas), <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Renaissance_Movement" title="Islamic Renaissance Movement">Islamic Renaissance Movement</a> (Ennahda) and the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_National_Reform" title="Movement for National Reform">Movement for National Reform</a> (Islah).<sup id="cite_ref-Slimani_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slimani-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alliance is led by <a href="/wiki/Bouguerra_Soltani" title="Bouguerra Soltani">Bouguerra Soltani</a> of Hamas.<sup id="cite_ref-rnw.nl_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rnw.nl-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the incumbent coalition, comprising the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_for_Democracy_(Algeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally for Democracy (Algeria)">RND</a> of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a>, held on to power after winning a majority of seats, and the Islamist parties of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a> lost seats in the legislative election of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-11-5-12_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-11-5-12-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shia Islamist <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a>, Salafi Islamist <a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a> and Ikhwani(brotherhood) Islamist <a href="/wiki/Al-Menbar_Islamic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Menbar Islamic Society">Al-Menbar Islamic Society</a> are dominant democratic forces in <b>Bahrain</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-wikileaks_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikileaks-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <b>Indonesia</b>, <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a> is the major <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">opposition</a> Islamist political party.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans,_Kevin_R_2003_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans,_Kevin_R_2003-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz,_1994_172_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz,_1994_172-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indonesian_Democracy's_Enemy_Within_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indonesian_Democracy's_Enemy_Within-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a> is <b>Jordan'</b>s Islamist political party and largest democratic political force in the country. The IAF's survival in Jordan is primarily due to its flexibility and less radical approach to politics.<sup id="cite_ref-atimes.com_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes.com-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadas">Hadas</a> or "Islamic Constitutional Movement" is <b>Kuwait'</b>s <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islamist party.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Group_(Lebanon)" title="Islamic Group (Lebanon)">Islamic Group (Lebanon)</a> is a Sunni Islamist political party in <b>Lebanon</b>. <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> is a Shia Islamist political party in Lebanon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>'s political arm in <b>Libya</b> and the second largest political force in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-libyaherald.com_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libyaherald.com-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soguel_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soguel-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haimzadeh_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haimzadeh-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Forces_Alliance" title="National Forces Alliance">National Forces Alliance</a>, the largest political group in country, does not believe the country should be run entirely by Sharia law or <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> law, but does hold that Sharia should be "the main inspiration for legislation." Party leader Jibril has said the NFA is a moderate Islamic movement that recognises the importance of Islam in political life and favours Sharia as the basis of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-lherald_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lherald-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party</a> is a major <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">opposition</a> party in Malaysia which espouses Islamism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a> is the ruling party in <b>Morocco</b> since 29 November 2011, advocating Islamism and Islamic democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bw-11-11-25_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw-11-11-25-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Brotherhood of Syria">Muslim Brotherhood of Syria</a> is a Sunni Islamist force in <b>Syria</b> and very loosely affiliated to the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>. It has also been called the "dominant group" or "dominant force" in the Arab Spring uprising in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-wp05122012_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp05122012-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group's stated political positions are moderate and in its most recent April 2012 manifesto it "pledges to respect individual rights", to promote pluralism and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan">Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan</a> is <b>Tajikistan'</b>s Islamist party and main opposition and democratic force in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ennahda_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennahda Movement">Ennahda Movement</a>, also known as Renaissance Party or simply Ennahda, is a moderate Islamist political party in <b>Tunisia</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-1-3-11_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-1-3-11-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FT-27-4-11_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-27-4-11-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jazeera_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazeera-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ-26-10-11_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-26-10-11-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 March 2011, after the government of <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> collapsed in the wake of the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a>, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Constituent_Assembly_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011">Tunisian Constituent Assembly election of 2011</a>, the first honest election in the country's history with a turnout of 51% of all eligible voters, the party won 37% of the popular vote and 89 (41%) of the 217 assembly seats, far more than any other party.<sup id="cite_ref-isie-report_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isie-report-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feldman_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RealClearPolitics_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RealClearPolitics-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eastern Africa has become a hotbed of violent <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a> since the late 1990s, one of the relevant movements being <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a>, active in Somalia and Kenya, which emerged in response to the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Somalia (2006–09)">2006–09 Ethiopian intervention in Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Northern_Nigeria" title="Islamic extremism in Northern Nigeria">West Africa has seen the rise of influential Islamic extremist organizations</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">Northern Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> in Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominionism">Dominionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamicism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Islamicism (disambiguation)">Islamicism (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Burgat-IMiNA-1997-1"><span 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Wadamed, Scarecrow Press, 2001, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience</i> by Caryle Murphy, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i> (1994), p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHugo2013" class="citation book cs1">McHugo, John (2013). <i>A Concise History of the Arabs</i>. 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London: The Macmillan Press Ltd. pp. 69, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27969-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27969-4"><bdi>978-0-333-27969-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Islamic+Political+Thought%3A+The+Response+of+the+Shi%27i+and+SunnI+Muslims+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69%2C+77&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-333-27969-4&rft.aulast=Enayat&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Martin2016" class="citation book cs1">C. Martin, Richard (2016). "State and Government". <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Second Edition</i>. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Publishers. p. 1088. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866269-5"><bdi>978-0-02-866269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+and+Government&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=1088&rft.pub=Gale+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866269-5&rft.aulast=C.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Ruiheng (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19370679.2016.12023291">"A Preliminary Study on the "Islamic State" Thought in Modern Islamism"</a>. <i>Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)</i>. <b>10</b> (4). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19370679.2016.12023291">10.1080/19370679.2016.12023291</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+and+Islamic+Studies+%28In+Asia%29&rft.atitle=A+Preliminary+Study+on+the+%22Islamic+State%22+Thought+in+Modern+Islamism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19370679.2016.12023291&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Ruiheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F19370679.2016.12023291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aml.org.pk-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aml.org.pk_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aml.org.pk_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aml.org.pk_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305000639/http://www.aml.org.pk/AllamaIqbal.html">"Allama Muhammad Iqbal Philosopher, Poet, and Political leader"</a>. Aml.Org.pk. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allama+Muhammad+Iqbal+Philosopher%2C+Poet%2C+and+Political+leader&rft.pub=Aml.Org.pk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aml.org.pk%2FAllamaIqbal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goethezeitportal-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goethezeitportal_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil_Bhatti" class="citation web cs1">Anil Bhatti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030083304/http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/goethe/bhatti_iqbal.pdf">"Iqbal and Goethe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yearbook+of+the+Goethe+Society+of+India&rft.atitle=Iqbal+and+Goethe&rft.au=Anil+Bhatti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethezeitportal.de%2Ffileadmin%2FPDF%2Fdb%2Fwiss%2Fgoethe%2Fbhatti_iqbal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rahnemaa01-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rahnemaa01_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahnemaa2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rahnemaa, Saeed (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/995659">"Radical Islamism and Failed Developmentalism"</a>. <i>Third World Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">483–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436590801931462">10.1080/01436590801931462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144880260">144880260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Radical+Islamism+and+Failed+Developmentalism&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436590801931462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144880260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rahnemaa&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F995659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailytimes.co.pk-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes.co.pk_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050506190825/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-5-2003_pg3_6">"Leading News Resource of Pakistan"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. 28 May 2003. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Leading+News+Resource+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2003-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_28-5-2003_pg3_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com">"Iqbal Academy Pakistan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iqbal+Academy+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allamaiqbal.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-iqbalsworks-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio-iqbalsworks_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio-iqbalsworks_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html">"Allama Iqbal – biography – Iqbal's works"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PHP)</span>. Iqbal Academy. 26 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allama+Iqbal+%E2%80%93+biography+%E2%80%93+Iqbal%27s+works&rft.pub=Iqbal+Academy&rft.date=2006-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allamaiqbal.com%2Fperson%2Fbiography%2Fbiotxtread.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/politics/mawdudi2.html">"Maulana Maududi's Two-Nation Theory"</a>. Witness-pioneer.org. 2012-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maulana+Maududi%27s+Two-Nation+Theory&rft.pub=Witness-pioneer.org&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.witness-pioneer.org%2Fvil%2FArticles%2Fpolitics%2Fmawdudi2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonney1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bonney1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonney2004" class="citation book cs1">Bonney, R (2004). <i>Jihad: From Qur'an to Bin Laden</i>. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 201. <q>Mawdudi trained with two Deobandi ulama at the Fatihpuri mosque's seminary in Delhi and received his certificates to teach religious sciences (ijazahs) in 1926.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+From+Qur%27an+to+Bin+Laden&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bonney&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026215131/http://geocities.com/alummah2000/MeaningOfIslam.html">"A. Maududi's 'Towards Understanding Islam'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 2009-10-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/alummah2000/MeaningOfIslam.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.+Maududi%27s+%27Towards+Understanding+Islam%27&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Falummah2000%2FMeaningOfIslam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, "Political Theory of Islam," in Khurshid Ahmad, ed., <i>Islam: Its Meaning and Message</i> (London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1976), pp. 159–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, <i>Islamic Way of Life</i> (Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami, 1967), p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito and Piscatori, "Democratization and Islam," pp. 436–37, 440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, <i>The Islamic Threat</i>, pp. 125–26; Voll and Esposito, <i>Islam and Democracy</i>, pp. 23–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He was the author of the book S. Abul A'la Maududi, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/M_PIR/Default.htm">The Process of Islamic Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908034259/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/M_PIR/Default.htm">Archived</a> September 8, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Lahore, 1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SVRN1996" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I07ykFUoKTUC&q=islam%20was%20a%20revolutionary%20ideology%20and%20a%20dynamic%20movement&pg=PA50"><i>Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism</i></a>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195357110" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195357110"><bdi>978-0195357110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mawdudi+and+the+Making+of+Islamic+Revivalism&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195357110&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Vali+Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI07ykFUoKTUC%26q%3Dislam%2520was%2520a%2520revolutionary%2520ideology%2520and%2520a%2520dynamic%2520movement%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maududi on social justice: "a man who owns a car can drive it; and those who do not own one should walk; and those who are crippled cannot walk but can hop along." (<i>Nizam al-Hayat fi al-Islam,</i> 1st ed., n.d. (Bayrut: Musassast al-Risalah, 1983), p. 54) See also <i>Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb</i> by Ahmad S. Moussalli American University of Beirut, (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/tmott/">The Message of the Teachings – Hasan al-Banna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928233732/http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/tmott/">Archived</a> September 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMura2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mura, Andrea (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI">"A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Ideologies</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2012.644986">10.1080/13569317.2012.644986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144873457">144873457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=A+genealogical+inquiry+into+early+Islamism%3A+the+discourse+of+Hasan+al-Banna&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2012.644986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144873457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mura&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMURAGI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/timeline_egypt.html">"Egypt, A Timeline of Recent Events"</a>. Gemsofislamism.tripod.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+A+Timeline+of+Recent+Events&rft.pub=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemsofislamism.tripod.com%2Ftimeline_egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swap.stanford.edu/20090126033701/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Home.asp?zPage=Systems&System=PressR&Press=Show&Lang=E&ID=6674">"The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood,"</a> Robert S. Leiken & Steven Brooke, <i>Foreign Affairs Magazine</i> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223182128/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193396891&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">"Free Republic. The day before, and after – It's been 25 years since the Islamist genie first went on the rampage"</a>. Fr.jpost.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193396891&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on 2011-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Republic.+The+day+before%2C+and+after+%E2%80%93+It%27s+been+25+years+since+the+Islamist+genie+first+went+on+the+rampage&rft.pub=Fr.jpost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1159193396891%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiref1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-multiref1_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html">The Islamism Debate: God's Counterculture</a> Sonja Zekri, <i>Süddeutsche Zeitung</i> / Qantara.de 2008. Translated from the German by Phyllis Anderson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html">Islamists Win 70% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament</a> <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMura2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mura, Andrea (2014). "The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy". <i>Comparative Philosophy</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Inclusive+Dynamics+of+Islamic+Universalism%3A+From+the+Vantage+Point+of+Sayyid+Qutb%27s+Critical+Philosophy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mura&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qutb, Sayyid, <i>Milestones,</i> The Mother Mosque Foundation, (1981), p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fawaz A. Gerges, <i>The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global</i> (Bronxville, N.Y.: Sarah Lawrence College) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521791403" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521791403">978-0521791403</a> prologue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html">"How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?"</a>. Gemsofislamism.tripod.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Did+Sayyid+Qutb+Influence+Osama+bin+Laden%3F&rft.pub=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemsofislamism.tripod.com%2Fqutb_milest_influence_obl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120525084606/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F62453%2Frobert-s-leiken-and-steven-brooke%2Fthe-moderate-muslim-brotherhood">"The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070301faessay86208/robert-s-leiken-steven-brooke/the-moderate-muslim-brotherhood.html">the original</a> on 2012-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moderate+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20070301faessay86208%2Frobert-s-leiken-steven-brooke%2Fthe-moderate-muslim-brotherhood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span> Robert S. Leiken and Steven Brooke in <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, March/April 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berman_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berman_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Terror and Liberalism</i> by Paul Berman, W.W. Norton and Company, 2003, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForeignAffairsNovember2005-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ForeignAffairsNovember2005_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bergen,_Alec_Reynolds2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Peter Bergen</a>, Alec Reynolds (November–December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129203155/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html">"Blowback Revisited"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Blowback+Revisited&rft.date=2005-11%2F2005-12&rft.au=Peter+Bergen%2C+Alec+Reynolds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20051101facomment84601%2Fpeter-bergen-alec-reynolds%2Fblowback-revisited.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-24-1-09-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj-24-1-09_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2009" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Andrew (24 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115044159/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html">"How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847">the original</a> on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Israel+Helped+to+Spawn+Hamas&rft.date=2009-01-24&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB123275572295011847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2006/1/26/how_israel_and_the_united_states">"How Israel and the United States Helped to Bolster Hamas"</a>. Democracynow.org. 26 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Israel+and+the+United+States+Helped+to+Bolster+Hamas&rft.pub=Democracynow.org&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2006%2F1%2F26%2Fhow_israel_and_the_united_states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles. <i>Jihad: the trail of political Islam</i>. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+the+trail+of+political+Islam&rft.pages=83&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepel, Gilles, <i>Muslim Extremism in Egypt</i>, chapter 5, "Vanguard of the Umma"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayer1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayer1_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Islamic Resurgence: Prospects and Implications" by Kemal A. Faruki, from <i>Voices of Resurgent Islam</i>, ed. by John L. Esposito, OUP, (1983), p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Halliday2009" class="citation web cs1">Fred Halliday (17 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214183653/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/iran-s-tide-of-history-counter-revolution-and-after">"Iran's tide of history: counter-revolution and after"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/iran-s-tide-of-history-counter-revolution-and-after">the original</a> on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+tide+of+history%3A+counter-revolution+and+after.&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft.au=Fred+Halliday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Farticle%2Firan-s-tide-of-history-counter-revolution-and-after&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khomeini (1981), p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IaR1981:48-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IaR1981:48_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#IaR1981">Khomeini, <i>Islamic Government</i>, 1981</a>: p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IaR1981:89-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IaR1981:89_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#IaR1981">Khomeini, <i>Islamic Government</i>, 1981</a>: p.89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranstorp, <i>Hizb'allah in Lebanon</i>, (1997) pp. 103, 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepel, Gilles, <i>Jihad,</i> Harvard University Press, (2002), p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=35720">'Removing Saddam strengthened Iran'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605124425/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=35720">Archived</a> 2011-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Quote: "They went directly for the kind of things that make them very unpopular in the West and very popular on the Arab streets. So Iranian President [Mahmoud] Ahmadinejad started to attack Israel and question the Holocaust."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312103145/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=15816">"Ahmadinejad: Wipe Israel off map October 28, 2005"</a>. 2007-03-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=15816">the original</a> on 2007-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmadinejad%3A+Wipe+Israel+off+map+October+28%2C+2005&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2FEnglish%2Farchive%2Farchive%3FArchiveId%3D15816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Islamic_Revolution_in_Iraq#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq">Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq#History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakhash, Shaul, <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs</i>, Basic Books, (1984), p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hezbollah Terrorist Shia group is coy about revealing the sums it has received from Iran. ... Reports have spoken of figures ranging from 10 to 15 million dollars per month, but it is possible that Hezbollah has received larger sums. It is only in recent years (after 1989) that Iran has decreased its aid." from: Jaber, Hala, <i>Hezbollah: Born with a vengeance,</i> New York: Columbia University Press, (1997), p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, <i>Sacred Rage</i>, (2001), p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420195838/http://www.ourdialogue.com/m22.htm">"Masjid-ul-Haram: Sacred and forbidden"</a>. Ourdialogue.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourdialogue.com/m22.htm">the original</a> on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Masjid-ul-Haram%3A+Sacred+and+forbidden&rft.pub=Ourdialogue.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourdialogue.com%2Fm22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Lawrence, <i>The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11</i>. New York: Knopf, (2006), pp. 103–04</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Robin, <i>Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam,</i> p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Robin, <i>Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam</i>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkins_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&q=abdullah%20azzam%20afghanistan&pg=PA35"><i>Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32485-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32485-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Worldwide+Extremists+and+Extremist+Groups&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32485-7&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8k4rEPvq_8C%26q%3Dabdullah%2520azzam%2520afghanistan%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commins-174-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commins-174_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commins-174_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2006" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2006). <i>The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</i>. London: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 174. <q>In all, perhaps 35,000 Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992, while untold thousands more attended frontier schools teeming with former and future fighters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rashid-129-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rashid-129_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashid, Ahmed, <i>Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia</i> (New Haven, 2000), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-for-aff-bergen-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-for-aff-bergen_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html">"blowback revisited"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129203155/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html">Archived</a> 2007-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Foreign Affairs</i> 2005 Peter Bergen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/24198">"How the CIA created Osama bin Laden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Left_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Left Weekly">Green Left Weekly</a></i>. 2001-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Left+Weekly&rft.atitle=How+the+CIA+created+Osama+bin+Laden&rft.date=2001-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleft.org.au%2Fnode%2F24198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anusha.com/osamaint.htm">"bin Laden interview with Peter Arnett, March 1997"</a>. Anusha.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bin+Laden+interview+with+Peter+Arnett%2C+March+1997&rft.pub=Anusha.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anusha.com%2Fosamaint.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> pp. 205–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murphy-161-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murphy-161_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy, Caryle, <i>Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience,</i> Scribner, (c. 2002), p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murphy-160-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murphy-160_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murphy, Caryle, <i>Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience,</i> Scribner, (c. 2002), p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Age of Sacred Terror</i> by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, Random House, 2002, pp. 172–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/07/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/">"Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 2016-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Muslims+and+Islam%3A+Key+findings+in+the+U.S.+and+around+the+world&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2015%2F12%2F07%2Fmuslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Draft_Constitution_of_the_Khilafah_State1-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Draft_Constitution_of_the_Khilafah_State1_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHizb_ut-Tahrir2011" class="citation book cs1">Hizb ut-Tahrir (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hizb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Draft-Constitution.pdf"><i>The Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Khilafah<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Draft+Constitution+of+the+Khilafah+State&rft.pub=Khilafah&rft.date=2011-02&rft.au=Hizb+ut-Tahrir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hizb.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F02%2FDraft-Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Draft_Constitution_of_the_Khilafah_State2-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Draft_Constitution_of_the_Khilafah_State2_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200116/http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.info/english/constitution.htm">"Draft Constitution by Hizb ut-Tahrir"</a>. Media Office of Hizb ut-Tahrir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.info/english/constitution.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+Constitution+by+Hizb+ut-Tahrir&rft.pub=Media+Office+of+Hizb+ut-Tahrir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hizb-ut-tahrir.info%2Fenglish%2Fconstitution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin, <i>The System of Islam</i> (Nidham ul Islam), Al-Khilafa Publications, www.khilafah.com, 1423 AH – 2002 CE p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fighting the War of Ideas", Zeyno Baran. <i>Foreign Affairs,</i> Nov/December 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiv2004" class="citation web cs1">Shiv, Malik (13 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/node/148823">"For Allah and the caliphate"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=For+Allah+and+the+caliphate&rft.date=2004-09-13&rft.aulast=Shiv&rft.aufirst=Malik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fnode%2F148823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mecham-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mecham_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mecham_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mecham_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mecham_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mecham_115-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMecham2014" class="citation news cs1">Mecham, Quinn (October 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/10/24/the-evolution-of-islamism-since-the-arab-uprisings/">"The evolution of Islamism since the Arab uprisings"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PROT%C3%89GER+les+femmes+des+pratiques+traditionnelles+n%C3%A9fastes&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Int%C3%A9rieur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffederationgams.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F10%2Fguide-mariages-forces-septembre-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senat.fr/rap/r19-595-1/r19-595-11.pdf">"No 595 Rapport fait au nom de la commission d'enquête (1) sur les réponses apportées par les autorités publiques au développement de la radicalisation islamiste et les moyens de la combattre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 7 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101131744/https://www.senat.fr/rap/r19-595-1/r19-595-11.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+595+Rapport+fait+au+nom+de+la+commission+d%27enqu%C3%AAte+%281%29+sur+les+r%C3%A9ponses+apport%C3%A9es+par+les+autorit%C3%A9s+publiques+au+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+la+radicalisation+islamiste+et+les+moyens+de+la+combattre&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Frap%2Fr19-595-1%2Fr19-595-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-islamist/islamic-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-islamist/islamic_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* "This is particularly the case in view of the scholarly debate on the compatibility of Islam and democracy but even more so in view of Hamas's self-definition as an Islamic national liberation movement." <i>The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence</i>, by Shaul Mishal & Avraham Sela, 2006, p. xxviii <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AO-tZkbPDKYC">[1]</a>; <ul><li>In this way the PA has been able to control the economic activities of its political adversaries, including the Hamas and other Islamic opposition groups. <i>Investment in peace: politics of economic cooperation between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority</i>, by Shaul Mishal, Ranan D. Kuperman, David Boas, 2001, p. 85 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3Zbk3ZHSSsC">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>;</li> <li>"Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." <i>Peace and war: the Arab-Israeli military balance enters the 21st century</i>, by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p. 243. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-ud-Lj5zEC">[3]</a>;</li> <li>"One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." 'Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty', by Meir Litvak, in <i>Challenges to the cohesion of the Arabic State</i>, by Asher Susser, 2008, p. 153. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVBTqq68ZvQC">[4]</a>;</li> <li>"Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987..." Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, by <a href="/wiki/C._Augustus_Martin" title="C. Augustus Martin">Gus Martin</a>, 2009, p. 153. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Iwd0--ZBUcC">[5]</a>;</li> <li>"Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization..." <i>Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran</i>, by Jerome R. 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D+C, development and cooperation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamist+insurgents+in+eastern+Africa&rft.pub=D%2BC%2C+development+and+cooperation&rft.au=Emmanuel+Kisiangani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwhy-eastern-africa-has-become-hotbed-extremism-and-why-foreign-military-interventions-cannot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nctc.gov/site/groups/aqim.html">"Al-Qa'ida in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (Aqim)"</a>. National Counter-terrorist Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Qa%27ida+in+the+Lands+of+the+Islamic+Maghreb+%28Aqim%29&rft.pub=National+Counter-terrorist+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nctc.gov%2Fsite%2Fgroups%2Faqim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert2010" class="citation book cs1">Calvert, John (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/sayyid-qutb-and-the-origins-of-radical-islamism/"><i>Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism</i></a>. London, UK: Hurst Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849040068" title="Special:BookSources/9781849040068"><bdi>9781849040068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayyid+Qutb+and+the+Origins+of+Radical+Islamism&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2010-07&rft.isbn=9781849040068&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurstpublishers.com%2Fbook%2Fsayyid-qutb-and-the-origins-of-radical-islamism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2015" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Brian Arly (30 October 2015). "Denmark". In Scharbrodt, Oliver; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Nielsen, Jørgen; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQAKDAAAQBAJ"><i>Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 7</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004308909" title="Special:BookSources/9789004308909"><bdi>9789004308909</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Denmark&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.isbn=9789004308909&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Brian+Arly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQAKDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalaji2009" class="citation journal cs1">Khalaji, Mehdi (November 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/research/9859-the-dilemmas-of-pan-islamic-unity-">"The Dilemmas of Pan-Islamic Unity"</a>. <i>Current Trends in Islamist Ideology</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">64–</span>79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Trends+in+Islamist+Ideology&rft.atitle=The+Dilemmas+of+Pan-Islamic+Unity&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2009-11-27&rft.aulast=Khalaji&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F9859-the-dilemmas-of-pan-islamic-unity-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahnema2005" class="citation book cs1">Rahnema, Ali (November 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/pioneers-of-islamic-revival-9781842776155/"><i>Pioneers of Islamic Revival</i></a>. London, UK: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842776155" title="Special:BookSources/9781842776155"><bdi>9781842776155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Islamic+Revival&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft.isbn=9781842776155&rft.aulast=Rahnema&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fus%2Fpioneers-of-islamic-revival-9781842776155%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ORFPI1994" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YEGw8S3ovaoC"><i>The Failure of Political Islam</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674291416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674291416"><bdi>978-0674291416</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0674291416&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYEGw8S3ovaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyubi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nazih_Ayubi" title="Nazih Ayubi">Ayubi, Nazih</a> (1991). <i>Political Islam</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ayubi&rft.aufirst=Nazih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (1998). <i>Islam and Politics</i> (Fourth ed.). Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Politics&rft.place=Syracuse+NY&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMura2015" class="citation book cs1">Mura, Andrea (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/products/9781472443892"><i>The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought</i></a>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolic+Scenarios+of+Islamism%3A+A+Study+in+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mura&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fproducts%2F9781472443892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazbeck_HaddadEsposito1998" class="citation book cs1">Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne; Esposito, John, eds. (1998). <i>Islam, Gender, and Social Change</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Gender%2C+and+Social+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Halliday, Fred</a> (2003). <i>Islam and the Myth of Confrontation</i> (2nd ed.). London, New York: I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Myth+of+Confrontation&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Hassan" title="Riaz Hassan">Hassan, Riaz</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/Islam/?view=usa&ci=9780195799309"><i>Faithlines: Muslim Conceptions of Islam and Society</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faithlines%3A+Muslim+Conceptions+of+Islam+and+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2Fsubject%2FReligionTheology%2FIslam%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26ci%3D9780195799309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2008" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, Riaz (2008). <i>Inside Muslim Minds</i>. Melbourne University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Muslim+Minds&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandaville2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandaville" title="Peter Mandaville">Mandaville, Peter</a> (2007). <i>Transnational Muslim Politics</i>. Abingdon (Oxon), New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+Muslim+Politics&rft.place=Abingdon+%28Oxon%29%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mandaville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinBarzegar2010" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C.; Barzegar, Abbas, eds. (2010). <i>Islamism: Contested Perspectives on Political Islam</i>. Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamism%3A+Contested+Perspectives+on+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashwan2007" class="citation book cs1">Rashwan, Diaa, ed. (2007). <i>The spectrum of Islamist movements</i>. Schiler.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spectrum+of+Islamist+movements&rft.pub=Schiler&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayyid2003" class="citation book cs1">Sayyid, S. (2003). <i>A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and Emergence of Islamism</i> (2nd ed.). London, New York: Zed Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fundamental+Fear%3A+Eurocentrism+and+Emergence+of+Islamism&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Zed+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sayyid&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrindbergWärn2011" class="citation book cs1">Strindberg, Anders; Wärn, Mats (2011). <i>Islamism</i>. Cambridge, Malden MA: Polity Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Malden+MA&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Strindberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=W%C3%A4rn%2C+Mats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Tausch, Arno</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmjiswEACAAJ"><i>The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui</i></a> (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629488998" title="Special:BookSources/978-1629488998"><bdi>978-1629488998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+algebra+of+global+value+change.+General+models+and+implications+for+the+Muslim+world.+With+Almas+Heshmati+and+Hichem+Karoui&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers%2C+New+York&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1629488998&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmjiswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetiMura2009" class="citation book cs1">Teti, Andrea; Mura, Andrea (2009). Jeff Haynes (ed.). <i>Sunni Islam and politics</i>. Abingdon (Oxon), New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunni+Islam+and+politics&rft.place=Abingdon+%28Oxon%29%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Teti&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Mura%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolpi2010" class="citation book cs1">Volpi, Frédéric (2010). <i>Political Islam Observed</i>. Hurst.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+Observed&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Volpi&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolpi2011" class="citation book cs1">Volpi, Frédéric, ed. (2011). <i>Political Islam: A Critical Reader</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Islam%3A+A+Critical+Reader&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GKJTPI2002" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tttzgNKFAI8C&q=Jihad%3A%20The%20Trail%20of%20Political%20Islam"><i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674010901" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674010901"><bdi>978-0674010901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0674010901&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtttzgNKFAI8C%26q%3DJihad%253A%2520The%2520Trail%2520of%2520Political%2520Islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar%E2%80%93Khatmiyya_rivalry" title="Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry">Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatmiyya" title="Khatmiyya">Khatmiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam"><i>Reconstruction</i> (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini"><i>Forty Hadith</i> (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> <i>Principles</i> (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Milestones</i> (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government"><i>Islamic Government</i> (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration"><i>Islamic Declaration</i> (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> <i>The Green Book</i> (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical<br /> events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies504" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" 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