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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Qiyofa" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Qiyofa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz" class=""><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Baqtriya" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi." class=""><span>Hisob yaratish</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Baqtriya" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Kirish</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Shaxsiy uskunalar" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Shaxsiy uskunalar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Foydalanuvchi menyusi" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz"><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Baqtriya" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hisob yaratish</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Baqtriya" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Kirish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chiqishni amalga oshirgan tahrirchilar uchun sahifalar <a href="/wiki/Yordam:Mundarija" aria-label="Tahrirlash haqida batafsil maʼlumot"><span>batafsil maʼlumot</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyContributions" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar roʻyxati [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Qoʻshilgan hissa</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyTalk" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar munozarasi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mundarija" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mundarija</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologiyasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologiyasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologiyasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologiyasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografiyasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografiyasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografiyasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografiyasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarixi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarixi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tarixi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tarixi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tarixi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tarixi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronza_davri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronza_davri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bronza davri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronza_davri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahamoniylar_davlati_tarkibida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahamoniylar_davlati_tarkibida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ahamoniylar davlati tarkibida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahamoniylar_davlati_tarkibida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Makedoniyalik_Aleksandr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Makedoniyalik_Aleksandr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Makedoniyalik Aleksandr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Makedoniyalik_Aleksandr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salavkiylar_imperiyasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salavkiylar_imperiyasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Salavkiylar imperiyasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salavkiylar_imperiyasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yunon-Baqtriya_podsholigi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yunon-Baqtriya_podsholigi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yunon-Baqtriya_podsholigi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hind-Yunon_podsholigi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hind-Yunon_podsholigi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Hind-Yunon podsholigi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hind-Yunon_podsholigi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baqtriya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 84 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrien" title="Baktrien – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Baktrien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክትሪያ – amxar" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክትሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amxar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باكتريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باكتريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktriya" title="Baktriya – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baktriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="باکتریا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتریا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бактрыя – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকট্রিয়া – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকট্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrie" title="Baktrie – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baktrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактри – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrien" title="Baktrien – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baktrien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrien" title="Baktrien – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baktrien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βακτρία – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrio" title="Baktrio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baktrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktriana" title="Baktriana – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baktriana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AE)" title="باختر (بلخ) – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باختر (بلخ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriane" title="Bactriane – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactriane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="באקטריה – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באקטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बैक्ट्रिया – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैक्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բակտրիա – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պաքթրիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաքթրիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battriana" title="Battriana – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="バクトリア – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バクトリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბაქტრია – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="박트리아 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박트리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബാക്ട്രിയ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാക്ട്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बॅक्ट्रिया – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बॅक्ट्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balakh" title="Balakh – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95" title="बाह्लीक – nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाह्लीक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactri%C3%AB" title="Bactrië – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bactrië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਾਖ਼ਤਰ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਖ਼ਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ctria" title="Báctria – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Báctria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактрия – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrija" title="Baktrija – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baktrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бактрија – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrien" title="Baktrien – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baktrien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria" title="Baktria – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baktria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்திரியா – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்திரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бохтар – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бохтар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบกเตรีย – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบกเตรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktri%C3%BDa" title="Baktriýa – turkman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Baktriýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktriya" title="Baktriya – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baktriya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balxar_ile" title="Balxar ile – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Balxar ile" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бактрія – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="باختر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باختر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria_(rehiyon)" title="Bactria (rehiyon) – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bactria (rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="巴克特里亚 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴克特里亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴克特里亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bactria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亞 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴克特里亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132646#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Baqtriya" title="Sahifani ko‘rish [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Maqola</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Munozara:Baqtriya" rel="discussion" title="Sahifa matni borasida munozara [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Til variantini oʻzgartirish" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:BactriaMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BactriaMap.jpg/220px-BactriaMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BactriaMap.jpg/330px-BactriaMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BactriaMap.jpg/440px-BactriaMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Baqtriyadagi qadimgi shaharlar</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Baqtriya</b>, Baqtriyona, Baxtar zamin Baktriya — <a href="/wiki/Amudaryo" title="Amudaryo">Amudaryoning</a> yuqori va oʻrta oqimidagi va <a href="/wiki/Hindukush" title="Hindukush">Hindukush</a> tog'laridan shimolda joylashgan tarixiy davlat va hudud.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baqtriya shuningdek <a href="/wiki/So%CA%BBg%CA%BBd" title="Soʻgʻd">So'g'd</a> davlatidan janubda va <a href="/wiki/Pomir" title="Pomir">Pomir</a> tog'larining g'arbida joylashgan. Asosan hozirgi <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston" title="Oʻzbekiston">Oʻzbekiston</a> va <a href="/wiki/Tojikiston" title="Tojikiston">Tojikistonning</a> janubiy viloyatlari hamda <a href="/wiki/Afg%CA%BBoniston" title="Afgʻoniston">Afgʻonistonning</a> shimoliy qismini oʻz ichiga olgan. Shimolda Sugʻd, janubda va janubi-sharqda <a href="/wiki/Araxosiya" title="Araxosiya">Araxosiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, gʻarbda <a href="/wiki/Marg%CA%BBiyona" title="Margʻiyona">Margʻiyona</a> bilan chegaralangan. Hududni uch tomondan o'rab turgan (shimolda Pomir, janubda Hindukush, sharqda <a href="/wiki/Qoraqurum" title="Qoraqurum">Qoraqurum</a>) tog' tizmalari davlat uchun himoya "devorlari" vazifasini bajargan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Avesto" title="Avesto">Avestoda</a> "bayroqlar bilan o'ralgan ko'rkam Baqtriya" deb atalga ushbu hudud <a href="/wiki/Zardushtiylik" title="Zardushtiylik">Zardushtiylik</a> dinida oliy xudo <a href="/wiki/Axura_Mazda" title="Axura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> yaratgan "o'n olti mukammal zaminlar"dan biri sifatida tilga olinadi. Qadimda Baqtriya ko'chmanchi <a href="/wiki/Turon" title="Turon">turonliklarning</a> bosqinlariga qarshi turgan kichik, mustaqil podsholik boʻlgan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zardushtiylikning qadimgi markazlaridan biri va afsonaviy <a href="/wiki/Kayoniylar" title="Kayoniylar">Kayoniylar</a> sulolasining poytaxti hisoblangan Baqtriya <a href="/wiki/Doro" title="Doro">Doro I</a> tomonidan bitilgan <a href="/wiki/Behistun_kitobalari" title="Behistun kitobalari">Behistun bitiklarida</a> ham <a href="/wiki/Ahamoniylar_davlati" title="Ahamoniylar davlati">Ahamoniylar davlatining</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrapiya" title="Satrapiya">satrapliklaridan</a> biri sifatida tilga olinadi; o'sha davrda Baqtriya maxsus satraplik bo'lib, u <a href="/wiki/Shahanshoh" title="Shahanshoh">shahanshoh</a> vorisi tomonidan boshqarilgan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miloddan avvalgi IV asrda Ahamoniylar davlatining qulashidan keyin Baqtriya eroniylarning <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr" title="Aleksandr">Aleksandr</a> bosqiniga qarshi kurashi markaziga aylanadi, biroq oxir oqibatda Aleksandr qo'shinlariga taslim bo'ladi. Aleksandr o'limidan keyin Baqtriya Aleksandrning sarkardalaridan biri Selevk I qo'li ostiga o'tadi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satrap <a href="/wiki/Diodot" title="Diodot">Diodot I</a> mustaqillik e'lon qilishi bilan Baqtriya ham <a href="/wiki/Salavkiylar" title="Salavkiylar">Salavkiylar davlati</a> tarkibidan chiqadi va shundan keyin <a href="/wiki/Yunon-Baqtriya_podsholigi" title="Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi">Yunon-Baqtriya</a>, keyinchalik esa <a href="/wiki/Hind-yunon_podsholigi" title="Hind-yunon podsholigi">Hind-Yunon podsholiklari</a> davri boshlanadi. Miloddan avvalgi II asrga kelib Baqtriya <a href="/wiki/Parfiya" title="Parfiya">Parfiya imperiyasi</a> tomonidan bosib olinadi va milodiy I asr boshida Baqtriya hududida <a href="/wiki/Yuyechji" title="Yuyechji">Yuyechji</a> qabilalari tomonidan <a href="/wiki/Kushon_podsholigi" title="Kushon podsholigi">Kushonlar imperiyasiga</a> asos solinadi. Erondagi ikkinchi <a href="/wiki/Sosoniylar_davlati" title="Sosoniylar davlati">Sosoniy</a> shahanshoh <a href="/wiki/Shopur_I" title="Shopur I">Shopur I</a> Kushon imperiyasining g'arbiy qismlarini istilo qiladi va Kushon-Sosoniy podsholigi tuziladi. Sosoniylar Baqtriyani IV asrda qo'ldan boy berib, VI asrda yana qayta bosib oladi. Antik davrda va ilk o'rta asrlarda sharqiy eroniy tillardan bo'lmish Baqtiya tili (mahalliy tilda <i>oriyo</i> deb nomlangan) Baqtriya va qo'shni hududlarda keng tarqalgan til hisoblangan. </p><p>VII asrda Eronning musulmonlar tomonidan istilo qilinishi bilan Baqtriyaning ham islomiylashuvi boshlanadi. Hududning markaziy shahri <a href="/wiki/Baqtra" title="Baqtra">Baqtra</a> VIII-IX asrlardagi Eron Uyg'onishi hodisasining ham markazi edi va aynan shu hududda yangi fors tili mustaqil adabiy til sifatida shakllandi. Sharqiy Eron va Markaziy Osiyodagi <a href="/wiki/Somoniylar_davlati" title="Somoniylar davlati">Somoniylar imperiyasiga</a> ham baqtriyalik <a href="/wiki/Somonxudot" title="Somonxudot">Somonxudot</a> avlodlari tomonidan asos solingan va bu bilan hududda baqtriya tili unutilib, <a href="/wiki/Fors_tili" title="Fors tili">fors tili</a> tarqalishni boshlagan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologiyasi">Etimologiyasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Etimologiyasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologiyasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hudud dastlab Avestoda Bahdi nomi bilan ataladi. Bahdi - eski fors tilidagi so'zdir. Keyinchalik bu <i>Bāxtriš</i> (o'rta fors) va <i>Baxl</i> (yangi fors) ko'rinishlariga o'zgargan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bugungi "Baqtriya" nomi qadimgi yunoncha Βακτριανή (<i>Baktrianē</i>) nomidan olingan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografiyasi">Geografiyasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Geografiyasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografiyasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Bactria-320BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Bactria-320BCE.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Baqtriya <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBrta_Osiyo" title="Oʻrta Osiyo">Oʻrta Osiyo</a> xaritasida</figcaption></figure> <p>Baqtriya tekisliklari shimolda Amudaryo, janubda va sharqda <a href="/wiki/Hindukush" title="Hindukush">Hindukush tog' tizmasi</a> bilan chegaralangan. G'arbda esa ushbu mintaqa Karmon cho'li va <a href="/wiki/Marg%CA%BBiyona" title="Margʻiyona">Marg'iyona</a> tekisliklari bilan tutashgan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amudaryo va Shirin Tagob, Saripul, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balx_daryosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balx daryosi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Balx</a> va <a href="/wiki/Qunduz" title="Qunduz">Qunduz</a> kabi kichikroq daryolar mingyillar davomida sug'orma dehqonchilikka asos boʻlgan. Zamin hosildorligi bilan tanilgan bo'lib, Antik davr dehqonchilik mahsulotlarining (<a href="/wiki/Zaytun" title="Zaytun">zaytundan</a> tashqari) barchasini yetishtira olgan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pierre Leriche yozadi: </p> <blockquote><p>Baqtra manzilgohi poytaxti hisoblanmish Baqtriya dastavval Amudaryo janubida joylashgan bo'lib, Balh, Toshqo'rg'on, Qunduz, Saripul va Shirin Tagob daryolari vohalaridagi kichik dehqonchilik manzilgohlaridan iborat boʻlgan. Hudud Markaziy Osiyo tarixida o'ta muhim o'rin tutadi. Ba'zan Baqtriya davlatining siyosiy chegaralari Baqtriya tekisligi geografik doirasidan ancha tashqariga ham chiqqan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarixi">Tarixi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tarixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tarixi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronza_davri">Bronza davri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Bronza davri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bronza davri"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Ancient_bowl,_Bactria,_Central_Asia,_circa_3000_B.C._Khosrow_Mahboubian_Collection,_London,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ancient_bowl%2C_Bactria%2C_Central_Asia%2C_circa_3000_B.C._Khosrow_Mahboubian_Collection%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg/220px-Ancient_bowl%2C_Bactria%2C_Central_Asia%2C_circa_3000_B.C._Khosrow_Mahboubian_Collection%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ancient_bowl%2C_Bactria%2C_Central_Asia%2C_circa_3000_B.C._Khosrow_Mahboubian_Collection%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg/330px-Ancient_bowl%2C_Bactria%2C_Central_Asia%2C_circa_3000_B.C._Khosrow_Mahboubian_Collection%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ancient_bowl%2C_Bactria%2C_Central_Asia%2C_circa_3000_B.C._Khosrow_Mahboubian_Collection%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg/440px-Ancient_bowl%2C_Bactria%2C_Central_Asia%2C_circa_3000_B.C._Khosrow_Mahboubian_Collection%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Hayvonlar tasviri tushirilgan qadimgi kosa, Baqtriya, m.avv. III-II mingyillik.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Baqtriya%E2%80%93Marg%CA%BBiyona_arxeologik_majmuasi" title="Baqtriya–Margʻiyona arxeologik majmuasi">Baqtriya-Marg'iyona Arxeologik majmuasi</a> ("Oks sivilizatsiyasi" deb ham yuritiladi) Markaziy Osiyodagi <a href="/wiki/Jez_davri" title="Jez davri">Bronza davriga</a> oid arxeologik manzilgoh bo'lib, tahminan miloddan avvalgi 2200-1700-yillarga tegishli ushbu manzilgohlar sharqiy <a href="/wiki/Turkmaniston" title="Turkmaniston">Turkmaniston</a>, shimoliy <a href="/wiki/Afg%CA%BBoniston" title="Afgʻoniston">Afg'oniston</a>, janubiy <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston" title="Oʻzbekiston">O'zbekiston</a> va g'arbiy <a href="/wiki/Tojikiston" title="Tojikiston">Tojikistonda</a> joylashgan. Asosan manzilgohlar Amudaryoning (qadimgi yunonlar <a href="/wiki/Oks" title="Oks">Oks</a> deb atashgan) yuqori oqimi atrofida joylashgan bo'lib, Baqtriya hududi ham aynan shu joyga to'g'ri keladi. Undagi manzilgohlar Sovet arxeologi <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sarianidi" title="Viktor Sarianidi">Viktor Sarianidi</a> tomonidan 1976-yilda aniqlangan va nomlangan. Baqtriya eski forscha <i>Bāxtriš</i> nomining yunoncha o'zgargan shakli bo'lsa,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marg%CA%BBiyona" title="Margʻiyona">Marg'iyona</a> <i>Margu</i> satrapligining yunoncha atalishidir. Baqtriya so'zi poytaxt Baqtra (Shimoliy Afg'onistondagi bugungi <a href="/wiki/Balx" title="Balx">Balx</a> shahri) so'zidan olingan bo'lsa, Marg'iyona hududining poytaxti bugungi kunda Turkmanistonda joylashgan <a href="/wiki/Marv" title="Marv">Marv</a> shahridir. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/220px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/330px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/440px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption>Iloha haykalchasi. "Baqtriya malikasi" turkumidagi haykalchalardan biri. <a href="/wiki/Jez_davri" title="Jez davri">Bronza davri</a> Baqtriyasi. <a href="/wiki/Baqtriya%E2%80%93Marg%CA%BBiyona_arxeologik_majmuasi" title="Baqtriya–Margʻiyona arxeologik majmuasi">Baqtriya-Marg'iyona Arxeologik majmuasi</a>, tahminan m.avv. 2000-yillar. <a href="/wiki/Xloritlar" title="Xloritlar">Xlorit</a> va <a href="/wiki/Ohaktoshlar" title="Ohaktoshlar">ohaktosh</a>. Miho muzeyi, Markaziy Osiyo san'ati bo'limi.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Tahminan miloddan avvalgi 400-yillarda yashagan qadimgi yunon tarixchisi <a href="/wiki/Ktesii_Knidlik" title="Ktesii Knidlik">Ktesiy</a>, undan keyin <a href="/wiki/Diodor_Sitsiliyalik" title="Diodor Sitsiliyalik">Sitsiliyalik Diodor</a>, afsonaviy <a href="/wiki/Ossuriya" title="Ossuriya">Ossuriya</a> podshosi <a href="/wiki/Nin" title="Nin">Nin</a> Oksyart nomi bilan atalgan Baqtriya podshosini m.avv. 2140-yilda, yoki Troya urushidan tahminan 1000 yil oldin mag'lub etganini yozadi. Biroq XIX asrda <a href="/wiki/Mixxat" title="Mixxat">mixxat yozuvi</a> tarjima qilinishi bilan Ossuriya lavhalarini o'qish va tushunish imkoni paydo bo'ldi va tarixchilar yunonlarning asarlariga kamroq e'tibor bera boshladilar. </p><p>Ba'zi mualliflar fikricha Baqtriya <a href="/wiki/Oriylar" title="Oriylar">oriylarning</a> dastlabki vatani bo'lib, keyinchalik ular miloddan avvalgi 2500-2000-yillar atrofida janubi-g'arbdagi Eronga va Hindiston yarim orolining shimoli-g'arbiga aynan shu hududdan kirib borishgan. Keyinchalik viloyat Ahamoniylar davlatining Markaziy Osiyodagi shimoliy satrapliklaridan biriga aylandi.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turfon_soyligi" title="Turfon soyligi">Turon botig'i</a> bilan o'ralgan aynan shu tog'li o'lkaning mahsuldor zaminida payg'ambar <a href="/wiki/Zardusht" title="Zardusht">Zardusht</a> dunyoga kelgan va o'zining birinchi izdoshlarini orttirgani aytiladi. Zardushtiylar <a href="/wiki/Avesto" title="Avesto">Avestosining</a> eng eski qismlari bitilgan Avesto tili eski eroniy tillardan biri bo'lib, sharqiy eroniy tillarning eng qadimiysidir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahamoniylar_davlati_tarkibida">Ahamoniylar davlati tarkibida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Ahamoniylar davlati tarkibida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ahamoniylar davlati tarkibida"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Xerxes_I_tomb_Bactrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Xerxes_I_tomb_Bactrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/145px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Bactrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Xerxes_I_tomb_Bactrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/218px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Bactrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Xerxes_I_tomb_Bactrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg/291px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Bactrian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kserks_I" title="Kserks I">Kserks I</a> maqbarasi, Baqtriyalik askar, m.avv. 470-yil.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ernst Herzfeld fikricha avvaliga Baqtriya <a href="/wiki/Midiya" title="Midiya">Midiya</a> tarkibida boʻlgan<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> va undan keyin m.avv. VI asrda <a href="/wiki/Kir_II_Buyuk" title="Kir II Buyuk">Kir II</a> tomonidan <a href="/wiki/Ahamoniylar_davlati" title="Ahamoniylar davlati">Ahamoniylar davlatiga</a> qo'shib olingan va <a href="/wiki/Marg%CA%BBiyona" title="Margʻiyona">Marg'iyona</a> bilan birgalikda Ahamoniylar davlatining o'n ikkinchi satrapligini hosil qilgan. Shoh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doro_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doro III (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Doro III</a> Aleksandr tomonidan mag'lub etilganidan keyin Baqtriya satrapi <a href="/wiki/Bess" title="Bess">Bess</a> milliy ozodlik harakatini uyushtirishga uringan, biroq boshqa sarkardalar tomonidan ushlanib, Aleksandr huzuriga keltirilgan va qiynalib o'ldirilgan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forslar hokimiyati ostida ko'plab yunonlar Baqtriyaga ko'chirib yuborilgan va bu hududda yunon jamoalari va tilining shakllanishiga olib keldi. <a href="/wiki/Doro" title="Doro">Doro I</a> hokimiyati davrida yunonlarning <a href="/wiki/Kirenaika" title="Kirenaika">Kirenaikadagi</a> Barka shahrida yashovchi fuqarolari yollanma qotillarni topshirishdan bosh tortgani uchun Baqtriyaga surgun qilingan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qolaversa, <a href="/wiki/Kserks_I" title="Kserks I">Kserks</a> ham "Branxiadlarni" Baqtriyaga o'rganishiga ijozat bergan; ular bir vaqtlar Didima yaqinida (g'arbiy <a href="/wiki/Onado%CA%BBli" title="Onadoʻli">Anatoliya</a>) yashagan va ibodatxonani unga topshirgan yunon kohinlarining avlodlari edi.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerodot" title="Gerodot">Gerodot</a> ham qo'zg'olon ko'targan Ioniyaliklarning qizlarini qul qilib, Baqtriyaga surgun qilish bilan tahdid qilgan fors qo'mondoni haqida yozadi.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keyinchalik forslar (undan keyin Aleksandr ham) Baqtriyada yashovchi ushbu yunonlardan o'z qo'shiniga askar sifatida foydalangan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Makedoniyalik_Aleksandr">Makedoniyalik Aleksandr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Makedoniyalik Aleksandr" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Makedoniyalik Aleksandr"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Bactrian_imitation_of_an_Athenian_drachme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bactrian_imitation_of_an_Athenian_drachme.jpg/179px-Bactrian_imitation_of_an_Athenian_drachme.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bactrian_imitation_of_an_Athenian_drachme.jpg/269px-Bactrian_imitation_of_an_Athenian_drachme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bactrian_imitation_of_an_Athenian_drachme.jpg/359px-Bactrian_imitation_of_an_Athenian_drachme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Salavkiylardan oldingi Baqtriyadan topilgan Afina ukkisiga taqlidan bosilgan tanga.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleksandr <a href="/wiki/So%CA%BBg%CA%BBd" title="Soʻgʻd">So'g'diyonani</a> istilo qilgan. Janubda, <a href="/wiki/Oks" title="Oks">Oksdan</a> narida u kuchli qarshilikka duch kelgan, biroq oxir-oqibatda harbiy kuch va diplomatiyani ishga solgan holda hududni istilo qilib, Baqtriyaning mag'lub satrapi <a href="/wiki/Oksiart" title="Oksiart">Oksiartning</a> qizi Roksanaga (Ruxshona) uylanadi. U Baqtriyada ikki yunon shaharlariga asos soladi va ulardan biri Aleksandr imperiyasining eng sharqiy nuqtasida joylashgan <a href="/wiki/Aleksandriya_Esxata" title="Aleksandriya Esxata">Aleksandriya Esxata</a> (Olisdagi Aleksandriya; hozirgi <a href="/wiki/Xo%CA%BBjand" title="Xoʻjand">Xo'jand</a> shahri) shahri edi. </p><p>Aleksandr o'limidan keyin <a href="/wiki/Diodor_Sitsiliyalik" title="Diodor Sitsiliyalik">Sitsiliyalik Diodor</a> yozishicha Filip Baqtriyaga ega chiqadi, lekin <a href="/wiki/Yustin_(tarixchi)" title="Yustin (tarixchi)">Yustin</a> yozishicha Amintas ushbu lavozimga ega boʻlgan. Sitsiliyalik Diodor va <a href="/wiki/Arrian_Flaviy" title="Arrian Flaviy">Arrianning</a> yozishicha Triparadis shartnomasidan keyin satrap <a href="/wiki/Stasanor" title="Stasanor">Stasanor</a> Baqtriya hokimiyatiga keladi. Oxir-oqibatda Aleksandr saltanati qo'shin sarkardalari orasida bo'lib olinadi. Baqtriya esa <a href="/wiki/Salavkiylar" title="Salavkiylar">Salavkiylar imperiyasi</a> tarkibiga kiradi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salavkiylar_imperiyasi">Salavkiylar imperiyasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Salavkiylar imperiyasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Salavkiylar imperiyasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Makedoniyaliklar, ayniqsa <a href="/wiki/Salavk_I_Nikator" title="Salavk I Nikator">Salavk I</a> va uning o'g'li Antiox I Salavkiylar imperiyasiga asos soladi va bir necha yunon shaharlarini barpo etadi. Bir muddat hududda yunon tili hukmron mavqega ega bo'ladi. </p><p>Yunonistonga ancha yaqin joylardan ko'ra Baqtriyada yunon tilining kengroq tarqalgani jumbog'ini o'tmishda yunonlarning Baqtriyaga ko'chirib keltirilgani bilan izohlash mumkin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aleksandr qo'shinlari Baqtriyaga kelganda ular yunoncha so'zlashuvchi odamlarni uchratgan va aftidan bu odamlar o'tmishda forslar tomonidan shu joyga ko'chirib o'tkazilgan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yunon-Baqtriya_podsholigi">Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salavkiy podsholari bilan bog'liq ichki muammolar va <a href="/wiki/Fir%CA%BCavn" title="Firʼavn">Fir'avn</a> Ptolemey II Filadelf tomonidan hujumlardan foydalanib, Baqtriya satrapi <a href="/wiki/Diodot" title="Diodot">Diodot I</a> tahminan m.avv. 245-yilda mustaqillik e'lon qiladi va <a href="/wiki/So%CA%BBg%CA%BBd" title="Soʻgʻd">So'g'dni</a> ham o'z davlatiga qo'shib oladi. Shunday qilib, u Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigiga asos soladi. Diodot va uning vorislari Salavkiylar hujumlaridan, ayniqsa Antiox III hujumlaridan o'zlarini himoya qilishga muvaffaq bo'ladi va Antiox III oxir-oqibatda m.avv. 190-yilda rimliklar tomonidan mag'lub etiladi. </p><p>Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi shu qadar qudratli boʻlganki, ular o'z hududlarini janubiy Osiyoga qadar kengaytira olgan: </p> <blockquote><p>Baqtriyaga keladigan bo'lsak, uning bir qismi shimolda Aria bilan tutashgan, lekin uning katta qismi Ariadan narida, sharqda joylashgan. Davlatda yog'dan tashqari barcha narsa yetishtiriladi. Baqtriyani qo'zg'olonga boshlagan yunonlar shu qadar qudratli ediki, zaminning hosildorligi tufayli ular nafaqat mustaqillikka erishib, Baqtriya va atroflarni (Oriyona) o'z qo'llari ostida birlashtirdi, balki <a href="/wiki/Hindiston_yarim_oroli" title="Hindiston yarim oroli">Hindiston</a> ustidan ham hokimiyat o'rgatdi. Artemitalik Apollodor yozadi: "ular <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr" title="Aleksandr">Aleksandrdan</a> ham ko'ra ko'proq qabilalarni bo'ysundirdi..."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Yunon-Baqtriyaliklar yunon tilidan boshqaruv tili sifatida foydalanishgan. Mahalliy Baqtriya tili ham yunonlashgan va tilga yunon alifbosining va yunon so'zlarining kirib kelishi shundan dalolat beradi. O'z navbatida, bu so'zlarning ba'zilari bugungi kunda <a href="/wiki/Pushtu_tili" title="Pushtu tili">pushtu tiliga</a> ham kirib kelgan. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hind-Yunon_podsholigi">Hind-Yunon podsholigi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Hind-Yunon podsholigi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Hind-Yunon podsholigi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baqtriya podshosi <a href="/wiki/Yevtidem" title="Yevtidem">Yevtidem I</a> va uning o'g'li <a href="/wiki/Demetriy_I" title="Demetriy I">Demetriy I</a> Hindukush tog'larini oshib o'tib, <a href="/wiki/Hind" title="Hind">Hind vodiysini</a> istilo qilishni boshlaydi. Qisqa muddat ular qo'lida o'ta buyuk qudrat to'plandi va buyuk yunon saltanati uzoq Sharqda paydo boʻlgandek bo'ldi. Biroq bu imperiya ichki nizolar va tinimsiz fitnalar ichida qolgandi. Demetriy Hind vodiysidan sharqqa olislab ketishi bilan uning sarkardalaridan biri, <a href="/wiki/Yevkratid_I" title="Yevkratid I">Yevkratid</a> o'zini Baqtriya podshosi deb e'lon qildi va tezda har bir viloyatda fitnachilar bosh ko'tardi, o'zlarini podsho deb e'lon qilib, bir-biri bilan urusha ketdi. </p><p>Ularning ko'pchiligini faqatgina tangalari orqali bilamiz va bugungi <a href="/wiki/Afg%CA%BBoniston" title="Afgʻoniston">Afg'onistonda</a> bunday tangalar ko'plab topiladi. Bu urushlar yunonlarning hududdagi maqomini ancha kuchsizlantirib qo'ydi. Demetriy va Yevkratiddan keyin podsholar tanga bosib chiqarishda <a href="/wiki/Attika" title="Attika">Attika</a> standartidan voz kechib, mahalliy standartni qabul qilishdi va shubhasiz bu mahalliy aholining qo'llab-quvvatlashiga erishish maqsadida qilingandi. </p><p>Bu jarayonlar Hind vodiysida yanada ko'rpoq aks etgandi. Buyuk istilochi sifatida tanilgan <a href="/wiki/Hind-yunon_podsholigi" title="Hind-yunon podsholigi">Hind-Yunon podshosi</a> Menander I (janubiy Osiyoda Milanda sifatida tanilgan) buddizmni qabul qildi. Uning avlodlari ham hokimiyatni o'z qo'llarida saqlab qolishga urinishdi va eng oxirgi ma'lum hind-yunon podshosi Strato II m.avv. 55-yilga qadar <a href="/wiki/Panjob" title="Panjob">Panjob</a> hududlarini boshqardi.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boshqa manbalar Strato II hokimiyati yakunlanishi yilini milodiy 10-yil deb ham ko'rsatishadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5263675">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMukhidinov2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Mukhidinov, Saydali (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/abs/2018/11/shsconf_cildiah2018_01237/shsconf_cildiah2018_01237.html">„Ancestral Home of Indo-Aryan Peoples and Migration of Iranian Tribes to Southeastern Europe“</a>. <i>SHS Web of Conferences</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fshsconf%2F20185001237">10.1051/shsconf/20185001237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2261-2424">2261-2424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SHS+Web+of+Conferences&rft.atitle=Ancestral+Home+of+Indo-Aryan+Peoples+and+Migration+of+Iranian+Tribes+to+Southeastern+Europe&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fshsconf%2F20185001237&rft.issn=2261-2424&rft.aulast=Mukhidinov&rft.aufirst=Saydali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shs-conferences.org%2Farticles%2Fshsconf%2Fabs%2F2018%2F11%2Fshsconf_cildiah2018_01237%2Fshsconf_cildiah2018_01237.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ABaqtriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFJ.1913" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">J., K. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/bactria-the-history-of-a-forgotten-empire-by-h-g-rawlinson-ma-ies-probsthains-oriental-series/F31F77A012C6524A0168CE6F23FAB906">„Bactria: the History of a Forgotten Empire. By H. G. Rawlinson, M.A., I.E.S. Probsthain's Oriental Series“</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. 45 (3)-jild. 733–735-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00045470">10.1017/s0035869x00045470</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Bactria%3A+the+History+of+a+Forgotten+Empire.+By+H.+G.+Rawlinson%2C+M.A.%2C+I.E.S.+Probsthain%27s+Oriental+Series&rft.volume=45+%283%29&rft.pages=733-735&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00045470&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft.aulast=J.&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fbactria-the-history-of-a-forgotten-empire-by-h-g-rawlinson-ma-ies-probsthains-oriental-series%2FF31F77A012C6524A0168CE6F23FAB906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ABaqtriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFKushokov2020" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kushokov, Safarali Yusupovich (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei/article/view/1969/1837">„The Emergence Of Religious Views Is Exemplified By The Southern Regions“</a>. <i>The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations</i>. 02 (10)-jild. 143–145-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37547%2Ftajssei%2Fvolume02issue10-22">10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2689-100X">2689-100X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Social+Science+and+Education+Innovations&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+Of+Religious+Views+Is+Exemplified+By+The+Southern+Regions&rft.volume=02+%2810%29&rft.pages=143-145&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37547%2Ftajssei%2Fvolume02issue10-22&rft.issn=2689-100X&rft.aulast=Kushokov&rft.aufirst=Safarali+Yusupovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheamericanjournals.com%2Findex.php%2Ftajssei%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1969%2F1837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ABaqtriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduljee, Ed. "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aryan_Homeland,_Airyana_Vaeja,_in_the_Avesta._Aryan_lands_and_Zoroastrianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aryan Homeland, Airyana Vaeja, in the Avesta. Aryan lands and Zoroastrianism (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Aryan Homeland, Airyana Vaeja, in the Avesta. Aryan lands and Zoroastrianism</a>". <i>www.heritageinstitute.com</i>. Qaraldi: 2024-05-07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Higham, Charles F. W.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000high">Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</a></i>. Facts On File, Inc., 2004 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000high/page/31">31</a>-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-8160-4640-9" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-8160-4640-9">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-8160-4640-9</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.au=Higham%2C+Charles+F.+W.&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Inc.&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofan0000high%2Fpage%2F31+31%5D &rft.isbn=0-8160-4640-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofan0000high"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Rawlinson, H. G.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bactriahistoryo00rawl">Bactria: The History of a Forgotten Empire</a></i>. London: Probstain & co., 1912.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bactria%3A+The+History+of+a+Forgotten+Empire&rft.au=Rawlinson%2C+H.+G.&rft.pub=Probstain+%26+co.&rft.place=London &rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbactriahistoryo00rawl"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Leriche, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bactria">Bactria, Pre-Islamic period</a>", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 3, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">David Testen „Old Persian and Avestan Phonology“, <i>. Phonologies of Asia and Africa</i>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997 — 583-bet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonologies+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.atitle=Old+Persian+and+Avestan+Phonology&rft.au=David+Testen&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=583"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Inagaki, Hajime. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galleries_and_Works_of_the_MIHO_MUSEUM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM</a></i>. Miho Museum. p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFTarzi2009" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tarzi, Zémaryalaï (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ktema_0221-5896_2009_num_34_1_1754">„Les représentations portraitistes des donateurs laïcs dans l'imagerie bouddhique“</a>. <i>KTEMA</i>. 34 (1)-jild.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KTEMA&rft.atitle=Les+repr%C3%A9sentations+portraitistes+des+donateurs+la%C3%AFcs+dans+l%27imagerie+bouddhique&rft.volume=34+%281%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tarzi&rft.aufirst=Z%C3%A9maryala%C3%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fktema_0221-5896_2009_num_34_1_1754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ABaqtriya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Arthur Cotterell<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pimlicodictionar0000cott">The Pimlico Dictionary Of Classical Civilizations</a></i>. Pimlico, 1998 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pimlicodictionar0000cott/page/58">58</a>-bet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pimlico+Dictionary+Of+Classical+Civilizations&rft.au=Arthur+Cotterell&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpimlicodictionar0000cott%2Fpage%2F58+58%5D &rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpimlicodictionar0000cott"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Herzfeld, Ernst<i>. The Persian Empire: Studies in geography and ethnography of the ancient Near East</i>. F. Steiner, 1968 — 344-bet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+Studies+in+geography+and+ethnography+of+the+ancient+Near+East&rft.au=Herzfeld%2C+Ernst&rft.pub=F.+Steiner&rft.pages=344"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Frank L. Holt<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uz/books/about/Into_the_Land_of_Bones.html?id=Im8Ujg_XAmIC&redir_esc=y">Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan</a></i>. University of California Press, 2005 — 41–43-bet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Land+of+Bones%3A+Alexander+the+Great+in+Afghanistan&rft.au=Frank+L.+Holt&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.pages=41%E2%80%9343 &rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uz%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FInto_the_Land_of_Bones.html%3Fid%3DIm8Ujg_XAmIC%26redir_esc%3Dy"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bactria" . <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, 4.200–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, 11.11.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D4">Herodotus 6.9.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Walbank, F.W.<i>. The Hellenistic World</i>. Fontana Press, 1981. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-006-86104-0" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-006-86104-0">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-006-86104-0</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+World&rft.au=Walbank%2C+F.W.&rft.pub=Fontana+Press &rft.isbn=0-006-86104-0"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo "Geography, Book 11, chapter 11, section 1".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Bernard, Paul „The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia“, <i>. History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250</i> Harmatta, János:<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza:Kitob_manbasi/editor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andoza:Kitob manbasi/editor (sahifa yaratilmagan)"> </a>. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1994 — 126-bet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+II.+The+development+of+sedentary+and+nomadic+civilizations%3A+700+B.C.+to+A.D.+250&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Kingdoms+of+Central+Asia&rft.au=Bernard%2C+Paul&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=126"> </span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&oldid=5110119">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baqtriya&oldid=5110119</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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