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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_new_social_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_new_social_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of new social movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_new_social_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New social movements</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theory of organized efforts for human rights in post-industrial countries</div> <p>The term <b>new social movements</b> (<b>NSMs</b>) is a theory of <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> that attempts to explain the plethora of new movements that have come up in various <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> societies roughly since the mid-1960s (i.e. in a <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_economy" title="Post-industrial economy">post-industrial economy</a>) which are claimed to depart significantly from the conventional social movement <a href="/wiki/Social_paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Social paradigm">paradigm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two central claims of the NSM theory. First, that the rise of the post-industrial economy is responsible for a new wave of social movement and second, that those movements are significantly different from previous social movements of the industrial economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary difference is in their goals, as the new movements focus not on issues of materialistic qualities such as economic wellbeing, but on issues related to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thinkers have related these movements with the <a href="/wiki/Postmaterialism" title="Postmaterialism">postmaterialism</a> hypothesis and New Class Model as put forth by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inglehart" title="Ronald Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_new_movements">The new movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The new movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous social movements from mid-1960s differed from their precursors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a>, which had previously been seen as focused on <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic concerns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bue_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s were a period of transformation in collective action, the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_protests_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 protests in France">French May</a> (1968) probably being its most determinant moment. It is important to highlight, however, that it is currently being discussed whether this phenomenon was the first example of a new social movement or as Staricco has stated: "It did not so much open an era as close a one. It was not the beginning of a paradigm, but the end of another one. What comes after – the growing importance of new social movements both empirically and theoretically – can be understood as a consequence, but not as a continuation or progression".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaricco2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaricco2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new movements instead of pushing for specific changes in public policy emphasize <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social changes</a> in identity, lifestyle and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the social aspect is seen by the NSM as more important than the economic or political aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some NSM theorists, like F. Parkin (<i>Middle Class Radicalism</i>, 1968), argue that the key actors in these movements are different as well, as they are more likely to come from the "new <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>" rather than the lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike pressure groups that have a formal organisation and 'members', NSMs consist of an informal, loosely organised <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> of 'supporters' rather than members. British sociologist Paul Byrne<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="#CITEREFByrne1997">1997</a>) described New Social Movements as 'relatively disorganised'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora201031.30_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora201031.30-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protest groups tend to be single issue based and are often local in terms of the scope of change they wish to effect. In contrast, NSMs last longer than single issue campaigns and wish to see change on an (inter)national level on various issues in relation to their set of beliefs and ideals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A NSM may, however adopt the tactic of a protest campaign as part of its strategy for achieving wider-ranging change.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of those new movements include the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecology_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology movement">ecology movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights movement">gay rights movement</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movements</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaclauMouffe2001159_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaclauMouffe2001159-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_theory">The theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buechler argues that there is in fact no single new social movement theory, but a set of new social movement theories, each a variant on a general approach to "something called the new social movement", which he cautiously defines as a "diverse array of collective actions that has presumably displaced the old social movement of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bue_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kendall, the new social movement theory focuses on <a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">movement culture</a>; it also pays attention to their <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">identity</a> and on their relations to <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ken_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ken-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important contributors in the field include <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alain_Touraine" title="Alain Touraine">Alain Touraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Ernesto Laclau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Chantal Mouffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Claus Offe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a> or philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Félix Guattari</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most noticeable feature of new social movements is that they are primarily social and cultural and only secondarily political, if at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Departing from the worker's movement, which was central to the political aim of gaining access for the working class with the extension of citizenship and representation, new social movements such as youth culture movement concentrate on bringing about social mobilization through cultural innovations, development of new life-styles and transformation of identities. It is clearly elaborated by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> that new social movements are the ‘new politics’ which is about quality of life, individual self-realisation and human rights whereas the ‘old politics’ focus on economic, political, and military security.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be exemplified in the gay liberation, the focus of which broadens out from political issue to social and cultural realization and acceptance of homosexuality. Hence, new social movements are understood as new because they are first and foremost social. </p><p>New social movements also give rise to a great emphasis on the role of post-material values in contemporary and <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a> as opposed to conflicts over material resources. According to Melucci, one of the leading new social movement theorists, these movements arise not from relations of production and distribution of resources but within the sphere of reproduction and the life world, as a result of which, the concern has shifted from the sole production of economic resources directly connected to the needs for survival or for reproduction to cultural production of social relations, symbols and identities. In other words, the contemporary social movements are rejections of the materialistic orientation of consumerism in capitalist societies by questioning the modern idea that links the pursuit of happiness and success closely to growth, progress, and increased productivity and by promoting alternative values and understandings in relation to the social world. As an example, the environmental movement that has appeared since the late 1960s throughout the world, with its strong points in the United States and Northern Europe, has significantly brought about a ‘dramatic reversal’ in the ways we consider the relationship between economy, society and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Castells_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castells-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, new social movements are located in civil society or the cultural sphere as a major arena for collective action rather than instrumental action in the state, which Claus Offe characterises as ‘bypass the state’.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, with its little concern to directly challenge the state, new movements are regarded as anti-authoritarian and resisted incorporation in institutional levels. They tend to focus on single issue, or a limited range of issues connected to a single broad theme such as peace and environment. Without the attempt to develop a total politics under a single focus, new social movements set their stress on grass-roots in the aim of representing the interests of marginal or excluded groups. Paralleled with this ideology, the organization form of new collective actions is also locally based, centred on small social groups and loosely held by personal or informational networks such as radios, newspapers, and posters. This ‘local- and issue-centred’ characteristic which does not necessarily require a highly agreed ideology or agreement on ultimate ends makes these new movements distinctive from the ‘old’ labour movement with a high degree of tolerance of political and ideological difference appealing to broader sections of population. </p><p>Additionally, if old social movements namely the worker's movement presupposed a working–class base and ideology, the new social movements are presumed to draw from a different social class base, that is, ‘the new class’, as a complex contemporary class structure that Claus Offe identifies as ‘threefold’: the new middle class, elements of the old middle class and peripheral groups outside the labour market.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuechler1995_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuechler1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As stated by Offe,<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the new middle class in association with the old one is evolved in the new social movements because of their high levels of education and their access to information and resources that lead to the questions of the way society is valued; the group of people that are marginal in terms of labour market such as students, housewives and the unemployed participate in the collective actions as a consequence of their disposable resource of time, their position in the receiving end of bureaucratic control and disability to be fully engaged in the society based on employment and consumption. The main character in old social movements, the industrial working class, nonetheless, is absent here in the class base of new social mobilizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sociologists, like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bagguley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Bagguley (page does not exist)">Paul Bagguley</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson_Pichardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelson Pichardo (page does not exist)">Nelson Pichardo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criticize NSM theory for a number of reasons, including: </p> <ol><li>the movements concerned with non-materialistic issues existed (in one extent or another) during the industrial period and traditional movements, concerned with economic well-being, still exist today,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>there are few unique characteristics of the new social movements, when compared to the traditional movements,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>differences between older and newer movements have been explained by older theories,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>there is doubt in terms of whether contemporary movements are specifically a product of postindustrial society,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NSM focuses almost exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> movements and does not consider <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the term "new middle class" is amorphous and not consistently defined,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>might be better viewed as a certain instance of social movement theory rather than a brand new one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NSM is largely an extension of 1960s counterculture and built more around protest than any common (internal) unity,</li> <li>newer movements are exceptionalist, where members or proponents see older movements as ineffective or insignificant</li> <li>recent NSMs are fueled by social media and meme culture, often diminishing their seriousness and meaning</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_new_social_movements">List of new social movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of new social movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Animal rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Anti-War movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a> (An international network which attempts to use evidence and reason to identify the most effective ways to improve the world.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupy Movement">Occupy Movement</a> (A global <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahbag_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbag Movement">Shahbag Movement</a> (A mass movement demanding trial of crimes against humanity) (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Zeitgeist_Movement" title="The Zeitgeist Movement">The Zeitgeist Movement</a> (A global sustainability advocacy movement which spreads awareness about the perceived roots of social problems.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For his characterization as a British sociologist of social movements, see <a href="#CITEREFRootes1989">Rootes (1989)</a>. <dl><dt>Prior works</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Byrne, P. (1998). Nuclear weapon and CND. <i>Parliamentary Affairs, 51</i>(3), 424ff. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0031-2290">0031-2290</a></li> <li>Byrne, P. (1996). The politics of the women's movement. <i>Parliamentary Affairs, 49</i>(1), 55ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0031-2290">0031-2290</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne1988" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Paul (1988). <i>The campaign for nuclear disarmament</i>. London New York: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3260-4"><bdi>978-0-7099-3260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+campaign+for+nuclear+disarmament&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3260-4&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+social+movements" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPichardo1997_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPichardo1997">Pichardo 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bue-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bue_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bue_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buechler 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaricco2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaricco2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaricco2012">Staricco 2012</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStaricco2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora201031.30-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora201031.30_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArora2010">Arora 2010</a>, p. 31.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaclauMouffe2001159-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaclauMouffe2001159_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaclauMouffe2001">Laclau & Mouffe 2001</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ken-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ken_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendall 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castells-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Castells_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castells 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuechler1995-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuechler1995_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuechler1995">Buechler 1995</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2010" class="citation book cs1">Arora, N.D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8Flb0gZ3ZkC&pg=RA1-PA30"><i>Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-009094-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-009094-1"><bdi>978-0-07-009094-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Science+for+Civil+Services+Main+Examination&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-009094-1&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=N.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8Flb0gZ3ZkC%26pg%3DRA1-PA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+social+movements" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Steven M. Buechler, <i>Social Movements in Advanced Capitalism</i>, Oxford University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512604-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512604-1">0-19-512604-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQdQjRQlwKEC&dq=diverse+array+of+collective+actions+that+has+presumably+displaced+the+old+social+movement+of+proletarian+revolution&pg=PA46">Google Print, p.46</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne1997" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nA_WTj3Lu2IC"><i>Social Movements in Britain</i></a>. Theory and practice in British politics. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07122-2"><bdi>978-0-415-07122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Movements+in+Britain&rft.series=Theory+and+practice+in+British+politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07122-2&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnA_WTj3Lu2IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+social+movements" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Diana Kendall, <i>Sociology In Our Times</i>, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-64629-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-64629-8">0-534-64629-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzU-gtx2VfoC&q=frame+analysis&pg=PA533">Google Print, p.533</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPichardo1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pichardo, Nelson A. (1997). "New Social Movements: A Critical Review". <i>Annual Review of Sociology</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">411–</span>430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.23.1.411">10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.411</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2952558">2952558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=New+Social+Movements%3A+A+Critical+Review&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.23.1.411&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2952558%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pichardo&rft.aufirst=Nelson+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+social+movements" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRootes1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rootes, C. A. (1989). "Book review: Against the Bomb by Richard Taylor; The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament by Paul Byrne". <i>Sociology</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">463–</span>465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038589023003021">10.1177/0038038589023003021</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42853880">42853880</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220675520">220675520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Against+the+Bomb+by+Richard+Taylor%3B+The+Campaign+for+Nuclear+Disarmament+by+Paul+Byrne&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E465&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220675520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42853880%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038038589023003021&rft.aulast=Rootes&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+social+movements" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scott, A. (1990) Ideology and the New Social Movements London: Unwin Hyman</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Ignacio_Staricco2012" class="citation journal cs1">Juan Ignacio Staricco (2012). "The French May and the roots of postmodern politics". <i>Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia</i> (3): <span class="nowrap">447–</span>472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1423%2F38248">10.1423/38248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Italiana+di+Sociologia&rft.atitle=The+French+May+and+the+roots+of+postmodern+politics&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E472&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1423%2F38248&rft.au=Juan+Ignacio+Staricco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+social+movements" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Charles, N. (2002) Feminism, the State and Social Policy London: Macmillan</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuechler1995" class="citation journal cs1">Buechler, Steven M. (June 1995). "New Social Movement Theories". <i>The Sociological Quarterly</i>. <b>36</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">441–</span>464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1995.tb00447.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00447.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=New+Social+Movement+Theories&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1995.tb00447.x&rft.aulast=Buechler&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+social+movements" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Castells, M. (2004) The Power of Identity (Second Edition) London: Blackwell</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="CITEREFLaclauMouffe2001"></span>Laclau, E. & Mouffe, C. (2001) <i>Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics</i> (Second Edition). London: Verso</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_social_movements&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Enablers, T.C., 2014. 'Informal Networks and New Social Movements'. Internet Source sighted Nov. 2014. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.laceweb.org.au/inf.htm">http://www.laceweb.org.au/inf.htm</a></li> <li>Enablers, T.C., 2014. 'The Fastest Growing New Social Movement on the Planet'. Internet Source sighted Nov. 2014. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.laceweb.org.au/fgn.htm">http://www.laceweb.org.au/fgn.htm</a></li> <li>Enablers, T.C., 2014. 'Realising Human Potential'. Internet Source sighted Jan. 2015. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.laceweb.org.au/rhp.htm">http://www.laceweb.org.au/rhp.htm</a></li> <li>Hawken, Paul. <i><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Unrest" title="Blessed Unrest">Blessed Unrest</a></i>. Viking, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03852-7">978-0-670-03852-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemelini2014" class="citation journal cs1">Temelini, Michael (2014). "Dialogical approaches to struggles over recognition and distribution". <i>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</i>. <b>17</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">423–</span>447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13698230.2013.763517">10.1080/13698230.2013.763517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144378936">144378936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Review+of+International+Social+and+Political+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Dialogical+approaches+to+struggles+over+recognition+and+distribution&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E447&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13698230.2013.763517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144378936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Temelini&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+social+movements" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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