CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><script>var __ezHttpConsent={setByCat:function(src,tagType,attributes,category,force){var setScript=function(){if(force||window.ezTcfConsent[category]){var scriptElement=document.createElement(tagType);scriptElement.src=src;attributes.forEach(function(attr){for(var key in attr){if(attr.hasOwnProperty(key)){scriptElement.setAttribute(key,attr[key]);}}});var firstScript=document.getElementsByTagName(tagType)[0];firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement,firstScript);}};if(force||(window.ezTcfConsent&&window.ezTcfConsent.loaded)){setScript();}else if(typeof getEzConsentData==="function"){getEzConsentData().then(function(ezTcfConsent){if(ezTcfConsent&&ezTcfConsent.loaded){setScript();}else{console.error("cannot get ez consent data");force=true;setScript();}});}else{force=true;setScript();console.error("getEzConsentData is not a function");}},};</script> <script>var ezTcfConsent=window.ezTcfConsent?window.ezTcfConsent:{loaded:false,store_info:false,develop_and_improve_services:false,measure_ad_performance:false,measure_content_performance:false,select_basic_ads:false,create_ad_profile:false,select_personalized_ads:false,create_content_profile:false,select_personalized_content:false,understand_audiences:false,use_limited_data_to_select_content:false,};function getEzConsentData(){return new Promise(function(resolve){document.addEventListener("ezConsentEvent",function(event){var ezTcfConsent=event.detail.ezTcfConsent;resolve(ezTcfConsent);});});}</script> <script>function _setEzCookies(ezConsentData){var cookies=[{name:"ezosuibasgeneris-1",value:"022b958b-7139-458e-72b3-af5f0e779f7c; Path=/; Domain=nuclear-power.com; Expires=Sat, 29 Nov 2025 03:41:36 UTC; Secure; SameSite=None",tcfCategory:"understand_audiences",isEzoic:"true",},{name:"ezopvc_260285",value:"3; Path=/; Domain=nuclear-power.com; Expires=Fri, 29 Nov 2024 04:11:38 UTC",tcfCategory:"understand_audiences",isEzoic:"true",},{name:"ezoab_260285",value:"mod17-c; Path=/; Domain=nuclear-power.com; Max-Age=7200",tcfCategory:"store_info",isEzoic:"true",},{name:"active_template::260285",value:"pub_site.1732859501; Path=/; Domain=nuclear-power.com; Expires=Sun, 01 Dec 2024 05:51:41 UTC",tcfCategory:"store_info",isEzoic:"true",},{name:"ezoadgid_260285",value:"-1; Path=/; Domain=nuclear-power.com; Max-Age=1800",tcfCategory:"understand_audiences",isEzoic:"true",}];for(var i=0;i<cookies.length;i++){var cookie=cookies[i];if(ezConsentData&&ezConsentData.loaded&&ezConsentData[cookie.tcfCategory]){document.cookie=cookie.name+"="+cookie.value;}}} if(window.ezTcfConsent&&window.ezTcfConsent.loaded){_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}else if(typeof getEzConsentData==="function"){getEzConsentData().then(function(ezTcfConsent){if(ezTcfConsent&&ezTcfConsent.loaded){_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}else{console.error("cannot get ez consent data");_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}});}else{console.error("getEzConsentData is not a function");_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}</script><script type="text/javascript" data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'>window._ezaq = Object.assign({"edge_cache_status":14,"edge_response_time":12,"url":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/"}, typeof window._ezaq !== "undefined" ? window._ezaq : {});</script><script type="text/javascript" data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'>window._ezaq = Object.assign({"ezcache_level":2}, typeof window._ezaq !== "undefined" ? window._ezaq : {});</script><script type="text/javascript" data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'>window._ezaq = Object.assign({"ab_test_id":"mod17-c"}, typeof window._ezaq !== "undefined" ? window._ezaq : {});window.__ez=window.__ez||{};window.__ez.tf={};</script><script type="text/javascript" data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'>window.ezDisableAds = true;</script><script data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false' data-pagespeed-no-defer>var __ez=__ez||{};__ez.stms=Date.now();__ez.evt={};__ez.script={};__ez.ck=__ez.ck||{};__ez.template={};__ez.template.isOrig=false;__ez.queue=function(){var e=0,i=0,t=[],n=!1,o=[],r=[],s=!0,a=function(e,i,n,o,r,s,a){var l=arguments.length>7&&void 0!==arguments[7]?arguments[7]:window,d=this;this.name=e,this.funcName=i,this.parameters=null===n?null:w(n)?n:[n],this.isBlock=o,this.blockedBy=r,this.deleteWhenComplete=s,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=!1,this.isInitialized=!1,this.proceedIfError=a,this.fWindow=l,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.process=function(){u("... func = "+e),d.isInitialized=!0,d.isComplete=!0,u("... func.apply: "+e);var i=d.funcName.split("."),n=null,o=this.fWindow||window;i.length>3||(n=3===i.length?o[i[0]][i[1]][i[2]]:2===i.length?o[i[0]][i[1]]:o[d.funcName]),null!=n&&n.apply(null,this.parameters),!0===d.deleteWhenComplete&&delete t[e],!0===d.isBlock&&(u("----- F'D: "+d.name),m())}},l=function(e,i,t,n,o,r,s){var a=arguments.length>7&&void 0!==arguments[7]?arguments[7]:window,l=this;this.name=e,this.path=i,this.async=o,this.defer=r,this.isBlock=t,this.blockedBy=n,this.isInitialized=!1,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=!1,this.proceedIfError=s,this.fWindow=a,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.isPath=function(e){return"/"===e[0]&&"/"!==e[1]},this.getSrc=function(e){return void 0!==window.__ezScriptHost&&this.isPath(e)&&"banger.js"!==this.name?window.__ezScriptHost+e:e},this.process=function(){l.isInitialized=!0,u("... file = "+e);var i=this.fWindow?this.fWindow.document:document,t=i.createElement("script");t.src=this.getSrc(this.path),!0===o?t.async=!0:!0===r&&(t.defer=!0),t.onerror=function(){var e={url:window.location.href,name:l.name,path:l.path,user_agent:window.navigator.userAgent};"undefined"!=typeof _ezaq&&(e.pageview_id=_ezaq.page_view_id);var i=encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(e)),t=new XMLHttpRequest;t.open("GET","//g.ezoic.net/ezqlog?d="+i,!0),t.send(),u("----- ERR'D: "+l.name),l.isError=!0,!0===l.isBlock&&m()},t.onreadystatechange=t.onload=function(){var e=t.readyState;u("----- F'D: "+l.name),e&&!/loaded|complete/.test(e)||(l.isComplete=!0,!0===l.isBlock&&m())},i.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}},d=function(e,i){this.name=e,this.path="",this.async=!1,this.defer=!1,this.isBlock=!1,this.blockedBy=[],this.isInitialized=!0,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=i,this.proceedIfError=!1,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.process=function(){}};function c(e,i,n,s,a,d,c,f,u){var m=new l(e,i,n,s,a,d,c,u);!0===f?o[e]=m:r[e]=m,t[e]=m,h(m)}function h(e){!0!==f(e)&&0!=s&&e.process()}function f(e){if(!0===e.isTimeDelay&&!1===n)return u(e.name+" blocked = TIME DELAY!"),!0;if(w(e.blockedBy))for(var i=0;i<e.blockedBy.length;i++){var o=e.blockedBy[i];if(!1===t.hasOwnProperty(o))return u(e.name+" blocked = "+o),!0;if(!0===e.proceedIfError&&!0===t[o].isError)return!1;if(!1===t[o].isComplete)return u(e.name+" blocked = "+o),!0}return!1}function u(e){var i=window.location.href,t=new RegExp("[?&]ezq=([^&#]*)","i").exec(i);"1"===(t?t[1]:null)&&console.debug(e)}function m(){++e>200||(u("let's go"),p(o),p(r))}function p(e){for(var i in e)if(!1!==e.hasOwnProperty(i)){var t=e[i];!0===t.isComplete||f(t)||!0===t.isInitialized||!0===t.isError?!0===t.isError?u(t.name+": error"):!0===t.isComplete?u(t.name+": complete already"):!0===t.isInitialized&&u(t.name+": initialized already"):t.process()}}function w(e){return"[object Array]"==Object.prototype.toString.call(e)}return window.addEventListener("load",(function(){setTimeout((function(){n=!0,u("TDELAY -----"),m()}),5e3)}),!1),{addFile:c,addFileOnce:function(e,i,n,o,r,s,a,l,d){t[e]||c(e,i,n,o,r,s,a,l,d)},addDelayFile:function(e,i){var n=new l(e,i,!1,[],!1,!1,!0);n.isTimeDelay=!0,u(e+" ... FILE! TDELAY"),r[e]=n,t[e]=n,h(n)},addFunc:function(e,n,s,l,d,c,f,u,m,p){!0===c&&(e=e+"_"+i++);var w=new a(e,n,s,l,d,f,u,p);!0===m?o[e]=w:r[e]=w,t[e]=w,h(w)},addDelayFunc:function(e,i,n){var o=new a(e,i,n,!1,[],!0,!0);o.isTimeDelay=!0,u(e+" ... FUNCTION! TDELAY"),r[e]=o,t[e]=o,h(o)},items:t,processAll:m,setallowLoad:function(e){s=e},markLoaded:function(e){if(e&&0!==e.length){if(e in t){var i=t[e];!0===i.isComplete?u(i.name+" "+e+": error loaded duplicate"):(i.isComplete=!0,i.isInitialized=!0)}else t[e]=new d(e,!0);u("markLoaded dummyfile: "+t[e].name)}},logWhatsBlocked:function(){for(var e in t)!1!==t.hasOwnProperty(e)&&f(t[e])}}}();__ez.evt.add=function(e,t,n){e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(t,n,!1):e.attachEvent?e.attachEvent("on"+t,n):e["on"+t]=n()},__ez.evt.remove=function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener?e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1):e.detachEvent?e.detachEvent("on"+t,n):delete e["on"+t]};__ez.script.add=function(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.async=!0,t.type="text/javascript",document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)};__ez.dot={};__ez.queue.addFile('/detroitchicago/boise.js', '/detroitchicago/boise.js?gcb=195-0&cb=5', true, [], true, false, true, false);__ez.queue.addFile('/parsonsmaize/abilene.js', '/parsonsmaize/abilene.js?gcb=195-0&cb=0db397a922', true, [], true, false, true, false);</script> <script data-ezscrex="false" type="text/javascript" data-cfasync="false">window._ezaq = Object.assign({"ad_cache_level":1,"adpicker_placement_cnt":3,"ai_placeholder_cache_level":1,"ai_placeholder_placement_cnt":-1,"domain_id":260285,"ezcache_level":1,"ezcache_skip_code":0,"has_bad_image":0,"has_bad_words":0,"is_sitespeed":0,"lt_cache_level":0,"publish_date":"2014-11-18","response_size":668840,"response_size_orig":662563,"response_time_orig":2179,"template_id":134,"url":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/","word_count":4086,"worst_bad_word_level":0}, typeof window._ezaq !== "undefined" ? window._ezaq : {});__ez.queue.markLoaded('ezaqBaseReady');</script> <link rel='preload' as='script' href='//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js'> <link rel='preload' as='script' href='//go.ezodn.com/hb/dall.js?cb=195-0-111'> <script type="text/javascript">(function(){function storageAvailable(type){var storage;try{storage=window[type];var x='__storage_test__';storage.setItem(x,x);storage.removeItem(x);return true;} catch(e){return e instanceof DOMException&&(e.code===22||e.code===1014||e.name==='QuotaExceededError'||e.name==='NS_ERROR_DOM_QUOTA_REACHED')&&(storage&&storage.length!==0);}} function remove_ama_config(){if(storageAvailable('localStorage')){localStorage.removeItem("google_ama_config");}} remove_ama_config()})()</script> <script type="text/javascript">var ezoicTestActive = true</script> <script type='text/javascript' data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'> window.ezAnalyticsStatic = true; function analyticsAddScript(script) { var ezDynamic = document.createElement('script'); ezDynamic.type = 'text/javascript'; ezDynamic.innerHTML = script; document.head.appendChild(ezDynamic); } function getCookiesWithPrefix() { var allCookies = document.cookie.split(';'); var cookiesWithPrefix = {}; for (var i = 0; i < allCookies.length; i++) { var cookie = allCookies[i].trim(); for (var j = 0; j < arguments.length; j++) { var prefix = arguments[j]; if (cookie.indexOf(prefix) === 0) { var cookieParts = cookie.split('='); var cookieName = cookieParts[0]; var cookieValue = cookieParts.slice(1).join('='); cookiesWithPrefix[cookieName] = decodeURIComponent(cookieValue); break; // Once matched, no need to check other prefixes } } } return cookiesWithPrefix; } function productAnalytics() { var d = {"pr":[1,6],"aop":{"14":0,"2":0,"4":134,"7":0},"omd5":"bd85494d914ee4cbad311bb461084363"}; d.u = _ezaq.url; d.p = _ezaq.page_view_id; d.v = _ezaq.visit_uuid; d.ab = _ezaq.ab_test_id; d.e = JSON.stringify(_ezaq); d.ref = document.referrer; d.c = getCookiesWithPrefix('active_template', 'ez', 'lp_'); if(typeof ez_utmParams !== 'undefined') { d.utm = ez_utmParams; } var dataText = JSON.stringify(d); var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open('POST','/ezais/analytics?cb=1', true); xhr.onload = function () { if (xhr.status!=200) { return; } if(document.readyState !== 'loading') { analyticsAddScript(xhr.response); return; } var eventFunc = function() { if(document.readyState === 'loading') { return; } document.removeEventListener('readystatechange', eventFunc, false); analyticsAddScript(xhr.response); }; document.addEventListener('readystatechange', eventFunc, false); }; xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type','text/plain'); xhr.send(dataText); } __ez.queue.addFunc("productAnalytics", "productAnalytics", null, true, ['ezaqBaseReady'], false, false, false, true); </script><script type="text/javascript" data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" async=""> function productEzoicAds() { if(window.ezDisableAds === true) { return; } window.google_reactive_ads_global_state = { adCount: {}, floatingAdsStacking: { maxZIndexListeners: [], maxZIndexRestrictions: {}, nextRestrictionId: 0 }, messageValidationEnabled: false, reactiveTypeDisabledByPublisher: {}, reactiveTypeEnabledInAsfe: {}, sideRailAvailableSpace: [], sideRailOverlappableElements: [], stateForType: {}, tagSpecificState: {}, wasPlaTagProcessed: true, wasReactiveAdConfigReceived: { 1: true, 2: true, 8: true }, wasReactiveAdVisible: {}, wasReactiveTagRequestSent: true, description: "Can't disable auto ads programmatically on the page, so here we are!" }; var d = {"ab":"","km":{},"pv":"","vu":"50f1123c-1967-4314-57f2-5589171d56c1","r":{"r":[{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-250x250-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-300x250-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179,"h":400,"w":970},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-320x100-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-300x50v2-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-320x50-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-336x280-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-320x100v2-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-468x60-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-580x400-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-250x250x2-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-728x90-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-970x250-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-300x250x3-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-179-under_first_paragraph-970x90-179-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":179},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-250x250-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-300x250-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-320x100-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-300x50v2-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-320x50-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-336x280-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180,"h":400,"w":728},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-320x100v2-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-468x60-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-580x400-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-250x250x2-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-180-bottom_of_page-728x90-180-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":180},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-250x250-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-300x250-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-320x100-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-300x50v2-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-320x50-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-336x280-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-320x100v2-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-468x60-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-580x400-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-250x250x2-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-183-bottom_of_page-728x90-183-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":183},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-100-bottom_floating-728x90-100-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":100},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-100-bottom_floating-970x90-100-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":100,"h":90,"w":970},{"p":" ezoic_pub_ad_placeholder-185-edge-160x600-185-nonexxxnonexxxxxxezmaxscaleval100 ","s":185,"h":600,"w":160,"r":true}],"a":{"100":true,"179":true,"180":true,"183":true,"185":true},"g":-1,"l":{"0":10,"1":3,"2":2,"3":1,"4":-1,"5":-1},"m":{"0":10,"1":3,"2":2,"3":1,"4":-1,"5":-1},"v":0,"ve":false,"hr":false},"cr":"","tid":134,"tn":"pub_site","url":"","wc":4086,"ff":1,"dhh":""}; d.ab = _ezaq.ab_test_id; d.pv = _ezaq.page_view_id; d.vu = _ezaq.visit_uuid; d.url = window.location.href; var dynamicAddScript = function(script) { if(window.ezFinishedStatic === true) { console.error("attempted to load dynamic script again"); return; } var errorMessages = []; function errorHandler(event) { var errorObj = event.error; if (errorObj && errorObj.stack && errorObj.stack.indexOf('dynamicAddScript') !== -1) { var errorMessage = { Message: event.message, LineNo: event.lineno, ColumnNo: event.colno, Stack: errorObj.stack }; errorMessages.push(errorMessage); } if (typeof window.onerror === 'function') { window.onerror.apply(this, arguments); } } window.addEventListener('error', errorHandler); var ezDynamic = document.createElement('script'); ezDynamic.type = 'text/javascript'; ezDynamic.innerHTML = script; document.head.appendChild(ezDynamic); window.removeEventListener('error', errorHandler); if (window.ezFinishedStatic !== true || typeof window.ezstaticerrors !== 'undefined') { d.Script = script; d.ErrorMessages = JSON.stringify(errorMessages); d.ErrorStaticMessages = window.ezstaticerrors || ''; var dataTxt = JSON.stringify(d); if (dataTxt.length > 0) { var logXHR = new XMLHttpRequest() logXHR.open('POST','/ezais/log?cb=1', true); logXHR.setRequestHeader('Content-Type','application/json'); logXHR.send(dataTxt); } } }; var dataText = JSON.stringify(d); if (dataText.length > 0) { var startTime = Date.now() - __ez.stms; var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open('POST','/ezais/dynamic?cb=1', true); xhr.onload = function () { if (xhr.status!=200) { return; } if(document.readyState !== 'loading') { dynamicAddScript(xhr.response); return; } var eventFunc = function() { if(document.readyState === 'loading') { return; } document.removeEventListener('readystatechange', eventFunc, false); dynamicAddScript(xhr.response); }; document.addEventListener('readystatechange', eventFunc, false); }; xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type','text/plain'); xhr.send(dataText); } } __ez.queue.addFunc("productEzoicAds", "productEzoicAds", null, true, ['ezaqReady'], false, false, false, true); </script><base href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/"/> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/>  <title>Reactor Physics | Definition & Applications | nuclear-power.com</title> <meta name="description" content="Nuclear reactor physics is the field of physics that studies and deals with the applied study and engineering applications of neutron diffusion and fission chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for energy production."/> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Reactor Physics | Definition & Applications | nuclear-power.com"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Nuclear reactor physics is the field of physics that studies and deals with the applied study and engineering applications of neutron diffusion and fission chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for energy production."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Nuclear Power"/> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/nuclearpowerforeverybody/"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-11-14T08:46:15+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nuclei_notation-227x300.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@Nuclpower"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/#website","url":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/","name":"Nuclear Power","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nuclei_notation-227x300.jpg"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/#webpage","url":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/","name":"Reactor Physics | Definition & Applications | nuclear-power.com","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2014-11-18T17:41:41+00:00","dateModified":"2021-11-14T08:46:15+00:00","description":"Nuclear reactor physics is the field of physics that studies and deals with the applied study and engineering applications of neutron diffusion and fission chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for energy production.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/","url":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/","url":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/","name":"Nuclear Power"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/","url":"https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/","name":"Reactor Physics"}}]}]}</script>  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s.w.org"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Nuclear Power » Feed" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/feed/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Nuclear Power » Comments Feed" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/comments/feed/"/> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=d3f302b792b404a0d9cf8384b6620ba7"}}; !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(!p||!p.fillText)return!1;switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])?!1:!s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([55357,56424,8205,55356,57212],[55357,56424,8203,55356,57212])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(n=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(n.concatemoji):n.wpemoji&&n.twemoji&&(c(n.twemoji),c(n.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 .07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=d3f302b792b404a0d9cf8384b6620ba7" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="image-map-pro-dist-css-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/image-map-pro-wordpress/css/image-map-pro.min.css?ver=5.5.0" media=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wpProQuiz_front_style-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-pro-quiz/css/wpProQuiz_front.min.css?ver=0.37" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="generate-style-grid-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/unsemantic-grid.min.css?ver=3.0.2" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="generate-style-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/style.min.css?ver=3.0.2" media="all"/> <style id="generate-style-inline-css"> body{background-color:#dddddd;color:#3a3a3a;}a{color:#1e73be;}a:hover, a:focus, a:active{color:#000000;}body .grid-container{max-width:1220px;}.wp-block-group__inner-container{max-width:1220px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.generate-back-to-top{font-size:20px;border-radius:3px;position:fixed;bottom:30px;right:30px;line-height:40px;width:40px;text-align:center;z-index:10;transition:opacity 300ms ease-in-out;}body, button, input, select, textarea{font-family:-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";font-size:15px;}body{line-height:1.5;}.entry-content > [class*="wp-block-"]:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:1.5em;}.main-title{font-size:45px;}.main-navigation a, .menu-toggle{font-size:14px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{font-size:13px;}.widget-title{font-size:17px;}.sidebar .widget, .footer-widgets .widget{font-size:16px;}h1{font-size:30px;}h2{font-size:20px;}h3{font-size:18px;}h4{font-size:inherit;}h5{font-size:inherit;}.site-info{font-size:14px;}@media (max-width:768px){.main-title{font-size:30px;}h1{font-size:30px;}h2{font-size:25px;}}.top-bar{background-color:#636363;color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a{color:#ffffff;}.top-bar a:hover{color:#303030;}.site-header{background-color:#dddddd;color:#3a3a3a;}.site-header a{color:#3a3a3a;}.main-title a,.main-title a:hover{color:#222222;}.site-description{color:#757575;}.main-navigation,.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#262626;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.menu-toggle, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items{color:#3f3f3f;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:hover > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:focus > a, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{color:#1e73be;background-color:rgba(239,239,239,0);}button.menu-toggle:hover,button.menu-toggle:focus,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a:hover,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a:focus{color:#3f3f3f;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:#1e73be;background-color:#efefef;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a:hover,.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"].sfHover > a{color:#1e73be;background-color:#efefef;}.navigation-search input[type="search"],.navigation-search input[type="search"]:active, .navigation-search input[type="search"]:focus, .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.search-item.active > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-items .search-item.active > a{color:#1e73be;background-color:rgba(239,239,239,0);}.main-navigation ul ul{background-color:#efefef;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{color:#3f3f3f;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:hover > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li:focus > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li.sfHover > a{color:#1e73be;background-color:#e5e5e5;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:#1e73be;background-color:rgba(239,239,239,0);}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a:hover,.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li[class*="current-menu-"].sfHover > a{color:#1e73be;background-color:rgba(239,239,239,0);}.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .one-container .container, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .inside-page-header{background-color:#ffffff;}.entry-meta{color:#595959;}.entry-meta a{color:#595959;}.entry-meta a:hover{color:#1e73be;}h1{color:#1e72bd;}h2{color:#1e72bd;}h3{color:#1e72bd;}h4{color:#1e72bd;}.sidebar .widget{background-color:rgba(242,242,242,0.73);}.sidebar .widget .widget-title{color:#000000;}.footer-widgets{background-color:rgba(242,242,242,0.69);}.footer-widgets .widget-title{color:#000000;}.site-info{color:#ffffff;background-color:#222222;}.site-info a{color:#ffffff;}.site-info a:hover{color:#606060;}.footer-bar .widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a{color:#606060;}input[type="text"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type="tel"],input[type="number"],textarea,select{color:#666666;background-color:#fafafa;border-color:#cccccc;}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,select:focus{color:#666666;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#bfbfbf;}button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],a.button,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background){color:#ffffff;background-color:#666666;}button:hover,html input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="reset"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:hover,a.button:hover,button:focus,html input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:focus,a.button:focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):active,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):focus,a.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background):hover{color:#ffffff;background-color:#3f3f3f;}a.generate-back-to-top{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.4 );color:#ffffff;}a.generate-back-to-top:hover,a.generate-back-to-top:focus{background-color:rgba( 0,0,0,0.6 );color:#ffffff;}@media (max-width:768px){.main-navigation .menu-bar-item:hover > a, .main-navigation .menu-bar-item.sfHover > a{background:none;color:#3f3f3f;}}.inside-top-bar{padding:10px;}.inside-header{padding:10px 40px 10px 40px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-40px;width:calc(100% + 80px);max-width:calc(100% + 80px);}.separate-containers .widget, .separate-containers .site-main > *, .separate-containers .page-header, .widget-area .main-navigation{margin-bottom:10px;}.separate-containers .site-main{margin:10px;}.both-right.separate-containers .inside-left-sidebar{margin-right:5px;}.both-right.separate-containers .inside-right-sidebar{margin-left:5px;}.both-left.separate-containers .inside-left-sidebar{margin-right:5px;}.both-left.separate-containers .inside-right-sidebar{margin-left:5px;}.separate-containers .page-header-image, .separate-containers .page-header-contained, .separate-containers .page-header-image-single, .separate-containers .page-header-content-single{margin-top:10px;}.separate-containers .inside-right-sidebar, .separate-containers .inside-left-sidebar{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.menu-toggle,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a{padding-left:22px;padding-right:22px;line-height:40px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul ul li a{padding:10px 22px 10px 22px;}.main-navigation ul ul{width:220px;}.navigation-search input[type="search"]{height:40px;}.rtl .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-left:22px;}.menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-right:22px;}.rtl .main-navigation .main-nav ul li.menu-item-has-children > a{padding-right:22px;}.widget-area .widget{padding:15px;}.site-info{padding:20px;}@media (max-width:768px){.separate-containers .inside-article, .separate-containers .comments-area, .separate-containers .page-header, .separate-containers .paging-navigation, .one-container .site-content, .inside-page-header, .wp-block-group__inner-container{padding:16px;}.site-info{padding-right:10px;padding-left:10px;}.entry-content .alignwide, body:not(.no-sidebar) .entry-content .alignfull{margin-left:-16px;width:calc(100% + 32px);max-width:calc(100% + 32px);}}/* End cached CSS */@media (max-width:768px){.main-navigation .menu-toggle,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items,.sidebar-nav-mobile:not(#sticky-placeholder){display:block;}.main-navigation ul,.gen-sidebar-nav{display:none;}[class*="nav-float-"] .site-header .inside-header > *{float:none;clear:both;}} body{background-image:url('https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Background-Nuclear-Power.png');background-repeat:repeat-y;background-attachment:fixed;}.main-navigation,.menu-toggle{background-repeat:repeat-x;} .navigation-branding .main-title{font-weight:bold;text-transform:none;font-size:45px;}@media (max-width:768px){.navigation-branding .main-title{font-size:30px;}} @media (max-width:768px){.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.menu-toggle,.main-navigation .mobile-bar-items a{line-height:39px;}.main-navigation .site-logo.navigation-logo img, .mobile-header-navigation .site-logo.mobile-header-logo img, .navigation-search input{height:39px;}} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="generate-mobile-style-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/mobile.min.css?ver=3.0.2" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="generate-font-icons-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/components/font-icons.min.css?ver=3.0.2" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="generate-child-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress_child/style.css?ver=1634919173" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ubermenu-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/pro/assets/css/ubermenu.min.css?ver=3.7.4" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ubermenu-grey-white-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/css/skins/blackwhite.css?ver=d3f302b792b404a0d9cf8384b6620ba7" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ubermenu-black-silver-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/pro/assets/css/skins/blacksilver.css?ver=d3f302b792b404a0d9cf8384b6620ba7" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ubermenu-font-awesome-all-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/fontawesome/css/all.min.css?ver=d3f302b792b404a0d9cf8384b6620ba7" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="lgc-unsemantic-grid-responsive-tablet-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/lightweight-grid-columns/css/unsemantic-grid-responsive-tablet.css?ver=1.0" media="all"/> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.5.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.3.2" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/wonderplugin-video-embed/engine/wonderpluginvideoembed.js?ver=2.0" id="wonderplugin-videoembed-script-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.12.1" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/mouse.min.js?ver=1.12.1" id="jquery-ui-mouse-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/sortable.min.js?ver=1.12.1" id="jquery-ui-sortable-js"></script> <script id="wpProQuiz_front_javascript-js-extra"> var WpProQuizGlobal = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","loadData":"Loading","questionNotSolved":"You must answer this question.","questionsNotSolved":"You must answer all questions before you can completed the quiz.","fieldsNotFilled":"All fields have to be filled."}; </script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-pro-quiz/js/wpProQuiz_front.min.js?ver=0.37" id="wpProQuiz_front_javascript-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-pro-quiz/js/wpProQuiz_toplist.min.js?ver=0.37" id="wpProQuiz_front_javascript_toplist-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-pro-quiz/js/jquery.ui.touch-punch.min.js?ver=0.2.2" id="jquery-ui-touch-punch-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-json/"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/257"/><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd"/> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/?p=257"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclear-power.com%2Fnuclear-power%2Freactor-physics%2F"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclear-power.com%2Fnuclear-power%2Freactor-physics%2F&format=xml"/> <script> let alreadyCollapsed = false let alreadyUnCollapsed = true let headersCount = 0 const headersIndexes = [] const result = [] let contentArray = [] window.onload = function() { loadFunction(); }; function loadFunction () { const content = document.querySelector('.collapsible-container').children contentArray = Array.from(content) for (let i = 0; i < content.length; i++) { if (content[i].nodeName === 'H2') { headersIndexes.push(i) headersCount++ } } for (let i = 0; i < headersCount; i++) { const section = { header: contentArray[headersIndexes[i]], collapse: contentArray.slice(headersIndexes[i] + 1, headersIndexes[i + 1] || contentArray.length), collapsed: false } result.push(section) section.header.addEventListener('click', () => handleCollapse(i)) section.header.classList.add('collapse-toggler') } if (window.innerWidth < 768) collapse() } function handleCollapse(index) { if (window.innerWidth < 768) { const section = result[index] section.header.childNodes[1].innerText = section.collapsed ? '-' : '+' section.header.classList.toggle('active') section.collapse.forEach(element => { element.style.display = section.collapsed ? 'block' : "none" }); section.collapsed = !section.collapsed } } function collapse() { if (!alreadyCollapsed) { for (let section of result) { const elem = document.createElement('span') elem.innerHTML = '+' elem.classList.add('plus-button') section.header.appendChild(elem) section.collapse.forEach(element => { element.style.display = "none" }); section.collapsed = true } alreadyCollapsed = true } alreadyUnCollapsed = false } function uncollapse() { if (!alreadyUnCollapsed) { for (let section of result) { section.header.classList.remove('active') section.header.innerHTML = section.header.innerText.slice(0, -1) section.collapse.forEach(element => { element.style.display = "block" }); section.collapsed = false } alreadyUnCollapsed = true alreadyCollapsed = false } } function reportWindowSize() { if (window.innerWidth < 768) collapse() else uncollapse() } window.onresize = reportWindowSize; </script>  <script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-56319773-2"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-56319773-2'); </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [{ "@type": "Question", "name": "What is nuclear reactor physics?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Nuclear reactor physics is the field of physics that studies and deals with the applied study and engineering applications of neutron diffusion and fission chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for the production of energy." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What does reactor criticality mean?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "If the multiplication factor for a multiplying system is equal to 1.0, then there is no change in neutron population in time and the chain reaction will be self-sustaining. This condition is known as the critical state." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is the difference between reactor kinetics and reactor dynamics?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "In general: <ul> <li>Reactor Kinetics. Reactor kinetics is the study of the time-dependence of the neutron flux for postulated changes in the macroscopic cross sections. It is also referred to as reactor kinetics without feedbacks.</li> <li>Reactor Dynamics. Reactor dynamics is the study of the time-dependence of the neutron flux, when the macroscopic cross sections are allowed to depend in turn on the neutron flux level. It is also referred to as reactor kinetics with feedbacks and with spatial effects.</li> </ul>" } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "What is reactor physics used for?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "An understanding of reactor physics is necessary for nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and the technical staff to safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems." } }] } </script>  <style type="text/css" id="simple-css-output">/*.site-header { background: #dddddd url("https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-power-header.jpg") no-repeat center; height: 150px }*/.main-navigation .menu-toggle { display: none !important;}.collapsible_uncollapsed { display: block; } /* Smartphone Portrait and Landscape */ @media only screen and (min-device-width : 200px) and (max-device-width : 1000px){ .collapsible_uncollapsed { display: none;} }@media (max-width: 768px) { body{ background-image: none; }}@media (max-width: 768px) { .sidebar { display: none; }}/*@media (max-width: 768px) { .site-header { display: none; }}@media (max-width: 768px) { .footer-widgets { display: none; }}*/@media (max-width: 768px) { .site-content { margin-top: 0px; }}@media (max-width: 768px) { h2 { font-size: 18px; }}@media (max-width: 768px) { .fixed{ height:220px; }}@media (min-width: 769px) { .fixed{ height:700px; }}/*** Collapsible ***/.plus-button { position: absolute; right: 5px; top: 6px; width: 20px; height: 10px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; font-size: 120%;}@media (max-width: 768px) { h2:first-of-type.collapse-toggler { border-top: 1px solid #c9cacb; } h2.collapse-toggler { border-bottom: 1px solid #c9cacb; border-collapse: collapse; position: relative; cursor: pointer; margin: 0; padding: 8px 25px 8px 0; } h2.active.collapse-toggler { margin-bottom: 15px; }}.mobileShow {display: none;} /* Smartphone Portrait and Landscape */ @media only screen and (min-device-width : 200px) and (max-device-width : 1000px){ .mobileShow {display: inline;} }/* Floating Social Media Bar Style Starts Here */@media (max-width: 768px) { .sticky-icon { display: none !important; }}.sticky-icon { z-index: 1; position: fixed; top: 35%; right: 0%; width: 220px; display: flex; flex-direction: column;}.sticky-icon a { transform: translate(160px, 0px); border-radius: 50px 0px 0px 50px; text-align: left; margin: 2px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 10px; font-size: 22px; font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif; transition: all 0.8s;}.sticky-icon a:hover { color: #fff; transform: translate(0px, 0px);}.sticky-icon a:hover i { transform: rotate(360deg);}/*.search_icon a:hover i { transform:rotate(360deg);}*/.Facebook { background-color: #b8b6b6; color: #fff;}.Youtube { background-color: #b8b6b6; color: #fff;}.Twitter { background-color: #b8b6b6; color: #fff;}.Instagram { background-color: #b8b6b6; color: #fff;}.sticky-icon a i { background-color: #fff; height: 40px; width: 40px; color: #000; text-align: center; line-height: 40px; border-radius: 50%; margin-right: 20px; transition: all 0.5s;}.sticky-icon a i.fa-facebook-f { background-color: #dddddd; color: #2c80d3;}.sticky-icon a i.fa-google-plus-g { background-color: #dddddd; color: #d34836;}.sticky-icon a i.fa-instagram { background-color: #dddddd; color: #fd1d1d;}.sticky-icon a i.fa-youtube { background-color: #dddddd; color: #fa0910;}.sticky-icon a i.fa-twitter { background-color: #dddddd; color: #53c5ff;}.fas fa-shopping-cart { background-color: #dddddd;}#myBtn { height: 50px; display: none; position: fixed; bottom: 20px; right: 30px; z-index: 99; text-align: center; padding: 10px; text-align: center; line-height: 40px; border: none; outline: none; background-color: #1e88e5; color: white; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 50%;}.fa-arrow-circle-up { font-size: 30px;}#myBtn:hover { background-color: #555;}</style><style id="ubermenu-custom-generated-css"> /** Font Awesome 4 Compatibility **/ .fa{font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-family:FontAwesome;} /** UberMenu Custom Menu Styles (Customizer) **/ /* main */ .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-nav { max-width:1300px; } .ubermenu-main { background:#262626; border:1px solid #262626; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target { font-size:14px; color:#afafaf; border-left:1px solid #0a0a0a; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-nav .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target { font-weight:600; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0:hover > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#e5e5e5; background:#0a0a0a; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-parent > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { color:#e5e5e5; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target { background:#262626; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-drop { background-color:#262626; border:1px solid #3f3f3f; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-submenu-drop { box-shadow:0 0 20px rgba(0,0,0, 1); } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header > .ubermenu-target { color:#afafaf; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header > .ubermenu-target:hover { color:#e5e5e5; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target { color:#e5e5e5; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target { color:#bcbcbc; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#dbdbdb; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target { color:#e2e2e2; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tabs .ubermenu-tabs-group { background-color:#262626; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tabs .ubermenu-tabs-group > .ubermenu-tab > .ubermenu-target { font-weight:normal; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab > .ubermenu-target { color:#bcbcbc; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#dbdbdb; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-current-menu-parent > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { color:#dbdbdb; background-color:#000000; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { background-color:#000000; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab-content-panel { background-color:#000000; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tabs-group { border-color:#515151; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-has-submenu-drop > .ubermenu-target > .ubermenu-sub-indicator { color:#d3d3d3; } /** UberMenu Custom Menu Item Styles (Menu Item Settings) **/ /* 32855 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32855.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32855 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32855.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32855 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; } /* 32856 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-32856 { min-width:1px; } .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32856.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32856 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32856.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32856 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#3f3f3f; } /* 32852 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-32852 { min-width:1px; } .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32852.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32852 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32852.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32852 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#262626; } /* 32851 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32851.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32851 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32851.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32851 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; } /* 32912 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-32912 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:; background-color:#000000; } /* 33110 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33110 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33179 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33179 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33186 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33186 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33209 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33209 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33238 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33238 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33238 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33238.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:25px; } /* 33243 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33243 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33266 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33266 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-safety-background-image.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33290 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33290 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33302 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33302 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33302 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33302.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:50px; } /* 33305 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33305 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33401 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33401 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33476 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33476 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33443 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33443 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/radioactive-decay-background.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33501 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33501 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33501 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33501.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:30px; } /* 33555 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33555 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/shielding-radiation-background2.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33709 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33709 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33773 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33773 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33773 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33773.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:20px; } /* 33823 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33823 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33865 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33865 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-safety-background-min-1.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33926 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33926 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/fluid-dynamics-background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33929 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33929 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34165 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34165 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34165 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34165.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:70px; } /* 34020 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34020 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34221 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34221 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/material-strength-background.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34257 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34257 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34268 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34268 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/iron-carbon-system-background.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34295 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34295 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34314 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34314 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34646 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34646 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/radiation-all-around-us.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34726 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34726 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34705 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34705 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 33606 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33606 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34773 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34773 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34137 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34137 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34315 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34315 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/fracture-mechanics-background.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 34625 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34625 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; } /* 35069 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; } .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { background:#4267b2; } /* 35071 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#ff0000; } .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { background:#ff0000; } /* 32903 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-32903 { min-width:1px; } /* 34872 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34872.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34872 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34872.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34872 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#ff0000; } /* 32904 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32904.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32904 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32904.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32904 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; } /* 37478 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37478.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37478 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37478.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37478 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#1da1f2; } /* 37477 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37477.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37477 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37477.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37477 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#ff0000; } /* 37479 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37479.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37479 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37479.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37479 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#e1306c; } /* 37476 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37476.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37476 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37476.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37476 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; } /* Status: Loaded from Transient */ </style><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><style type="text/css">.broken_link, a.broken_link { text-decoration: line-through; }</style> <script type='text/javascript'> var ezoTemplate = 'pub_site'; var ezouid = '1'; var ezoFormfactor = '1'; </script><script data-ezscrex="false" type='text/javascript'> var soc_app_id = '0'; var did = 260285; var ezdomain = 'nuclear-power.com'; var ezoicSearchable = 1; </script></head><body class="page-template-default page page-id-257 page-parent page-child parent-pageid-52 wp-embed-responsive no-sidebar nav-below-header separate-containers fluid-header active-footer-widgets-4 nav-aligned-center header-aligned-left dropdown-hover" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemscope=""><div class="sticky-icon hide-on-mobile hide-on-tablet"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.4.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/nuclearpowerforeverybody" class="Facebook"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/nuclpow/" class="Instagram"> Instagram </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/NuclearpowerNetforeverybody" class="Youtube"> Youtube </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Nuclpower" class="Twitter"> Twitter </a> </div> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-favicon-180x180.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cropped-favicon-270x270.png"/> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a>  <button class="ubermenu-responsive-toggle ubermenu-responsive-toggle-main ubermenu-skin-black-silver ubermenu-loc-primary ubermenu-responsive-toggle-content-align-center ubermenu-responsive-toggle-align-full " tabindex="0" data-ubermenu-target="ubermenu-main-191-primary-2">Knowledge Base</button><nav id="ubermenu-main-191-primary-2" class="ubermenu ubermenu-nojs ubermenu-main ubermenu-menu-191 ubermenu-loc-primary ubermenu-responsive ubermenu-responsive-single-column ubermenu-responsive-single-column-subs ubermenu-responsive-default ubermenu-responsive-collapse ubermenu-horizontal ubermenu-transition-shift ubermenu-trigger-hover_intent ubermenu-skin-black-silver ubermenu-has-border ubermenu-bar-align-full ubermenu-items-align-center ubermenu-bar-inner-center ubermenu-bound-inner ubermenu-disable-submenu-scroll ubermenu-hide-bkgs ubermenu-sub-indicators ubermenu-retractors-responsive ubermenu-submenu-indicator-closes"><ul id="ubermenu-nav-main-191-primary" class="ubermenu-nav" data-title="Main Ubermenu"><li id="menu-item-32901" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-home ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-32901 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-item-mini ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-flyout"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-icon ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-icon_left ubermenu-noindicator ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/" tabindex="0"></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-32901 ubermenu-submenu-type-flyout ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-left_edge_item"><li id="menu-item-34873" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34873 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/about/">About</a></li><li id="menu-item-34874" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34874 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/advertise-here/">Advertise Here</a></li><li id="menu-item-34875" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34875 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/about/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li id="menu-item-34876" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34876 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/about/cookies-statement/">Cookies Statement</a></li><li id="menu-item-34877" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34877 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/about/copyright-notice/">Copyright Notice</a></li><li id="menu-item-34878" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34878 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/about/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a></li><li id="menu-item-34879" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34879 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-32900" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-32900 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/" tabindex="0"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/menu-nuclear-power-plant-min.png" width="150" height="150" alt="menu – nuclear power plant-min"/>Nuclear Power Plant</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-32900 ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width"><li id="menu-item-32914" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-tabs ubermenu-item-32914 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-tab-layout-left ubermenu-tabs-show-default ubermenu-tabs-show-current"><ul class="ubermenu-tabs-group ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-32914 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-tabs-group"><li id="menu-item-32912" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-32912 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/">Material Problems</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-32912 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li id="menu-item-32928" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-32928 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/reactor-menu-1.jpg" width="110" height="300" alt="reactor – menu"/></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33059 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33059"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33059 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-32920" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-32920 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/materials-for-nuclear-reactors-material-problems/">Material Problems</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-32920 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34775" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34775 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/materials-for-nuclear-reactors-material-problems/">Materials for Nuclear Reactors</a></li><li id="menu-item-32919" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-32919 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/pressure-and-temperature-p-t-limits/">Pressure and Temperature (P/T) Limits</a></li><li id="menu-item-32918" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-32918 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/pressurized-thermal-shock-pts/">Pressurized Thermal Shock – PTS</a></li><li id="menu-item-32924" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-32924 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/radiation-damage-to-reactor-materials/">Radiation Damage to Reactor Materials</a></li><li id="menu-item-32916" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-32916 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/reactor-vessel-material-surveillance-program/">Reactor Vessel Material Surveillance Program</a></li></ul></li><li class="ubermenu-divider"><hr/></li><li id="menu-item-32922" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-32922 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/reactor-core-melt-accident/">Reactor Core Melt Accident</a></li><li id="menu-item-32923" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-32923 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/materials-for-steam-turbines/">Materials for Steam Turbines</a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33080 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33080"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33080 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33073" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33073 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-and-power-plant-materials/materials-for-nuclear-reactors-material-problems/">Selected Materials</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33073 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33067" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33067 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/austenitic-stainless-steel/">Austenitic Steels</a></li><li id="menu-item-33071" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33071 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/superalloys/">Superalloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-33066" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33066 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/zirconium-alloys/">Zirconium Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-33072" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33072 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/fuel-assembly/fuel-pellets/uranium-dioxide-uo2/">Uranium Dioxide</a></li><li id="menu-item-33068" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33068 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/boron-10/">Boron</a></li><li id="menu-item-33069" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33069 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/cadmium/">Cadmium</a></li><li id="menu-item-33070" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33070 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/gadolinium/">Gadolinium</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33110" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33110 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/">Nuclear Power Plant</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33110 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li id="menu-item-33118" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33118 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Menu-nuclear-power-plant-1.jpg" width="250" height="300" alt="Menu – nuclear power plant"/></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33121 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33121"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33121 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33287" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33287 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/">Nuclear Power Plant</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33287 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33111" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33111 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-island/">Nuclear Island</a></li><li id="menu-item-33112" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33112 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/conventional-turbine-island/">Turbine Island</a></li><li id="menu-item-33113" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33113 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/containment-building/">Containment Building</a></li><li id="menu-item-33114" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33114 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/spent-fuel-pool/">Spent Fuel Pool</a></li><li id="menu-item-33115" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33115 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/steam-generator/">Steam Generator</a></li><li id="menu-item-33116" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33116 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/pressurizer/">Pressurizer</a></li><li id="menu-item-33117" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33117 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/reactor-coolant-pump/">Reactor Coolant Pump</a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-40055 ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-40055"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-40055 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-40054" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-40054 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-nuclear-energy/">Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33122" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33122 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/">Turbine Generator</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33122 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33153 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33153"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33153 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33126" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33126 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/">Steam Turbines</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33126 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33128" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33128 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/impulse-turbine-impulse-blading/">Impulse Turbine</a></li><li id="menu-item-33129" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33129 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/reaction-turbine-parsons-turbine/">Reaction Turbine</a></li><li id="menu-item-33135" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33135 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/turbine-blades/">Turbine Blades</a></li><li id="menu-item-33131" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33131 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/condensing-steam-turbine/">Condensing Turbine</a></li><li id="menu-item-33132" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33132 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/back-pressure-steam-turbine-process-steam/">Back-pressure Turbine</a></li><li id="menu-item-33133" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33133 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/reheat-steam-turbine/">Reheat Steam Turbine</a></li><li id="menu-item-33134" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33134 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/extraction-turbine-turbine-with-steam-extraction/">Extraction Turbine</a></li><li id="menu-item-33139" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33139 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/hp-turbine-high-pressure-steam-turbine/">HP Turbine</a></li><li id="menu-item-33140" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33140 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/lp-turbine-low-pressure-steam-turbine/">LP Turbine</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34776 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34776"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34776 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33124" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33124 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/principle-of-operation-of-turbine-generator/">Principle of Operation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33124 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33127" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33127 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/how-does-a-steam-turbine-work/">How does it work?</a></li><li id="menu-item-33125" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33125 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/theory-of-steam-turbines-thermodynamics/">Themodynamics – Rankine Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33137" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33137 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/governing-of-steam-turbine-2/">Governing of Turbines</a></li><li id="menu-item-33138" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33138 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/turbine-trip/">Turbine Trip</a></li><li id="menu-item-33141" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33141 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/main-condenser-steam-condenser/">Main Condenser</a></li><li id="menu-item-33142" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33142 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/turbine-bypass-system-turbine-steam-dump-system/">Turbine Bypass</a></li><li id="menu-item-33144" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33144 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/cooling-system-circulating-water-system/">Cooling System</a></li><li id="menu-item-33145" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33145 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/cooling-system-circulating-water-system/cooling-towers-dry-wet-natural-draught/">Cooling Towers</a></li><li id="menu-item-33146" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33146 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/deaerator-operating-principle/">Deaerator</a></li><li id="menu-item-33150" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33150 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/feedwater-heating-system-heat-regeneration/">Feedwater Heating System</a></li><li id="menu-item-33152" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33152 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/main-generator-electric-generator-turbo-alternator/">Main Generator</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34778 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-3-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34778"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34778 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34779" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34779 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/">Steam Turbine</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34779 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34777" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34777 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/steam-turbine-schema.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/steam-turbine-schema.jpg 493w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/steam-turbine-schema-300x155.jpg 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px" width="493" height="255" alt="steam turbine – schema"/></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33179" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33179 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-types/">Types of Reactors</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33179 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li id="menu-item-33183" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33183 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Menu-types-of-reactors.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Menu-types-of-reactors.jpg 400w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Menu-types-of-reactors-300x225.jpg 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" width="400" height="300" alt="Menu – types of reactors"/></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33180 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33180"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33180 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33168" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33168 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-types/lwr-light-water-reactor/">Light Water Reactor</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33168 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33169" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33169 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/pwr-pressurized-water-reactor/">Pressurized Water Reactor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33170" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33170 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/bwr-boiling-water-reactor/">Boiling Water Reactor</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33185" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33185 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-types/">Other Reactors</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33185 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33171" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33171 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-types/small-modular-reactor-smr/">Small Modular Reactor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33174" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33174 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-types/supercritical-water-reactor-scwr/">Supercritical Water Reactor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33175" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33175 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/candu-heavy-water-reactor/">Heavy Water Reactor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33176" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33176 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/agr-reactor/">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33177" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33177 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/fast-neutron-reactor/">Fast Neutron Reactor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33178" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33178 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/reactor-types/thorium-reactor/">Thorium Reactor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33186" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33186 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/what-is-nuclear-reactor/">Nuclear Reactor</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33186 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li id="menu-item-33204" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33204 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/reactor-menu-1.jpg" width="110" height="300" alt="reactor – menu"/></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33206 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33206"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33206 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33233" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33233 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/what-is-nuclear-reactor/">Nuclear Reactor</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33233 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33208" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33208 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor-core/">Reactor Core</a></li><li id="menu-item-33263" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33263 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/neutron-moderator/">Neutron Moderator</a></li><li id="menu-item-33189" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33189 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/reactor-pressure-vessel/">Reactor Vessel</a></li><li id="menu-item-33190" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33190 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/core-barrel/">Core Barrel</a></li><li id="menu-item-33191" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33191 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/neutron-reflector/">Neutron Reflector</a></li><li id="menu-item-33196" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33196 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/volume-reactor-coolant-system/">Volume of RCS</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33192" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33192 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/nuclear-instrumentation/">Nuclear Instrumentation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33192 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33202" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33202 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/nuclear-instrumentation/incore-nuclear-instrumentation/">Incore Instrumentation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33194" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33194 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/nuclear-instrumentation/excore-nuclear-instrumentation/">Excore Instrumentation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33195" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33195 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/nuclear-instrumentation/nitrogen-16-power-monitoring/">Nitrogen-16 Power Monitoring</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33207 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33207"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33207 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34780" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34780 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/">Reactor Control</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34780 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34781" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34781 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/control-rods/">Control Rods</a></li><li id="menu-item-34783" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34783 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/boron-10/boric-acid-chemical-shim/">Boric Acid</a></li><li id="menu-item-33197" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33197 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reactor-criticality/">Reactor Criticality</a></li><li id="menu-item-33198" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33198 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/reactor-thermal-power/">Reactor Thermal Power</a></li><li id="menu-item-33199" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33199 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/power-distribution-conventional-reactors/">Power Distribution</a></li><li id="menu-item-33200" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33200 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/fuel-consumption-of-conventional-reactor/">Fuel Consumption</a></li><li id="menu-item-33201" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33201 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/ductility/ductile-brittle-transition-temperature/">Ductile-brittle Transition Temperature</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33209" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33209 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/">Nuclear Fuel</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33209 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li id="menu-item-33232" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33232 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Fuel-Assembly-41x300.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Fuel-Assembly-41x300.jpg 41w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Fuel-Assembly.jpg 140w" data-sizes="(max-width: 41px) 100vw, 41px" width="41" height="300" alt="Fuel Assembly"/></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33236 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33236"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33236 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33219" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33219 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/fuel-assembly/">Fuel Assembly</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33219 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33220" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33220 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/fuel-assembly/fuel-pellets/">Fuel Pellets</a></li><li id="menu-item-33221" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33221 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/fuel-assembly/fuel-cladding-cladding-tube/">Fuel Cladding</a></li><li id="menu-item-33227" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33227 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/burnable-absorbers-burnable-poisons/">Burnable Absorbers</a></li><li id="menu-item-33230" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33230 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/pressure-drop-fuel-assembly/">Pressure Drop</a></li><li id="menu-item-33231" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33231 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/hydraulic-lift-force/">Hydraulic Lift Force</a></li><li id="menu-item-33222" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33222 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/accident-tolerant-fuel-atf/">Accident Tolerant Fuel</a></li><li id="menu-item-33228" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33228 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/lwr-with-high-burnup-fuel/">High Burnup Fuel</a></li><li id="menu-item-33229" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33229 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-generation/temperature-profile-nuclear-fuel/">Temperature Profile</a></li><li id="menu-item-33226" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33226 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/fuel-loading-pattern/">Loading Pattern</a></li><li id="menu-item-33235" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33235 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/control-rods/">Control Rods</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33234 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33234"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33234 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33210" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33210 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/">Fuel Cycle</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33210 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33223" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33223 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/">Uranium</a></li><li id="menu-item-33224" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33224 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/thorium/">Thorium</a></li><li id="menu-item-33211" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33211 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/once-through-fuel-cycle/">Once-through Fuel Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33212" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33212 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/wait-and-see/">Wait and See</a></li><li id="menu-item-33213" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33213 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/twice-through-fuel-cycle/">Twice-through Fuel Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33214" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33214 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-mining-uranium-mines/">Uranium Mining</a></li><li id="menu-item-33215" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33215 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-milling/">Uranium Milling</a></li><li id="menu-item-33216" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33216 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/yellowcake-u3o8/">Yellowcake</a></li><li id="menu-item-33217" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33217 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-conversion-uranium-hexafluoride-uf6/">Uranium Conversion</a></li><li id="menu-item-33218" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33218 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-enrichment/">Uranium Enrichment</a></li><li id="menu-item-33225" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33225 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/conversion-factor-breeding-ratio/">Conversion Factor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33239 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33239"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33239 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33238" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33238 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-fuel-cycle-processes-min-min.png" width="243" height="213" alt="nuclear-fuel-cycle-processes-min-min"/></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33243" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33243 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/spent-fuel/">Spent Fuel and Rad. Waste</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33243 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li id="menu-item-33255" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33255 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CASTOR-V_19-removebg-preview-300x200.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CASTOR-V_19-removebg-preview-300x200.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CASTOR-V_19-removebg-preview.png 612w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="200" alt="CASTOR-V_19-removebg-preview"/></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33259 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33259"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33259 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33258" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33258 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/spent-fuel/">Spent Nuclear Fuel</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33258 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33244" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33244 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/spent-fuel/spent-fuel-management/">Spent Fuel Management</a></li><li id="menu-item-33245" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33245 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/spent-fuel/interim-storage-of-spent-nuclear-fuel/">Interim Storage</a></li><li id="menu-item-33246" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33246 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/spent-fuel/dry-storage-of-spent-nuclear-fuel/">Dry Storage</a></li><li id="menu-item-33247" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33247 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/spent-fuel/spent-fuel-cask-dry-storage-cask/">Spent Fuel Cask</a></li><li id="menu-item-33248" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33248 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/spent-fuel/wet-storage-of-spent-fuel/">Wet Storage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33260 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33260"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33260 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33249" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33249 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/radioactive-waste/">Radioactive Waste</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33249 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33250" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33250 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/radioactive-waste/high-level-waste-hlw/">High-level Waste</a></li><li id="menu-item-33251" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33251 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/radioactive-waste/intermediate-level-waste-ilw/">Intermediate-level Waste</a></li><li id="menu-item-33252" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33252 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/radioactive-waste/low-level-waste-llw/">Low-level Waste</a></li><li id="menu-item-33253" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33253 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/radioactive-waste/final-disposal-permanent-disposal/">Final Disposal</a></li><li id="menu-item-33254" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33254 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/radioactive-waste/deep-geological-repository/">Deep Geological Repository</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33266" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33266 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/">Nuclear Safety</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33266 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33280 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33280"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33280 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33267" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33267 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/">Nuclear Safety</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33267 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33268" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33268 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/classification-of-nuclear-power-plant-states/">Classification of Plant States</a></li><li id="menu-item-33269" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33269 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/deterministic-safety-analyses/">Deterministic Safety Analyses</a></li><li id="menu-item-33270" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33270 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/multiple-barriers-to-radionuclide-release/">Multiple Barriers</a></li><li id="menu-item-33271" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33271 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/defence-in-depth-principle/">Defence-in-depth Principle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33272" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33272 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/level-1-prevention/">Level 1 – Prevention</a></li><li id="menu-item-33273" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33273 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/level-2-abnormal-operation/">Level 2 – Abnormal Operation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33274" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33274 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/level-3-accident-management/">Level 3 – Accident Management</a></li><li id="menu-item-33275" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33275 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/level-4-severe-accidents/">Level 4 – Severe Accidents</a></li><li id="menu-item-33276" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33276 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/emergency-response-planning/">Level 5- Emergency Response Planning</a></li><li id="menu-item-33277" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33277 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/practical-elimination/">Practical Elimination</a></li><li id="menu-item-33278" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33278 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/radiological-assessment/">Radiological Assessment</a></li><li id="menu-item-33279" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33279 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/safety-systems/">Safety Systems</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-32902" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-32902 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/" tabindex="0"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ubermenu-top-atom.png" width="150" height="150" alt="ubermenu – top – atom"/>Nuclear Physics</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-32902 ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width"><li id="menu-item-33288" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-tabs ubermenu-item-33288 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-tab-layout-left ubermenu-tabs-show-default ubermenu-tabs-show-current"><ul class="ubermenu-tabs-group ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33288 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-tabs-group"><li id="menu-item-33290" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33290 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/">Laws of Conservation</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33290 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33301 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33301"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33301 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33300" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33300 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/">Laws of Conservation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33300 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33291" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33291 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/law-of-conservation-of-matter/">Law of Conservation of Matter</a></li><li id="menu-item-33292" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33292 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/law-of-conservation-of-energy/">Law of Conservation of Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33293" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33293 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/law-of-conservation-of-momentum/">Law of Conservation of Momentum</a></li><li id="menu-item-33294" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33294 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/conservation-angular-momentum/">Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum</a></li><li id="menu-item-33295" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33295 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/law-conservation-electric-charge/">Law of Conservation of Electric Charge</a></li><li id="menu-item-33296" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33296 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/law-conservation-lepton-number/">Law of Conservation of Lepton Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-33297" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33297 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/law-conservation-baryon-number/">Law of Conservation of Baryon Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-33298" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33298 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/law-conservation-isospin/">Law of Conservation of Isospin</a></li><li id="menu-item-33299" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33299 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/laws-of-conservation/law-of-conservation-of-parity/">Law of Conservation of Parity</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33302" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33302 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/laws-of-conservation-min2.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/laws-of-conservation-min2.jpg 400w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/laws-of-conservation-min2-300x195.jpg 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" width="400" height="260" alt="laws of conservation-min2"/></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33305" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33305 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/">Particles & Forces</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33305 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li id="menu-item-33321" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33321 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Standard-Model-Background.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Standard-Model-Background.jpg 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Standard-Model-Background-279x300.jpg 279w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="323" alt="Standard Model – Background"/></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33320 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33320"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33320 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33306" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33306 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/">Fundamental Particles</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33306 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33318" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33318 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/the-standard-model/">The Standard Model</a></li><li id="menu-item-33307" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33307 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/quarks/">Quarks</a></li><li id="menu-item-33308" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33308 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/leptons/">Leptons</a></li><li id="menu-item-33309" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33309 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron/">Electron</a></li><li id="menu-item-33314" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33314 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutrino/">Neutrino</a></li><li id="menu-item-33315" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33315 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/photon/">Photon</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33310" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33310 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/baryons/">Baryons</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33310 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33311" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33311 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/hadrons/">Hadrons</a></li><li id="menu-item-33312" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33312 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/what-is-proton-properties-of-proton/">Proton</a></li><li id="menu-item-33313" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33313 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/">Neutron</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33322 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33322"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33322 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33317" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33317 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/what-is-antimatter/">Antimatter</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33317 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33325" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33325 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/what-is-antiatom/">Antiatom</a></li><li id="menu-item-33324" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33324 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/what-is-proton-properties-of-proton/antiproton/">Antiproton</a></li><li id="menu-item-33326" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33326 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron/what-is-positron-properties/">Positron</a></li><li id="menu-item-33327" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33327 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/antineutrino/">Antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33323 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33323"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33323 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33328" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33328 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces/">Fundamental Forces</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33328 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33329" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33329 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces/strong-interaction-strong-force/">Strong Force</a></li><li id="menu-item-33330" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33330 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces/weak-interaction-weak-force/">Weak Force</a></li><li id="menu-item-33331" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33331 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces/electromagnetic-interaction-electromagnetic-force/">Electromagnetic Force</a></li><li id="menu-item-33332" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33332 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-interactions-fundamental-forces/gravitational-interaction-gravitational-force/">Gravitational Force</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33333" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33333 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/">Atoms & Nuclei</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33333 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33364 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33364"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33364 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33334" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33334 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-theory/">Atomic Theory</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33334 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33335" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33335 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-theory/atomism-philosophy/">Atomism</a></li><li id="menu-item-33336" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33336 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron/discovery-of-electron/">Discovery of Electron</a></li><li id="menu-item-33337" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33337 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-theory/thomson-model-of-the-atom-plum-pudding-model/">Thomson Model</a></li><li id="menu-item-33338" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33338 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-theory/discovery-of-atomic-nucleus/">Discovery of Atomic Nucleus</a></li><li id="menu-item-33339" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33339 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-theory/rutherford-model-of-the-atom/">Rutherford Model</a></li><li id="menu-item-33340" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33340 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-theory/bohr-model-of-atom/">Bohr Model</a></li><li id="menu-item-33341" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33341 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-theory/discovery-of-proton/">Discovery of Proton</a></li><li id="menu-item-33342" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33342 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-theory/pauli-exclusion-principle/">Pauli Exclusion Principle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33343" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33343 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/">Properties of Atoms</a></li><li id="menu-item-33344" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33344 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/what-is-electron-properties-of-electron/electron-cloud/">Electron Cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33365 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33365"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33365 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33345" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33345 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/atomic-nucleus/">Atomic Nucleus</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33345 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33346" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33346 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/liquid-drop-model/">Liquid Drop Model</a></li><li id="menu-item-33347" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33347 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/atomic-nucleus/nuclear-shell-model/">Nuclear Shell Model</a></li><li id="menu-item-33348" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33348 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/atomic-nucleus/magic-numbers/">Magic Numbers</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33350" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33350 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/nuclides/">Nuclides</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33350 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33349" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33349 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/atomic-nucleus/nucleons-structure-of-atomic-nucleus/">Nucleons</a></li><li id="menu-item-33351" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33351 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/nuclides/isotope/">Isotopes</a></li><li id="menu-item-33352" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33352 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/nuclides/isotones-nuclides/">Isotones</a></li><li id="menu-item-33353" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33353 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/nuclides/isobars/">Isobars</a></li><li id="menu-item-33354" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33354 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/nuclides/isomers/">Isomers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33366 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33366"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33366 ubermenu-submenu-type-block ubermenu-autoclear"><li id="menu-item-33360" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33360 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/">Atomic and Nuclear Structure</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33360 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33361" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33361 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/atomic-number-proton-number/">Atomic Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-33362" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33362 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/atomic-mass-number/">Atomic Mass Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-33363" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33363 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/neutron-number/">Neutron Number</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33355" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33355 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/chemical-properties-of-atoms/">Chemical Properties of Atoms</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33355 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33356" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33356 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/chemical-properties-of-atoms/electron-affinity/">Electron Affinity</a></li><li id="menu-item-33357" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33357 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/chemical-properties-of-atoms/electronegativity/">Electronegativity</a></li><li id="menu-item-33358" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33358 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/chemical-properties-of-atoms/ionization-energy/">Ionization Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33359" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33359 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atom-properties-of-atoms/chemical-properties-of-atoms/periodic-table/">Periodic Table</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33367 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33367"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33367 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33368" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33368 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/atomic-properties-background-225x300.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/atomic-properties-background-225x300.jpg 225w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/atomic-properties-background.jpg 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px" width="225" height="300" alt="atomic properties – background"/></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33401" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33401 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-reactions/">Nuclear Reactions & Energy</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33401 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33429 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33429"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33429 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33402" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33402 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-reactions/">Nuclear Reactions</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33402 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34995" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34995 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-reactions/q-value-energetics-nuclear-reactions/">Q-value</a></li><li id="menu-item-33409" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33409 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-fusion/">Nuclear Fusion</a></li><li id="menu-item-33410" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33410 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/">Nuclear Fission</a></li><li id="menu-item-33439" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33439 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/">Radioactive Decay</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33403" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33403 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-energy/">Nuclear Energy</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33403 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33406" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33406 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/binding-energy/">Binding Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33407" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33407 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/binding-energy/nuclear-binding-energy/">Nuclear Binding Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33405" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33405 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/nuclear-stability/">Nuclear Stability</a></li><li id="menu-item-33423" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33423 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-reactions/nuclear-reactions-quiz-test-your-knowledge/">Quiz</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33430 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33430"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33430 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33411" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33411 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/">Neutron Nuclear Reactions</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33411 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33412" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33412 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/direct-nuclear-reactions/">Direct Reactions</a></li><li id="menu-item-33413" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33413 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/compound-nucleus-reactions/">Compound Nucleus Reactions</a></li><li id="menu-item-33415" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33415 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-elastic-scattering/">Neutron Elastic Scattering</a></li><li id="menu-item-33416" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33416 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-inelastic-scattering/">Neutron Inelastic Scattering</a></li><li id="menu-item-33417" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33417 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-absorption/">Neutron Absorption</a></li><li id="menu-item-33418" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33418 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-capture-radiative-capture/">Radiative Capture</a></li><li id="menu-item-33419" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33419 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-emission/">Neutron Emission</a></li><li id="menu-item-33421" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33421 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/charged-particle-ejection/">Charged Particle Ejection</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33432 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33432"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33432 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33434" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33434 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-reaction-background-1.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-reaction-background-1.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-reaction-background-1-150x150.png 150w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="300" alt="nuclear reaction – background"/></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33443" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33443 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/">Radioactive Decay</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33443 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33456 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33456"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33456 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33469" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33469 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/">Modes of Decay</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33469 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33446" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33446 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/alpha-decay-alpha-radioactivity/">Alpha Decay</a></li><li id="menu-item-33447" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33447 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/beta-decay-beta-radioactivity/">Beta Decay</a></li><li id="menu-item-33448" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33448 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/gamma-decay-gamma-radioactivity/">Gamma Decay</a></li><li id="menu-item-33449" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33449 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/electron-capture-inverse-beta-decay/">Electron Capture</a></li><li id="menu-item-33450" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33450 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/internal-conversion/">Internal Conversion</a></li><li id="menu-item-33451" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33451 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/neutron-decay-neutron-emission/">Neutron Emission</a></li><li id="menu-item-33452" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33452 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/proton-decay-proton-emission/">Proton Emission</a></li><li id="menu-item-33453" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33453 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/spontaneous-fission/">Spontaneous Fission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33457 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33457"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33457 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33444" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33444 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/">Radioactive Decay</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33444 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33472" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33472 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/nuclear-stability/">Nuclear Stability</a></li><li id="menu-item-33445" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33445 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/radioactive-decay-law/">Radioactive Decay Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-33454" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33454 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/radioactive-decay-chain/">Radioactive Decay Chain</a></li><li id="menu-item-33455" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33455 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/radioactive-equilibrium/">Radioactive Equilibrium</a></li><li id="menu-item-33458" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33458 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/radioactive-equilibrium/bateman-equations/">Bateman Equations</a></li><li id="menu-item-33466" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33466 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radioactivity-nuclear-decay/conservation-laws-in-nuclear-decay/">Conservation Laws in Nuclear Decay</a></li><li id="menu-item-33473" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33473 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/residual-heat/decay-heat-decay-energy/">Decay Heat in Nuclear Reactors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33476" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33476 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/">Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33476 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33497 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33497"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33497 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33477" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33477 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/">Radiation All Around Us</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33477 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33478" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33478 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/natural-background-radiation/">Natural Background Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33479" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33479 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/cosmic-radiation-cosmic-rays/">Cosmic Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33480" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33480 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/terrestrial-radiation/">Terrestrial Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33481" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33481 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/radon-health-effects-health-risks/">Radon – Health Effects</a></li><li id="menu-item-33482" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33482 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/internal-source-of-radiation/">Internal Source of Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33483" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33483 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/cosmogenic-radionuclides/">Cosmogenic Radionuclides</a></li><li id="menu-item-33484" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33484 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/">Man-made Sources</a></li><li id="menu-item-33485" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33485 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/medical-exposures/">Medical Exposures</a></li><li id="menu-item-33486" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33486 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/nuclear-fallout-radiation-doses/">Nuclear Fallout</a></li><li id="menu-item-33487" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33487 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/tobacco-smoking-cigarettes-radiation-dose/">Smoking Cigarettes</a></li><li id="menu-item-33488" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33488 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/radiation-exposures-from-electricity-generation/">Electricity Generation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33498 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33498"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33498 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33489" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33489 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/">Types of Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33489 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33491" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33491 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/non-ionizing-radiation/">Non-ionizing Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33490" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33490 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/ionizing-radiation/">Ionizing Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33492" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33492 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/alpha-radiation/">Alpha Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33493" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33493 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/beta-radiation/">Beta Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33494" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33494 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/photon/gamma-ray/">Gamma Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33495" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33495 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/x-rays-roentgen-radiation/">X-Rays</a></li><li id="menu-item-33496" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33496 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/">Neutron Radiation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33501" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33501 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/radiation-300x261.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/radiation-300x261.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/radiation.png 339w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="261" alt="radiation"/></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33555" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33555 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/">Interaction of Radiation & Shielding</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33555 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33583 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33583"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33583 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33556" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33556 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-heavy-charged-particles/">Interaction of Heavy Particles</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33556 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33557" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33557 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/alpha-particle/">Alpha Particle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33558" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33558 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/fission-fragments/">Fission Fragments</a></li><li id="menu-item-33560" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33560 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-heavy-charged-particles/stopping-power-bethe-formula/">Stopping Power</a></li><li id="menu-item-33561" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33561 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-heavy-charged-particles/bragg-curve-bragg-peak/">Bragg Curve</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33568" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33568 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter/">Interaction of Gamma Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33568 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33569" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33569 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/photon/gamma-ray/">Gamma Rays</a></li><li id="menu-item-33570" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33570 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter/photoelectric-effect/">Photoelectric Effect</a></li><li id="menu-item-33571" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33571 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter/compton-scattering/">Compton Scattering</a></li><li id="menu-item-33572" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33572 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter/pair-production/">Pair Production</a></li><li id="menu-item-33573" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33573 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter/gamma-ray-attenuation/">Gamma Ray Attenuation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33584 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33584"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33584 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33562" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33562 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-beta-radiation/">Interaction of Beta Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33562 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33563" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33563 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/beta-particle/">Beta Particle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33564" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33564 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/beta-particle/spectrum-beta-particles/">Spectrum of Beta Particles</a></li><li id="menu-item-33565" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33565 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/beta-particle/bremsstrahlung-2/">Bremsstrahlung</a></li><li id="menu-item-33566" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33566 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/beta-particle/cherenkov-radiation/">Cherenkov Radiation</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33567" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33567 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/beta-particle/positron-interactions/">Positron Interactions</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33567 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33585" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33585 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33574" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33574 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/interactions-neutrons-matter/">Interaction of Neutrons</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33574 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33586" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33586 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33582 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33582"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33582 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33575" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33575 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/">Shielding of Ionizing Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33575 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33580" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33580 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/shielding-of-alpha-radiation/">Shielding of Alpha Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33579" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33579 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/shielding-beta-radiation/">Shielding of Beta Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33577" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33577 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/shielding-gamma-radiation/">Shielding of Gamma Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33576" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33576 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/x-rays-roentgen-radiation/shielding-of-x-rays/">Shielding of X-rays</a></li><li id="menu-item-33578" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33578 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/shielding-of-positrons/">Shielding of Positrons</a></li><li id="menu-item-33581" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33581 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/shielding-neutron-radiation/">Shielding of Neutron Radiation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33607" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-current-menu-item ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33607 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/" tabindex="0"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ubermenu-top-reactor.png" width="150" height="150" alt="ubermenu – top – reactor"/>Reactor Physics</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33607 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width"><li id="menu-item-33605" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-tabs ubermenu-item-33605 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-tab-layout-left ubermenu-tabs-show-default ubermenu-tabs-show-current"><ul class="ubermenu-tabs-group ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33605 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-tabs-group"><li id="menu-item-33606" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33606 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/">Nuclear Fission</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33606 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33702 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33702"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33702 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33707" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33707 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/">Nuclear Fission</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33707 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33610" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33610 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/principles-of-nuclear-fission/">Physics of Nuclear Fission</a></li><li id="menu-item-33609" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33609 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/basics-of-nuclear-fission/">Basics of Nuclear Fission</a></li><li id="menu-item-33611" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33611 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/binding-energy/nuclear-binding-energy/">Nuclear Binding Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33613" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33613 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/critical-energy-threshold-energy-for-fission/">Critical Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33614" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33614 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/energy-release-from-fission/">Energy Release from Fission</a></li><li id="menu-item-33612" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33612 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/nuclear-fission-vs-fusion/">Fission vs Fusion</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33751 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33751"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33751 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33615" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33615 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/fission-fragments/">Fission Fragments</a></li><li id="menu-item-33616" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33616 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/prompt-neutrons/">Prompt Neutrons</a></li><li id="menu-item-33617" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33617 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/delayed-neutrons/">Delayed Neutrons</a></li><li id="menu-item-33618" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33618 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/capture-to-fission-ratio/">Capture-to-fission Ratio</a></li><li id="menu-item-33619" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33619 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/fissionable-material/">Fissionable Material</a></li><li id="menu-item-33623" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33623 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/fertile-material/">Fertile Material</a></li><li id="menu-item-33621" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33621 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/fissile-material/">Fissile Material</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33705" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33705 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-fission-mini-1.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-fission-mini-1.png 348w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-fission-mini-1-300x242.png 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px" width="348" height="281" alt="nuclear fission – mini"/></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33709" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33709 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/neutron-cross-section/">Neutron Cross-section</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33709 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33723 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33723"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33723 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33710" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33710 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/neutron-cross-section/">Neutron Cross-section</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33710 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33711" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33711 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/definition-of-cross-section/">Definition of Cross-section</a></li><li id="menu-item-33712" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33712 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/nuclear-radius-radius-of-nucleus/">Nuclear Radius</a></li><li id="menu-item-33713" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33713 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/microscopic-cross-section/">Microscopic Cross-section</a></li><li id="menu-item-33714" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33714 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/atomic-number-density/">Atomic Number Density</a></li><li id="menu-item-33715" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33715 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/macroscopic-cross-section/">Macroscopic Cross-section</a></li><li id="menu-item-33716" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33716 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/mean-free-path/">Mean Free Path</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33727 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33727"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33727 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33724" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33724 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack">Neutrons in Reactors<ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33724 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33717" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33717 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/doppler-broadening/">Doppler Broadening</a></li><li id="menu-item-33718" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33718 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/self-shielding/">Self-shielding</a></li><li id="menu-item-33719" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33719 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-flux-neutron-intensity/">Neutron Flux Density</a></li><li id="menu-item-33720" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33720 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/units-of-fuel-burnup/neutron-fluence-what-is-fluence/">Neutron Fluence</a></li><li id="menu-item-33721" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33721 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/reaction-rate/">Reaction Rate</a></li><li id="menu-item-33722" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33722 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/neutron-flux-spectra/">Neutron Flux Spectra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33725" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33725 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-cross-section-background2-300x300.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-cross-section-background2-300x300.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-cross-section-background2-150x150.png 150w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-cross-section-background2.png 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="300" alt="neutron cross-section – background2"/></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33730" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33730 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/">Chain Reaction & Reactivity</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33730 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33744 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33744"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33744 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34822" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34822 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/">Nuclear Chain Reaction</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34822 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33731" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33731 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/six-factor-formula-effective-multiplication-factor/">Effective Multiplication Factor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33732" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33732 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/four-factor-formula-infinite-multiplication-factor/">Four-Factor Formula</a></li><li id="menu-item-33733" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33733 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/fast-fission-factor/">Fast Fission Factor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33734" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33734 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/fast-non-leakage-probability/">Fast Non-leakage Probability</a></li><li id="menu-item-33735" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33735 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/resonance-escape-probability/">Resonance Escape Probability</a></li><li id="menu-item-33736" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33736 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/thermal-non-leakage-probability/">Thermal Non-leakage Probability</a></li><li id="menu-item-33737" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33737 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/thermal-utilization-factor/">Thermal Utilization Factor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33738" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33738 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reproduction-factor/">Reproduction Factor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33745 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33745"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33745 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33741" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33741 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reactor-criticality/">Reactor Criticality</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33741 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33742" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33742 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reactivity/">Reactivity</a></li><li id="menu-item-33743" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33743 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reactivity-coefficients-reactivity-feedbacks/">Reactivity Coefficients</a></li><li id="menu-item-33740" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33740 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/neutron-generation-neutron-population/">Neutron Generation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33739" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33739 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/operational-factors/">Rods, Boron & Temperature</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33746" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33746 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/chain-reaction-background-mini.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/chain-reaction-background-mini.png 437w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/chain-reaction-background-mini-300x152.png 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px" width="437" height="221" alt="chain reaction – background – mini"/></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33752" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33752 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/">Neutron Diffusion Theory</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33752 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33771 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33771"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33771 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33757" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33757 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/diffusion-equation/">Diffusion Equation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33757 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33755" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33755 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/continuity-equation-neutron-balance/">Neutron Balance</a></li><li id="menu-item-33753" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33753 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/ficks-law/">Fick’s Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-33754" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33754 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/diffusion-coefficient/">Diffusion Coefficient</a></li><li id="menu-item-33759" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33759 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/boundary-conditions-diffusion-equation/">Boundary Conditions</a></li><li id="menu-item-33760" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33760 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/diffusion-length/">Diffusion Length</a></li><li id="menu-item-33761" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33761 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/non-multiplying-systems/">Non-multiplying Systems</a></li><li id="menu-item-33762" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33762 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/multiplying-systems/">Multiplying Systems</a></li><li id="menu-item-33763" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33763 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/multigroup-diffusion-equations/">Multigroup Diffusion Equations</a></li><li id="menu-item-33764" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33764 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/migration-length-migration-area/">Migration Length</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33772 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33772"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33772 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33765" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33765 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/geometrical-material-buckling/">Geometrical and Material Buckling</a></li><li id="menu-item-33766" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33766 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/neutron-leakage/">Neutron Leakage</a></li><li id="menu-item-33767" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33767 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/reflected-reactor/">Reflected Reactor</a></li><li id="menu-item-33769" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33769 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/numerical-solution-diffusion-equation/">Numerical Solution of Diffusion Equation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33758" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33758 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/neutron-transport-theory-boltzmann-transport-equation/">Neutron Transport Theory</a></li><li id="menu-item-33768" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33768 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/reactor-thermal-power/">Reactor Thermal Power</a></li><li id="menu-item-33770" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33770 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/power-distribution-conventional-reactors/">Power Distribution</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33773" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33773 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-diffusion-background.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-diffusion-background.png 406w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-diffusion-background-300x155.png 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px" width="406" height="210" alt="neutron diffusion – background"/></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33799" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33799 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/">Reactor Dynamics</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33799 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33817 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33817"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33817 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33801" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33801 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/reactor-kinetics/">Reactor Kinetics</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33801 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33803" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33803 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/point-kinetics-equations/">Point Kinetics Equations</a></li><li id="menu-item-33802" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33802 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/prompt-neutrons/prompt-neutrons-and-delayed-neutrons/">Prompt and Delayed Neutrons</a></li><li id="menu-item-33822" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33822 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reactivity/">Reactivity</a></li><li id="menu-item-33804" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33804 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/inhour-equation-reactor-kinetics/">Inhour Equation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33805" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33805 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/approximate-solution-of-point-kinetics-equations/">Approximate Solutions</a></li><li id="menu-item-33807" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33807 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/inverse-reactor-kinetics-reactimeter/">Inverse Reactor Kinetics – Reactimeter</a></li><li id="menu-item-33812" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33812 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/subcritical-multiplication/">Subcritical Multiplication</a></li><li id="menu-item-33813" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33813 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/subcritical-multiplication/source-neutrons-and-external-source-of-neutrons/">Source Neutrons</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33818 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33818"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33818 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33806" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33806 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/experimental-methods-of-reactivity-determination/">Experimental Methods</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33806 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33814" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33814 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/rod-drop-method/">Rod Drop Method</a></li><li id="menu-item-33815" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33815 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/source-jerk-method/">Source Jerk Method</a></li><li id="menu-item-33816" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33816 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/measurement-of-asymptotic-period/">Asymptotic Period</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33800" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33800 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/">Reactor Dynamics</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33800 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33808" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33808 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reactivity-coefficients-reactivity-feedbacks/">Reactivity Feedbacks</a></li><li id="menu-item-33810" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33810 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/under-moderated-vs-over-moderated/">Under vs Over-moderated</a></li><li id="menu-item-33809" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33809 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/reactor-stability/">Reactor Stability</a></li><li id="menu-item-33811" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33811 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/scram-reactor-trip/">SCRAM</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33821" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33821 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/reactivity-background.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/reactivity-background.png 381w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/reactivity-background-300x219.png 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 381px) 100vw, 381px" width="381" height="278" alt="reactivity – background"/></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33823" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33823 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/">Reactor Operation</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33823 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33859 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33859"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33859 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33863" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33863 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/">Reactor Operation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33863 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33837" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33837 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/base-load-power-plant/">Base Load Plant</a></li><li id="menu-item-33838" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33838 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/load-following-power-plant/">Load Following</a></li><li id="menu-item-33854" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33854 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-shutdown/">Reactor Shutdown</a></li><li id="menu-item-33855" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33855 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/shutdown-margin-sdm/">Shutdown Margin</a></li><li id="menu-item-33856" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33856 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/residual-heat/">Residual Heat</a></li><li id="menu-item-33857" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33857 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-cooling/">Reactor Cooling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33862 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33862"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33862 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33829" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33829 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/">Normal Operation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33829 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34785" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34785 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/control-rods/">Control Rods</a></li><li id="menu-item-34784" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34784 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/boron-10/boric-acid-chemical-shim/">Boric Acid</a></li><li id="menu-item-33830" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33830 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/reactor-power-control/">Reactor Power Control</a></li><li id="menu-item-33831" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33831 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/power-plant-control-electric-power-control/">Power Plant Control</a></li><li id="menu-item-33832" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33832 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/pressure-control-over-pressure-relief-system/">Pressure Control</a></li><li id="menu-item-33858" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33858 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/temperature-control-core-inlet-temperature/">Temperature Control</a></li><li id="menu-item-33834" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33834 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/axial-flux-difference-axial-offset-control/">Axial Offset Control</a></li><li id="menu-item-33835" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33835 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/power-tilt-flux-tilt-quadrant-sextant-symmetry/">Flux Tilt</a></li><li id="menu-item-33836" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33836 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/hot-channel-factors-peaking-factors/">Hot Channel Factors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33861 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33861"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33861 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33841" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33841 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/fuel-depletion-isotopic-changes-2/">Isotopic Changes</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33841 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33839" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33839 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/">Fuel Burnup</a></li><li id="menu-item-33840" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33840 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/units-of-fuel-burnup/">Units of Fuel Burnup</a></li><li id="menu-item-33842" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33842 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/nuclear-transmutation/">Nuclear Transmutation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33843" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33843 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/excess-reactivity/">Excess Reactivity</a></li><li id="menu-item-33844" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33844 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/neutron-poisons-reactor-poisoning/">Reactor Poisoning</a></li><li id="menu-item-33845" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33845 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/reactor-slagging-reactor-slag/">Reactor Slagging</a></li><li id="menu-item-33846" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33846 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/fuel-burnup/lwr-with-high-burnup-fuel/">High Burnup Fuel</a></li><li id="menu-item-33853" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33853 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/samarium-149/">Samarium 149</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33860 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33860"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33860 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33847" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33847 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/xenon-135/">Xenon 135</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33847 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33848" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33848 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/xenon-135/xenon-135-differential-equations/">Differential Equations</a></li><li id="menu-item-33849" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33849 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/xenon-135/equilibrium-xenon-stationary-xenon-poisoning/">Stationary Xenon Poisoning</a></li><li id="menu-item-33850" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33850 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/xenon-135/xenon-transients/">Xenon Transients</a></li><li id="menu-item-33851" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33851 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/xenon-135/iodine-pit/">Iodine Pit</a></li><li id="menu-item-33852" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33852 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/xenon-135/spatial-xenon-oscillations/">Spatial Xenon Oscillations</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33864 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33864"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33864 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33824" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33824 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-startup/">Reactor Startup</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33824 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33825" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33825 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-startup/plant-heatup/">Plant Heatup</a></li><li id="menu-item-33826" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33826 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-startup/criticality-approach-startup-to-minimum-load/">Criticality Approach</a></li><li id="menu-item-33827" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33827 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-startup/reload-startup-physics-tests/">Reload Startup Tests</a></li><li id="menu-item-33828" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33828 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-startup/synchronization-of-generator-paralleling-of-alternators/">Synchronization of Generator</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33865" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33865 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/">Nuclear Safety</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33865 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33878 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33878"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33878 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33880" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33880 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/">Nuclear Safety</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33880 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33866" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33866 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/classification-of-nuclear-power-plant-states/">Classification of Plant States</a></li><li id="menu-item-33868" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33868 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/multiple-barriers-to-radionuclide-release/">Multiple Barriers</a></li><li id="menu-item-33869" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33869 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/defence-in-depth-principle/">Defence-in-depth</a></li><li id="menu-item-33870" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33870 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/level-1-prevention/">Level 1 – Prevention</a></li><li id="menu-item-33871" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33871 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/level-2-abnormal-operation/">Level 2 – Abnormal Operation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33872" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33872 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/level-3-accident-management/">Level 3 – Accident Management</a></li><li id="menu-item-33873" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33873 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/level-4-severe-accidents/">Level 4 – Severe Accidents</a></li><li id="menu-item-33874" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33874 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/emergency-response-planning/">Level 5 – Emergency Planning</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33879 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33879"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33879 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33867" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33867 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/deterministic-safety-analyses/">Deterministic Safety Analyses</a></li><li id="menu-item-33875" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33875 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/practical-elimination/">Practical Elimination</a></li><li id="menu-item-33876" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33876 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/radiological-assessment/">Radiological Assessment</a></li><li id="menu-item-33877" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33877 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-safety/safety-systems/">Safety Systems</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33924" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33924 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/" tabindex="0"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ubermenu-top-thermal-engineering.png" width="150" height="150" alt="ubermenu – top – thermal engineering"/>Thermal Engineering</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33924 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width"><li id="menu-item-33882" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-tabs ubermenu-item-33882 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-tab-layout-left ubermenu-tabs-show-default ubermenu-tabs-show-current"><ul class="ubermenu-tabs-group ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33882 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-tabs-group"><li id="menu-item-33926" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33926 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/">Fluid Dynamics</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33926 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33921 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33921"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33921 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33883" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33883 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/">Fluid Dynamics</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33883 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33884" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33884 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/definition-of-fluid/">Definition of Fluid</a></li><li id="menu-item-33885" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33885 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/continuity-equation/">Continuity Equation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33887" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33887 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle/">Bernoulli’s Equation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33888" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33888 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/conservation-momentum-fluid-dynamics/momentum-formula-momentum-equation/">Momentum Equation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33889" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33889 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/navier-stokes-equations/">Navier-Stokes Equations</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33890" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33890 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/flow-regime/">Flow Regime</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33890 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33891" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33891 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/reynolds-number/">Reynolds Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-33892" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33892 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/laminar-flow-viscous/">Laminar Flow</a></li><li id="menu-item-33893" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33893 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/turbulent-flow/">Turbulent Flow</a></li><li id="menu-item-33895" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33895 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/internal-flow/">Internal Flow</a></li><li id="menu-item-33896" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33896 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/external-flow/">External Flow</a></li><li id="menu-item-33898" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33898 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/boundary-layer/">Boundary Layer</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33922 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33922"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33922 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33899" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33899 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle/head-loss/">Pressure Loss</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33899 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33900" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33900 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/major-head-loss-friction-loss/">Friction Loss</a></li><li id="menu-item-33919" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33919 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/major-head-loss-friction-loss/darcy-weisbach-equation/">Darcy-Weisbach Equation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33920" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33920 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/major-head-loss-friction-loss/moody-diagram/">Moody Diagram</a></li><li id="menu-item-33901" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33901 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/minor-head-loss-local-losses/">Local Losses</a></li><li id="menu-item-33918" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33918 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle/head-loss/pressure-loss-coefficient-plc/">Pressure Loss Coefficient</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33902" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33902 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance/">Drag</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33902 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33903" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33903 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance/skin-friction-friction-drag/">Friction Drag</a></li><li id="menu-item-33904" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33904 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance/form-drag-pressure-drag/">Form Drag</a></li><li id="menu-item-33905" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33905 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance/drag-coefficient-drag-characteristics/">Drag Coefficient</a></li><li id="menu-item-33906" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33906 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance/drag-force-drag-equation/">Drag Force</a></li><li id="menu-item-33907" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33907 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance/example-drag-force-drag-coefficient/">Example: Drag Force</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33923 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-33923"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33923 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33908" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33908 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/two-phase-fluid-flow/">Two-phase Fluid Flow</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33908 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33911" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33911 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/two-phase-fluid-flow/flow-patterns-two-phase-flow/">Flow Patterns</a></li><li id="menu-item-33910" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33910 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/two-phase-fluid-flow/two-phase-pressure-drop/">Two-phase Pressure Drop</a></li><li id="menu-item-34823" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34823 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/boiling-boiling-characteristics/">Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34824" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34824 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/dnb-departure-from-nucleate-boiling/">DNB</a></li><li id="menu-item-34825" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34825 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/dryout-critical-power-ratio/">Dryout</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33909" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33909 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/centrifugal-pumps/">Centrifugal Pumps</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33909 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33917" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33917 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/centrifugal-pumps/parts-of-centrifugal-pump/">Main Parts</a></li><li id="menu-item-33912" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33912 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/centrifugal-pumps/impeller-types-of-impellers/">Impellers</a></li><li id="menu-item-33916" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33916 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/centrifugal-pumps/performance-characteristics-of-centrifugal-pumps/">Performance Characteristics</a></li><li id="menu-item-33913" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33913 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/centrifugal-pumps/cavitation/">Cavitation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34166" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34166 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/reactor-coolant-pump/">Reactor Coolant Pump</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34134" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34134 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/">Properties & Laws</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34134 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34005 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34005"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34005 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33948" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33948 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/">Laws of Thermodynamics</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33948 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33949" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33949 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-properties/what-is-temperature-physics/zeroth-law-of-thermodynamics/">Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics</a></li><li id="menu-item-33950" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33950 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/first-law-of-thermodynamics/">First Law of Thermodynamics</a></li><li id="menu-item-33953" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33953 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/second-law-of-thermodynamics/">Second Law of Thermodynamics</a></li><li id="menu-item-33956" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33956 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/third-law-of-thermodynamics-3rd-law/">Third Law of Thermodynamics</a></li><li id="menu-item-33951" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33951 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/first-law-of-thermodynamics/heat-in-thermodynamics/">Heat</a></li><li id="menu-item-33952" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33952 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/first-law-of-thermodynamics/work-in-thermodynamics/">Work</a></li><li id="menu-item-33954" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33954 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/heat-engines/">Heat Engines</a></li><li id="menu-item-33955" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33955 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/thermal-efficiency/">Thermal Efficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34147 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34147"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34147 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33936" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33936 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/">Energy</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33936 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33937" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33937 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/energy-units-conversion/">Energy Units</a></li><li id="menu-item-33938" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33938 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/forms-of-energy/">Forms of Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33939" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33939 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/what-is-mechanical-energy/">Mechanical Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33940" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33940 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/internal-energy-thermal-energy/">Thermal Energy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33941" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33941 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/what-is-enthalpy/">Enthalpy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33942" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33942 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/what-is-entropy/">Entropy</a></li><li id="menu-item-33947" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33947 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/energy-sources/">Energy Sources</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34004 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34004"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34004 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33930" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33930 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-properties/">Thermodynamic Properties</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33930 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33931" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33931 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-properties/what-is-mass-and-weight/">Mass and Weight</a></li><li id="menu-item-33932" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33932 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-properties/what-is-volume-physics/">Volume</a></li><li id="menu-item-33933" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33933 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-properties/what-is-density-physics/">Density</a></li><li id="menu-item-33934" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33934 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-properties/what-is-pressure-physics/">Pressure</a></li><li id="menu-item-33935" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33935 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-properties/what-is-temperature-physics/">Temperature</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34148 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34148"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34148 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34149" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34149 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/thermodynamics-background.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/thermodynamics-background.png 186w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/thermodynamics-background-161x300.png 161w" data-sizes="(max-width: 186px) 100vw, 186px" width="186" height="346" alt="thermodynamics – background"/></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33929" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33929 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/">Processes and Cycles</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33929 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34007 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34007"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34007 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33957" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33957 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/">Theory of Ideal Gases</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33957 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33958" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33958 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/what-is-ideal-gas/">Ideal Gas</a></li><li id="menu-item-33959" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33959 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/ideal-gas-model/">Ideal Gas Model</a></li><li id="menu-item-33960" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33960 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/equation-of-state/">Equation of State</a></li><li id="menu-item-33961" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33961 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/validity-ideal-gas-law/">Validity of Ideal Gas Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-33962" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33962 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/joules-second-law/">Joule’s Second Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-33963" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33963 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/internal-energy-ideal-gas-monatomic-gas-diatomic-molecule/">Internal Energy of Ideal Gas</a></li><li id="menu-item-33964" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33964 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/specific-heat-constant-volume-pressure/">Specific Heat – Cp – Cv</a></li><li id="menu-item-33965" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33965 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/mayers-relation-mayers-formula/">Mayer’s relation</a></li><li id="menu-item-33966" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33966 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/gas-laws/boyle-mariotte-law-2/">Boyle-Mariotte Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-33968" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33968 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/gas-laws/guy-lussacs-law/">Guy-Lussac’s Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-33967" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33967 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/gas-laws/charless-law/">Charles’s Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-33969" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33969 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/gas-laws/avogadros-law/">Avogadro’s Law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34006 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34006"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34006 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33970" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33970 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/">Thermodynamic Processes</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33970 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33971" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33971 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/reversible-process/">Reversible Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33972" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33972 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/irreversible-process/">Irreversible Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33973" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33973 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/cyclic-process/">Cyclic Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33974" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33974 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isentropic-process/">Isentropic Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33976" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33976 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isothermal-process/">Isothermal Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33975" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33975 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/adiabatic-process/">Adiabatic Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33977" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33977 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isobaric-process/">Isobaric Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33978" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33978 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isochoric-process-isometric-process/">Isochoric Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33979" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33979 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/polytropic-process/">Polytropic Process</a></li><li id="menu-item-33980" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33980 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/throttling-process-isenthalpic-process/">Isenthalpic Process</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34008 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34008"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34008 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33981" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33981 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/">Thermodynamic Cycles</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33981 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33982" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33982 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/carnot-cycle-carnot-heat-engine/">Carnot Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33983" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33983 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/otto-cycle-otto-engine/">Otto Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33984" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33984 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/atkinson-cycle-atkinson-engine/">Atkinson Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33985" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33985 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/diesel-cycle-diesel-engine/">Diesel Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33986" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33986 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/dual-cycle-limited-pressure-cycle/">Dual Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33987" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33987 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/brayton-cycle-gas-turbine-engine/">Brayton Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33988" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33988 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/ericsson-cycle-theory-and-efficiency/">Ericsson Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33989" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33989 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/rankine-cycle-steam-turbine-cycle/">Rankine Cycle</a></li><li id="menu-item-33990" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33990 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/heating-and-air-conditioning/">Heating and Air Conditioning</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34826 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34826"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34826 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33991" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33991 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/steam-tables/">Steam Tables</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34137" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34137 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/">Characteristic Numbers</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34137 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34156 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34156"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34156 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34024" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34024 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/">Characteristic Numbers</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34024 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34025" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34025 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/reynolds-number/">Reynolds Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34026" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34026 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-prandtl-number/">Prandtl Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34027" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34027 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-nusselt-number/">Nusselt Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34028" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34028 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-grashof-number/">Grashof Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34029" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34029 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-rayleigh-number/">Rayleigh Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34030" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34030 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-peclet-number/">Péclet Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34032" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34032 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-schmidt-number/">Schmidt Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34033" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34033 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-sherwood-number/">Sherwood Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34034" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34034 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-lewis-number/">Lewis Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34035" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34035 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-eckert-number/">Eckert Number</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34165" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34165 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/reynolds-number-mini.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/reynolds-number-mini.png 513w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/reynolds-number-mini-300x105.png 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 513px) 100vw, 513px" width="513" height="180" alt="reynolds number – mini"/></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34020" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34020 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/">Heat Transfer</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34020 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34168 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34168"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34168 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34021" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34021 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/">Introduction</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34021 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34022" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34022 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/heat-in-physics-definition-of-heat/">Definition of Heat</a></li><li id="menu-item-34023" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34023 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/heat-flux-density-thermal-flux/">Thermal Flux</a></li><li id="menu-item-34093" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34093 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-generation/">Heat Generation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34094" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34094 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-energy-storage/">Thermal Energy Storage</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34036" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34036 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-conduction/">Thermal Conduction</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34036 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34037" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34037 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-conduction/thermal-conductivity/">Thermal Conductivity</a></li><li id="menu-item-34038" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34038 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-conduction/fouriers-law-of-thermal-conduction/">Fourier’s Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-34042" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34042 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-conduction/thermal-resistance-thermal-resistivity/">Thermal Resistance</a></li><li id="menu-item-34043" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34043 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-conduction/heat-conduction-equation/">Heat Equation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34044" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34044 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-conduction/heat-conduction-equation/thermal-diffusivity/">Thermal Diffusivity</a></li><li id="menu-item-34045" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34045 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-conduction/heat-conduction-equation/example-of-heat-equation-problem-with-solution/">Problem with Solution</a></li><li id="menu-item-34046" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34046 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/thermal-conduction/critical-thickness-of-insulation-critical-radius/">Critical Thickness of Insulation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34169 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34169"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34169 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34047" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34047 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/">Convection</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34047 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34048" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34048 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/mechanism-on-convection-characteristics/">Mechanism on Convection</a></li><li id="menu-item-34049" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34049 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/boundary-layer/">Boundary Layer</a></li><li id="menu-item-34050" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34050 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/newtons-law-of-cooling/">Newton’s Law of Cooling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34051" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34051 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/convective-heat-transfer-coefficient/">Heat Transfer Coefficient</a></li><li id="menu-item-34052" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34052 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-u-factor/">U-factor</a></li><li id="menu-item-34053" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34053 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-nusselt-number/">Nusselt Number</a></li><li id="menu-item-34054" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34054 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/external-vs-internal-nusselt-number/">External vs Internal</a></li><li id="menu-item-34055" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34055 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/laminar-vs-turbulent-nusselt-number/">Laminar vs Turbulent</a></li><li id="menu-item-34056" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34056 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/dittus-boelter-equation/">Dittus-Boelter Equation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34057" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34057 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/example-convection-problem-with-solution/">Problem with Solution</a></li><li id="menu-item-34058" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34058 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/natural-convection-free-convection/">Natural Convection</a></li><li id="menu-item-34059" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34059 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/convection-convective-heat-transfer/natural-convection-free-convection/natural-circulation/">Natural Circulation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34170 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34170"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34170 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34060" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34060 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/">Boiling and Condensation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34060 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34061" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34061 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/boiling-boiling-characteristics/">Boiling Characteristics</a></li><li id="menu-item-34062" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34062 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/boiling-modes-types-of-boiling/">Boiling Modes</a></li><li id="menu-item-34063" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34063 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/pool-boiling-boiling-curve/">Pool Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34064" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34064 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/natural-convection-boiling-onset-of-nucleate-boiling/">Natural Convection Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34065" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34065 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/nucleate-boiling/">Nucleate Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34066" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34066 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/transition-boiling-partial-film-boiling/">Transition Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34067" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34067 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/boiling-boiling-characteristics/film-boiling/">Film Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34068" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34068 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/leidenfrost-effect-leidenfrost-point/">Leidenfrost Effect</a></li><li id="menu-item-34069" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34069 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/subcooled-boiling/">Subcooled Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34070" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34070 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/saturated-boiling-bulk-boiling/">Saturated Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34071" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34071 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/flow-boiling-forced-convection-boiling/">Flow Boiling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34171 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34171"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34171 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34072" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34072 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/boiling-crisis-critical-heat-flux/">Boiling Crisis</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34072 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34073" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34073 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/dnb-departure-from-nucleate-boiling/">Departure from Nucleate Boiling</a></li><li id="menu-item-34173" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34173 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/dnb-departure-from-nucleate-boiling/">CHF – Correlations</a></li><li id="menu-item-34074" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34074 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/dryout-critical-power-ratio/">Dryout</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34075" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34075 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/condensation/">Condensation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34075 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34183" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34183 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34175 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34175"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34175 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34077" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34077 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/">Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34077 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34118" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34118 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/thermal-radiation-radiant-heat/">Thermal Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34079" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34079 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/emissivity-emissivity-of-materials/">Emissivity</a></li><li id="menu-item-34080" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34080 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/absorptivity-absorptance/">Absorptivity</a></li><li id="menu-item-34081" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34081 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/kirchhoffs-law-of-thermal-radiation/">Kirchhoff’s Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-34082" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34082 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/stefan-boltzmann-law-stefan-boltzmann-constant/">Stefan–Boltzmann Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-34083" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34083 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/blackbody-radiation/">Blackbody Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34084" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34084 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/ultraviolet-catastrophe-rayleigh-jeans-catastrophe/">Ultraviolet Catastrophe</a></li><li id="menu-item-34085" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34085 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/plancks-law-plancks-hypothesis/">Planck’s Law</a></li><li id="menu-item-34087" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34087 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/radiation-heat-transfer/wiens-displacement-law/">Wien’s Displacement Law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34135" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34135 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-exchangers/">Heat Exchangers & Heat Losses</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34135 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34185 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34185"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34185 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34088" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34088 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-exchangers/">Heat Exchangers</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34088 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34089" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34089 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-exchangers/types-of-heat-exchangers/">Classification of Heat Exchangers</a></li><li id="menu-item-34090" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34090 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-exchangers/heat-exchanger-heat-transfer-coefficient-u-factor/">U-Factor</a></li><li id="menu-item-34091" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34091 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-exchangers/logarithmic-mean-temperature-difference-lmtd/">LMTD</a></li><li id="menu-item-34092" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34092 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-exchangers/example-calculation-of-heat-exchanger/">Calculation of Heat Exchanger</a></li><li id="menu-item-34167" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34167 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/steam-generator/">Steam Generator</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34186 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34186"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34186 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34136" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34136 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/">Heat Losses</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34136 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34096" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34096 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/thermal-insulation/">Thermal Insulation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34097" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34097 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/properties-of-insulation-materials/">Properties of Insulation Materials</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34113" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34113 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/building-insulation-home-insulation/">Building Insulation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34113 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34114" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34114 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/building-insulation-home-insulation/facade-insulation-external-wall-insulation/">Facade Insulation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34115" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34115 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/building-insulation-home-insulation/cavity-wall-insulation/">Cavity Wall Insulation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34116" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34116 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/building-insulation-home-insulation/attic-insulation-roof-insulation/">Attic Insulation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34172 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34172"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34172 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34098" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34098 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/">Insulation Materials</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34098 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34099" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34099 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/glass-wool/">Glass Wool</a></li><li id="menu-item-34100" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34100 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/stone-wool-rock-wool/">Stone Wool</a></li><li id="menu-item-34101" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34101 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/expanded-polystyrene-eps/">Expanded Polystyrene</a></li><li id="menu-item-34102" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34102 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/extruded-polystyrene-xps/">Extruded Polystyrene</a></li><li id="menu-item-34103" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34103 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/polyurethane-foam/">Polyurethane Foam</a></li><li id="menu-item-34104" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34104 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/polyisocyanurate-foam/">Polyisocyanurate Foam</a></li><li id="menu-item-34105" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34105 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/cellulose-insulation-paper-wool/">Cellulose Insulation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34106" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34106 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/cork-insulation/">Cork Insulation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34107" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34107 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/cotton-insulation/">Cotton Insulation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34109" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34109 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/aerogel/">Aerogel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34110" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34110 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/vacuum-insulation-panels/">Vacuum Insulation Panels</a></li><li id="menu-item-34111" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34111 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-losses/space-blanket-emergency-thermal-blanket/">Space Blanket</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34190 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34190"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34190 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34189" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34189 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/heat-losses-background.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/heat-losses-background.png 188w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/heat-losses-background-162x300.png 162w" data-sizes="(max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px" width="188" height="349" alt="heat losses – background"/></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34193" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34193 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/" tabindex="0"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ubermenu-top-crystal-structure.png" width="150" height="150" alt="ubermenu – top – crystal structure"/>Materials</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34193 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width"><li id="menu-item-34191" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-tabs ubermenu-item-34191 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-tab-layout-left ubermenu-tabs-show-default ubermenu-tabs-show-current"><ul class="ubermenu-tabs-group ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34191 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-tabs-group"><li id="menu-item-34220" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34220 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/">Crystal Structures</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34220 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34217 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34217"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34217 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34197" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34197 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/atomic-and-chemical-bond/">Atomic and Chemical Bond</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34197 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34198" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34198 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/atomic-and-chemical-bond/ionic-bond/">Ionic Bond</a></li><li id="menu-item-34199" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34199 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/atomic-and-chemical-bond/metallic-bond/">Metallic bond</a></li><li id="menu-item-34200" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34200 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/atomic-and-chemical-bond/covalent-bond/">Covalent bond</a></li><li id="menu-item-34201" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34201 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/atomic-and-chemical-bond/hydrogen-bond/">Hydrogen bond</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34196" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34196 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/classification-of-materials/">Classification of Materials</a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34218 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34218"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34218 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34202" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34202 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/">Crystal Structures</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34202 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34203" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34203 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/crystal-lattice/">Crystal Lattice</a></li><li id="menu-item-34204" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34204 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/body-centered-cubic-bcc-structure/">Body-centered Cubic</a></li><li id="menu-item-34205" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34205 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/face-centered-cubic-fcc-structure/">Face-centered Cubic</a></li><li id="menu-item-34206" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34206 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/hexagonal-close-packed-hcp-structure/">Hexagonal Close-packed Structure</a></li><li id="menu-item-34207" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34207 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/atomic-packing-factor-apf/">Atomic Packing Factor</a></li><li id="menu-item-34209" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34209 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/polymorphism-and-allotropy/">Polymorphism and Allotropy</a></li><li id="menu-item-34208" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34208 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystal-structures/grain-structure-grains-in-crystalline-materials/">Grain Structure</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34219 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34219"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34219 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34210" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34210 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystallographic-defects/">Crystallographic Defects</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34210 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34211" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34211 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystallographic-defects/vacancy-crystallographic-defects/">Vacancy</a></li><li id="menu-item-34212" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34212 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystallographic-defects/interstitial-defect-crystallographic-defects/">Interstitial Defect</a></li><li id="menu-item-34213" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34213 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystallographic-defects/substitutional-defect-crystallographic-defects/">Substitutional Defect</a></li><li id="menu-item-34214" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34214 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystallographic-defects/frenkel-defect-frenkel-pair/">Frenkel Defect</a></li><li id="menu-item-34215" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34215 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystallographic-defects/line-defects-dislocations/">Dislocations</a></li><li id="menu-item-34216" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34216 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/crystallographic-defects/planar-defects-interfacial-defects/">Planar Defects</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34485 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34485"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34485 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34484" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34484 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/crystal-structure-background.png" width="198" height="298" alt="crystal structure – background"/></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34221" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34221 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/">Material Properties</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34221 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34233 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34233"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34233 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34234" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34234 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/">Material Properties</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34234 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34222" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34222 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/strength/">Strength</a></li><li id="menu-item-34223" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34223 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/strength/hookes-law/">Hooke’s law</a></li><li id="menu-item-34224" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34224 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/ductility/">Ductility</a></li><li id="menu-item-34225" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34225 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/malleability/">Malleability</a></li><li id="menu-item-34226" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34226 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/toughness/">Toughness</a></li><li id="menu-item-34227" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34227 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/brittleness/">Brittleness</a></li><li id="menu-item-34228" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34228 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/resilience/">Resilience</a></li><li id="menu-item-34229" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34229 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/hardness/">Hardness</a></li><li id="menu-item-34230" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34230 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/thermal-properties-of-materials/">Thermal Properties</a></li><li id="menu-item-34231" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34231 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/electrical-properties-of-materials/">Electrical Properties</a></li><li id="menu-item-34232" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34232 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/magnetic-properties-of-materials/">Magnetic Properties</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34491 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34491"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34491 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34492" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34492 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/white-gold-18ct-properties-application-price/">Material Tables</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34492 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34490" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34490 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://material-properties.org/white-gold-18ct-properties-application-price/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-thumbnail ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/white-gold-properties-density-strength-price-150x150.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/white-gold-properties-density-strength-price-150x150.png 150w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/white-gold-properties-density-strength-price-300x300.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/white-gold-properties-density-strength-price-768x768.png 768w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/white-gold-properties-density-strength-price.png 1000w" data-sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" width="150" height="150" alt="white-gold-properties-density-strength-price"/></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34236" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34236 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-nuclear-engineering/">Selected Materials</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34236 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34246 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34246"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34246 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34538" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34538 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/neutron-moderator/">Coolants & Moderators</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34538 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34237" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34237 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-nuclear-engineering/properties-of-water/">Water</a></li><li id="menu-item-34238" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34238 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-nuclear-engineering/properties-steam-what-is-steam/">Steam</a></li><li id="menu-item-34239" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34239 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-nuclear-engineering/properties-steam-what-is-steam/supercritical-fluid-supercritical-water/">Supercritical Water</a></li><li id="menu-item-34545" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34545 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/graphite-properties-application-price/">Graphite</a></li><li id="menu-item-34546" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34546 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/helium-properties-applications-price-production/">Helium</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34243" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34243 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-nuclear-engineering/liquid-metals/">Liquid Metals</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34243 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34244" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34244 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-nuclear-engineering/liquid-metals/sodium-and-nak-reactor-coolant/">Sodium and NaK</a></li><li id="menu-item-34245" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34245 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-nuclear-engineering/liquid-metals/lead-and-lead-bismuth-eutectic-reactor-coolant/">Lead-bismuth Eutectic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34247 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34247"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34247 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34540" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34540 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="#">Neutron Absorbers</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34540 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34240" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34240 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/boron-10/">Boron</a></li><li id="menu-item-34241" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34241 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/cadmium/">Cadmium</a></li><li id="menu-item-34242" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34242 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/glossary/gadolinium/">Gadolinium</a></li><li id="menu-item-34541" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34541 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/erbium-properties-applications-price-production/">Erbium</a></li><li id="menu-item-34548" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34548 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/dysprosium-properties-applications-price-production/">Dysprosium</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34539" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34539 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="#">Structural Material</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34539 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34542" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34542 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/what-are-zirconium-alloys-definition/">Zirconium Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34544" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34544 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/what-is-austenitic-stainless-steel-definition/">Stainless Steels</a></li><li id="menu-item-34543" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34543 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/what-are-properties-of-inconel-718-nickel-based-superalloy-definition/">Inconel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34534 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-2 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34534"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34534 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34535" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34535 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://material-properties.org/gadolinium-properties-applications-price-production/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production-300x300.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production-300x300.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production-150x150.png 150w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production.png 500w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="300" alt="Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production"/></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34257" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34257 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/">Non-Destructive Testing</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34257 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34267 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34267"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34267 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34258" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34258 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/classification-of-ndt-methods/">Classification of NDT Methods</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34258 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34259" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34259 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/subsurface-ndt-methods/">Subsurface NDT Methods</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34259 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34263" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34263 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-11 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/ultrasonic-testing-pulse-echo-method/">Ultrasonic Testing</a></li><li id="menu-item-34261" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34261 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-11 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/radiography-testing/">Radiography Testing</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34260" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34260 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/surface-ndt-methods/">Surface NDT Methods</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34260 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34266" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34266 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-11 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/visual-and-optical-testing/">Visual and Optical Testing</a></li><li id="menu-item-34265" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34265 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-11 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/eddy-current-testing/">Eddy-current Testing</a></li><li id="menu-item-34262" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34262 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-11 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/magnetic-particle-inspection/">Magnetic-particle Inspection</a></li><li id="menu-item-34264" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34264 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-11 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/liquid-penetrant-testing/">Liquid Penetrant Testing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34550" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34550 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/non-destructive-testing-ndt/ultrasonic-testing-pulse-echo-method/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/non-destructive-testing-background-296x300.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/non-destructive-testing-background-296x300.png 296w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/non-destructive-testing-background.png 464w" data-sizes="(max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px" width="296" height="300" alt="non-destructive testing – background"/></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34268" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34268 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/ferrous-alloys-ferrous-metals/">Steels & Cast Irons</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34268 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34255 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34255"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34255 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34248" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34248 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/phase-diagrams-of-iron-carbon-system/">Iron-carbon System</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34248 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34249" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34249 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/phase-diagrams-of-iron-carbon-system/ferrite/">Ferrite</a></li><li id="menu-item-34250" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34250 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/phase-diagrams-of-iron-carbon-system/cementite-fe3c/">Cementite</a></li><li id="menu-item-34251" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34251 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/phase-diagrams-of-iron-carbon-system/austenite/">Austenite</a></li><li id="menu-item-34252" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34252 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/phase-diagrams-of-iron-carbon-system/martensite/">Martensite</a></li><li id="menu-item-34253" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34253 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/phase-diagrams-of-iron-carbon-system/pearlite/">Pearlite</a></li><li id="menu-item-34254" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34254 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/phase-diagrams-of-iron-carbon-system/bainite-bainitic-steel/">Bainite</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34269" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34269 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/">Metals</a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34293 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34293"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34293 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34280" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34280 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/">Stainless Steel</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34280 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34294" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34294 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/alloying-agents-in-stainless-steels/">Alloying Agents in Stainless Steels</a></li><li id="menu-item-34281" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34281 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/austenitic-stainless-steel/">Austenitic Stainless Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34282" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34282 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/ferritic-stainless-steel/">Ferritic Stainless Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34283" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34283 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/martensitic-stainless-steel/">Martensitic Stainless Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34284" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34284 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/duplex-stainless-steel-superduplex/">Duplex Stainless Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34285" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34285 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/ph-stainless-steel/">PH Stainless Steel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34291 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34291"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34291 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34270" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34270 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/">Steels</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34270 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34271" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34271 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/pig-iron-crude-iron/">Pig Iron</a></li><li id="menu-item-34272" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34272 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/wrought-iron/">Wrought Iron</a></li><li id="menu-item-34273" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34273 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/low-carbon-steel/">Low-carbon Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34274" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34274 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/medium-carbon-steel/">Medium-carbon Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34275" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34275 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/high-carbon-steel/">High-carbon Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34276" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34276 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/ultra-high-carbon-steel-damascus-steel/">Ultra-high-carbon Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34277" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34277 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloy-steel/">Alloy Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34278" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34278 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/tool-steel/">Tool Steel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34279" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34279 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/high-speed-steel-hss/">High-speed Steel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34292 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34292"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34292 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34286" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34286 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/cast-iron/">Cast Iron</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34286 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34287" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34287 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/cast-iron/gray-iron-gray-cast-iron/">Gray Iron</a></li><li id="menu-item-34288" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34288 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/cast-iron/white-iron-white-cast-iron/">White Iron</a></li><li id="menu-item-34289" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34289 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/cast-iron/malleable-cast-iron/">Malleable Cast Iron</a></li><li id="menu-item-34290" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34290 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/cast-iron/ductile-cast-iron/">Ductile Cast Iron</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34295" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34295 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/">Alloys</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34295 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34310 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34310"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34310 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34312" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34312 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/non-ferrous-alloys/">Non-ferrous Alloys</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34312 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34297" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34297 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/aluminium-alloys/">Aluminium Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34298" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34298 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/copper-alloys/">Copper Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34299" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34299 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/magnesium-alloys/">Magnesium Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34302" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34302 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/nickel-alloys/">Nickel Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34301" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34301 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/lead-alloys/">Lead Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34303" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34303 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/tin-alloys/">Tin Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34300" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34300 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/titanium-alloys/">Titanium Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34304" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34304 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/zinc-alloys/">Zinc Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34305" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34305 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/zirconium-alloys/">Zirconium Alloys</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34311 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34311"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34311 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34313" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34313 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="#">Special Alloys</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34313 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34296" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34296 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/superalloys/">Superalloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34306" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34306 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/light-metals-and-alloys/">Light Metals and Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34307" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34307 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/corrosion-resistant-alloys/">Corrosion-resistant Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34308" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34308 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/refractory-metals-and-alloys/">Refractory Metals and Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34309" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34309 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/what-are-low-melting-point-metals-fusible-alloys-definition/">Fusible Alloys</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34574" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34574 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/superalloys-inconel-turbine-blade-removebg-preview-169x300.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/superalloys-inconel-turbine-blade-removebg-preview-169x300.png 169w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/superalloys-inconel-turbine-blade-removebg-preview.png 375w" data-sizes="(max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px" width="169" height="300" alt="superalloys-inconel-turbine-blade-removebg-preview"/></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34314" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34314 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/">Metalworking & Metal Joining</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34314 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34342 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34342"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34342 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34320" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34320 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/">Metalworking</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34320 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34321" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34321 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/hot-working-of-metals/">Hot Working</a></li><li id="menu-item-34322" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34322 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/cold-working-of-metals/">Cold Working</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34332" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34332 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/heat-treatment-of-metals/">Heat Treatment</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34332 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34334" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34334 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/heat-treatment-of-metals/quenching-metals/">Quenching</a></li><li id="menu-item-34333" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34333 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/heat-treatment-of-metals/thermal-annealing/">Annealing</a></li><li id="menu-item-34335" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34335 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/heat-treatment-of-metals/tempering-metals/">Tempering</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34340 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34340"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34340 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34323" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34323 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/hardening-of-metals/">Hardening & Strengthening</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34323 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34324" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34324 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/strengthening-of-metals/">Strengthening</a></li><li id="menu-item-34331" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34331 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/grain-refinement-grain-boundary-strenthening/">Grain Refinement</a></li><li id="menu-item-34325" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34325 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/solid-solution-strengthening-alloying/">Alloying</a></li><li id="menu-item-34328" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34328 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/transformation-hardening-martensitic-transformation-hardening/">Transformation Hardening</a></li><li id="menu-item-34330" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34330 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/precipitation-hardening-age-hardening/">Age Hardening</a></li><li id="menu-item-34343" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34343 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/hall-petch-equation-hall-petch-method/">Hall-Petch method</a></li><li id="menu-item-34326" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34326 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/work-hardening-cold-working/">Work Hardening</a></li><li id="menu-item-34329" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34329 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/dispersion-hardening/">Dispersion Hardening</a></li><li id="menu-item-34327" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34327 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metalworking/surface-hardening-case-hardening/">Surface Hardening</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34341 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34341"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34341 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34336" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34336 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metal-joining-processes/">Metal Joining</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34336 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34337" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34337 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metal-joining-processes/welding/">Welding</a></li><li id="menu-item-34338" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34338 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metal-joining-processes/soldering/">Soldering</a></li><li id="menu-item-34339" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34339 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metal-joining-processes/brazing/">Brazing</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34316" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34316 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metallurgy/">Metallurgy</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34316 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34317" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34317 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metallurgy/powder-metallurgy/">Powder Metallurgy</a></li><li id="menu-item-34318" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34318 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metallurgy/sintering/">Sintering</a></li><li id="menu-item-34319" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34319 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/metallurgy/metal-3d-printing/">Metal 3D Printing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34577" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34577 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/case-hardening-background-300x211.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/case-hardening-background-300x211.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/case-hardening-background.png 402w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="211" alt="case hardening-background"/></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34315" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34315 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/">Material Failure</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34315 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34451 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34451"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34451 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34446" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34446 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/toughness/fracture-of-material-fracture-mechanics/">Fracture of Material</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34446 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34453" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34453 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/toughness/">Toughness</a></li><li id="menu-item-34452" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34452 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/toughness/measuring-toughness-impact-tests/">Impact Tests</a></li><li id="menu-item-34454" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34454 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/toughness/stress-corrosion-cracking-scc/">Stress Corrosion Cracking</a></li><li id="menu-item-34455" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34455 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/toughness/hydrogen-embrittlement/">Hydrogen Embrittlement</a></li><li id="menu-item-34456" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34456 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/ductility/ductile-brittle-transition-temperature/">Ductile–brittle Transition Temperature</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34479 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34479"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34479 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34448" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34448 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/wear/">Wear</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34448 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34461" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34461 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/wear/surface-hardness-and-wear-resistance/">Surface Hardness and Wear Resistance</a></li><li id="menu-item-34459" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34459 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/wear/wear-types-classification-and-differences/">Wear Types</a></li><li id="menu-item-34460" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34460 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/wear/wear-coefficient/">Wear Coefficient</a></li><li id="menu-item-34458" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34458 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/wear/wear-resistant-materials/">Wear-resistant Materials</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34480 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34480"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34480 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34449" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34449 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/corrosion/">Corrosion</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34449 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34464" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34464 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/corrosion/forms-of-corrosion/">Forms of Corrosion</a></li><li id="menu-item-34462" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34462 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/corrosion/protection-from-corrosion/">Protection from Corrosion</a></li><li id="menu-item-34463" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34463 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/corrosion/corrosion-inhibitors/">Corrosion Inhibitors</a></li><li id="menu-item-34465" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34465 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/corrosion-resistant-alloys/">Corrosion-resistant Alloys</a></li><li id="menu-item-34466" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34466 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/corrosion/cruds-in-power-plants/">CRUDs in Power Plants</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34587 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34587"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34587 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34450" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34450 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/creep-material-creep/">Creep</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34450 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34829" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34829 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/creep-material-creep/stages-of-creep-primary-secondary-tertiary/">Stages of Creep</a></li><li id="menu-item-34830" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34830 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/creep-material-creep/creep-prevention-creep-resistance/">Creep Prevention</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34827 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34827"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34827 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34447" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34447 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/fatigue-of-material-fatigue-failure/">Fatigue</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34447 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34457" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34457 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/failure-modes-of-materials/fatigue-of-material-fatigue-failure/fatigue-life-s-n-curve-woehler-curve/">S-N Curve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34620" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34620 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/" tabindex="0"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ubermenu-top-radiation.png" width="150" height="150" alt="ubermenu – top – radiation"/>Radiation Protection</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34620 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width"><li id="menu-item-34622" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-tabs ubermenu-item-34622 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-tab-layout-left ubermenu-tabs-show-default ubermenu-tabs-show-current"><ul class="ubermenu-tabs-group ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34622 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-tabs-group"><li id="menu-item-34625" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34625 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radioactivity-nuclear-decay/">Radioactivity</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34625 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34680 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34680"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34680 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34683" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34683 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/">Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34683 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34684" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34684 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/alpha-radiation/">Alpha Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34685" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34685 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/beta-radiation/">Beta Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34686" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34686 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/photon/gamma-ray/">Gamma Rays</a></li><li id="menu-item-34687" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34687 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/x-rays-roentgen-radiation/">X-Rays</a></li><li id="menu-item-34688" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34688 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/">Neutrons</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34630" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34630 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/radioactive-decay-law/">Decay Law</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34630 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34631" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34631 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/radioactive-decay-law/decay-constant/">Decay Constant</a></li><li id="menu-item-34632" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34632 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/radioactive-decay-law/half-life/">Radioactive Half-Life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34681 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34681"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34681 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34626" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34626 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/units-of-radioactivity/">Units of Radioactivity</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34626 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34627" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34627 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/units-of-radioactivity/curie-unit-of-radioactivity/">Curie</a></li><li id="menu-item-34628" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34628 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/units-of-radioactivity/becquerel-unit-of-radioactivity/">Becquerel</a></li><li id="menu-item-34629" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34629 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/units-of-radioactivity/rutherford-unit-of-radioactivity/">Rutherford</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34633" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34633 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/quantities-and-units-of-radiation/">Quantities and Units</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34633 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34634" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34634 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiation-exposure/">Radiation Exposure</a></li><li id="menu-item-34635" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34635 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiation-exposure/roentgen-unit-of-exposure/">Roentgen</a></li><li id="menu-item-34636" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34636 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/kerma-radiation/">Kerma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34698 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34698"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34698 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34637" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34637 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/absorbed-dose/">Absorbed Dose</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34637 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34638" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34638 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/absorbed-dose/gray-unit-of-radiation-dose/">Gray</a></li><li id="menu-item-34639" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34639 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/absorbed-dose/rad-radiation-absorbed-dose/">RAD – Unit</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34640" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34640 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/equivalent-dose/">Equivalent Dose</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34640 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34641" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34641 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/equivalent-dose/sievert-unit-of-equivalent-dose/">Sievert</a></li><li id="menu-item-34642" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34642 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/equivalent-dose/roentgen-equivalent-man-rem-unit/">rem – Unit</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34643" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34643 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/effective-dose/">Effective Dose</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34643 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34644" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34644 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/effective-dose/committed-dose/">Committed Dose</a></li><li id="menu-item-34645" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34645 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/effective-dose/collective-effective-dose/">Collective Dose</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34699 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34699"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34699 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34871" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34871 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities/area-monitoring/">Area Monitoring</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34871 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34869" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34869 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities/ambient-dose-equivalent/">Ambient Dose Equivalent – H*(10)</a></li><li id="menu-item-34868" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34868 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities/directional-dose-equivalent/">Directional Dose Equivalent – H’(d,Ω)</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34867" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34867 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities/individual-monitoring/">Individual Monitoring</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34867 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34870" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34870 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities/personal-dose-equivalent/">Hp(10) – Hp(0.07)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-34689 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34689"></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34773" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34773 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/">Radiation Protection</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34773 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34767 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34767"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34767 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34651" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34651 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/">Protection from Exposures</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34651 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34693" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34693 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiation-protection-principles-time-distance-shielding/">Time – Distance – Shielding</a></li><li id="menu-item-34652" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34652 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/dose-limits-radiation/">Dose Limits</a></li><li id="menu-item-34653" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34653 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/radiation-dose-measuring-and-monitoring-operational-quantities/">Operational Quantities</a></li><li id="menu-item-34654" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34654 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/alara/">ALARA</a></li><li id="menu-item-34655" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34655 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/radioactive-contamination/">Radioactive Contamination</a></li><li id="menu-item-34656" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34656 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/protection-from-exposures/internal-dose-uptake/">Internal Dose Uptake</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34690 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34690"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34690 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34673" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34673 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/">Shielding of Ionizing Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34673 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34674" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34674 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/shielding-of-alpha-radiation/">Shielding of Alpha Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34675" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34675 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/shielding-beta-radiation/">Shielding of Beta Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34676" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34676 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/shielding-gamma-radiation/">Shielding of Gamma Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34677" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34677 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/x-rays-roentgen-radiation/shielding-of-x-rays/">Shielding of X-rays</a></li><li id="menu-item-34678" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34678 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/shielding-of-ionizing-radiation/shielding-of-positrons/">Shielding of Positrons</a></li><li id="menu-item-34679" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34679 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/shielding-neutron-radiation/">Shielding of Neutron Radiation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34771 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-2 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34771"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34771 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34772" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34772 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/shielding-radiation-background2.png" width="280" height="300" alt="shielding – radiation – background2"/></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34646" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34646 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiobiology/">Radiobiology</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34646 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34691 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34691"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34691 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34657" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34657 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/">Radiation All Around Us</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34657 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34658" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34658 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/natural-background-radiation/">Natural Background Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34659" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34659 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/cosmic-radiation-cosmic-rays/">Cosmic Rays</a></li><li id="menu-item-34660" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34660 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/terrestrial-radiation/">Terrestrial Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34661" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34661 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/radon-health-effects-health-risks/">Radon – Health Effects</a></li><li id="menu-item-34662" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34662 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/internal-source-of-radiation/">Internal Source of Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34663" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34663 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/cosmogenic-radionuclides/">Cosmogenic Radionuclides</a></li><li id="menu-item-34664" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34664 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/">Man-made Sources of Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34665" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34665 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/medical-exposures/">Medical Exposures</a></li><li id="menu-item-34666" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34666 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/nuclear-fallout-radiation-doses/">Nuclear Fallout</a></li><li id="menu-item-34667" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34667 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/tobacco-smoking-cigarettes-radiation-dose/">Tobacco</a></li><li id="menu-item-34668" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34668 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/sources-of-radiation/man-made-sources-of-radiation/radiation-exposures-from-electricity-generation/">Electricity Generation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34682 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34682"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34682 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34694" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34694 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiobiology/">Biological Effects</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34694 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34647" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34647 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiobiology/deterministic-effects/">Deterministic Effects</a></li><li id="menu-item-34648" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34648 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiobiology/stochastic-effects/">Stochastic Effects</a></li><li id="menu-item-34649" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34649 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiobiology/linear-no-threshold-model/">Linear no-threshold model</a></li><li id="menu-item-34650" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34650 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/radiobiology/radiation-hormesis/">Radiation Hormesis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34692 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34692"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34692 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34669" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34669 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/fear-of-radiation-is-it-rational/">Fear of Radiation – Is it rational?</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34705" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34705 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/">Radiation Dosimetry</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34705 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34721 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34721"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34721 ubermenu-submenu-type-block ubermenu-autoclear"><li id="menu-item-34706" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34706 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/">Radiation Dosimeter</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34706 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34707" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34707 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/film-badge-dosimeter-film-dosimeter/">Film Dosimeter</a></li><li id="menu-item-34708" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34708 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/thermoluminescent-dosimeter-tld/">Thermoluminescent Dosimeter</a></li><li id="menu-item-34709" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34709 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/epd-electronic-personal-dosimeter/">Electronic Personal Dosimeter</a></li><li id="menu-item-34710" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34710 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/mosfet-dosimeter/">MOSFET Dosimeter</a></li><li id="menu-item-34711" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34711 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/dis-dosimeter-direct-ion-storage-dosimeter/">DIS Dosimeter</a></li><li id="menu-item-34712" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34712 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/osl-dosimeter/">OSL Dosimetry</a></li><li id="menu-item-34713" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34713 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/self-reading-dosimeters/">Self-Reading Dosimeters</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34722 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34722"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34722 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34714" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34714 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants/">Dosimetry in Nuclear Power Plants</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34714 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34715" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34715 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants/portable-survey-meters-gamma-survey-meter/">Portable Survey Meters</a></li><li id="menu-item-34716" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34716 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants/hand-shoe-monitor/">Hand & Shoe Monitor</a></li><li id="menu-item-34717" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34717 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants/full-body-monitor-whole-body-monitor/">Full-Body Monitor</a></li><li id="menu-item-34718" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34718 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants/portal-monitor-radiation/">Portal Monitor</a></li><li id="menu-item-34719" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34719 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants/whole-body-counter-whole-body-counting/">Whole-Body Counter</a></li><li id="menu-item-34720" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34720 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-dosimetry/radiation-dosimeter/dosimetry-in-nuclear-power-plants/radiation-frisker-contamination-monitor/">Radiation Frisker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34724 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34724"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34724 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34725" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34725 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-target-nowrap ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/DIS-Dosimeter-Mirion-background-220x300.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/DIS-Dosimeter-Mirion-background-220x300.png 220w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/DIS-Dosimeter-Mirion-background.png 224w" data-sizes="(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px" width="220" height="300" alt="DIS-Dosimeter-Mirion-background"/></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34726" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34726 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/">Radiation Detection</a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34726 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34758 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34758"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34758 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34727" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34727 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/detectors-of-ionization-radiation/">Detectors of Radiation</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34727 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34729" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34729 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/detectors-of-ionization-radiation/detection-of-alpha-radiation-alpha-particle-detector/">Detection of Alpha Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34730" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34730 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/detectors-of-ionization-radiation/detection-of-beta-radiation-beta-particle-detector/">Detection of Beta Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34731" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34731 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/detectors-of-ionization-radiation/detection-of-gamma-radiation-detector-of-gamma-rays/">Detection of Gamma Radiation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34732" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34732 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/detectors-of-ionization-radiation/detection-of-x-rays-detector-of-x-rays/">Detection of X-Rays</a></li><li id="menu-item-34733" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34733 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/detection-neutrons/">Detection of Neutrons</a></li><li id="menu-item-34734" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34734 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/time-of-flight-tof-detector/">TOF Detector</a></li><li id="menu-item-34754" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34754 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/cherenkov-detector/">Cherenkov Detector</a></li><li id="menu-item-34755" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34755 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/calorimeter/">Calorimeter</a></li><li id="menu-item-34756" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34756 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/cloud-chamber/">Cloud Chamber</a></li><li id="menu-item-34757" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34757 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/nuclear-instrumentation/incore-nuclear-instrumentation/self-powered-neutron-detector/">Self-Powered Neutron Detector</a></li><li id="menu-item-34735" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34735 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/detectors-of-ionization-radiation/dead-time-of-detectors/">Dead Time</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34761 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34761"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34761 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34741" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34741 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/scintillation-counter-scintillation-detector/">Scintillation Counter</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34741 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34742" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34742 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/scintillation-counter-scintillation-detector/what-is-scintillation/">Scintillation</a></li><li id="menu-item-34743" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34743 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/scintillation-counter-scintillation-detector/inorganic-scintillators-scintillation-crystals/">Inorganic Scintillators</a></li><li id="menu-item-34744" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34744 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/scintillation-counter-scintillation-detector/naitl-scintillators/">NaI(Tl) scintillators</a></li><li id="menu-item-34745" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34745 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/scintillation-counter-scintillation-detector/organic-scintillators/">Organic Scintillators</a></li><li id="menu-item-34746" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34746 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/scintillation-counter-scintillation-detector/photomultiplier-tube-pmt/">Photomultiplier Tube</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34736" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34736 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/gaseous-ionization-detector/">Gaseous Ionization Detector</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34736 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34737" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34737 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/gaseous-ionization-detector/operating-regions-of-ionizing-detectors-detector-voltage/">Detector Voltage</a></li><li id="menu-item-34738" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34738 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/gaseous-ionization-detector/ionization-chamber-ion-chamber/">Ionization Chamber</a></li><li id="menu-item-34739" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34739 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/gaseous-ionization-detector/proportional-counter-proportional-detector/">Proportional Counter</a></li><li id="menu-item-34740" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34740 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/gaseous-ionization-detector/geiger-counter-geiger-mueller-detector/">Geiger Counter</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34759 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34759"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34759 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34747" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34747 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/semiconductor-detectors/">Semiconductor Detectors</a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34747 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34748" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34748 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/semiconductor-detectors/what-are-semiconductors-properties-of-semiconductors/">Semiconductors</a></li><li id="menu-item-34749" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34749 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/semiconductor-detectors/types-of-semiconductors/">Types of Semiconductors</a></li><li id="menu-item-34750" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34750 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/semiconductor-detectors/silicon-based-semiconductor-detectors/">Silicon-based Detectors</a></li><li id="menu-item-34751" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34751 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/semiconductor-detectors/germanium-based-semiconductor-detectors/">Germanium-based Detectors</a></li><li id="menu-item-34752" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34752 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/semiconductor-detectors/high-purity-germanium-detectors-hpge/">HPGe Detectors</a></li><li id="menu-item-34753" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34753 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/gamma-spectroscopy/">Gamma Spectroscopy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34760 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34760"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34760 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34765" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34765 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/gamma-ray-detector-2.png" width="221" height="249" alt="gamma ray detector (2)"/></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-32904" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-32904 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-item-mini"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-icon ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-icon_left ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://www.facebook.com/nuclearpowerforeverybody" tabindex="0"></a></li><li id="menu-item-34872" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34872 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-item-mini"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-icon ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-icon_left ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCSFTAvDe2q4xfRdtPd1Lxg" tabindex="0"></a></li><li id="menu-item-32903" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-32903 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-item-mini ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-32903 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-right_edge_bar"><li id="menu-item-32905" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-32905 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content">  <div class="ubermenu-search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="ubermenu-searchform" action="https://www.nuclear-power.com/"> <label for="ubermenu-search-field"> Search </label> <input type="text" placeholder="Search..." value="" name="s" class="ubermenu-search-input ubermenu-search-input-autofocus" id="ubermenu-search-field" autocomplete="on"/> <button type="submit" class="ubermenu-search-submit"> Search </button> </form> </div>  </div></li></ul></li></ul></nav>  <div id="page" class="site grid-container container hfeed grid-parent"> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area grid-parent mobile-grid-100 grid-100 tablet-grid-100"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-257" class="post-257 page type-page status-publish" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope=""> <div class="inside-article"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Reactor Physics</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <a href="#" class="sue-icon" style="font-size:25px;color:#333333;margin:0px 20px 20px 0px" target="_self">Mega menu</a> <a href="#" class="sue-icon" style="font-size:25px;color:#333333;margin:0px 20px 20px 0px" target="_self">Thematic menu</a> <div class="sue-shadow-wrap sue-content-wrap sue-shadow-inline-no"><div class="sue-shadow sue-shadow-style-vertical"> <div class="sue-panel" data-url="" data-target="self" style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:0px;-moz-border-radius:0px;-webkit-border-radius:0px;box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;border:1px solid #cccccc"><div class="sue-panel-content sue-content-wrap" style="padding:15px;text-align:left"> <div class="su-heading su-heading-style-modern-1-dark su-heading-align-left" id="" style="font-size:13px;margin-bottom:20px"><div class="su-heading-inner"> <h2>Reactor Physics</h2> </div></div> <h3>What is nuclear reactor physics?</h3> Nuclear reactor physics is the field of physics that studies and deals with the applied study and engineering applications of neutron diffusion and fission chain reaction to induce a controlled fission rate in a nuclear reactor for energy production. The nuclear reactor theory is based on diffusion theory and reactor dynamics, which defines the “criticality” of the reactor. <h3>Key Facts</h3> <ul> <li>The study of <a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/">neutron nuclear reactions</a> and <a title="Nuclear Reactions" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-reactions/">nuclear reactions</a>, in general, is of paramount importance in the <a title="Reactor Physics" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/">physics of nuclear reactors</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/">Nuclear fission</a> is a <a title="Neutron Nuclear Reactions" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/">nuclear reaction</a> or a decay process in which the heavy nucleus splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).</li> <li>In nuclear physics, the <a href="http://nuclear-power.com/neutron-cross-section/">nuclear cross-section</a> of a nucleus is commonly used to characterize the probability that a <a title="Nuclear Reactions" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-reactions/">nuclear reaction</a> will occur.</li> <li><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/glossary/doppler-broadening/">Doppler broadening</a> of the resonance capture cross-sections of the <a title="Fertile Material" href="http://nuclear-power.com/glossary/fertile-material/">fertile material</a> (e.g.,,<a title="Uranium 238" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/uranium-238/"> 238U</a> or<a title="Plutonium 240" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/plutonium/plutonium-240/"> 240Pu</a>) caused by the thermal motion of target nuclei in the <a title="Nuclear Fuel" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/">nuclear fuel</a> is of the highest importance for reactor stability.</li> <li>If the <a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/six-factor-formula-effective-multiplication-factor/">multiplication factor</a> for a multiplying system is equal to 1.0, the <a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/">chain reaction</a> will be self-sustaining.</li> <li><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/">Neutron diffusion theory </a>deals with the spatial migration of neutrons and helps to understand the relationships between reactor size, shape, and <a title="Reactor Criticality" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reactor-criticality/">criticality.</a> It is also used to determine the spatial flux distributions within power reactors.</li> <li><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/reactor-kinetics/">Nuclear reactor kinetics</a> deals with transient neutron flux changes resulting from a departure from the critical state.</li> <li><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/">Reactor dynamics</a> is also referred to as reactor kinetics with <a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/reactivity-coefficients-reactivity-feedbacks/">feedbacks</a> and with spatial effects.</li> <li>Basic reactor operation physics includes these topics: <a title="Reactor Startup" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-startup/">Reactor Startup</a> (“<a title="Criticality Approach – Startup to Minimum Load" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/reactor-startup/criticality-approach-startup-to-minimum-load/">criticality approach</a>”), <a title="Normal Operation – Reactor Control" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/">Control of the Reactor and Power Maneuvering</a><a title="Normal Operation – Reactor Control" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/">,</a> and <a title="Spatial Xenon Oscillations" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/xenon-135/spatial-xenon-oscillations/">Xenon Oscillations.</a></li> </ul> <div class="su-divider su-divider-style-dotted" style="margin:10px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999999"></div> <div class="su-accordion su-u-trim"> <div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed" data-scroll-offset="0"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button">What is reactor physics used for?</div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim">What is reactor physics used for? Facility operators, maintenance personnel, and technical staff can safely operate and maintain facility support systems only when they understand reactor physics. </div></div> <div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed" data-scroll-offset="0"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button">What does reactor criticality mean?</div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim"> What does reactor criticality mean? If the multiplication factor for a multiplying system is equal to 1.0, then there is no change in neutron population in time, and the chain reaction will be self-sustaining. This condition is known as the critical state. </div></div> <div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-modern-light su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed" data-scroll-offset="0"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button">What are main types of nuclear reactions?</div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim"> What is the difference between reactor kinetics and reactor dynamics? In general: <ul> <li>Reactor Kinetics. Reactor kinetics is the study of the time-dependence of the neutron flux for postulated changes in the macroscopic cross-sections. It is also referred to as reactor kinetics without feedbacks.</li> <li>Reactor Dynamics. Reactor dynamics study the time-dependence of the neutron flux when the macroscopic cross-sections are allowed to depend in turn on the neutron flux level. It is also referred to as reactor kinetics with feedbacks and with spatial effects.</li> </ul> </div></div> </div> </div></div> </div></div> <div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights "><div class="inside-grid-column"> <h2>Atomic and Nuclear Physics</h2> <figure id="attachment_120" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-120" style="width: 217px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nuclei_notation.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-120" src="https://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nuclei_notation-227x300.jpg" alt="Notation of nuclei" width="227" height="300" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nuclei_notation-227x300.jpg 227w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nuclei_notation-775x1024.jpg 775w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/nuclei_notation.jpg 880w" sizes="(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px"/></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-120" class="wp-caption-text">Notation of nuclei Source: chemwiki.ucdavis.edu</figcaption></figure> Knowledge of atomic and nuclear physics is essential to nuclear engineers who deal with <a title="Nuclear Reactor" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/">nuclear reactors</a>. It should be noted that atomic and nuclear physics is a very extensive branch of science. Nuclear reactor physics belongs to applied physics, drawing from particle physics or nuclear chemistry. These branches have common fundamentals. Atomic and nuclear physics describe fundamental particles (i.e., electrons, protons, <a title="Neutron" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">neutrons</a>), structure, properties, and behavior. These physical fundamentals consist of: <ul> <li><a title="Fundamental Particles" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fundamental Particles</a></li> <li><a title="Atomic and Nuclear Structure" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/atomic-nuclear-structure/">Atomic and Nuclear Structure</a></li> <li><a title="Nuclear Energy" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mass and Energy</a></li> <li><a title="Radiation" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Radiation</a></li> <li><a title="Nuclear Stability" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/nuclear-stability/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nuclear Stability </a></li> <li><a title="Radioactive Decay" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Radioactive Decay</a></li> <li><a title="Nuclear Reactions" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-reactions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nuclear Reactions</a></li> <li><a title="Binding Energy" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/binding-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Binding Energy</a></li> </ul> See also: <a title="Atomic and Nuclear Physics" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Atomic and Nuclear Physics</a> <h2>Interaction of Radiation with Matter</h2> <figure id="attachment_317" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-317" style="width: 164px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation.png"><img loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-317" src="https://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation-174x300.png" alt="Interaction of Radiation with Matter" width="174" height="300" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation-174x300.png 174w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation-595x1024.png 595w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Alfa_beta_gamma_neutron_radiation.png 680w" sizes="(max-width: 174px) 100vw, 174px"/></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-317" class="wp-caption-text">Interaction of Radiation with Matter</figcaption></figure> The design of all <a title="Nuclear Reactor" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/">nuclear reactors</a> and other nuclear systems depends fundamentally on how nuclear radiation interacts with matter. In a nuclear reactor, we typically encounter these<a title="Forms of Ionizing Radiation" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/radiation/forms-ionizing-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> types of radiation</a>: <ul> <li><a title="Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-heavy-charged-particles/">Interactions of heavy charged particles</a> </li> <li><a title="Interaction of Beta Radiation with Matter" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-beta-radiation/">Interactions of beta radiation</a></li> <li><a title="Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/interaction-gamma-radiation-matter/">Interactions of gamma rays</a></li> <li><a title="Interactions of Neutrons with Matter" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/interactions-neutrons-matter/">Interactions of neutrons</a></li> <li><a title="Nuclear Reactor as the Antineutrinos Source" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/antineutrino/nuclear-reactor-antineutrino-source/">Reactor antineutrinos</a></li> </ul> See also: <a title="Interaction of Radiation with Matter" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/interaction-radiation-matter/">Interaction of Radiation with Matter</a> <h2>Neutron Diffusion Theory</h2> Neutron diffusion theory is the branch of science that studies the behavior and application of neutrons within the nuclear core or in various environments. Diffusion theory provides a theoretical basis for neutron-physical computer simulation of nuclear cores. The term theoretical has to be emphasized. It is necessary to predict how the neutrons will be distributed throughout the system to design a <a title="Nuclear Reactor" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/">nuclear reactor</a> properly. This, in general, is a difficult problem, for the neutrons move in a reactor in complicated paths as a result of repeated collisions. To a first approximation, the overall effect of these collisions is that the neutrons undergo a kind of diffusion in the reactor medium, much like the diffusion of one gas in another. This approximation allows solving such problems using the diffusion equation. <h2>Nuclear Reactor Theory</h2> The nuclear reactor theory is based on diffusion theory and reactor dynamics, which defines the “criticality” of the reactor. Using the term “criticality” may seem counter-intuitive as a way to describe normalcy. The word often describes situations with the potential for disaster. Nevertheless, in the context of nuclear power, “critical” indicates that a reactor is operating safely, and the neutron flux and power level are stable. In a critical reactor, there is an exact balance between the number of neutrons produced in fission and the number lost, either by absorption in the reactor or by leaking from its surface. Nuclear reactor theory solves the central problem in the design of a reactor: calculation of the size and composition (<a title="Nuclear Fuel" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nuclear fuel</a>) of the system required to maintain this balance. <h2>Reactor Kinetics – Zero Power Physics</h2> <figure id="attachment_228" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-228" style="width: 290px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/reactor_criticality.png"><img loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-228" src="https://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/reactor_criticality-300x258.png" alt="Reactor criticality" width="300" height="258" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/reactor_criticality-300x258.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/reactor_criticality.png 387w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-228" class="wp-caption-text">Reactor criticality. A – a supercritical state; B – a critical state; C – a subcritical state</figcaption></figure> The nuclear reactor theory is concerned with critical nuclear reactors operating at constant power. But the reactor must not always be in a critical state. The reactor must be noncritical (supercritical or subcritical) to change the reactor power. The study of the behavior of neuron populations in a noncritical reactor is called reactor kinetics. This theory introduces a new unit – reactivity – of a nuclear reactor. The reactivity characterizes the deflection of the reactor from the critical state. It should be noted this theory can be used for a reactor at low power levels, hence “zero power criticality” (i.e., a reactor without reactivity feedbacks, 10E-8% – 1% of rated power). The first periods of a reactor operation (reactor startup and power maneuvering at low power levels) are well described by this theory. Once the <a title="Reactor Core" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor-core/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reactor core</a> heats up (thermal power outweighs decay power), reactivity feedbacks change the dynamics of the reactor. <h2>Reactor operation – Full Power Physics</h2> <figure id="attachment_322" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-322" style="width: 290px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Iodine_pit.png"><img loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-322" src="https://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Iodine_pit-300x212.png" alt="Iodine pit - Xenon poisoning" width="300" height="212" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Iodine_pit-300x212.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Iodine_pit.png 400w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-322" class="wp-caption-text">Iodine pit – Xenon poisoning Source: wikipedia.org</figcaption></figure> This branch of nuclear engineering is very specific and dependent on reactor type. This article focuses on the most common type of reactor – <a title="PWR – Pressurized water reactor" href="http://nuclear-power.com/pwr-pressurized-water-reactor/">Pressurized Water Reactors</a>. PWRs have much in common with <a title="BWR – Boiling water reactor" href="http://nuclear-power.com/bwr-boiling-water-reactor/">Boiling Water Reactors</a>, but the operation of the reactors is not the same. On the other hand, for example, <a title="Fast Neutron Reactor" href="http://nuclear-power.com/fast-neutron-reactor/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fast neutron reactors</a> have completely different physics than PWRs and BWRs. The degree of criticality at high power levels (~1% – 100% of rated power) is influenced by many variables. The most important are summarized below. <ul> <li><a title="Nuclear Fuel" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/">Nuclear Fuel</a> and Fuel Loading Pattern</li> <li>Fuel Depletion</li> <li>Neutron Leakage</li> <li><a title="Control rods" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/control-rods/">Control Rods</a> and Chemical Shim</li> <li>Reactivity Feedbacks</li> <li>Burnable Absorbers</li> <li>Xenon and Samarium Poisoning</li> </ul> Basic reactor operation physics includes these operation states: <ul> <li>Reactor Startup (“going critical”)</li> <li>Control of the Reactor and Power Maneuvering.</li> <li>Axial Offset Control.</li> <li>Xenon Oscillations</li> <li>Reactor Shutdown.</li> <li>Emergency Shutdown – SCRAM</li> </ul> <h2>Thermohydraulics of Nuclear Core</h2> <figure id="attachment_329" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-329" style="width: 290px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DNB_critical_heat_flux.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-329" src="https://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DNB_critical_heat_flux-300x225.jpg" alt="critical heat flux and DNB (Departure from Nucleate Boiling)" width="300" height="225" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DNB_critical_heat_flux-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/DNB_critical_heat_flux.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-329" class="wp-caption-text">If the heat flux of a boiling system is higher than the critical heat flux, then DNB (Departure from Nucleate Boiling) may occur.</figcaption></figure> Heat removal from nuclear reactors is also a key issue of reactor physics. For a reactor to operate in a steady state, with an internal power distribution that is independent of time, all of the heat released in the system must be removed as fast as it is produced. This is accomplished by passing a coolant (water in case of PWRs or BWRs) through the core and other regions where heat is generated. The thermohydraulics deals with thermal behavior (heat generation, heat removal) and the nuclear core’s hydraulic behavior (Delta P, cross-flow issue, flow pattern). The nature and operation of this coolant system are some of the most important considerations in designing a nuclear reactor. In the PWR reactors, some phenomena must be avoided. Namely, DNB (Departure from Nucleate Boiling) and coolant saturation are very dangerous phenomena. <h2>The behavior of Fuel Rod</h2> The thermal and mechanical behavior of <a title="Nuclear Fuel" href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">nuclear fuel</a> constitutes one of three key core design disciplines. Nuclear fuel is operated under inhospitable conditions (thermal, radiation, mechanical) and must withstand more than normal conditions operation. For example, temperatures in the center of fuel pellets reach more than 1000°C (1832°F), accompanied by fission-gas releases. The behavior of nuclear fuel is associated with many phenomena. The most important are summarized below. <ul> <li>Fuel swelling</li> <li>Fuel densification</li> <li>Thermal expansion</li> <li>Fuel relocation</li> <li>High Burnup Structure</li> <li>Pellet-Cladding Interaction</li> <li>Pellet-Coolant Interaction</li> <li>Fission-Gas Releases</li> </ul> <h2>Applied Core Physics</h2> Applied core physics is the branch of science that deals with studying the behavior of a specific reactor core, which depends on a specific refueling schema. As was written, during refueling, every 12 to 18 months, some of the fuel – usually one-third or one-quarter of the core – is removed to the spent fuel pool. At the same time, the remainder is rearranged to a location in the core better suited to its remaining level of enrichment. The removed fuel (one-third or one-quarter of the core, i.e., 40 assemblies) must be replaced by fresh fuel assemblies. For every fuel reload, plant operators shall determine main core characteristics (e.g.,, power distribution). Plant operators shall verify that these main core characteristics do not violate the initial and boundary conditions used in the Safety Analyses Report (SAR). Full-scale physical computing of reactor core includes these types of computations: <ul> <li>Core Design computing <ul> <li>Fuel cross-section computing. <a title="Neutron cross-section" href="http://nuclear-power.com/neutron-cross-section/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Neutron cross-sections</a> must be calculated for new fuel assemblies, usually in two-Dimensional models of the fuel lattice.</li> <li>Loading Pattern search. The best arrangement of new fuel assemblies and used fuel assemblies are searched for in the core design from the viewpoints of safety and economy.</li> <li>Fuel Cycle depletion. Each proposed fuel cycle’s behavior and key safety parameters (power distribution, reactor kinetics parameters, control rods efficiency, etc.) must be analyzed for the entire duration of the proposed cycle.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Reload Safety Assessment <ul> <li>Neutron-physical computing</li> <li>Thermal-hydraulic computing</li> <li>Fuel rod behavior computing</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2> Safety of Nuclear Reactors</h2> Meaning of ‘(nuclear) safety’ <a title="Definition of Safety" href="http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/concepts-terms.asp">Definition by IAEA:</a> ‘Safety’ is the achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents, and mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in the protection of workers, the public, and the environment from undue radiation hazards. Nuclear safety is a very broad branch of nuclear engineering. The three primary objectives of nuclear reactor safety systems as defined by the <a title="NRC" href="http://www.nrc.gov" class="broken_link">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> are to shut down the reactor, maintain it in a shutdown condition, and prevent the release of radioactive material. Appropriate redundant and diverse safety systems are installed to ensure the safety of the nuclear reactor. Most nuclear power plants introduce a ‘defense-in-depth’ approach to achieve maximum safety. This approach is constituted of multiple safety systems supplementing the natural features of the reactor core. </div></div> </div> </div> </article> </main> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer"> <div id="footer-widgets" class="site footer-widgets"> <div class="footer-widgets-container grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="inside-footer-widgets"> <div class="footer-widget-1 grid-parent grid-25 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="custom_html-11" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/fear-of-radiation-is-it-rational/"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-26969" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Fear-of-Radiation-300x225.png" alt="Fear of Radiation" width="300" height="225"/></a></div></aside><aside id="custom_html-15" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/austenitic-stainless-steel/"><img src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/austenitic-steel-properties-density-strength-price-300x300.png" alt="" width="300" height="300" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-34489"/></a></div></aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-2 grid-parent grid-25 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="custom_html-13" class="widget_text widget inner-padding widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/laminar-flow-viscous/"><img src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/laminar-flow-car2.png" alt="" width="300" height="250" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-35258"/></a></div></aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-3 grid-parent grid-25 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="text-20" class="widget inner-padding widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">Privacy Policy</h2> <div class="textwidget">Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Visit our <a href="http://nuclear-power.com/about/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> page. <a href="http://nuclear-power.com/about/cookies-statement/">The Cookies Statement</a> is part of our Privacy Policy. </div> </aside><aside id="text-16" class="widget inner-padding widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">Editorial note</h2> <div class="textwidget">The information contained on this website is for general information purposes only. This website does not use any proprietary data. Visit our <a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/about/disclaimer/">Editorial note.</a> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="footer-widget-4 grid-parent grid-25 tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100"> <aside id="text-21" class="widget inner-padding widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">Copyright Notice</h2> <div class="textwidget">It’s simple: 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. See: <a href="http://nuclear-power.com/about/copyright-notice/">Copyright Notice</a> </div> </aside><aside id="text-19" class="widget inner-padding widget_text"><h2 class="widget-title">Contact us:</h2> <div class="textwidget">If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="aac3c4ccc5eac4dfc9c6cfcbd887dac5ddcfd884c9c5c7">[email protected]</a> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="site-info" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope=""> <div class="inside-site-info grid-container grid-parent"> <div class="copyright-bar"> © 2024 Nuclear Power • Built with <a href="https://generatepress.com" itemprop="url">GeneratePress</a> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <a title="Scroll back to top" aria-label="Scroll back to top" rel="nofollow" href="#" class="generate-back-to-top" style="opacity:0;visibility:hidden;" data-scroll-speed="400" data-start-scroll="300"> </a><link rel="stylesheet" id="shortcodes-ultimate-extra-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/shortcodes-ultimate-extra/includes/css/shortcodes.css?ver=1610525575" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="su-icons-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/shortcodes-ultimate/includes/css/icons.css?ver=1.1.5" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="su-shortcodes-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/shortcodes-ultimate/includes/css/shortcodes.css?ver=5.8.0" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="shortcodes-ultimate-skins-css" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/shortcodes-ultimate-skins/includes/css/shortcodes.css?ver=1.6.1" media="all"/> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script id="generate-smooth-scroll-js-extra"> var smooth = {"elements":[".smooth-scroll","li.smooth-scroll a"],"duration":"800"}; </script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/general/js/smooth-scroll.min.js?ver=1.8.3" id="generate-smooth-scroll-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/image-map-pro-wordpress/js/image-map-pro.min.js?ver=5.5.0" id="image-map-pro-dist-js-js"></script>  <script id="generate-main-js-extra"> var generatepressMenu = {"toggleOpenedSubMenus":"1","openSubMenuLabel":"Open Sub-Menu","closeSubMenuLabel":"Close Sub-Menu"}; </script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/main.min.js?ver=3.0.2" id="generate-main-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/js/back-to-top.min.js?ver=3.0.2" id="generate-back-to-top-js"></script> <script id="ubermenu-js-extra"> var ubermenu_data = {"remove_conflicts":"on","reposition_on_load":"off","intent_delay":"300","intent_interval":"100","intent_threshold":"7","scrollto_offset":"50","scrollto_duration":"1000","responsive_breakpoint":"959","accessible":"on","retractor_display_strategy":"responsive","touch_off_close":"on","submenu_indicator_close_mobile":"on","collapse_after_scroll":"on","v":"3.7.4","configurations":["test_1","socialmedia","main"],"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","plugin_url":"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/ubermenu\/","disable_mobile":"off","prefix_boost":"","use_core_svgs":"off","aria_role_navigation":"off","aria_nav_label":"off","aria_expanded":"off","aria_hidden":"off","aria_controls":"","aria_responsive_toggle":"off","icon_tag":"i","esc_close_mobile":"on","theme_locations":{"primary":"Primary Menu"}}; </script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/js/ubermenu.min.js?ver=3.7.4" id="ubermenu-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=d3f302b792b404a0d9cf8384b6620ba7" id="wp-embed-js"></script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/lightweight-grid-columns/js/jquery.matchHeight-min.js?ver=1.0" id="lgc-matchHeight-js"></script> <script id="su-shortcodes-js-extra"> var SUShortcodesL10n = {"noPreview":"This shortcode doesn't work in live preview. Please insert it into editor and preview on the site.","magnificPopup":{"close":"Close (Esc)","loading":"Loading...","prev":"Previous (Left arrow key)","next":"Next (Right arrow key)","counter":"%curr% of %total%","error":"Failed to load content.. <a href=\"0rl target=\"_blank\">\/u><\/a>"}}; </script> <script src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/plugins/shortcodes-ultimate/includes/js/shortcodes/index.js?ver=5.8.0" id="su-shortcodes-js"></script> <div id="ez-sidebar-wall-left" class="ez-sidebar-wall" style="left: 0px;"> <div class="ez-sidebar-wall-ad"> <span data-ez-ph-id="185" style="margin-top:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-bottom:0px !important;margin-left:0px !important;display:inline-block;line-height:0px;float:none !important;min-width:160px;min-height:600px;max-width:100% !important;padding:0;"> x </div> </div><script async src="https://g.ezodn.com/cmp/v2/v.js?v=4"></script><script>(function(){if(typeof document.body==='undefined'||document.body===null){return;} var attachEvent=function(element,evt,func){if(element.addEventListener){element.addEventListener(evt,func,false);}else{element.attachEvent("on"+evt,func);}};attachEvent(document.body,"ezVigImpression",function(e){if(typeof(_ezaq)!=="undefined"&&typeof e==="object"){__ez.pel.Add(e.slot,[(new __ezDotData(e.key,e.value))]);}});})();</script><script>window.__ez_vig_close_wrapper=function(closeFunc,urlAddition){closeFunc();var vc={"enabled":false,"useVignetteLoader":true,"fireEventName":"ezVigImpression","impressionSource":"siderail","urlAddition":"utm_content=sr-left","disableFloor":true,"eventHandlerTest":false};if(typeof urlAddition=='string'){vc.urlAddition=urlAddition;} var v=newEzVignette(vc);v.handleClick();};</script> <script type='text/javascript' style='display:none;' async>if (typeof window.__ez !== 'undefined' && window.__ez?.queue?.addFileOnce) {window.__ez.queue.addFileOnce('identity', 'https://go.ezodn.com/detroitchicago/indy.js?cb=15&gcb=0', true, [], true, false, false, true);} </script><script data-cfasync="false">function _emitEzConsentEvent(){var customEvent=new CustomEvent("ezConsentEvent",{detail:{ezTcfConsent:window.ezTcfConsent},bubbles:true,cancelable:true,});document.dispatchEvent(customEvent);} (function(window,document){function _setAllEzConsentTrue(){window.ezTcfConsent.loaded=true;window.ezTcfConsent.store_info=true;window.ezTcfConsent.develop_and_improve_services=true;window.ezTcfConsent.measure_ad_performance=true;window.ezTcfConsent.measure_content_performance=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_basic_ads=true;window.ezTcfConsent.create_ad_profile=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_ads=true;window.ezTcfConsent.create_content_profile=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=true;window.ezTcfConsent.understand_audiences=true;window.ezTcfConsent.use_limited_data_to_select_content=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=true;} function _clearEzConsentCookie(){document.cookie="ezCMPCookieConsent=tcf2;Domain=.nuclear-power.com;Path=/;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT";} _clearEzConsentCookie();if(typeof window.__tcfapi!=="undefined"){window.ezgconsent=false;var amazonHasRun=false;function _ezAllowed(tcdata,purpose){return(tcdata.purpose.consents[purpose]||tcdata.purpose.legitimateInterests[purpose]);} function _reloadAds(){if(typeof window.ezorefgsl==="function"&&typeof window.ezslots==="object"){if(typeof __ezapsFetchBids=="function"&&amazonHasRun===false){ezapsFetchBids(__ezaps);if(typeof __ezapsVideo!="undefined"){ezapsFetchBids(__ezapsVideo,"video");} amazonHasRun=true;} var slots=[];for(var i=0;i<window.ezslots.length;i++){if(window[window.ezslots[i]]&&typeof window[window.ezslots[i]]==="object"){slots.push(window[window.ezslots[i]]);}else{setTimeout(_reloadAds,100);return false;}} for(var i=0;i<slots.length;i++){window.ezorefgsl(slots[i]);}}else if(!window.ezadtimeoutset){window.ezadtimeoutset=true;setTimeout(_reloadAds,100);}} function _handleConsentDecision(tcdata){window.ezTcfConsent.loaded=true;if(!tcdata.vendor.consents["347"]&&!tcdata.vendor.legitimateInterests["347"]){window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;} window.ezTcfConsent.store_info=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"1");window.ezTcfConsent.develop_and_improve_services=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"10");window.ezTcfConsent.measure_content_performance=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"8");window.ezTcfConsent.select_basic_ads=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"2");window.ezTcfConsent.create_ad_profile=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"3");window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_ads=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"4");window.ezTcfConsent.create_content_profile=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"5");window.ezTcfConsent.measure_ad_performance=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"7");window.ezTcfConsent.use_limited_data_to_select_content=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"11");window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"6");window.ezTcfConsent.understand_audiences=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"9");window._emitEzConsentEvent();} function _handleGoogleConsentV2(tcdata){if(!tcdata||!tcdata.purpose||!tcdata.purpose.consents){return;} var googConsentV2={};if(tcdata.purpose.consents[1]){googConsentV2.ad_storage='granted';googConsentV2.analytics_storage='granted';} if(tcdata.purpose.consents[3]&&tcdata.purpose.consents[4]){googConsentV2.ad_personalization='granted';} if(tcdata.purpose.consents[1]&&tcdata.purpose.consents[7]){googConsentV2.ad_user_data='granted';} if(googConsentV2.analytics_storage=='denied'){gtag('set','url_passthrough',true);} gtag('consent','update',googConsentV2);} __tcfapi("addEventListener",2,function(tcdata,success){if(!success||!tcdata){window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;} if(!tcdata.gdprApplies){_setAllEzConsentTrue();window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;} if(tcdata.eventStatus==="useractioncomplete"||tcdata.eventStatus==="tcloaded"){if(typeof gtag!='undefined'){_handleGoogleConsentV2(tcdata);} _handleConsentDecision(tcdata);if(tcdata.purpose.consents["1"]===true&&tcdata.vendor.consents["755"]!==false){window.ezgconsent=true;(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).pauseAdRequests=0;_reloadAds();}else{_reloadAds();} if(window.__ezconsent){__ezconsent.setEzoicConsentSettings(ezConsentCategories);} __tcfapi("removeEventListener",2,function(success){return null;},tcdata.listenerId);if(!(tcdata.purpose.consents["1"]===true&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"2")&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"3")&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"4"))){if(typeof __ez=="object"&&typeof __ez.bit=="object"&&typeof window["_ezaq"]=="object"&&typeof window["_ezaq"]["page_view_id"]=="string"){__ez.bit.Add(window["_ezaq"]["page_view_id"],[new __ezDotData("non_personalized_ads",true),]);}}}});}else{_setAllEzConsentTrue();window._emitEzConsentEvent();}})(window,document);</script></body></html>