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class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Conduct of armed forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conduct_of_armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Civilian areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ceasefire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Prisoners of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permission_to_interrogate_&_torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permission_to_interrogate_&_torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Permission to interrogate & torture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permission_to_interrogate_&_torture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Internal conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic military jurisprudence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ইসলামি সামরিক আইনশাস্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি সামরিক আইনশাস্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudencia_militar_isl%C3%A1mica" title="Jurisprudencia militar islámica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jurisprudencia militar islámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فقه نظامی اسلامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فقه نظامی اسلامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraturan_perang_Islam" title="Peraturan perang Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peraturan perang Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqah_ketenteraan_Islam" title="Fiqah ketenteraan Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fiqah ketenteraan Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamic laws of war</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Muslim_warfare_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Muslim warfare (disambiguation)">Muslim warfare</a>.</div> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #d1e9d2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; padding-top:0.2em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/130px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/195px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/260px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #d1e9d2;;background: #d1e9d2; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiqh" title="Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiqh" title="Template talk:Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Islamic military jurisprudence</b> refers to what has been accepted in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law) and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence) by <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></i> (Islamic scholars) as the correct <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> manner, expected to be obeyed by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, in times of war. Some scholars and Muslim religious figures describe armed struggle based on Islamic principles as the <a href="/wiki/Jihad#Greater_and_Lesser_jihad" title="Jihad">Lesser jihad</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_rulings">Development of rulings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development of rulings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles of Muhammad">List of battles of Muhammad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_as_a_diplomat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad as a diplomat">Muhammad as a diplomat</a></div> <p>The first military rulings were formulated during the first century after Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">established an Islamic state in Medina</a>. These rulings evolved in accordance with the interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> (the Islamic Holy scriptures) and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (the recorded traditions, actions (behaviors), sayings and consents of Muhammad). The key themes in these rulings were the <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justness</a> of war (Harb), and the injunction to jihad. The rulings do not cover <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">feuds</a> and armed conflicts in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Enein_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enein-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jihad (Arabic for "struggle") was given a military dimension after the oppressive practices of the <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Meccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraish</a> against Muslims. It was interpreted as the struggle in <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a>'s cause to be conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>. Injunctions relating to jihad have been characterized as individual as well as collective duties of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>. Hence, the nature of attack is important in the interpretation—if the Muslim community as a whole is attacked jihad becomes incumbent on all Muslims. Jihad is differentiated further in respect to the requirements within Muslim-governed lands (<a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">Dar al-Islam</a>) and non-Muslim lands, <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-Harb_.28House_of_war.29" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">both friendly and hostile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enein_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enein-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Shaheen Sardar Ali and Javaid Rehman, both professors of law, the Islamic military jurisprudence are in line with rules of modern international law. They point to the dual commitment of <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC) member states (representing most of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>) to Islamic law and the United Nations Charter, as evidence of compatibility of both legal systems.<sup id="cite_ref-rehman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics_of_warfare">Ethics of warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethics of warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a></div> <p>Fighting is justified for legitimate self-defense, to aid other Muslims and after a violation in the terms of a treaty, but should be stopped if these circumstances cease to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Crone_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boundries_Princeton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boundries_Princeton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War should be conducted in a disciplined way, to avoid injuring non-combatants, with the minimum necessary force, without anger and with humane treatment towards prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his life, Muhammad gave various injunctions to his forces and adopted practices toward the conduct of war. The most important of these were summarized by Muhammad's companion and first <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, in the form of ten rules for the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Muslim army</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Zuhur_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuhur-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O people! I charge you with ten rules; learn them well! Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.</p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Tabari</a>, the ten bits of "advice" that Abu Bakr gave was during the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Usama_bin_Zayd" title="Expedition of Usama bin Zayd">Expedition of Usama bin Zayd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a>, the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> stated that Islam does not permit Muslims to stop the supply of water to their enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> attributed to Muhammad himself suggest that he stated the following regarding the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> that eventually took place after his death:<sup id="cite_ref-Daly-18_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly-18-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You are going to enter Egypt a land where <i>qirat</i> (money unit) is used. Be extremely good to them as they have with us close ties and marriage relationships. When you enter Egypt after my death, recruit many soldiers from among the Egyptians because they are the best soldiers on earth, as they and their wives are permanently on duty until the Day of Resurrection. Be good to the Copts of Egypt; you shall take them over, but they shall be your instrument and help. Be Righteous to God about the Copts.</p></blockquote> <p>These principles were upheld by <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a> during his conquest of Egypt. A Christian contemporary in the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a>, stated the following regarding the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> by 'Amr: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the twentieth of Maskaram, Theodore and all his troops and officers set out and proceeded to the island of Cyprus, and abandoned the city of Alexandria. And thereupon 'Amr the chief of the Moslem made his entry without effort into the city of Alexandria. And the inhabitants received him with respect; for they were in great tribulation and affliction. And Abba Benjamin, the patriarch of the Egyptians, returned to the city of Alexandria in the thirteenth year after his flight from the Romans, and he went to the Churches, and inspected all of them. And every one said: 'This expulsion (of the Romans) and victory of the Moslem is due to the wickedness of the emperor Heraclius and his persecution of the Orthodox through the patriarch Cyrus. This was the cause of the ruin of the Romans and the subjugation of Egypt by the Moslem. And 'Amr became stronger every day in every field of his activity. And he exacted the taxes which had been determined upon, but he took none of the property of the Churches, and he committed no act of spoliation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The principles established by the early Caliphs were also honoured during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Al-Kamil</a>. For example, after Al-Kamil defeated the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, Oliverus Scholasticus praised the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>, commenting on how Al-Kamil supplied the defeated Frankish army with food:<sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeramantry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Who could doubt that such goodness, friendship and charity come from God? Men whose parents, sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, had died in agony at our hands, whose lands we took, whom we drove naked from their homes, revived us with their own food when we were dying of hunger and showered us with kindness even when we were in their power.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The early Islamic treatises on <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> from the 9th century onwards covered the application of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_economic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economic jurisprudence">Islamic economic jurisprudence</a> and Islamic military jurisprudence to international law,<sup id="cite_ref-Kelsay_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelsay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were concerned with a number of modern international law topics, including the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of treaties">law of treaties</a>; the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">right of asylum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">conduct on the battlefield</a>; protection of women, children and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatant</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a> across the lines of battle; the use of poisonous weapons; and devastation of enemy territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Weeramantry_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weeramantry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria_for_soldiering">Criteria for soldiering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criteria for soldiering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muslim jurists agree that Muslim armed forces must consist of debt-free adults who possess a sound mind and body. In addition, the combatants must not be <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a>, but rather enlist of their free will, and with the permission of their family.<sup id="cite_ref-Enein12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enein12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legitimacy_of_war">Legitimacy of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legitimacy of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a></div> <p>Muslims have struggled to differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate wars. Fighting in self-defense is not only legitimate but considered obligatory upon Muslims, according to the Qur'an. The Qur'an, however, says that should the enemy's hostile behavior cease, then the reason for engaging the enemy also lapses.<sup id="cite_ref-afsaruddin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afsaruddin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defensive_conflict">Defensive conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defensive conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the majority of jurists, the Qur'anic <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i> (justification of war) are restricted to aggression against Muslims and <i>fitna</i>—persecution of Muslims because of their religious belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Dawoody_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Dawoody-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hold that unbelief in itself is not the justification for war. These jurists therefore maintain that only combatants are to be fought; noncombatants such as women, children, clergy, the aged, the insane, farmers, serfs, the blind, and so on are not to be killed in war.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Dawoody_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Dawoody-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Hanafī Ibn Najīm states: "the reason for jihād in our [the Hanafīs] view is <i>kawnuhum harbā ‛alaynā</i> [literally, their being at war against us]."<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Dawoody_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Dawoody-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hanafī jurists al-Shaybānī and al-Sarakhsī state that "although kufr [unbelief in God] is one of the greatest sins, it is between the individual and his God the Almighty and the punishment for this sin is to be postponed to the <i>dār al-jazā’</i>, (the abode of reckoning, the Hereafter)."<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Dawoody_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Dawoody-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War, according to the Hanafis, can't simply be made on the account of a nation's religion.<sup id="cite_ref-afsaruddin_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afsaruddin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Abdulaziz Sachedina</a> argues that the original jihad according to his version of Shi'ism was permission to fight back against those who broke their pledges. Thus the Qur'an justified defensive jihad by allowing Muslims to fight back against hostile and dangerous forces.<sup id="cite_ref-sachedina_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachedina-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offensive_conflict">Offensive conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Offensive conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris_ash-Shafi%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i">Muhammad ibn Idris ash-Shafi`i</a> (d. 820), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of thought, was the first to permit offensive jihad, limiting this warfare against pagan Arabs only, not permitting it against non-Arab non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-afsaruddin_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afsaruddin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view of al-Shafi'i is mitigated by the fact that an opposite view, in agreement with the majority, is also attributed to al-Shafi'i.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Abdulaziz Sachedina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offensive_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive jihad">offensive jihad</a> raises questions about whether jihad is justifiable on moral grounds. He states that the Qur'an requires Muslims to establish just public order, increasing the influence of Islam, allowing public Islamic worship, through offensive measures. To this end, the Qur'anic verses revealed required Muslims to wage jihad against unbelievers who persecuted them. This has been complicated by the early <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a>, which he argues were although considered jihad by <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> scholars, but under close scrutiny can be determined to be political. Moreover, the offensive jihad points more to the complex relationship with the "<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the book</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-sachedina_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachedina-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some major modern scholars who have rejected the idea of "offensive jihad" include the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Banna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan al-Banna">Hasan al-Banna</a> (1906–1949), the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Azhar">Al-Azhar</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a> (1898–1974) who thought that "military jihad is permitted only to remove aggression ('udwân) and religious persecution (<a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitnah</a>) against Muslims", as well as Syrian scholars <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Ramadan_Al-Bouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti">Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti</a> (1929–2013) and <a href="/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli" title="Wahbah al-Zuhayli">Wahbah al-Zuhayli</a> (1932-2015), the latter saying that "peace is the underlying principle of relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. al-Zuhayli maintains that this view is supported by 8:61, as well as 2:208 and 4:94 that establish the principle of international peace. For him, Muslims should be committed to peace and security (on the basis of 4:90 and 60:8)."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_conflict">International conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International conflicts are armed strifes conducted by one state against another, and are distinguished from civil wars or armed strife within a state.<sup id="cite_ref-D_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some classical Islamic scholars, like the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>, classified territories into broad categories: <i>dar al-islam</i> ("abode of Islam"), <i>dar al-harb</i> ("abode of war), <i>dar al-ahd</i> ("abode of treaty"), and <i>dar al-sulh</i> ("abode of reconciliation"). Such categorizations of states, according to Asma Afsaruddin, are not mentioned in the Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Islamic tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-afsaruddin_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afsaruddin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_war">Declaration of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Declaration of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> commands Muslims to make a proper declaration of war prior to the commencement of military operations. Thus, surprise <a href="/wiki/Military_strike" title="Military strike">attacks</a> prior to such a declaration are illegal under the Islamic jurisprudence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Qur'an had similarly commanded Muhammad to give his enemies, who had violated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a>, a time period of four months to reconsider their position and negotiate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rule, however, is not binding if the adversary has already started the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Maududi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maududi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Forcible prevention of religious practice</a> is considered an act of war.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conduct_of_armed_forces">Conduct of armed forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conduct of armed forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During battle the Qur'an commands Muslims to fight against the enemy. However, there are restrictions to such combat. Burning or drowning the enemy is allowed only if it is impossible to achieve victory by other means.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutilation of dead bodies is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qur'an also discourages Muslim combatants from displaying pomp and unnecessary boasting when setting out for battle.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to professor Sayyid Dāmād, no explicit injunctions against use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> were developed by medieval Islamic jurists as these threats were not existent then. However, <i>Khalil al-Maliki's Book on jihad</i> states that combatants are forbidden to employ weapons that cause unnecessary injury to the enemy, except under dire circumstances. The book, as an example, forbids the use of poisonous spears, since it inflicts unnecessary pain.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilian_areas">Civilian areas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civilian areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to all madhhabs, it is not permissible to kill women or children unless they are fighting against the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-peters21_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peters21-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> schools forbid killing of those who are not able to fight, including monks, farmers, and serfs, as well as mentally and physically disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-peters21_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peters21-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harming civilian areas and pillaging residential areas is also forbidden,<sup id="cite_ref-Maududi-2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maududi-2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is the destruction of trees, crops, livestock and farmlands.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim forces may not loot travelers, as doing so is contrary to the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor do they have the right to use the local facilities of the native people without their consent. If such a consent is obtained, the Muslim army is still under the obligation to compensate the people financially for the use of such facilities. However, Islamic law allows the confiscation of military equipment and supplies captured from the camps and military headquarters of the combatant armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Maududi-2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maududi-2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, 14th century <a href="/wiki/Fiqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiqih">Fiqih</a> Ibn Hudayl of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a> says:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is permissible to set fire to the lands of the enemy, his stores of grain, his beasts of burden—if it is not possible for the Muslims to take possession of them—as well as to cut down his trees, to raze his cities, in a word, to do everything that might ruin and discourage him, provided that the imam deems these measures appropriate, suited to hastening the Islamization of that enemy or to weakening him. Indeed, all this contributes to a military triumph over him or to forcing him to capitulate.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commentators of the Qur'an agree that Muslims should always be willing and ready to negotiate peace with the other party without any hesitation. According to <a href="/wiki/Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maududi">Maududi</a>, Islam does not permit Muslims to reject peace and continue bloodshed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic jurisprudence calls for third party interventions as another means of ending conflicts. Such interventions are to establish mediation between the two parties to achieve a just resolution of the dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-Abu-Nimer_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu-Nimer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ceasefire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of seventh century <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, the Qur'an ordained Muslims must restrain themselves from fighting in the months when fighting was prohibited by Arab <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagans</a>. The Qur'an also required the respect of this cease-fire, prohibiting its violation.<sup id="cite_ref-Maududi_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maududi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If, however, non-Muslims commit acts of aggression, Muslims are free to retaliate, though in a manner that is equal to the original transgression.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Sword_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword verse">sword verse</a>", which has attracted attention, is directed against a particular group who violate the terms of peace and commit aggression (but excepts those who observe the treaty). <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> states that this verse seems to be based on the same above-mentioned rules. Here also it is stressed that one must stop when they do.<sup id="cite_ref-Crone_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boundries_Princeton_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boundries_Princeton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> states that the verse implies a hasty mission of besieging and gathering intelligence about the enemy, resulting in either death or repentance by the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is read as a continuation of previous verses, it would be concerned with the same oath-breaking of "polytheists".<sup id="cite_ref-Crone_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">Prisoners of war in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islamic views on slavery</a></div> <p>Men, women, and children may all be taken as prisoners of war under traditional interpretations of Islamic law. Generally, a prisoner of war could be, at the discretion of the military leader, executed, freed, ransomed, exchanged for Muslim prisoners,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eois_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eois-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or kept as slaves. In earlier times, the ransom sometimes took an educational dimension, where a literate prisoner of war could secure his or her freedom by teaching ten Muslims to read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim scholars hold that a prisoner may not be ransomed for gold or silver, but may be exchanged for Muslim prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and children prisoners of war cannot be killed under any circumstances, regardless of their religious convictions,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they may be freed or ransomed. Women who are neither freed nor ransomed by their people were to be kept in bondage - also referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">malakah</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Umm" title="Kitab al-Umm">Kitab al-Umm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> also recorded how <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anas_ibn_Malik" title="Anas ibn Malik">Anas ibn Malik</a> convinced Umar to pardon <a href="/wiki/Hormuzan" title="Hormuzan">Hormuzan</a>, despite Umar earlier intent to execute the Persian general for the death of his two precious soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Mujaz%27ah_ibn_Thawr_as-Sadusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi">Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Bara%27_ibn_Malik" title="Al-Bara' ibn Malik">al-Bara' ibn Malik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umar in the end agreed with Zubayr and Anas to spare Hormuzan as prisoner of war, and this historical rulings of Zubayr, Anas, and caliph Umar became the guideline for Shafiite scholars that prisoner of war in normal condition are not allowed to be harmed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permission_to_interrogate_&_torture"><span id="Permission_to_interrogate_.26_torture"></span>Permission to interrogate & torture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Permission to interrogate & torture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, there are special condition regarding the allowance the conduct of using torture as method of interrogation, </p> <ul><li>Ibn Taymiyyah, Hanbalite scholar who has been praised as Mujaddid,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has issued Fatwa that using torture on certain case for exceptionally dangerous criminal or enemy of the state were allowed, which based on the conduct of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, when he tortured the Jewish chieftain <a href="/wiki/Kenana_ibn_al-Rabi" title="Kenana ibn al-Rabi">Kenana ibn al-Rabi</a> in the aftermath of the conquest of Khaybar fortresses, as Kenana was hiding the war spoils in Khaibar and refused to tell it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatwa_Taimiyyah_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatwa_Taimiyyah-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Refining_the_history_of_al-Tabari_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Refining_the_history_of_al-Tabari-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_Bin_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz">Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz</a>, late 19th AD Grand Mufti of Saudi also supported Ibn Taymiyyah fatwa and issued his own fatwa with similar ruling on the basis Zubayr conduct of interrogating Kenana.<sup id="cite_ref-fatwa_ibn_Baz1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fatwa_ibn_Baz1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Baz highlighted Zubayr conduct were acknowledged and permitted by Muhammad, as Kenana was one of Jewish conspirator in Khaybar.<sup id="cite_ref-fatwa_ibn_Baz1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fatwa_ibn_Baz1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This criminal interrogation procedure exacted by Zubayr towards Kinana were also highlighted by other prominent scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Tha%27labi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi">Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Thalabi</a> in his work, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tha%27labi" title="Tafsir al-Tha'labi">Tafsir al-Tha'labi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tafsir_Tha'labi_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tafsir_Tha'labi-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafiʽi school</a> madhhab highlighted another case that were used in <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a> (consensus among scholars) to permit the interrogations towards enemy of the state were including the case when <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> and Zubayr once threaten a polytheist informant spy who are being caught by the 2 Sahabah during the spy journey to inform Mecca about Muslims secret military operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Razmi-2005_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Razmi-2005-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manhaj_'Aqidah_Imam_asy-Syafi'i_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manhaj_'Aqidah_Imam_asy-Syafi'i-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This ruling of torturing testified and accepted by Islamic researcher as particular affirmative proposition in certain case against war criminal, which modern time Islamic jurisprudence law theorists agreed on by viewing the measure as the necessity of law upholding, rather than degradation of the rights of the prisoner as human.<sup id="cite_ref-Razmi-2005_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Razmi-2005-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_conflict">Internal conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Internal conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal conflicts include "civil wars", launched against rebels, and "wars for welfare" launched against bandits.<sup id="cite_ref-D_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their first civil war, Muslims fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassorah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bassorah">Battle of Bassorah</a>. In this engagement, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (the caliph), set the precedent for war against other Muslims, which most later Muslims have accepted. According to Ali's rules, wounded or captured enemies should not be killed, those throwing away their arms should not be fought, and those fleeing from the battleground should not be pursued. Only captured weapons and animals (horses and camels which have been used in the war) are to be considered war booty. No war prisoners, women or children are to be enslaved and the property of the slain enemies are to go to their legal Muslim heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different views regarding <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">armed rebellion</a> have prevailed in the Muslim world at different times. During the first three centuries of Muslim history, jurists held that a political rebel may not be executed nor his/her property confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadl_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadl-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Classical</a> jurists, however, laid down severe penalties for rebels who use "stealth attacks" and "spread <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terror</a>". In this category, Muslim jurists included <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">abductions</a>, poisoning of water wells, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, attacks against wayfarers and travellers, <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assaults</a> under the cover of night and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>. The punishment for such crimes were severe, including death, regardless of the political convictions and religion of the perpetrator. </p><p>Some modern commentators have argued that the classical precedent of harsh punishments for rebels engaging in attacks that harmed civilian populations can be taken as evidence that the religious justifications used by <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> are in fact, not grounded in the Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadl_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadl-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam#Jihad" title="Glossary of Islam">Types of Islamic Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">Islam and war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itmam_al-Hujjah" title="Itmam al-Hujjah">Itmam al-Hujjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_of_Islamic_scholars_on_Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion of Islamic scholars on Jihad">Opinion of Islamic scholars on Jihad</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">Laws of war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Law_in_Armed_Conflicts_Project_(RULAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)">Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Enein-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enein_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enein_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aboul-Enein and Zuhur (2004), pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rehman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rehman_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali, Shaheen Sardar; Rehman, Javaid. (Winter, 2005) "The Concept of Jihad in Islamic International Law". <i>Journal of Conflict & Security Law</i>. <b>10</b> (3) pp. 321–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crone-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crone_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crone_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crone_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</a></i>, "War". Brill Publishers, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheline R. Ishay, <i>The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boundries_Princeton-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boundries_Princeton_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boundries_Princeton_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, <i>Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas M. Johnston, <i>Faith-Based Diplomacy: Trumping Realpolitik</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/war.shtml">"BBC - Religions - Islam: War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+Religions+-+Islam%3A+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fislamethics%2Fwar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuhur-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zuhur_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, <i>Islamic Rulings on Warfare</i>, p. 22, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4289-1039-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4289-1039-5">1-4289-1039-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabari1993" class="citation book cs1">Tabari, Al (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16"><i>The conquest of Arabia</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1071-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+conquest+of+Arabia&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1071-4&rft.aulast=Tabari&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVA5Uke7IpHkC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopaedia of Islam (2005), p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daly-18-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daly-18_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Daly2004" class="citation book cs1">El Daly, Okasha (2004). <i>Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2"><bdi>1-84472-063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium+%3A+Ancient+Egypt+in+Medieval+Arabic+Writings&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84472-063-2&rft.aulast=El+Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_of_Nikiûc._600s" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a> (c. 600s). "CXX.72-CXXI.3". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/nikiu2_chronicle.htm"><i>Chronicle</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CXX.72-CXXI.3&rft.btitle=Chronicle&rft.au=John+of+Niki%C3%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fnikiu2_chronicle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeramantry-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weeramantry_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeramantry_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge_Weeramantry1997" class="citation book cs1">Judge Weeramantry, Christopher G. 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(1997). <i>Justice Without Frontiers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">136–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-0241-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-0241-8"><bdi>90-411-0241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+Without+Frontiers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-411-0241-8&rft.aulast=Judge+Weeramantry&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelsay-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelsay_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsay2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kelsay, J. (March 2003). "Al-Shaybani and the Islamic Law of War". <i>Journal of Military Ethics</i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: <span class="nowrap">63–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15027570310000027">10.1080/15027570310000027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143975172">143975172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+Ethics&rft.atitle=Al-Shaybani+and+the+Islamic+Law+of+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15027570310000027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143975172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kelsay&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enein12-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enein12_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aboul-Enein and Zuhur, pp. 12-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afsaruddin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afsaruddin_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afsaruddin_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afsaruddin_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afsaruddin_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Afsaruddin, Asma (2007). <i>Views of Jihad Throughout History</i>. Religion Compass 1 (1), pp. 165–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Dawoody-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Dawoody_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Dawoody_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Dawoody_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Dawoody_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmed Al-Dawoody (2011), <i>The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations</i>, pp. 78–9. Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230111608" title="Special:BookSources/9780230111608">9780230111608</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Najīm, <i>Al-Bahr al-Rā’iq</i>, Vol. 5, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a>, <i>The Rules of Killing at War: An Inquiry into Classical Sources</i>, p. 152. The Muslim World. Volume 89, Issue 2, April 1999. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb03675.x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachedina-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sachedina_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sachedina_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1988" class="citation book cs1">Sachedina, Abdulaziz (1988). <i>The Just Ruler In Shi'ite Islam</i>. 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Prince, Ghazi Muhammad</a>; Ibrahim, Kalin; <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hashim_Kamali" title="Mohammad Hashim Kamali">Mohammad Hashim, Kamali</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709055514/http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf"><i>War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses of Jihad</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903682-83-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903682-83-8"><bdi>978-1-903682-83-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Islam%3A+The+Uses+and+Abuses+of+Jihad&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Texts+Society+Cambridge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-903682-83-8&rft.aulast=H.R.H.+Prince&rft.aufirst=Ghazi+Muhammad&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Kalin&rft.au=Mohammad+Hashim%2C+Kamali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frissc.jo%2Fbooks%2FWar-Peace-Islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ElSayed Amin, <i>Reclaiming Jihad: A Qur'anic Critique of Terrorism</i>, Kube Publishing (2015), pp. 104-106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dāmād (2003), p.261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maududi (1967), p. 177, vol. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maududi-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maududi_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maududi_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maududi (1998), p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad1985" class="citation journal cs1">Mohammad, Noor (1985). "The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction". <i>Journal of Law and Religion</i>. <b>3</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a>: Journal of Law and Religion, Inc.: 387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1051182">10.2307/1051182</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051182">1051182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159793899">159793899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+of+Jihad%3A+An+Introduction&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=387&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159793899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1051182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1051182&rft.aulast=Mohammad&rft.aufirst=Noor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2015" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/6260"><i>Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History</i></a></span>. DE GRUYTER MOUTON. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110824858" title="Special:BookSources/9783110824858"><bdi>9783110824858</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Colonialism%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Jihad+in+Modern+History&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=DE+GRUYTER+MOUTON&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783110824858&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fproduct%2F6260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghamid (2001), referring to <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a> 3016, and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a> 2613</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghamidi (2001), referring to <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D8%3Averse%3D47">8:47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dāmād (2003), p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peters21-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peters21_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peters21_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2015" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/6260"><i>Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History</i></a></span>. DE GRUYTER MOUTON. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110824858" title="Special:BookSources/9783110824858"><bdi>9783110824858</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Colonialism%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Jihad+in+Modern+History&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=DE+GRUYTER+MOUTON&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783110824858&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fproduct%2F6260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankinship2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Yahya_Blankinship" title="Khalid Yahya Blankinship">Blankinship, Khalid Yahya</a> (2011). "Parity of Muslim and Western Concepts of Just War". <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>101</b> (3): 416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2011.01384.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01384.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-1913">1478-1913</a>. <q>In classical Muslim doctrine on war, likewise, genuine non-combatants are not to be harmed. These include women, minors, servants and slaves who do not take part in the fighting, the blind, monks, hermits, the aged, those physically unable to fight, the insane, the delirious, farmers who do not fight, traders, merchants, and contractors. The main criterion distinguishing combatants from non-combatants is that the latter do not fight and do not contribute to the war effort.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Parity+of+Muslim+and+Western+Concepts+of+Just+War&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2011.01384.x&rft.issn=1478-1913&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Yahya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maududi-2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maududi-2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maududi-2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maududi (1998), p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil_fi_al-Tarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh">Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh</a></i>, Vol. 3, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali (1991), p. 79, quoting <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D190">2:190</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghamidi (2006), refers to <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a> 2629</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghamidi (2001), refers to a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> "plundered [food] is not better than dead meat [forbidden in Islam]" <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a> 2705</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzman2008" class="citation book cs1">Salzman, Philip Carl (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFOBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Culture and Conflict in the Middle East</i></a>. Humanity Books. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-587-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-587-0"><bdi>978-1-59102-587-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Humanity+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-587-0&rft.aulast=Salzman&rft.aufirst=Philip+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFOBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJ4OAAAAIAAJ"><i>L'ornement des âmes et la devise des habitants d'el Andalus: traité de guerre sainte islamique</i></a>. 1939. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27ornement+des+%C3%A2mes+et+la+devise+des+habitants+d%27el+Andalus%3A+trait%C3%A9+de+guerre+sainte+islamique&rft.pages=195&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJ4OAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maududi (1967), p. 151–14, vol. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu-Nimer-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abu-Nimer_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu-Nimer(2000-2001), p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali (1991), p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20750">This is the Ayah of the Sword</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206042756/http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20750">Archived</a> 2007-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://users.mo-net.com/mcruzan/pows_02.htm#study1a">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905011245/http://users.mo-net.com/mcruzan/pows_02.htm#study1a">Archived</a> 2005-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eois-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eois_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunschvig. 'Abd; <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibrahim Syed, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_1_50/education_of_muslims_in_kentucky.htm">Education of Muslims in Kentucky Prisons</a></i>. Louisville: Islamic Research Foundation International</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Abu Yusuf Ya'qub Le Livre de l'impot foncier,' translated from Arabic and annotated by Edmond Fagnan, Paris, Paul Geuthner, 1991, pages 301–302. Abu Yusuf (d. 798 CE)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Crone (2004), pp. 371-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Idris2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Ibn Idris, Muhammad</a> (2020). Iqbal Santosa, Muhammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq3mDwAAQBAJ"><i>Al-Umm #9: Kitab Induk Fiqih Islam</i></a> (in Indonesian). Translated by Fuad Syaifuddin Nur. Jagakarsa, Jakarta, Indonesia: Republika Penerbit. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786232790087" title="Special:BookSources/9786232790087"><bdi>9786232790087</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Umm+%239%3A+Kitab+Induk+Fiqih+Islam&rft.place=Jagakarsa%2C+Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Republika+Penerbit&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786232790087&rft.aulast=Ibn+Idris&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAq3mDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fatwa_Taimiyyah-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fatwa_Taimiyyah_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi_Al-Abbas_Ahmed_Al-Harrani_/_Ibn_Taymiyyah2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Abi Al-Abbas Ahmed Al-Harrani / Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi Al-Din</a> (2010). Abdel Qader Atta, Muhammad; Abdel Qader Atta, Mustafa (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8dwDwAAQBAJ"><i>الفتاوى الكبرى - فتاوى شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية 1-6 ج3</i></a> [<i>The Great Fatwas - Fatwas of Sheikh Al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah 1-6 Part 3</i>] (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah. p. 521<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89+-+%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89+%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+1-6+%D8%AC3&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Dar+Al+Kotob+Al+Ilmiyah&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Abi+Al-Abbas+Ahmed+Al-Harrani+%2F+Ibn+Taymiyyah&rft.aufirst=Taqi+Al-Din&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8dwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Refining_the_history_of_al-Tabari-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Refining_the_history_of_al-Tabari_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmud_Ibrahim_Bakhit" class="citation book cs1">Mahmud Ibrahim Bakhit, Rajab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3CSDwAAQBAJ"><i>تهذيب تاريخ الطبرى</i></a> [<i>Refining the history of al-Tabari</i>]. ktab INC. p. 213<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=ktab+INC.&rft.aulast=Mahmud+Ibrahim+Bakhit&rft.aufirst=Rajab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3CSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fatwa_ibn_Baz1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fatwa_ibn_Baz1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fatwa_ibn_Baz1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Baz" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_Bin_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz">Ibn Baz, Abd al Aziz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://binbaz.org.sa/fatwas/21687/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85">"ما حكم تعذيب المجرم المتهم؟"</a> [What is the ruling on torturing the accused criminal?]. <i>BinBaz.org</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BinBaz.org&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85%D8%9F&rft.aulast=Ibn+Baz&rft.aufirst=Abd+al+Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbinbaz.org.sa%2Ffatwas%2F21687%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2583%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B0%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D9%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tafsir_Tha'labi-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tafsir_Tha'labi_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Tha'labi2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Tha%27labi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi">al-Tha'labi, Abu Ishaq</a> (2004). Kasrawi Hassan, Sayyid (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9217DwAAQBAJ"><i>Tafsir Al-Thalabi Al-Kashf and Al-Bayan 1-6 Part 5</i></a> (in Arabic). Dar al Kotob Ilmiyah<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+Al-Thalabi+Al-Kashf+and+Al-Bayan+1-6+Part+5&rft.pub=Dar+al+Kotob+Ilmiyah&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=al-Tha%27labi&rft.aufirst=Abu+Ishaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9217DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Razmi-2005-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Razmi-2005_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Razmi-2005_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazmiEnferadi_Kolarkatteh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Razmi, Mohsen; Enferadi Kolarkatteh, Morteza (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/quaestioiuris/article/view/36021">"A review of jurisprudential arguments for the permissibility of torture in islam"</a>. <i>Revista Quaestio Iuris</i>. <b>11</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12957%2Frqi.2018.36021">10.12957/rqi.2018.36021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159661523">159661523</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Quaestio+Iuris&rft.atitle=A+review+of+jurisprudential+arguments+for+the+permissibility+of+torture+in+islam&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12957%2Frqi.2018.36021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159661523%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Razmi&rft.aufirst=Mohsen&rft.au=Enferadi+Kolarkatteh%2C+Morteza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-publicacoes.uerj.br%2Findex.php%2Fquaestioiuris%2Farticle%2Fview%2F36021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_al-Qaysi2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muhammad al-Qaysi, Abdul Qadir (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnmfDwAAQBAJ"><i>إجراءات التحقيق الجنائي في الشريعة الإسلامية</i></a> [<i>Criminal investigation procedures in Islamic law</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(Ebook)</span> (Doctor) (in Arabic). Dar al Kotob Ilmiyah. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782745101976" title="Special:BookSources/9782745101976"><bdi>9782745101976</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Dar+al+Kotob+Ilmiyah&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9782745101976&rft.aulast=Muhammad+al-Qaysi&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qadir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnmfDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Qadi1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muhammad Qadi, Abd Allah (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuEfAAAAIAAJ"><i>السياسة الشرعية: مصدر للتقنين بين النظرية والتطبيق : دراسة تأصيلية للوحدة الجامعة بين السياسة والفقه ...</i></a> [<i>Legitimate politics : a source of codification between theory and practice: A fundamental study of the uniting unity between politics and jurisprudence...</i>] (in Arabic). sn]. p. 90<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9%3A+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82+%3A+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87+...&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=sn%5D&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Muhammad+Qadi&rft.aufirst=Abd+Allah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuEfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manhaj_'Aqidah_Imam_asy-Syafi'i-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manhaj_'Aqidah_Imam_asy-Syafi'i_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_A._W._al-Aqil2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">bin A. W. al-Aqil, Muhammad (2006). Bamualim, Abu Mubarak; Haryanto, Eko; Syu'aib al-Faiz, Mohammad (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V879rVrWnd4C"><i>Manhaj 'Aqidah Imam asy-Syafi'i</i></a> (in Indonesian). Translated by Saefuddin Zuhri; Nabhani Idris. Pustaka Imam asy-Syafi'i. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793536224" title="Special:BookSources/9789793536224"><bdi>9789793536224</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>20 Kemudian, Imam asy - Syafi'i atas mengemukakan dalilnya , yaitu hadits ' Ali , ujarnya : " Rasulullah telah mengutusku bersama Miqdad dan Zubair . ' Pergilah kalian bertiga dan cegatlah seorang perempuan Setelah kami menjumpai ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhaj+%27Aqidah+Imam+asy-Syafi%27i&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Pustaka+Imam+asy-Syafi%27i&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789793536224&rft.aulast=bin+A.+W.+al-Aqil&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV879rVrWnd4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madelung (1997), p.179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadl-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadl_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadl_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abou El Fadl, Khaled. [Commentary: Terrorism Is at Odds With Islamic Tradition]. Muslim Lawyers</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf; Zuhur, Sherifa, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5F-JEmNr9yUC">Islamic Rulings on Warfare</a></i>", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4289-1039-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4289-1039-5">1-4289-1039-5</a></li> <li>Abu-Nimer, Mohammed (2000–2001). "A Framework for Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam". Journal of Law and Religion <b>15</b> (1/2). Retrieved on 2007-08-05.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Ali, Abdullah Yusuf</a> (1991). <i>The Holy Quran</i>. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Quran&rft.place=Medina&rft.pub=King+Fahd+Holy+Qur-an+Printing+Complex&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+Yusuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_(scholar)" title="Robert Charles (scholar)">Charles, Robert H.</a> (2007) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC"><i>The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text</i></a>. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758879" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758879"><bdi>9781889758879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Translated+from+Zotenberg%27s+Ethiopic+Text&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dāmād, Sayyid Mustafa Muhaqqiq et al. (2003). <i>Islamic views on Human Rights</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>: Center for Cultural-International Studies.</li> <li>Crone, Patricia (2004). <i>God's Rule: Government and Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizan" title="Mizan">Mizan</a> (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studying-islam.org/articletext.aspx?id=771">The Islamic Law of Jihad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mawrid">Dar ul-Ishraq</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52901690">52901690</a></li> <li>Nicola Melis, <i>Trattato sulla guerra. Il Kitāb al-ğihād di Molla Hüsrev</i>, Aipsa, Cagliari 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1997). <i>The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0"><bdi>0-521-64696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad%3A+A+Study+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-64696-0&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaududi1967" class="citation book cs1">Maududi, Sayyid Abul Ala (1967). <a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_Qur%27an_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Meaning of the Qur'an (book)"><i>The Meaning of the Quran</i></a>. Lahore: Islamic publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Quran&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Islamic+publications&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Maududi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Abul+Ala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaududi1998" class="citation book cs1">Maududi, Sayyid Abul Ala (1998). <i>Human Rights in Islam</i>. Islamabad: Da'wah Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Islam&rft.place=Islamabad&rft.pub=Da%27wah+Academy&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Maududi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Abul+Ala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Mukarram_Ahmed,_Muzaffar_Husain_Syed2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed, ed. (2005). "Encyclopaedia of Islam: Introduction to Islam". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-2339-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-2339-7"><bdi>81-261-2339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-261-2339-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhadduri1955" class="citation book cs1">Khadduri, Majid (1955). <i><span></span></i>War and Peace in the Law of Islam<i><span></span></i>. Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-695-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-695-1"><bdi>1-58477-695-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+the+Law+of+Islam&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=1-58477-695-1&rft.aulast=Khadduri&rft.aufirst=Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashmi2002" class="citation book cs1">Hashmi, Sohail H., ed. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicpolitical0000unse"><i><span></span></i>Islamic Political Ethics: Civil Society, Pluralism, and Conflict<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11310-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11310-6"><bdi>0-691-11310-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Political+Ethics%3A+Civil+Society%2C+Pluralism%2C+and+Conflict&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-691-11310-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicpolitical0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1986" class="citation book cs1">Malik, S. K. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wolfpangloss.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/malik-quranic-concept-of-war.pdf"><i>The Quranic Concept of War</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Himalayan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7002-020-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7002-020-4"><bdi>81-7002-020-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quranic+Concept+of+War&rft.pub=Himalayan+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=81-7002-020-4&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwolfpangloss.files.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F02%2Fmalik-quranic-concept-of-war.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+military+jurisprudence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_military_jurisprudence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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