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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_cemetery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_cemetery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jewish cemetery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_cemetery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Jews in Kolkata</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi Jews</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Baghdadi_Jewish_man_in_Calcutta_contemplates_his_heritage._Late_Twentieth_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/A_Baghdadi_Jewish_man_in_Calcutta_contemplates_his_heritage._Late_Twentieth_Century.jpg/220px-A_Baghdadi_Jewish_man_in_Calcutta_contemplates_his_heritage._Late_Twentieth_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/A_Baghdadi_Jewish_man_in_Calcutta_contemplates_his_heritage._Late_Twentieth_Century.jpg/330px-A_Baghdadi_Jewish_man_in_Calcutta_contemplates_his_heritage._Late_Twentieth_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/A_Baghdadi_Jewish_man_in_Calcutta_contemplates_his_heritage._Late_Twentieth_Century.jpg/440px-A_Baghdadi_Jewish_man_in_Calcutta_contemplates_his_heritage._Late_Twentieth_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>A Baghdadi Jewish man contemplates his heritage, late 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>,</b> formerly known as <b>Calcutta</b>, in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, began in the late eighteenth century when adventurous <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi Jewish</a> merchants originally from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> chose to establish themselves permanently in the emerging capital of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. The community they founded became the hub of the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a>-speaking Baghdadi Jewish <a href="/wiki/Trading_diaspora" title="Trading diaspora">trading diaspora</a> in Asia. </p><p>In the early nineteenth century the community grew rapidly, drawing mostly on Jewish migrants from Baghdad and to a lesser extent on those from Aleppo. Historically it was led by a flourishing merchant elite trading in cotton, jute, spices and opium issued from the leading Jewish families of Baghdad and Aleppo. </p><p>Mercantile Baghdadi Jewish families based in the city tied together through bonds of marriage or commerce the smaller Baghdadi Jewish communities trading across Asia including in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a>, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai with the larger Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and the Middle East. </p><p>During the late nineteenth century Kolkata was a minor intellectual centre of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi Jews</a> before the Baghdadi Jews began to slowly transition from a <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Judeo-Arabic</a> identity towards a more <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">Judeo-British</a> and one under the leadership of the mercantile Sassoon, Ezra, Elias, Gubbay, Belilios and Judah families.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their heyday such mercantile Kolkata Jews sponsored numerous leading religious and charitable institutions in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. </p><p>During the mid-twentieth century the Baghdadi Jewish community peaked at over 6,000 members during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> as smaller communities fled <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Singapore">Japanese invasions</a> or internments. This highpoint was followed by a precipitously decline in numbers. The community largely emigrate after Indian independence in 1947, moving mainly to Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Israel and the USA. This migration followed the turmoil of <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>, the breakdown of the colonial trading system in Asia, severing historic trade flows between the Middle East and Asia, and the birth of a Jewish state in Palestine. The few remaining maintained their <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">Judeo-Indian</a> identity and achieved prominent positions in the military, politics and the arts. </p><p>In the early twenty-first century fewer than twenty Jews remain in the city. The synagogues that remain are some of the last surviving and presently accessible heritage sites founded by Iraqi Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-judah_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, especially in the United Kingdom, to which the wealthier Baghdadi Jewish families were drawn, Jews tracing roots to Kolkata now enjoy prominence in British culture and media. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in India</a>, Kolkata was a thriving metropolis, the capital of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and the commercial hub of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It attracted numerous trading communities including the Jews. The first recorded Jewish immigrant to Kolkata was <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Obadiah_Cohen" title="Shalom Obadiah Cohen">Shalom Obadiah Cohen</a>, who arrived in Kolkata in 1798. Cohen was born in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in present-day Syria in 1762. He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Thani Province">Surat</a> in the year 1792 and established himself as a trader before moving to Kolkata. In 1805, his nephew Moses Simon Duek Ha Cohen arrived in Kolkata. He married his eldest daughter Lunah. In the early nineteenth century the Baghdadi Jews began to settle in large numbers in Kolkata, thus outnumbering the Jews from Aleppo. </p><p>The community grew rapidly, in terms of both size and prestige, as Jews from Iraq fled the persecution of the rule <a href="/wiki/Dawud_Pasha_of_Baghdad" title="Dawud Pasha of Baghdad">Dawud Pasha</a> (1817–1831) in what was then a province of the Ottoman Empire, including many of the most illustrious families of Baghdad. The Iraqi Jews, mostly from Baghdad, soon outnumbered the original settlers from Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the nineteenth century the Kolkata community numbered some 1,800 people.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout its heyday the Baghdadi Jewish community was dominated by its leading families including the Ezras, Elias, Judahs, Sassoons, Belilios and Musleahs.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These leading families intermarried over the generations. The Ezra family was the dominant family in the Baghdadi Jewish community for much of its history and much of the communal political history of the Baghdadi Jews of Kolkata revolved around the acceptance or opposition to their dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However this merchant elite whose firms amassed fabulous wealth, employed a great many of the Baghdadi Jewish community, whilst running the community's religious institutions and funding its charitable system, numbered less than forty families.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest were shopkeepers, pedlars, brokers, artisans, factory workers or clerks. As a rule the community stuck to trade, finance and commerce with relatively few of the Baghdadi Jewish community entered either government service or the professions.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as fifty percent of the Baghdadi Jewish community of Kolkata was poor and dependent on communal Jewish charity.<sup id="cite_ref-katz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the grand merchant families who formed the nucleus of the Baghdadi Jewish community travelled widely building their fortunes across the Middle East and Asia. They continuously strove to maintain a balance between embracing the European culture that characterized the mostly British elite upper class to which they aspired, and a steadfast fidelity to their ancestral faith and traditions. They expressed their devotion to Jewish traditions through the sponsoring of elaborate synagogues, religious seminaries, ritual scrolls and books across Asia and the Middle East. </p><p> Nevertheless, the identity of the community evolved. The first generation of Jewish settlers in Kolkata in the early 19th century spoke <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> at home and adhered to their Arabic style of costumes in public. Slowly and unevenly this began to change as the second generation of Jews born in Kolkata adopted European dress and lifestyle and English as their language of communication. By 1906 it was recorded that as amongst the wealthier Jews in their habits and dress were European though their vernacular remained Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-je1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst lower social classes older generations retained Arabic style of dress while younger generations had adopted the European one.<sup id="cite_ref-je1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their identities evolved too from a Judeo-Arabic identity towards a Judeo-British one. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_Middleton_Street,_Calcutta,_home_of_Moise_Abraham_Sassoon,_in_the_early_20th_century._One_of_the_grand_residences_of_the_Baghdadi_Jewish_merchant_elite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/8_Middleton_Street%2C_Calcutta%2C_home_of_Moise_Abraham_Sassoon%2C_in_the_early_20th_century._One_of_the_grand_residences_of_the_Baghdadi_Jewish_merchant_elite.jpg/220px-8_Middleton_Street%2C_Calcutta%2C_home_of_Moise_Abraham_Sassoon%2C_in_the_early_20th_century._One_of_the_grand_residences_of_the_Baghdadi_Jewish_merchant_elite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/8_Middleton_Street%2C_Calcutta%2C_home_of_Moise_Abraham_Sassoon%2C_in_the_early_20th_century._One_of_the_grand_residences_of_the_Baghdadi_Jewish_merchant_elite.jpg/330px-8_Middleton_Street%2C_Calcutta%2C_home_of_Moise_Abraham_Sassoon%2C_in_the_early_20th_century._One_of_the_grand_residences_of_the_Baghdadi_Jewish_merchant_elite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/8_Middleton_Street%2C_Calcutta%2C_home_of_Moise_Abraham_Sassoon%2C_in_the_early_20th_century._One_of_the_grand_residences_of_the_Baghdadi_Jewish_merchant_elite.jpg/440px-8_Middleton_Street%2C_Calcutta%2C_home_of_Moise_Abraham_Sassoon%2C_in_the_early_20th_century._One_of_the_grand_residences_of_the_Baghdadi_Jewish_merchant_elite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>The Calcutta home of Moise Abraham Sassoon, in the early 20th century. One of the grand residences of the Baghdadi Jewish merchant elite.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kolkata in the late nineteenth century was a minor centre of Iraqi-Jewish intellectual production with numerous Judeo-Arabic newspapers, closely covering events in Baghdad and the Middle East, with books in Hebrew ans Judeo-Arabic printed in Kolkata. In the early twentieth century intellectual production in Kolkata declined with as Judeo-Arabic cultural production declined. A new wave of English language and Zionist orientated newspapers and clubs flourishing in the mid twentieth century before Indian Independence. Middle class and poorer Jews were the ones drawn to Zionism and its new popular community associations. Throughout the closing decades of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century the community grew more British-orientated in cultural habits, dress and aspirations. </p><p>However the Baghdadi Jews of British India, including Kolkata, were denied the legal inclusion as Europeans during British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-weil_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, the Baghdadi Jews were reclassified as from the government from European to native. It has been argued their late arrival in India and pale skin, as well as social habits and styles of dress, had seen them initially classified as European.<sup id="cite_ref-weil_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community was horrified to discover in 1885 their schools were no longer classified as European.<sup id="cite_ref-weil_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the remainder of British rule the Baghdadi Jews struggled to be recognised as European.<sup id="cite_ref-weil_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sought exemption from the 1878 Indian Arms Act which forbade natives from carrying arms but were not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-weil_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sought to be moved from the non-Muslim native electorate to the European electoral roll in 1929 and 1935 for elections to the Bengal Legislative Council, but were not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-weil_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were resentful that the British would not socialise with them or permit them membership of the whites-only clubs that elite life in colonial Kolkata revolved around or shared a sense the British were conquerors who ignored the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-katz_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intellectual leadership of the Kolkata community amongst the Baghdadi Jewish community in Asia and its higher educational level can be noted in the fact that of all the memoirs written of Indian Baghdadi Jewish almost all were written by members of the Kolkata community.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration">Emigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Indian Independence majority of the Baghdadi Jewish population began to rapidly emigrate to London, to where the richer Baghdadi Jewish merchant families had been drawn for a generation. The community was deeply affected by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Calcutta_Killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Calcutta Killing">Great Kolkata Killing</a> of 1946 that saw 4,000 killed and 100,000 made homeless in seventy-two hours of Hindu-Muslim communal violence.<sup id="cite_ref-katz_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rioting between 1945 and 1947 also killed numerous Europeans. Scenes of devastation that unsettled the Baghdadi Jewish community included vultures feasting on piles of human remains in the streets of Kolkata.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the extreme violence of <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian Partition</a> between Hindus and Muslims and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal Famine</a> witnessed during World War Two frightened the Baghdadi Jewish community and led them to believe there was no future for them in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mass emigration began in a moment of extreme economic dislocation. In the space of a few years the transnational colonial trading system in which they had prospered was dismantled. In India, new economic regulations enacted by the Indian Government restricted imports and controlled foreign exchange, seriously hampering the business of the Baghdadi Jewish merchants families which led the community.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The merchant elite families emigrated rapidly as there was talk of the imposition of socialism and the nationalization of banks and they felt emigration was essential to secure their wealth. They are unsure whether they would be soon stop being able to take money out of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-priya_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priya-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emigration of the wealthier families saw their businesses close and since they employed other Baghdadi Jews those too began to seek jobs abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-priya_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priya-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The atmosphere in Calcutta at independence, rocked by Hindu-Muslim riots as millions were displaced and hundreds of thousands died across the country in partition was unsettled. The Japanese invasion of China, Burma and Singapore has already seen a mass flight of the Baghdadi Jews settled there to Kolkata. Many of these were able to secure refugee status in the United States. </p><p>Within a few years of Indian Independence, a series of major geopolitical events occurred that had serious economic implications for the community, including the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">communist takeover in China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">mass flight of Iraqi Jews</a> to the new state of Israel, the collapse of the Dutch East Indies, and successive nationalist revolutions in Iraq, Syria and Egypt. Emigration of Baghdadi Jewish business owners was soon followed by those they employed. </p><p>Most Baghdadi Jews felt they now had to decide which citizenship to choose. From 1947 to 1952, all those living in India still held British Indian passports. Consequently, all those Indians who wanted to emigrate and could afford the fare left India.<sup id="cite_ref-sarker_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1951 only 1,500 Jews remained in Kolkata.<sup id="cite_ref-katz_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wealthier Baghdadi Jewish merchant families from Kolkata with ties to the British establishment and the Sassoon family settled in West London where they soon formed the majority of the historic <a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_Road_Spanish_%26_Portuguese_Synagogue" title="Lauderdale Road Spanish & Portuguese Synagogue">Spanish and Portuguese Jews Congregation</a> in Maida Vale. Those less wealthy settled in <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green" title="Golders Green">Golders Green</a> in North London. By the early 1960s Golders Green had become home to a larger Baghdadi Jewish diaspora from Shanghai, Burma, India and Singapore who founded numerous small synagogues following the <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jewish rite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sarker_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1950s there were more Kolkata Jews in Golders Green than in Kolkata at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-sarker_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was also a great desire in the Baghdadi Jewish community to settle in Australia but following 1948 the country secretly implemented an immigration policy excluding Jews from the Middle East and Asia from settling in the country frustrating Baghdadi Jews from emigrating there.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the early 1950s the Baghdadi Jews alongside other minority populations in India were granted the right to migrate to Australia as the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia</a> immigration policy was progressively dismantled.<sup id="cite_ref-sarker_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This saw considerable Baghdadi Jewish emigration from Kolkata to Australia. It has been estimated a third of the Baghdadi Jewish community of Kolkata eventually settled in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> in Australia with the remainder not departing to Britain settling in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite support and interest in <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> in Kolkata before World War Two relatively few of the Baghdadi Jews from Kolkata eventually settled permanently in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baghdadi Jews from India settled in concentration in Ramat Eliyahu, <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a> and the Kurdani neighborhood near Haifa and in across Israel's major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadly those that did settle in Israel did not maintain a communal identity but merged with the wider Iraqi Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those that stayed in India embraced new Judeo-Indian identities in the new state. However, in the Kolkata the Jewish population had shrunk to 700 people by 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-bh.org.il_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh.org.il-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass refugee influx and a sharp rise in radical left politics had further unsettled West Bengal. The 1960s saw further communal riots and the Congress Party lose power in 1967 to the United Left Front, the first of a series of hard left alliances to govern West Bengal, which remained in power for the rest of the twentieth century. The late 1960s saw the renaming colonial legacy companies and families depart as the left wing government severely impacted trade. </p><p>Against this background the rich fabric of community institutions and charitable support networks unravelled with the departure of the remains of the merchant family elite. The closing of the B.N. Elias mills in 1973 deprived many Baghdadi Jews of jobs and formed one of the final blows to the Jewish community in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the historic leadership and charity of the merchant families communal life became hard to maintain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barely 200 Jews remained by the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of opportunities for both business, high quality education and in particular for Jewish marriages in Kolkata speeded up the community's dissolution in the late twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-yisrael_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early twenty-first century less than twenty Jews remained in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synagogues">Synagogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magen_David_Synagogue_in_Kolkata_-_From_Out_Side_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magen_David_Synagogue_in_Kolkata_-_From_Out_Side_View.jpg/200px-Magen_David_Synagogue_in_Kolkata_-_From_Out_Side_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magen_David_Synagogue_in_Kolkata_-_From_Out_Side_View.jpg/300px-Magen_David_Synagogue_in_Kolkata_-_From_Out_Side_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magen_David_Synagogue_in_Kolkata_-_From_Out_Side_View.jpg/400px-Magen_David_Synagogue_in_Kolkata_-_From_Out_Side_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="3828" /></a><figcaption>Magen David Synagogue in Kolkata</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interiors_in_wider_view_of_Magen_David_Synagogue,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Interiors_in_wider_view_of_Magen_David_Synagogue%2C_Kolkata.jpg/200px-Interiors_in_wider_view_of_Magen_David_Synagogue%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Interiors_in_wider_view_of_Magen_David_Synagogue%2C_Kolkata.jpg/300px-Interiors_in_wider_view_of_Magen_David_Synagogue%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Interiors_in_wider_view_of_Magen_David_Synagogue%2C_Kolkata.jpg/400px-Interiors_in_wider_view_of_Magen_David_Synagogue%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Interiors in Magen David Synagogue, Kolkata</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genizah,_Jewish_Cemetery,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Genizah%2C_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg/200px-Genizah%2C_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Genizah%2C_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg/300px-Genizah%2C_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Genizah%2C_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">Genizah</a> at Jewish Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Jewish community established five independent synagogues in Kolkata, out of which regular prayers are only heard in one. The first synagogue, now known as the Old Synagogue, was built by Shalome David Cohen.<sup id="cite_ref-je1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the pivotal figures in building the synagogue of Kolkata was <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Judah" title="Ezekiel Judah">Ezekiel Judah</a>. Ezekiel Judah was an esteemed talmudist who led the Baghdadi Jewish community in Kolkata in spiritual matters during his lifetime, building two synagogues. He was a leading indigo merchant who traded in silks and muslins.<sup id="cite_ref-abraham_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abraham-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A descendant of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Ma%27tuk" title="Solomon Ma'tuk">Solomon Ma’tuk</a> his family name was seen as highly aristocratic amongst Iraqi Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-abraham_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abraham-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his sons by his first wife was a leader of the Jews in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-parasuram_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasuram-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another son conducted a Yeshiva in Jerusalem founded by Ezekiel Judah at which ten scholars constantly studied the Torah and recited prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-parasuram_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasuram-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a year after Ezekiel Judah's death, his sons invited scholars from Jerusalem, Syria and Baghdad as well as the poor of Calcutta to study the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-parasuram_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasuram-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1825, Ezekiel Judah built the Neveh Shalom Synagogue on Canning Street. It was rebuilt in 1911. In 1856, Ezekiel Judah and David Joseph Ezra built the Beth El Synagogue on Pollock Street. It was rebuilt and extended in 1886 by Elias Shalom Gubbay.<sup id="cite_ref-je1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, Elias David Joseph Ezra built the <a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Synagogue_(Kolkata)" title="Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)">Magen David Synagogue</a> in memory of his father David Joseph Ezra. </p><p>Along with Ezekiel Judah this construction made the other pivotal figures in building the synagogues of Kolkata were the Ezra family, both David Joseph Ezra and his son Elias David Joseph Ezra. The Ezra family were seen as one of the preeminent Baghdadi Jewish merchant families in the city in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The name Ezra was seen as a highly aristocratic name amongst Iraqi Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the three surviving synagogues of Kolkata were restored in the early twentieth-first century and are unique in being some of the few surviving currently accessible synagogues built by Iraqi Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-judah_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two further synagogues formerly existed but have not survived as part of Kolkata's Jewish heritage. The smaller Magen Aboth, dating back to 1897, is now demolished and Shaare Rason, dating to 1933, is now closed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_cemetery">Jewish cemetery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jewish cemetery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> is located on Narkeldanga Main Road. It was a Muslim Bengali friend of Shalom Obadiah Cohen, the founder of the Jewish community of Calcutta, who sold him the land to build the cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded death in the Kolkata Jewish community was Moses de Pas, an emissary from <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, now in Israel, who died in 1812 in Kolkata.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cemetery contains a late Nineteenth century <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">genizah</a> for the ritual disposition of sacred writings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cemetery reflects the Baghdadi culture of the community and its evolution. Nineteenth and early Twentieth century Baghdadi graves are rounded and flat following the traditional Sephardic and Mizrahi pattern. In the mid twentieth century a few standing tombstones marking the graves of Ashkenazi Jews appear. Later graves of the wealthier Baghdadi Jews, from the 1930s onwards, are more decorative and use English and not just Hebrew, showing growing Westernisation of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cemetery contains around 2,000 graves almost all of them from prior to the community's mass emigration in the mid-Twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cemetery fell into disrepair in the late twentieth century but was renovated in the early twenty-first century and is currently well maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_persons">Notable persons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Joseph_Ezra" title="David Joseph Ezra">David Joseph Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elias_Ezra" title="David Elias Ezra">David Elias Ezra</a></li> <li>Rachel Ezra, wife of <a href="/wiki/David_Elias_Ezra" title="David Elias Ezra">David Elias Ezra</a> and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_David_Sassoon" title="Solomon David Sassoon">Solomon David Sassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_David_Ezra" title="Elias David Ezra">Elias David Ezra</a></li> <li>Elias Moses Duek Cohen, Publisher of The Jewish Gazette</li> <li>Shalome Aaron Cohen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Obadiah_Cohen" title="Shalom Obadiah Cohen">Shalom Obadiah Cohen</a>, Founder of the Calcutta Jewish community</li> <li>Moses Duek Cohen, Son-in-Law of <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Obadiah_Cohen" title="Shalom Obadiah Cohen">Shalom Obadiah Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._R._Jacob" title="J. F. R. Jacob">J. F. R. Jacob</a>, Indian Army Lieutenant General</li> <li>David Haskell Cohen, Journalist and editor</li> <li>Rev. David Hai Jacob Cohen</li> <li>Aaron Curlender, businessman</li> <li>Benjamin Nissim Elias, businessman</li> <li>Hacham Twena, Religious Scholar</li> <li>Maurice Arthur Shellim</li> <li>David Mordecai, photographer</li> <li>Eddie Joseph, Magician</li> <li>Bernard Jacob, Calcutta Symphony Orchestra</li> <li>Samuel Solomon, Indian Civil Servant who campaigned to bring an end to people's widespread addiction to opium</li> <li>Joe Solomon, Jewish Samson of India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jacob_Cohen" title="David Jacob Cohen">David Jacob Cohen</a>, Jewish Member of the Bengal Legislative Council</li> <li>Ezra Barook Hakham Reuben - known as Ezra Reuben David Barook, a High Priest in Jerusalem in 1856. He traveled to India and settled in Calcutta.</li> <li>Ramah Luddy, Principal of the Jewish Girls' School, Calcutta, Zionist, Worked for St. John's Ambulance</li> <li>Hannah Sen, Founder Member of the Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, alumnus of the Jewish Girls School, noted public figure and social worker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Guha" title="Regina Guha">Regina Guha</a>, First Jewish Principal of the Girls' School, first Lady Lawyer in the Community</li> <li>Matilda Cohen, first graduate from Bethune School</li> <li>Iris Moses, Principal of Sir Romesh Mitter School in Calcutta, MSc BT in Geography, Organized the Girls' Guide Movement in England</li> <li>Sally Lewis Meyer, Teacher of Botany at Bethune College, Calcutta (1937–1959), educated in Taxonomy at Kew Gardens, England, founder-member of the Zionist youth group Habonim</li> <li>Ezra Arakie, barrister and Cambridge graduate, educationist, founder-member of the Elias Meyer Free School and Talmud Torah</li> <li>Aaron Joseph Curlender, Philanthropist</li> <li>Aaron Toric Rodney Neville Zacahriah, Group Captain in the Indian Air Force</li> <li>Sonny Solomon, Flying Officer in the RAF, killed during mission over Nazi Germany, 1945</li> <li>Lt. David Ezra, British Indian Army, Killed in Malaya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Elias" title="Manny Elias">Manny Elias</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Judah" title="Gerry Judah">Gerry Judah</a>, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bihar" title="Cinema of Bihar">Arati Devi (Rachel Sofaer)</a>, Indian silent film actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Mir" title="Ezra Mir">Ezra Mir</a> (Edwyn Meyers), Indian film-maker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Victoria_Abraham" title="Esther Victoria Abraham">Pramila (Esther Victoria Abraham)</a>, Indian actress and winner of the first <a href="/wiki/Femina_Miss_India" title="Femina Miss India">Miss India</a> pageant</li> <li>Rubeigh James Minney, novelist, playwright, biographer and film producer, Descendant of Elias Moses Duek Cohen</li> <li>Solomon Bekhor, Calcutta Theatre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Raphael_Belilios" title="Emanuel Raphael Belilios">Emanuel Raphael Belilios</a>, Businessman in Hong Kong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Meyer" title="Manasseh Meyer">Manasseh Meyer</a>, Leader and benefactor of the Jewish community in Singapore</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali cuisine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yisrael-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yisrael_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYisrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Yisrael, Muzeon (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC"><i>The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities</i></a>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-278-179-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-278-179-6"><bdi>978-965-278-179-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+India%3A+A+Story+of+Three+Communities&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-965-278-179-6&rft.aulast=Yisrael&rft.aufirst=Muzeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhKGPprbQaYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-judah-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-judah_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-judah_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudah" class="citation web cs1">Judah, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/comment/columnists/ben-judah-the-last-of-our-synagogues-1.429978">"The last of our synagogues: Our writer returns to his roots in India"</a>. <i>www.thejc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thejc.com&rft.atitle=The+last+of+our+synagogues%3A+Our+writer+returns+to+his+roots+in+India&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fben-judah-the-last-of-our-synagogues-1.429978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-katz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-katz_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katz_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katz_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katz_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatzChakravartiSinhaWeil2007" class="citation book cs1">Katz, N.; Chakravarti, R.; Sinha, B.; Weil, S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calcutta&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Kopelman+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F3917-calcutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weil-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weil_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weil_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weil_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weil_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weil_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weil_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeil2019" class="citation book cs1">Weil, Shalva (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05mfDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53387-7"><bdi>978-0-429-53387-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baghdadi+Jews+in+India%3A+Maintaining+Communities%2C+Negotiating+Identities+and+Creating+Super-Diversity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-429-53387-7&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05mfDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgorova2008" class="citation book cs1">Egorova, Yulia (22 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_okSx7ds4C&pg=PA6"><i>Jews and India: Perceptions and Image</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-14655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-14655-0"><bdi>978-1-134-14655-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+India%3A+Perceptions+and+Image&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft.isbn=978-1-134-14655-0&rft.aulast=Egorova&rft.aufirst=Yulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1m_okSx7ds4C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCosgrove" class="citation magazine cs1">Cosgrove, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601082348/http://time.com/3879963/vultures-of-calcutta-the-gruesome-aftermath-of-indias-1946-Muslim">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Vultures of Calcutta': The Gruesome Aftermath of India's 1946 Hindu-Muslim Riots"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=%27Vultures+of+Calcutta%27%3A+The+Gruesome+Aftermath+of+India%27s+1946+Hindu-Muslim+Riots&rft.aulast=Cosgrove&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3879963%2Fvultures-of-calcutta-the-gruesome-aftermath-of-indias-1946-hindu-muslim-riots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-priya-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-priya_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priya_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghChatterjeeSengupta2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ms Priya; Chatterjee, Ms Suchandana; Sengupta, Ms Anita (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUi6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT28"><i>Beyond Strategies: Cultural Dynamics in Asian Connections: Cultural Dynamics in Asian Connections</i></a>. KW Publishers Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85714-53-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85714-53-5"><bdi>978-93-85714-53-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Strategies%3A+Cultural+Dynamics+in+Asian+Connections%3A+Cultural+Dynamics+in+Asian+Connections&rft.pub=KW+Publishers+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.isbn=978-93-85714-53-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ms+Priya&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+Ms+Suchandana&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+Ms+Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvUi6DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarker-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarker_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarker_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarker_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarker_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkerDe2002" class="citation book cs1">Sarker, Sonita; De, Esha Niyogi (29 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCwZsbHJDAoC&pg=PA259"><i>Trans-Status Subjects: Gender in the Globalization of South and Southeast Asia</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8423-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8423-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-8423-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trans-Status+Subjects%3A+Gender+in+the+Globalization+of+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2002-11-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8423-6&rft.aulast=Sarker&rft.aufirst=Sonita&rft.au=De%2C+Esha+Niyogi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCwZsbHJDAoC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox2016" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Pam (3 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QliDDQAAQBAJ&dq=history+jews+golders+green+baghdadi+jews&pg=PP67"><i>Jewish Community of Golders Green: A Social History</i></a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-6950-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-6950-5"><bdi>978-0-7509-6950-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Community+of+Golders+Green%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-6950-5&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQliDDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bjews%2Bgolders%2Bgreen%2Bbaghdadi%2Bjews%26pg%3DPP67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich2009" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NoPZu79hqaEC&dq=jews+calcutta+sydney&pg=PA528"><i>Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-873-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Jewish+Diaspora%3A+Origins%2C+Experiences%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-873-6&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Mark+Avrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNoPZu79hqaEC%26dq%3Djews%2Bcalcutta%2Bsydney%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMycakSarwal2010" class="citation book cs1">Mycak, Sonia; Sarwal, Amit (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcYB7J-En_0C&pg=PA148"><i>Australian Made: A Multicultural Reader</i></a>. Sydney University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920899-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920899-36-3"><bdi>978-1-920899-36-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Made%3A+A+Multicultural+Reader&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-920899-36-3&rft.aulast=Mycak&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft.au=Sarwal%2C+Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcYB7J-En_0C%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bh.org.il-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bh.org.il_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701111702/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/calcutta">"The Jewish Community of Calcutta"</a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-052740-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-052740-7"><bdi>978-1-00-052740-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contours+of+Relationship%3A+India+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-00-052740-7&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Kingshuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiKeDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abraham-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abraham_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abraham_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1969" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Isaac Silas (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqAaAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Origin and History of the Calcutta Jews</i></a>. Daw Sen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+History+of+the+Calcutta+Jews&rft.pub=Daw+Sen&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Silas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqAaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/164753/9/09_chapter%205.pdf">"Economic Life: Trade and Other Occupations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in&rft.atitle=Economic+Life%3A+Trade+and+Other+Occupations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F164753%2F9%2F09_chapter%25205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parasuram-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parasuram_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parasuram_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parasuram_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParasuram1982" class="citation book cs1">Parasuram, T. 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The Society. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=The+Society&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_pC1AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyosef%2Byehuda%2Bcalcutta%2Bopium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeil2019" class="citation book cs1">Weil, Shalva (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05mfDwAAQBAJ&q=shalva+weil+jews+india"><i>The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53387-7"><bdi>978-0-429-53387-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baghdadi+Jews+in+India%3A+Maintaining+Communities%2C+Negotiating+Identities+and+Creating+Super-Diversity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-429-53387-7&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05mfDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dshalva%2Bweil%2Bjews%2Bindia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/comment/columnists/ben-judah-the-last-of-our-synagogues-1.429978">"The last of our synagogues"</a>. <i>www.thejc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thejc.com&rft.atitle=The+last+of+our+synagogues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fben-judah-the-last-of-our-synagogues-1.429978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/exhibits?page=2">"Jewish Calcutta"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Calcutta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishcalcutta.in%2Fexhibits%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeil2019" class="citation book cs1">Weil, Shalva (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05mfDwAAQBAJ&dq=jewish+cemetery+calcutta+genizah&pg=PT8"><i>The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53387-7"><bdi>978-0-429-53387-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baghdadi+Jews+in+India%3A+Maintaining+Communities%2C+Negotiating+Identities+and+Creating+Super-Diversity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-429-53387-7&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Shalva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05mfDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djewish%2Bcemetery%2Bcalcutta%2Bgenizah%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3667162/last-jews-calcutta/">"Meet the Last Jews of Calcutta"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Last+Jews+of+Calcutta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3667162%2Flast-jews-calcutta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn2013" class="citation book cs1">John, Percival (24 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwRpDwAAQBAJ&dq=jewish+cemetery+calcutta&pg=PA153"><i>Return Migration in Later Life: International Perspectives</i></a>. Policy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-0123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-0123-3"><bdi>978-1-4473-0123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+Migration+in+Later+Life%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-0123-3&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Percival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwRpDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djewish%2Bcemetery%2Bcalcutta%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Flower Elias and Judith Cooper Elias: <i>The Jews of Calcutta: Autobiography of a Community 1792–1947</i>, Calcutta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalva_Weil" title="Shalva Weil">Shalva Weil</a> Ed: <i>India's Jewish Heritage, Ritual, Art and Life Cycle</i>, Marg Publishers, Mumbai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jael_Silliman" title="Jael Silliman">Jael Silliman</a>: <i>Jewish Portraits, Indian Frames: Women's Narratives from a Diaspora of Hope</i>, Seagull, Calcutta; Brandeis, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584653051" title="Special:BookSources/1584653051">1584653051</a></li> <li>Dalia Ray: <i>Calcutta's Jewish Heritage</i>, Minerva, Calcutta</li> <li>Kaustav Chakrabarti: <i>Glimpses into the Jewish World of Calcutta 1798–1948</i>, Readers Service, Kolkata</li> <li>Mavis Hyman: <i>Jews of the Raj</i>, Bristol, UK</li> <li>Sally Solomon Luddy: <i>Hooghly Tales</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Katz_(professor)" title="Nathan Katz (professor)">Nathan Katz</a> Ed: <i>Who are the Jews of India?</i> University of California Press, 2000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishcalcutta.in/">Recalling Jewish Calcutta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808102734/http://guides.wonobo.com/kolkata/a-look-at-kolkata-s-jewish-heritage/3055">A look at Kolkata’s Jewish heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bongblogger.com/synagogues-of-kolkata-calcutta/">Synagogues of Kolkata</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJael_Silliman,_Mia_Tramz2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Jael Silliman, Mia Tramz (1 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3667162/last-jews-calcutta/">"Meet the Last Jews of Calcutta"</a>. <i>TIME</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Last+Jews+of+Calcutta&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.au=Jael+Silliman%2C+Mia+Tramz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3667162%2Flast-jews-calcutta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Kolkata" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&oldid=1271860844">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Kolkata&oldid=1271860844</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Kolkata" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Kolkata">Ethnic groups in Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kolkata" title="Category:History of Kolkata">History of Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraqi_diaspora_in_Asia" title="Category:Iraqi diaspora in Asia">Iraqi diaspora in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_history_by_city" title="Category:Jewish history by city">Jewish history by city</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Indian_history" title="Category:Jewish Indian history">Jewish Indian history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Iraqi_history" title="Category:Jewish Iraqi history">Jewish Iraqi history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Kolkata" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Kolkata">Jews and Judaism in Kolkata</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2021">Use dmy dates from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_April_2018" title="Category:Use Indian English from April 2018">Use Indian English from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 January 2025, at 02:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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