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class="mw-page-title-main">Auger effect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অগার ক্রিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অগার ক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B6%D1%8D" title="Эфект Ажэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эфект Ажэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Ефект на Оже – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефект на Оже" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_Auger" title="Efecte Auger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte Auger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger%C5%AFv_jev" title="Augerův jev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Augerův jev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger-Meitner-Effekt" title="Auger-Meitner-Effekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auger-Meitner-Effekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_Auger" title="Efecto Auger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto Auger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiko_de_Auger" title="Efiko de Auger – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Efiko de Auger" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_efektua" title="Auger efektua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Auger efektua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87" title="اثر اوژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثر اوژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effet_Auger" title="Effet Auger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effet Auger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarmhairt_Auger" title="Iarmhairt Auger – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarmhairt Auger" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%A0%9C_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="오제 효과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오제 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissione_Auger" title="Emissione Auger – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emissione Auger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%27%D7%94" title="אפקט אוז'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקט אוז'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಆಗರ್ ಪರಿಣಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಗರ್ ಪರಿಣಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger-effektus" title="Auger-effektus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Auger-effektus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഓഗർ പ്രഭാവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓഗർ പ്രഭാവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augereffect" title="Augereffect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Augereffect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="オージェ効果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オージェ効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augereffekt" title="Augereffekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Augereffekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augereffekt" title="Augereffekt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Augereffekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiech_Auger" title="Efiech Auger – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Efiech Auger" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_effekti" title="Auger effekti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Auger effekti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_Augera" title="Efekt Augera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt Augera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_Auger" title="Efeito Auger – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito Auger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Эффект Оже – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эффект Оже" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augerov_jav" title="Augerov jav – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Augerov jav" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ожеов ефекат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ожеов ефекат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger%E2%80%99n_elektroni" title="Auger’n elektroni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Auger’n elektroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augereffekt" title="Augereffekt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Augereffekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஆசே விளைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசே விளைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_etkisi" title="Auger etkisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Auger etkisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Ефект Оже – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефект Оже" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_Auger" title="Hiệu ứng Auger – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệu ứng Auger" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%AD%87%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="俄歇效应 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄歇效应" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q719512#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Physical phenomenon</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auger_Process.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Auger_Process.svg/340px-Auger_Process.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Auger_Process.svg/510px-Auger_Process.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Auger_Process.svg/680px-Auger_Process.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Two views of the Auger process. (a) illustrates sequentially the steps involved in Auger deexcitation. An incident electron (or photon) creates a core hole in the 1s level. An electron from the 2s level fills in the 1s hole and the transition energy is imparted to a 2p electron which is emitted. The final atomic state thus has two holes, one in the 2s orbital and the other in the 2p orbital. (b) illustrates the same process using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_notation" title="X-ray notation">X-ray notation</a>, KL<sub>1</sub>L<sub>2,3</sub>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Auger effect</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ˈ/o.ʒe/]</a></span>) or <b>Auger−Meitner effect</b> is a physical phenomenon in which <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> eject <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a>. It occurs when an <a href="/wiki/Inner-shell_electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner-shell electrons">inner-shell</a> vacancy in an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> is filled by an electron, releasing energy that causes the emission of another electron from a different shell of the same atom.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Core_electron" title="Core electron">core electron</a> is removed, leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in a release of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. For light atoms (Z<12), this energy is most often transferred to a valence electron which is subsequently ejected from the atom.<sup id="cite_ref-Photoabsorption_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photoabsorption-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second ejected electron is called an <b>Auger electron</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For heavier atomic nuclei, the release of the energy in the form of an emitted <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> becomes gradually more probable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect">Effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auger_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon ejection, the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial <a href="/wiki/Electronic_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic transition">electronic transition</a> into the vacancy and the <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">electron shell</a> from which the Auger electron was ejected. These energy levels depend on the type of atom and the chemical environment in which the atom was located. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopy" title="Auger electron spectroscopy">Auger electron spectroscopy</a> involves the emission of Auger electrons by bombarding a sample with either <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> or energetic electrons and measures the intensity of Auger electrons that result as a function of the Auger electron energy. The resulting spectra can be used to determine the identity of the emitting atoms and some information about their environment. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombination#Auger_recombination" title="Carrier generation and recombination">Auger recombination</a> is a similar Auger effect which occurs in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>. An electron and <a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">electron hole</a> (electron-hole pair) can recombine giving up their energy to an electron in the <a href="/wiki/Conduction_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction band">conduction band</a>, increasing its energy. The reverse effect is known as <a href="/wiki/Impact_ionization" title="Impact ionization">impact ionization</a>. </p><p>The Auger effect can impact biological molecules such as DNA. Following the K-shell ionization of the component atoms of DNA, Auger electrons are ejected leading to damage of its sugar-phosphate backbone.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auger_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Auger emission process was observed and published in 1922 by <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Austrian-Swedish physicist, as a side effect in her competitive search for the nuclear beta electrons with the British physicist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Drummond_Ellis" title="Charles Drummond Ellis">Charles Drummond Ellis</a>. </p><p>The French physicist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victor_Auger" title="Pierre Victor Auger">Pierre Victor Auger</a> independently discovered it in 1923<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> upon analysis of a Wilson <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a> experiment and it became the central part of his PhD work.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-energy X-rays were applied to ionize gas particles and observe <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoelectric">photoelectric</a> electrons. The observation of electron tracks that were independent of the frequency of the incident photon suggested a mechanism for electron ionization that was caused from an <a href="/wiki/Internal_conversion" title="Internal conversion">internal conversion</a> of energy from a radiationless transition. Further investigation, and theoretical work using elementary quantum mechanics and transition rate/transition probability calculations, showed that the effect was a radiationless effect more than an internal conversion effect.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auger_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auger_therapy" title="Auger therapy">Auger therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombination" title="Carrier generation and recombination">Charge carrier generation and recombination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characteristic_X-ray" title="Characteristic X-ray">Characteristic X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coster%E2%80%93Kronig_transition" title="Coster–Kronig transition">Coster–Kronig transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">Electron capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_Auger_effect" title="Radiative Auger effect">Radiative Auger effect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auger_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00520.html">Auger effect</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.A00520">10.1351/goldbook.A00520</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Photoabsorption-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Photoabsorption_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkowitz" class="citation book cs1">Berkowitz. <i>Photoabsorption, Photoionization, and Photoelectron Spectroscopy</i>. Academic Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-091650-4.50011-6">10.1016/B978-0-12-091650-4.50011-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-091650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-091650-4"><bdi>978-0-12-091650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photoabsorption%2C+Photoionization%2C+and+Photoelectron+Spectroscopy&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-091650-4.50011-6&rft.isbn=978-0-12-091650-4&rft.au=Berkowitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuger+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00521.html">Auger electron</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.A00521">10.1351/goldbook.A00521</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYokoyaIto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yokoya, Akinari; Ito, Takashi (2017-08-03). "Photon-induced Auger effect in biological systems: a review". <i>International Journal of Radiation Biology</i>. <b>93</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">743–</span>756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09553002.2017.1312670">10.1080/09553002.2017.1312670</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-3002">0955-3002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28397587">28397587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Biology&rft.atitle=Photon-induced+Auger+effect+in+biological+systems%3A+a+review&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E743-%3C%2Fspan%3E756&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.issn=0955-3002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28397587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09553002.2017.1312670&rft.aulast=Yokoya&rft.aufirst=Akinari&rft.au=Ito%2C+Takashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuger+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Meitner1922" class="citation journal cs1">L. Meitner (1922). "Über die Entstehung der β-Strahl-Spektren radioaktiver Substanzen". <i>Z. Phys</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922ZPhy....9..131M">1922ZPhy....9..131M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01326962">10.1007/BF01326962</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121637546">121637546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Phys.&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Entstehung+der+%CE%B2-Strahl-Spektren+radioaktiver+Substanzen&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121637546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01326962&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1922ZPhy....9..131M&rft.au=L.+Meitner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuger+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Auger: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3130n.image.f187.langFR">Sur les rayons β secondaires produits dans un gaz par des rayons X</a>, C.R.A.S. 177 (1923) 169–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuparc2009" class="citation journal cs1">Duparc, Olivier Hardouin (2009). "Pierre Auger – Lise Meitner: Comparative contributions to the Auger effect". <i>International Journal of Materials Research</i>. <b>100</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1162–</span>1166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJMR..100.1162H">2009IJMR..100.1162H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3139%2F146.110163">10.3139/146.110163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229164774">229164774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Materials+Research&rft.atitle=Pierre+Auger+%E2%80%93+Lise+Meitner%3A+Comparative+contributions+to+the+Auger+effect&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1162-%3C%2Fspan%3E1166&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229164774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3139%2F146.110163&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009IJMR..100.1162H&rft.aulast=Duparc&rft.aufirst=Olivier+Hardouin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuger+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Auger Effect and Other Radiationless Transitions". <a href="/wiki/Eric_Burhop" title="Eric Burhop">Burhop, E.H.S.</a>, Cambridge Monographs on Physics, 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Theory of Auger Transitions". Chattarji, D., Academic Press, London, 1976</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_edge" title="Absorption edge">Absorption edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseley%27s_law" title="Moseley's law">Moseley's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_window" title="Water window">Water window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-edge" title="K-edge">K-edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_L-edge" title="Metal L-edge">L-edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegbahn_notation" title="Siegbahn notation">Siegbahn notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characteristic_X-ray" title="Characteristic X-ray">Characteristic X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-energy_X-rays" title="High-energy X-rays">High-energy X-rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Sources and instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betatron" title="Betatron">Betatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">Synchrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">Synchrotron light source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Interaction with matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">Photoelectric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auger effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoionization" title="Photoionization">Photoionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">Photodisintegration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">Radiation damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_X-ray_scattering" title="Anomalous X-ray scattering">Anomalous X-ray scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e5e5ff;">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imaging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray radiography">X-ray radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_radiograph" title="Panoramic radiograph">Panoramic radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomosynthesis" title="Tomosynthesis">Tomosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_diffraction_imaging" title="Coherent diffraction imaging">CDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helical_CT" class="mw-redirect" title="Helical CT">Helical CT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_x-ray_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft x-ray microscopy">Soft x-ray microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-contrast_X-ray_imaging" title="Phase-contrast X-ray imaging">XPCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_X-ray_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy">STXM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychography" title="Ptychography">Ptychography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffraction_tomography" title="Diffraction tomography">Diffraction tomography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction_computed_tomography" title="X-ray diffraction computed tomography">XDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_X-ray_diffraction" title="Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction">3DXRD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Fluorescence_Imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging">X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-field_X-ray_microscopy" title="Dark-field X-ray microscopy">DFXM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray_absorptiometry" title="Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry">DXA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spectroscopy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_absorption_spectroscopy" title="X-ray absorption spectroscopy">XAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy">XPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle-resolved_photoemission_spectroscopy" title="Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy">ARPES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopy" title="Auger electron spectroscopy">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_X-ray_absorption_fine_structure" title="Extended X-ray absorption fine structure">EXAFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_absorption_near_edge_structure" title="X-ray absorption near edge structure">XANES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">EDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence_holography" title="X-ray fluorescence holography">XFH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques" title="X-ray scattering techniques">Scattering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_X-ray" title="Backscatter X-ray">Backscatter X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-angle_X-ray_scattering" title="Small-angle X-ray scattering">SAXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing-incidence_small-angle_scattering" title="Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering">GISAXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_X-ray_scattering" title="Wide-angle X-ray scattering">WAXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_reflectivity" title="X-ray reflectivity">X-ray reflectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonant_inelastic_X-ray_scattering" title="Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering">RIXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_Raman_scattering" title="X-ray Raman scattering">XRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluctuation_X-ray_scattering" title="Fluctuation X-ray scattering">XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_diffraction" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction">EDXRD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_X-ray_astronomy" title="History of X-ray astronomy">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_lithography" title="X-ray lithography">X-ray lithography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electron_microscopy369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electron_microscopy" 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class="mw-redirect" title="History of electron microscopy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_microscope_technology" title="Timeline of microscope technology">Timeline of microscope technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a> interaction<br />with matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Auger effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Electron scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_lines_(physics)" title="Kikuchi lines (physics)">Kikuchi lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_electrons" title="Secondary electrons">Secondary electrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Detectors for transmission electron microscopy">Detectors for transmission electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">Electron gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everhart%E2%80%93Thornley_detector" title="Everhart–Thornley detector">Everhart–Thornley detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">Field electron emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">Field emission gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_lens" title="Magnetic lens">Magnetic lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmator" title="Stigmator">Stigmator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microscopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">EM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlative_light-electron_microscopy" title="Correlative light-electron microscopy">Correlative light EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">Cryo-EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">EMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-Phase_Electron_Microscopy" title="Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy">Liquid-Phase EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_electron_microscopy" title="Low-energy electron microscopy">Low-energy EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoemission_electron_microscopy" title="Photoemission electron microscopy">Photoemission EM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope" title="Environmental scanning electron microscope">Environmental SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Scanning electron cryomicroscopy">CryoSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_confocal_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning confocal electron microscopy">Confocal SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEM-XRF" title="SEM-XRF">SEM-XRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Transmission electron cryomicroscopy">Cryo-TEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_cryotomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron cryotomography">Cryo-ET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_filtered_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy">EFTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="High-resolution transmission electron microscopy">HRTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">STEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="4D scanning transmission electron microscopy">4D STEM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberration-Corrected_Transmission_Electron_Microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy">Aberration-Corrected TEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="4D scanning transmission electron microscopy">4D STEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annular_dark-field_imaging" title="Annular dark-field imaging">Annular dark-field imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_contrast_imaging" title="Charge contrast imaging">Charge contrast imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_beam_electron_diffraction" title="Convergent beam electron diffraction">CBED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">cryoEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">Dark-field microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">EDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">EBSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction" title="Transmission Kikuchi diffraction">TKD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_channelling_contrast_imaging" title="Electron channelling contrast imaging">ECCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy" title="Electron energy loss spectroscopy">EELS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam-induced_current" title="Electron beam-induced current">EBIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_holography" title="Electron holography">Electron holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_tomography" title="Electron tomography">Electron tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">FIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluctuation_electron_microscopy" title="Fluctuation electron microscopy">FEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_electron_microscopy" title="Immune electron microscopy">Immune electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_phase_analysis" title="Geometric phase analysis">Geometric phase analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon-Induced_Near-field_Electron_Microscopy" title="Photon-Induced Near-field Electron Microscopy">PINEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession_electron_diffraction" title="Precession electron diffraction">Precession electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_block-face_scanning_electron_microscopy" title="Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">WDXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak-beam_dark-field_microscopy" title="Weak-beam dark-field microscopy">WBDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Crewe" title="Albert Crewe">Albert Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_von_Borries" title="Bodo von Borries">Bodo von Borries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_G._Bauer" title="Ernst G. Bauer">Ernst G. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimos_Danilatos" title="Gerasimos Danilatos">Gerasimos Danilatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Knoll" title="Max Knoll">Max Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_J._Zaluzec" title="Nestor J. Zaluzec">Nestor J. Zaluzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondrej_Krivanek" title="Ondrej Krivanek">Ondrej Krivanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Everhart" title="Thomas Eugene Everhart">Thomas Eugene Everhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Ellis_Cosslett" title="Vernon Ellis Cosslett">Vernon Ellis Cosslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEI_Company" title="FEI Company">FEI Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi High-Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEOL" title="JEOL">JEOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Microsystems" title="Leica Microsystems">Leica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nion_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nion Company">Nion Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESCAN" title="TESCAN">TESCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gegi.usherbrooke.ca/casino/index.html">CASINO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrysTBox" title="CrysTBox">CrysTBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM_Data_Bank" title="EM Data Bank">EM Data Bank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/EMsoft-org/EMsoft">EMsoft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gatan.com/products/tem-analysis/gatan-microscopy-suite-software">Digital Micrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)" title="Direct methods (electron microscopy)">Direct methods</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucr.org/resources/commissions/electron-crystallography/software">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTEX" title="MTEX">MTEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multislice" title="Multislice">Multislice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Electron_microscopy" title="Category:Electron microscopy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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