CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c6d01009169c2d',cH: 'AKX0Bn2AqdC7Y1rSbB1.UmRXj6i3BJs3_skSj5Hox_o-1741316113-1.2.1.1-jUzAyvAnrlIRHRubpOxU4u5T1pDcDiRcOIec7xpaOQ2XhOoa6PH1iEnofpsdwBMY',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=net%20zero%20energy&__cf_chl_tk=TJ3yEM1A18PdYjc3zWZSYy7f4rRQ6yfsgxCj46mICrA-1741316113-1.0.1.1-YiGDe_PN5bKXmRH7_0BU5daCoDFwbvdo8N6b1DhO97I",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741316113',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=net%20zero%20energy&__cf_chl_f_tk=TJ3yEM1A18PdYjc3zWZSYy7f4rRQ6yfsgxCj46mICrA-1741316113-1.0.1.1-YiGDe_PN5bKXmRH7_0BU5daCoDFwbvdo8N6b1DhO97I",md: "ODBEFDAKl3MBcc4fnXyg9ZKZpYF11.N08dPohcPkTFo-1741316113-1.2.1.1-LGaS6w5fXNfitqufAJ4qBXyJMcK8p01RMY5xmstZHCgfjGhDuYzCUhItt8ZuA41Dy2uE0VE.Nefl6nC8eoqhezTGEWIAlIzlfeCKpzhY_REE42y2HQv6XcP3Msn_pMlU5RN8d6B_GFXBRMcTp3sHsXAINnBXDA4PIMJRO_9Y3sE5MHmAO02xpga8jKV.jHdtih6.ufSiok77YZxsSczZ5GfZsl2ESf5nMRoZcPhbTnP.woUdemNkuMXhPh6Ycopm65XKF5rHIiizj.cWPne73.LPht5bXn.mMxbWyFqTtUAg19YneWicH4gCrfM3Jr8XFeceofMXThh62mn_7iYRhdcpPQrB3ZwZ5AaeknyWo35hgNhWaJkjxVGwLWsiaEJB5IP_KiNQswWsNth1Jt6VgxhRqV1CCSKv89rlDd9VTkwTMaDRXdue1i0t_DCktWf8Ps4JmDQRRpQ2K1QejOlq8pJTRZ0OYqwSYT2GUZ22Wsea3WF5unE098_12XbhJVleDGl1j0mQz7vBSS4T8WFwXYR0o82s1Lvcbf7OkNSNjEITF7IkCtDj4hwpzKEIpl74yPc.FB7zotcqMDc4sn9q2gZp5J76fX1al51dSPwLS7liDt1mcbb5iORDoxzPJLo94TRTAEttOcLBffGF0KfLc4GRlRpfMXw5ziP0htyjQSIrAgy3RCYMG7OFMPBpKuQFgsoVeIUVzgD2C9nH7Q0Ekt.07UP9OXEKH8xdnZMaJZ1pNp0F1X4ZFUtDdIY6XD7KGqNNT.wnAkmGnYU4GmzNoOGXTDfatxqKIObMa_CR2qtJCpIfT4nhPCsmt5xzbGunc5B5hQ0gJGb5G_d2Hr2WbGgHAqrpkD6JxdJ_pBMMIOFrIP2iRTyMPmvjcTK6AtaTj19GpuyN80O2vj1gqHyHyDE662Np5AykvqJ6JVB2Lq1J3W689QUQjZrbAOAMxg_4RDsa7DH70vbJTOHA6o9_Tzl02b_gWxA78h7xKHuXviRddvmjbwUSui75gFD4Uk7K710MkJW8Kz_iymrVO5Cy5N4PB1jH8nCv0rGQnGOzpIRFOeat81r_oaiq1fJVj1zWCX3sqomGVG_JyXK0YOOj5t3Q4RpwTkrv.W0WjRiNmSfW_.HjeQly25QSm8rqEYL1OXDzUENESzdMJcxQsIQiohXMWbagt53YhU1WydowoWregfFSxmbmQDywYoi22PjyZqRG1fgyhFHW0Yjw1RK.2YMnhn8Bsd5gMRPoC8tUDm8DpH0gqdlHyHPE6fiw9SKYtjnCjQZQ1YRyLumpWm3lsg",mdrd: "2oupuOCun5IvsVfKbrRpFm0WB0Wugi.kAbGDzg7auVY-1741316113-1.2.1.1-y1EV27rCMryofAiHrPiJo4bRqCkJsceyjnKUefKjG084s8hbRbMjZjSuAMG_f0_ypUgqTIKFr0nL7dCte2SleUonCvxZib8OpC2v1bQ2jfAhRyMqOcqsGvZ1CN7hzIGCn4eEAOx9FIubUAXs9MoyayBxxuGRWmyG0iiCSCBl0WmO63iUwwEhSZjtzwwlMZjPM7duOKTslkKOnhcQbIt6woFZWj3fZuxA2m8.3jqwN7PE.2MqoFrH3YU7cucKZ4TFa8VcTtHySC9a66smUb6o5oG0oUq7SGBmHbgJNN6c5waiEsI4io27VYY4dZbH9vy39gndGvLYX2OusyFHu6EX1rXFK9lUPvw9rRo4YHfihA7B2tZR5Pd_FgKX4IMwXUSC4z4_UR0Uxn9.ly3Bd9QWlWJt52Msz8d5m2o6.v.QchOgxdyfGnFt.jpmuOJPsX7z_65dOTrjs8SF.PQ.FlWgM6AKCELE1SpttjGJdz98jLMW_hxXG3PQMNV6QGN71FReNuIY7anVExHTSr7PHP3xU6bY_5AVlnO7YXBxYNUr3S8YqWJBefeVZ1lBmyxYQu8ARCnu7fLfGolAl1PYbAdm7LoOAjqznCnG2R1U2de7OklXwEWBUKLUrYAuh_MZ79ddYAUWiAb5i6wFb_YhGK6XChGUK9VZpPwZW9w3unYrrJJwNM6LZk.a6.3xRfT6DXNMwc0IYDz2v5ODSlOdu1_voo4xtbGhkBeqhNZttgz6E.GpHzUfXlOhDBahDh5r2BHmkrJ84pEWLOfTsrNWSJdqsN9cupGk9.Tfny6agwAHCUUlyw6Vgi4NI.0LmcDQFKkyjXHHd_0t1S1biHxHPNrPbNHNPgtvLKC_ZZWgyOpKejn9w796E3bjc1dFNS0Zlyp442P3D75uJWlLt6j927FtbTH053eBzbGB.njsH0dFIRkTAgZnKQlbintT5qZLFzkkGY0ALEyZZL2ajf36BaUtL4Erky4MKxs.XYuPi36Al0dh4hURnzPBBRtptdUIHvCLd_CkFhem8AnG0GTai3qED8mJCQvPyFAT0po4roIdlWg3Vg0rRNWpfVTWLaJzMOdFLTtaiHBdxZd27PG0Eij3kG5EAGKzk2sZARhmQiUqSNNqv.8FrEDGlvBeR.d3sEaFR9m03VIlPqzOp3XDE2jQD2kjDw58i5T7H.G7wjfRldeS8suwoHFfkoPwNDjEQ93Pch7ja0ttS7TywQW61WWQpat7a03k7Jw3zvmAVIuevF_mRiylX4adSY29cuUMbw9x7rcRRsPdv8IMUTU31oySsUojELPoybOJllfAJX1s1XvUCEzQNIRgESvluQCJDeTCiFmkbVMI9skmaRwg0zsK4lP8NJhwHJN8PpOA8BJ0yuyWbIFSc7KL1xMnoR9ZzbkK7yUIuWH_MDqoLCM89PPbYmce6TDMdT4MGEbH6TqptOovzpCtxvOzKuQDb9uhIDZK0ujgCFWz.ZYpyUNVwGQveNdpxsEZXIV_dpvKZc.u0zGDRdX41PiXsuOwdT7aJfKTPCM5XAxwWkm66HxW54vG688cL9XHNUYNLZOqIxo2LjCAiTbVjOIXqEplbs3gZoKkt_dsSyDTtwPLHSLJZm1qDWgN6ncUkWVsQwJKfwfzUOpf5GbNBtOUp6guIguCcuCzCh47iEbAuMzlUZoAKa1AvVG8xnEQp4zktPoHb2848eLpjRpaFjToNiD6Rg3LpDkTjy5L3qoHcO_pnu3YLXu_V5ZOVircV9U0LTVCIoeMKllbdyHwLjfmPMvhP2a0n.LUptCrlZzJ.RZ6jmb0v5F5ru.xB8We6SMjT04iDwKdYmvj6GI3FIqJkaL.ICFoOro7JZ0rQVWOkCMazVecj0YgO6GXx_QHkV8dYJPPzJ974dIyqJfiIAjbH2M4DwJwawqZ1d1a61oPmbZjIy3VQmmZGdv3EFkqikod0j.GDFtniDCCU2NKwGPUfENC1xwC1bXXm4VgrgMOgQGeCMEDlAidqg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c6d01009169c2d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=net%20zero%20energy&__cf_chl_rt_tk=TJ3yEM1A18PdYjc3zWZSYy7f4rRQ6yfsgxCj46mICrA-1741316113-1.0.1.1-YiGDe_PN5bKXmRH7_0BU5daCoDFwbvdo8N6b1DhO97I" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>