Speakers of the House | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives

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/> <meta property="og:description" content="Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution states: “The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers...”The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives. The Constitution mandates the office, but since the early 19th century the House and the individual Speakers have continually redefined its contours. Rooted in British parliamentary practice, the early Speakers limited their roles to presiding over the House and serving as its ceremonial head. Over time, some Speakers aggressively pursued a policy agenda for the House while others have, in the words of Speaker Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, “come to this chair to administer [the] rules, but not as a partisan.” Regardless, the Speaker—who has always been (but is not required to be) a House Member with the same obligations to his or her constituents like the other 434 Members—is at the levers of power. The Speaker is simultaneously the House’s presiding officer, party leader, and the institution’s administrative head, among other duties. The Speaker is elected at the beginning of a new Congress by a majority of the Representatives-elect from candidates separately chosen by the majority- and minority-party caucuses. These candidates are elected by their party members at the organizing caucuses held soon after the new Congress is elected. In cases of an unexpected vacancy during a Congress a new Speaker is elected by a majority of the House from candidates previously chosen by the two parties. The Speaker of the House is by law second in line to succeed the President, after the Vice President, and 25th Amendment makes the Speaker a part of the process announcing presidential disability. Including Speaker Mike Johnson of Louisiana, a total of 56 Representatives have served as Speaker. Seven individuals have served nonconsecutively: Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, Henry Clay of Kentucky, John W. Taylor of New York, Thomas Brackett Reed of Maine, Sam Rayburn of Texas, Joseph Martin of Massachusetts, and Nancy Pelosi of California.For further information, see the Speakers of the House Resources." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/32284.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://history.house.gov/People/Office/Speakers/" /> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta property="twitter:site" content="@USHouseHistory" /> <meta id="metaTwitterTitle" property="twitter:title" content="Speakers of the House (1789 to present) | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives" /> <meta id="metaTwitterDescription" property="twitter:description" content="Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution states: “The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers...”The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives. The Constitution mandates the office, but since the early 19th century the House and the individual Speakers have continually redefined its contours. Rooted in British parliamentary practice, the early Speakers limited their roles to presiding over the House and serving as its ceremonial head. Over time, some Speakers aggressively pursued a policy agenda for the House while others have, in the words of Speaker Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, “come to this chair to administer [the] rules, but not as a partisan.” Regardless, the Speaker—who has always been (but is not required to be) a House Member with the same obligations to his or her constituents like the other 434 Members—is at the levers of power. The Speaker is simultaneously the House’s presiding officer, party leader, and the institution’s administrative head, among other duties. The Speaker is elected at the beginning of a new Congress by a majority of the Representatives-elect from candidates separately chosen by the majority- and minority-party caucuses. These candidates are elected by their party members at the organizing caucuses held soon after the new Congress is elected. In cases of an unexpected vacancy during a Congress a new Speaker is elected by a majority of the House from candidates previously chosen by the two parties. The Speaker of the House is by law second in line to succeed the President, after the Vice President, and 25th Amendment makes the Speaker a part of the process announcing presidential disability. Including Speaker Mike Johnson of Louisiana, a total of 56 Representatives have served as Speaker. Seven individuals have served nonconsecutively: Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, Henry Clay of Kentucky, John W. Taylor of New York, Thomas Brackett Reed of Maine, Sam Rayburn of Texas, Joseph Martin of Massachusetts, and Nancy Pelosi of California.For further information, see the Speakers of the House Resources." /> <meta id="metaTwitterImage" property="twitter:image" content="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/32284.jpeg" /> <title> Speakers of the House | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives </title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_css/reset.css?nc=112720240444" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_css/common.css?nc=112720240444" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_css/960_24_col.css?nc=112720240444" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_css/layout.css?nc=112720240444" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_css/type.css?nc=112720240444" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_css/replace.css?nc=112720240444" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_css/callouts.css?nc=112720240444" /> <link 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clearfix"> <h1>Speakers of the House (1789 to present)</h1> <div class="callouts-column"> <div class="inner"> <div class="callout general"> <div class="callout-link-box"> <img src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/25769822909.asset?wd=190" /> <ul> <a title="Download “A Chair Made Illustrious”: A Concise History of the U.S. House Speakership (PDF)" href="/Education/Publications/concise-history-speakership-2024/" target="_blank">Download <i>“A Chair Made Illustrious”: A Concise History of the U.S. House Speakership</i> (PDF)</a></ul> </div> </div> <div class="callout related-links"> <h2 class="replace title_graphic_related_links">Related Links</h2> <div class="callout-link-box"> <ul> <li><a href="/Institution/Origins-Development/Speaker-of-the-House/">The Constitution and the House: Speaker of the House </a></li> <li><a href="/Institution/Firsts-Milestones/Speaker-Fast-Facts/">Speakers of the House Fast Facts </a></li> <li><a href="/Records-and-Research/Speakers-Resources/Speaker-Resources/">Speakers of the House Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Notable-Office-Assignments/Speaker-Offices/">Notable Office Assignments: Speakers of the House </a></li> <li><a href="/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Capitol/Speaker-Portrait-Collection/">Speaker Portrait Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/Blog/Search?CategoryText=Speakers+of+the+House">Speaker of the House Related Blogs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <p>Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution states: <i>“The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers...”</i></p><p>The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives. The Constitution mandates the office, but since the early 19th century the House and the individual Speakers have continually redefined its contours. Rooted in British parliamentary practice, the early Speakers limited their roles to presiding over the House and serving as its ceremonial head. </p> <div class="captionbox captionbox-190 "> <img alt="Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/32284.jpeg?wd=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/h/hh_1789_03_04_muhlenberg_hc.xml</span> <span class="credit">Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives<br /><a href="/Collection/Listing/2005/2005-016-001/" title="About this object">About this object</a></span> <span class="caption">Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania was elected the first Speaker of the House on April 1, 1789.</span> </div> <p>Over time, some Speakers aggressively pursued a policy agenda for the House while others have, in the words of Speaker <a href="/People/Detail/11234?ret=True" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> of Indiana, “come to this chair to administer [the] rules, but not as a partisan.” Regardless, the Speaker—who has always been (but is not required to be) a House Member with the same obligations to his or her constituents like the other 434 Members—is at the levers of power. The Speaker is simultaneously the House’s presiding officer, party leader, and the institution’s administrative head, among other duties. </p><p>The Speaker is elected at the beginning of a new Congress by a majority of the Representatives-elect from candidates separately chosen by the majority- and minority-party caucuses. These candidates are elected by their party members at the organizing caucuses held soon after the new Congress is elected. In cases of an unexpected vacancy during a Congress a new Speaker is elected by a majority of the House from candidates previously chosen by the two parties. </p><p>The Speaker of the House is by law second in line to succeed the President, after the Vice President, and 25th Amendment makes the Speaker a part of the process announcing presidential disability. </p><p>Including Speaker <a href="/People/Detail/15032440744" title="Mike Johnson" target="_blank">Mike Johnson</a> of Louisiana, a total of <a href="/People/Search?Term=Search&SearchIn=LastName&ShowNonMember=true&ShowNonMember=false&Office=&Leadership=Speaker&State=&Party=&ContinentalCongress=false&BlackAmericansInCongress=false&WomenInCongress=false&HispanicAmericansInCongress=false&AsianPacificAmericansInCongress=false&CongressNumberList=&PreviousSearch=Search%2cLastName%2c%2cSpeaker%2c%2c%2cFalse%2cFalse%2cFalse%2c%2cLastName&CurrentPage=1&SortOrder=LastName&ResultType=Grid&Command=Congress" title="People Page" target="_blank">56</a> Representatives have served as Speaker. Seven individuals have served nonconsecutively: <a href="/People/Detail/18657" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> of Pennsylvania, <a href="/People/Detail/11051" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> of Kentucky, <a href="/People/Detail/22747" title="John W. Taylor">John W. Taylor</a> of New York, <a href="/People/Detail/20240" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a> of Maine, <a href="/People/Detail/20184" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a> of Texas, <a href="/People/Detail/17559" title="Joseph Martin">Joseph Martin</a> of Massachusetts, and <a href="/People/Detail/19519" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> of California.</p><p>For further information, see the <a href="/Records-and-Research/Speakers-Resources/Speaker-Resources/" title="Speakers of the House Resources">Speakers of the House Resources</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-wrap clear"> <div class="footer container_24"> <div class="inner grid_24 clearfix"> <address>Office of the Historian: <a href="mailto:history@mail.house.gov">history@mail.house.gov</a><br /> Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk: <a href="mailto:art@mail.house.gov">art@mail.house.gov</a>, <a href="mailto:archives@mail.house.gov">archives@mail.house.gov</a></address> <ul class="footer-menu menu inline"> <li><a href="/About/">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/About/Security-and-Privacy/">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/ushousehistory" rel="external" class="replace icon icon_youtube">YouTube</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/ushousehistory/" rel="external" class="replace icon icon_twitter">Tweet</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="js citation hidden"> <div class="inner"> <a href="#" class="replace sprite btn_close_image_overlay">Close</a> <h2>Cite This Page</h2> <p> <em>History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives,</em> “Speakers of the House (1789 to present),” <a id="lnk-citation" href="https://history.house.gov/People/Office/Speakers/">https://history.house.gov/People/Office/Speakers/</a> (November 28, 2024) </p> <h3>For Additional Information</h3> <p> <strong>Office of the Historian</strong><br /><strong>Office of Art and Archives</strong> <br /> Attic, Thomas Jefferson Building<br />Washington, D.C. 20515<br />(202) 226-1300 <br /> </p> <ul> <li><a href="mailto:history@mail.house.gov" title="mailto:history@mail.house.gov">history@mail.house.gov</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:art@mail.house.gov" title="mailto:art@mail.house.gov">art@mail.house.gov</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:archives@mail.house.gov" title="mailto:archives@mail.house.gov">archives@mail.house.gov</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </body> </html>

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Speakers of the House | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives