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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>War of Attrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Attrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yom_Kippur_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Yom Kippur War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yom_Kippur_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Israel-Hamas_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Israel-Hamas_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2023 Israel-Hamas war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Israel-Hamas_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_Israel's_tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanks_of_the_Israeli_8th_Armoured_Brigade_(1948).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tanks_of_the_Israeli_8th_Armoured_Brigade_%281948%29.jpg/300px-Tanks_of_the_Israeli_8th_Armoured_Brigade_%281948%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tanks_of_the_Israeli_8th_Armoured_Brigade_%281948%29.jpg/450px-Tanks_of_the_Israeli_8th_Armoured_Brigade_%281948%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Tanks_of_the_Israeli_8th_Armoured_Brigade_%281948%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Tanks of the Israeli 8th Armoured Brigade, 1948</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_tank" title="Template:History of the tank"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_tank" title="Template talk:History of the tank"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_tank" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the tank"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_tank" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank"><span class="wrap">History of the tank</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_by_period" title="Category:Tanks by period">Era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Interwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_by_country" title="Category:Tanks by country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Australian_Army" title="Tanks in the Australian Army">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_British_Army" title="Tanks in the British Army">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Cuba" title="Tanks of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_China" title="Tanks of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Canada" title="Tanks of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_New_Zealand" title="Tanks of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Tanks of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_German_Army" title="Tanks in the German Army">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Iran" title="Tanks of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Iraq" title="Tanks of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Italian_Army" title="Tanks in the Italian Army">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Japanese_Army" title="Tanks in the Japanese Army">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Polish_Armoured_Forces" title="Tanks of the Polish Armoured Forces">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_North_Korea" title="Tanks of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_South_Korea" title="Tanks of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tanks of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Spanish_Army" title="Tanks in the Spanish Army">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_Sweden" title="Tanks of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_United_States" title="Tanks of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_Ukrainian_Army" title="Tanks of the Ukrainian Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">Super-heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">Flame tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_gun" title="Assault gun">Assault gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-propelled mortar">Self-propelled mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>This article deals with the history and development of <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli Army</a>, from their first use after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Israel)">establishment of the State of Israel</a> after the end of the British Mandate, and into the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and what today is considered the modern era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_21221_The_Palmach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>Palmach <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tank leading a convoy</figcaption></figure> <p>Before Israel gained independence in 1948, neither Israel nor the Arab nations surrounding it had many tanks. The Arabs and the Israelis had to find their weapons through arms dealers or from any country that would supply them. The first armored tanks and vehicles in Israel were, like many other countries, imported or based on others' designs; but eventually developed their own. But in Israel, plans to import them began before the country was even formed, and rudimentary armoured cars and trucks were prepared in secret. The <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> was an elite fighting force of the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, the underground army of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> (Jewish community) and had been established on 15 May 1941. By the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Israeli War for Independence</a> in 1948, it consisted of over 2,000 men and women in three fighting <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a>. </p><p>Following the United Nations General Assembly vote for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">Partition Plan for Palestine</a> on 29 November 1947, the Jewish forces started to build and procure mobile armoured cars and supply trucks and to purchase and bring in tanks and a large number of half-tracks to prepare for the termination of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> and Israeli proclamation of statehood on 14 May 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the Jewish and Arab communities under the British Mandate clashed with only light arms, while the British intervened only on an occasional basis during their withdrawal. </p><p>From January onwards, operations became increasingly militarised. A number of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> regiments infiltrated into Palestine, each active in a variety of distinct sectors around the different coastal towns. They consolidated their presence in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Army of the Holy War</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni</a>, came from Egypt with several hundred men. Having recruited a few thousand volunteers, al-Husayni organised the blockade of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Larry_Collins_1971_p.7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larry_Collins_1971_p.7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counter this, the Yishuv authorities tried to supply the city using convoys of up to 100 armoured vehicles, but the operation became more and more impractical as the number of casualties in the relief convoys surged. By March, al-Husayni's tactic had paid off. Almost all of Haganah's armoured vehicles had been destroyed, the blockade was in full operation, and hundreds of Haganah members who had tried to bring supplies into the city were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation for those who dwelt in the Jewish settlements in the highly isolated <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> and north of Galilee was more critical. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> began to believe that the Palestinian Arabs, reinforced by the Arab Liberation Army, could put an end to partition. The British decided on 7 February 1948 to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ben-Gurion ordered <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Yadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yigal Yadin">Yigal Yadin</a> to plan in preparation for the announced intervention of the Arab states. The result of his analysis was <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a>, which was put in place from the start of April onwards. </p><p>The adoption of Plan Dalet marked the second stage of the war, in which Haganah took the offensive and the stated purpose of which was to take control of the territory of the Jewish state and to defend its borders and people, including the Jewish population outside of the borders, in expectation of an invasion by regular Arab armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris1948_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris1948-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Yehoshafat_Harkabi" title="Yehoshafat Harkabi">Yehoshafat Harkabi</a>, "Plan Dalet" called for the conquest of Arab towns and villages inside and along the borders of the area allocated to the proposed Jewish State—according to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Partition_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Partition Plan">UN Partition Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkabi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkabi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In case of resistance, the population of conquered villages was to be expelled outside the borders of the Jewish state. If no resistance was met, the residents could stay put, under military rule.<sup id="cite_ref-gelber2006p306_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelber2006p306-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEW_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEW-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gelber2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelber2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diplo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmach_Lydda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Palmach_Lydda.jpg/170px-Palmach_Lydda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Palmach_Lydda.jpg/255px-Palmach_Lydda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Palmach_Lydda.jpg/340px-Palmach_Lydda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> Hotchkiss H-39 tanks</figcaption></figure> <p>The first operation, named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nachshon" title="Operation Nachshon">Nachshon</a>, was directed at lifting the blockade on <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1948)">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morris2008p116_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris2008p116-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armored cars and forces tried to clear out the roads and escort supply trucks as they tried to reach Jerusalem. The Arab attacks on communications and roads have intensified. The failure of the convoys and the loss of Jewish armoured vehicles has shaken the Yishuv leaders confidence. </p><p>1,500 men from Haganah's Givati brigade and <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a>'s Harel brigade conducted sorties to free up the route to the city between 5 April and 20 April. The operation was successful, and enough foodstuffs to last 2 months were trucked into Jerusalem for distribution to the Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the operation was assisted by the death of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a> in combat. </p><p>At the same time, the large-scale operation of the Arab Liberation Army was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Battle of Mishmar HaEmek">Mishmar HaEmek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.242-243_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.242-243-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> allies left them through defection.<sup id="cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.242_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.242-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the framework of creating Jewish territorial continuity according to Plan Dalet, the forces of Haganah, Palmach and Irgun moved to consolidate areas with Jewish populations as the British had essentially withdrawn their troops. </p><p>The situation pushed the leaders of the neighboring Arab states to intervene, with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> of Transjordan's monarch, King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah I</a> moving tanks and armoured forces into the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>. </p><p>Preparing for Arab intervention from neighbouring states, Haganah successfully launched Operations <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">Yiftah</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ben_Ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ben Ami">Ben-'Ami</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with limited armored forces they tried to hold what areas they had under their control and sent forces to secure the Jewish settlements of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" title="Operation Kilshon">Operation Kilshon</a> and created an Israeli-controlled front around Jerusalem. With the creation of Israel's army, the three Palmach Brigades were disbanded and its members formed the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> high command for many years. The few tanks and armoured cars of these Brigades were the beginning of what was to become a long history of armoured forces in the Israeli Army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-World_War_I_to_British_Mandate_period">Pre-World War I to British Mandate period</h3></div> <p>The military forces of Israel can trace their roots to Jewish paramilitary organizations in the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a> (1904 to 1914) and the <a href="/wiki/Zion_Mule_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Zion Mule Corps">Zion Mule Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Legion" title="Jewish Legion">Jewish Legion</a> of World War I, both of which were part of the British Army. After the <a href="/wiki/1920_Palestine_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 Palestine riots">1920 Palestine riots</a> against Jews in April 1920, the Yishuv's leadership saw the need to create a nationwide underground defense organization, and the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> was founded and became a full-scale defense force after the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine</a> with an organized structure, consisting of three main units—the <a href="/wiki/Hish_(Haganah_corps)" title="Hish (Haganah corps)">Field Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guard_Corps_(Haganah)" title="Guard Corps (Haganah)">Guard Corps</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a>. In 1942, there was a period of great concern for the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>, when the forces of German General <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> advanced east in North Africa towards the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and there was fear that they would conquer Palestine. This event was the direct cause for the founding, with British support, of the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a highly trained regular unit belonging to <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> (a paramilitary group that was mostly made up of reserve troops). During World War II the successor to the Jewish Legion of World War I was the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish Brigade</a>. Later, veterans of the Jewish Brigade became key participants of the new <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_British_Mandate/Arab–Israeli_War_of_1948"><span id="End_of_British_Mandate.2FArab.E2.80.93Israeli_War_of_1948"></span>End of British Mandate/Arab–Israeli War of 1948</h3></div> <p>The modern military forces, the IDF was founded following the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Israel)">establishment of the State of Israel</a>, after Defense Minister and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> issued an order on 26 May 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-ostfeld-legal_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostfeld-legal-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, Ben-Gurion had decided that the Yishuv would probably have to defend itself against both the Palestinian Arabs and neighbouring Arab states and accordingly began a "massive, covert arms acquisition campaign in the West". By September 1947 the Haganah had "10,489 rifles, 702 light machine-guns, 2,666 submachine guns, 186 medium machine-guns, 672 two-inch mortars and 92 three-inch (76 mm) mortars" and acquired many more during the first few months of hostilities. Initially, the Haganah had no heavy machine guns, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, armored vehicles, anti-tank or anti-aircraft weapons,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor military aircraft or tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-morris_2003_16_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris_2003_16-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, Yishuv agents purchased three <a href="/wiki/B-17" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17">B-17</a> bombers, and dozens of half-tracks, which were repainted and defined as "agricultural equipment". In Western Europe, Haganah agents amassed guns and mortars but most importantly ten <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">H-35</a> light tanks, and a large number of half-tracks. The Israelis also got two <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell tanks</a> from sympathizers at a arms depot in the Haifa port area, which would form the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Armored_Corps_(Israel)" title="Armored Corps (Israel)">Israeli Armored Corps</a>. </p><p>Then on 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">declared the establishment of a Jewish state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Eretz-Israel</a> to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>, a few hours before the termination of the Mandate at midnight and conflict with Arab irregulars as well as forces of the neighboring Arab states, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> (Transjordan) and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Republic_(1946%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Republic (1946–63)">Syria</a>, invaded what had just ceased to be the territory of the British Mandate,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gelber2006p138_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelber2006p138-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and immediately attacked Jewish settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-morris2008p236_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris2008p236-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli tank force included a small number of Sherman and <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell</a> tanks, as well as ten <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H-39" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss H-39">Hotchkiss H-39</a> light tanks. Egypt used Shermans, <a href="/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusaders</a> and Matildas, as well as <a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VI">Light Tank Mark VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/M22_Locust" title="M22 Locust">M22 Locust</a> light tanks. They may have used some <a href="/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentines</a>, as well. The Syrians had <a href="/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">Renault R35s</a> and R39s (an improved R35). The Lebanese used <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FTs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotchkiss-H-39-latrun-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hotchkiss-H-39-latrun-2.jpg/220px-Hotchkiss-H-39-latrun-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hotchkiss-H-39-latrun-2.jpg/330px-Hotchkiss-H-39-latrun-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hotchkiss-H-39-latrun-2.jpg/440px-Hotchkiss-H-39-latrun-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>A Hotchkiss H35 tank. <i>Char léger modèle 1935 H modifié 39</i> in Latrun, West Bank</figcaption></figure> <p>The new army of Israel organized itself quickly during the ensuing <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> as the neighbouring Arab states attacked Israel. Twelve <a href="/wiki/Infantry_Corps_(Israel)" title="Infantry Corps (Israel)">infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armor_Corps_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor Corps (Israel)">armored</a> brigades formed: <a href="/wiki/Golani_Brigade" title="Golani Brigade">Golani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmeli_Brigade" title="Carmeli Brigade">Carmeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandroni_Brigade" title="Alexandroni Brigade">Alexandroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiryati_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiryati Brigade">Kiryati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Givati_Brigade" title="Givati Brigade">Givati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etzioni_Brigade" title="Etzioni Brigade">Etzioni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Brigade_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Armoured Brigade (Israel)">7th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/8th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)" title="8th Armored Brigade (Israel)">8th</a> armored brigades, <a href="/wiki/Oded_Brigade" title="Oded Brigade">Oded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harel_Brigade" title="Harel Brigade">Harel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiftach_Brigade" title="Yiftach Brigade">Yiftach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Negev_Brigade" title="Negev Brigade">Negev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-idf-enc-11-15_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idf-enc-11-15-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the armoured brigades formed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War had <a href="/wiki/Sherman_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman tank">Sherman tanks</a> and mounted infantry and some also contained an artillery element. One of the brigades, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Brigade_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Armoured Brigade (Israel)">7th Armored Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חטיבה שבע</span>, <i>Hativa Sheva</i>) was the main force in the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harel_Sherman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Harel_Sherman.jpg/220px-Harel_Sherman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Harel_Sherman.jpg/330px-Harel_Sherman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Harel_Sherman.jpg/440px-Harel_Sherman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Israel army Sherman Tank during Operation Horev, December 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>Facing them were the forces of Egypt's army, which in 1948 was able to field a maximum of around 40,000 men. Initially, an expeditionary force of 10,000 men was sent to Palestine, consisting of five infantry battalions, one armoured battalion equipped with British <a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VI">Light Tank Mk VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matilda_II_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda II tank">Matilda</a> tanks, one battalion of sixteen <a href="/wiki/QF_25_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 25 pounder">25-pounder guns</a>, a battalion of eight <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 6 pounder">6-pounder guns</a> and one medium-machine-gun battalion with supporting troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2008520_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2008520-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other main force facing Israel was Jordan's <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a>, which was considered the most effective Arab force. Armed, trained, and commanded by British officers, this 8,000–12,000 strong force was organised in four infantry/mechanised regiments supported by some 40 artillery pieces and 75 armoured cars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarsh200226–27_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarsh200226–27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until January 1948, it was reinforced by the 3,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_Frontier_Force" title="Transjordan Frontier Force">Transjordan Frontier Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarsh200227_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarsh200227-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 48 British officers served in the Arab Legion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glubb_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Glubb Pasha">Glubb Pasha</a>, was the commander of the Legion. The Arab Legion joined the war in May 1948, but fought only in the areas that King Abdullah wanted to secure for Jordan: the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. </p><p>On 14 May Syria invaded Israel with the 1st Infantry Brigade supported by a battalion of armoured cars, a company of French <a href="/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">R35</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">R39</a> tanks, an artillery battalion and other units. However within a week it had been halted in a series of <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Kinarot_Valley" title="Battles of the Kinarot Valley">battles around Degania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pollack2002p448-457_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollack2002p448-457-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heaviest fighting occurred in <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for Jerusalem (1948)">Jerusalem</a> and on the Jerusalem – Tel Aviv road, between Jordan's <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> and Israeli forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarsh200261–62_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarsh200261–62-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1948 war, the Israel Defense Forces shifted to <a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">low intensity conflict</a> against <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">Arab Palestinian guerrillas</a>. In late 1954, Nasser began a policy of sponsoring <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_Israeli_civilians_before_1967" title="List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967">raids</a> into Israel by the <i><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">fedayeen</a></i>, triggering a series of Israeli <a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">reprisal operations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatikiotis,_P.J._pp._252_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatikiotis,_P.J._pp._252-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time following the outbreak of the Algerian War in late 1954, France began to ship more and more arms to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1954, <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> visited Paris, where he was received by the French Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Marie-Pierre_K%C5%93nig" title="Marie-Pierre Kœnig">Marie-Pierre Kœnig</a>, who told him that France would sell Israel any weapons it wanted to buy.<sup id="cite_ref-Neff,_Donald_pp._162_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neff,_Donald_pp._162-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1955, France was shipping large amounts of weapons to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Neff,_Donald_pp._162_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neff,_Donald_pp._162-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Nasser's moved towards the nationalization of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and sent Egyptian forces to seize control of the canal and implement its nationalization.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt also closed the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran" title="Straits of Tiran">Straits of Tiran</a> to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>, in contravention of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople" title="Convention of Constantinople">Constantinople Convention of 1888</a>. As tensions mounted, Israel also made an application to the US in 1955 to purchase 60 M47 tanks. After the US refused, Israel applied again in 1958, this time to purchase 100 M47 tanks, but the answer was the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956_Suez_Crisis">1956 Suez Crisis</h3></div> <p>At the period right before the 1956 Suez war, the Israelis were also deeply troubled by Egypt’s procurement of large amounts of Soviet weaponry that included 530 armored vehicles, of which 230 were tanks and the influx of this advanced weaponry altered an already shaky balance of power.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Israel believed Egypt had formed a secret alliance with Jordan and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanks_Destroyed_Sinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tanks_Destroyed_Sinai.jpg/220px-Tanks_Destroyed_Sinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tanks_Destroyed_Sinai.jpg/330px-Tanks_Destroyed_Sinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tanks_Destroyed_Sinai.jpg/440px-Tanks_Destroyed_Sinai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Damaged Israeli Sherman tank and vehicles, Sinai War, 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>So with British and French support, Israel reacted and sent its armoured forces into the Sinai and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> in the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, the IDF's first test of strength after 1949, the new army proved itself by capturing the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> from Egypt. The main IDF tank at the time was the AMX-13 along with some US made World War II armor and faced the Egyptian military well equipped with weapons from the Soviet Union such as <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> and <a href="/wiki/IS-3_heavy_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-3 heavy tank">JS-3</a> tanks, and self-propelled guns. In the Gaza strip city of <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a> was strategically important to Israel because control of that city would sever the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> from the Sinai and provide a way to the main centres of the northern Sinai, al-Arish and al-Qantarah.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._40_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holding the forts outside of Rafah were a mixture of Egyptian and Palestinian forces in the 5th Infantry Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Jaafar al-Abd.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._40_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rafah itself the 87th Palestinian Infantry Brigade was stationed.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._40_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assigned to capture Rafah were 1st Infantry Brigade led by Colonel Benjamin Givli and 27th Armored Brigade commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Haim_Bar-Lev" title="Haim Bar-Lev">Haim Bar-Lev</a> of the IDF.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._40_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south of Rafah were a series of mine-filled sand dunes and to the north were a series of fortified hills.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._40_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dayan ordered the IDF forces to seize Crossroads 12 in the central Rafah area, and to focus on breaking through rather than reducing every Egyptian strongpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._40_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IDF assault began with Israeli sappers and engineers clearing a path at night through the minefields that surrounded Rafah.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._40_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French warships led by the cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Georges_Leygues" title="French cruiser Georges Leygues">Georges Leygues</a></i> provided fire support, through Dayan had a low opinion of the French gunnery, complaining that the French only struck the Egyptian reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._41_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._41-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the two paths cleared through the southern minefields, IDF tanks entered the Rafah salient.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._41_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._41-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Egyptian artillery fire, the IDF force raced ahead and took Crossroads 12 with the loss of 2 killed and 22 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._41_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._41-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north, the Israeli troops fought a confused series of night actions, but were successful in storming Hills 25, 25A, 27 and 29 with the loss of six killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._41_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._41-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the morning of 1 November, Israeli AMX-13s encircled and took Hills 34 and 36.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point, General al-Abd ordered his forces to abandon their posts outside of Rafah and retreat into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._43_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._43-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Rafah more or less cut off and Israeli forces controlling the northern and eastern roads leading into the city, Dayan ordered the AMX-13s of the 27th Armored Brigade to strike west and take al-Arish.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._43_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._43-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this point, Nasser had ordered his forces to fall back towards the Suez Canal, so at first the Bar-Lev and his men met little resistance as they advanced across the northern Sinai.<sup id="cite_ref-Varble,_Derek,_p._43_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varble,_Derek,_p._43-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 October, Operation Kadesh – the invasion of the Sinai, began when an Israeli paratrooper battalion was air-dropped into the Sinai Peninsula, east of the Suez Canal near the Mitla Pass. At the same time, Colonel Sharon's 202nd Paratroop Brigade raced out towards the Mitla Pass. Dayan’s efforts to maintain strategic surprise bore fruit when the Egyptian commander Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer at first treated the reports of an Israeli inclusion into the Sinai as a large raid instead of an invasion, and as such Amer did not order a general alert. By the time that Amer realized his mistake, the Israelis had made significant advances into the Sinai. Dayan had no more plans for further advances beyond the passes, but Sharon decided to attack the Egyptian positions at Jebel Heitan. Sharon sent his lightly armed paratroopers against dug-in Egyptians supported by aircraft, tanks and heavy artillery. Sharon's actions were in response to reports of the arrival of the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Egypt)" title="4th Armoured Division (Egypt)">4th Egyptian Armored Division</a> in the area, which Sharon believed would annihilate his forces if he did not seize the high ground. Sharon sent two infantry companies, a mortar battery and some AMX-13 tanks under the command of Mordechai Gur into the Heitan Defile on the afternoon of 31 October 1956. The Egyptian forces occupied strong defensive positions and brought down heavy anti-tank, mortar and machine gun fire on the IDF force. Gur's men were forced to retreat into the "Saucer", where they were surrounded and came under heavy fire. Sharon sent in another task force while Gur's men used the cover of night to scale the walls of the Heitan Defile. During the ensuing action, the Egyptians were defeated and forced to retreat. </p><p>On 30 October, a probing attack by Israeli armour under Major Izhak Ben-Ari turned into an assault on the Umm Qataf ridge that ended in failure. To the south, another unit of the Israeli 7th Armored Brigade discovered the al-Dayyiqa gap in the Jebel Halal ridge of the "Hedgehog". The Israeli forces stormed and took the al-Dayyiqa gap. An IDF force entered the al-Dayyiqa and at dawn on 31 October attacked Abu Uwayulah and after an hour's fighting, Abu Uwayulah fell to the IDF. </p><p>On the morning of 1 November, Israeli and French aircraft launched attacks on the Egyptian troops at Umm Qataf and the 37th Armored Brigade came in and joined the 10th Brigade to assault Umm Qataf, and the Egyptian commander ordered a general retreat from the "Hedgehog" on the evening of 1 November. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967_Six-Day_War">1967 Six-Day War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Centurion_Tanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Centurion_Tanks.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Centurion_Tanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Centurion_Tanks.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Centurion_Tanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Centurion_Tanks.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Centurion_Tanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Israeli <a href="/wiki/Centurion_(tank)" title="Centurion (tank)">Centurions</a> shortly before the Six-Day War</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, with the exception of Jordan, the Arabs relied principally on Soviet tanks and weaponry. Egypt, Syria and Iraq used <a href="/wiki/T-34/85" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34/85">T-34/85</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-54" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54">T-54</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a>, <a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SU-100" title="SU-100">SU-100</a>/<a href="/wiki/ISU-152" title="ISU-152">152</a> World War II-vintage self-propelled guns. Jordan's army was equipped with American weaponry, and used <a href="/wiki/M-47_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M-47 Patton">M-47</a>, <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M-48</a>, and M-48A1 Patton tanks. Israeli weapons were mainly of Western origin and its armoured units were mostly of British and American design and manufacture. In the early 1960s, Israel signed a deal with West Germany to purchase 150 M48A2 Patton tanks. However, due to strong Arab nation opposition, only 40 were received. Then the US decided to supply the remaining 110 M48A2 Patton tanks and to add another 100 M48 tanks. So, in 1965, Israel received 90 M48 tanks from the US and another 120 M48 tanks in 1966. At this time, Israel had 250 M48 Patton tanks, 150 of them M48A1 and 100 of them M48A2, all of these armed with a 90mm main gun. Israel upgraded those tanks to M48A3's by replacing their engines and transmissions with newer models. These tanks were also fitted with a new 105mm L7 gun (same as on the Centurion MBT) and with the Israeli Urdan cupola. 293 Centurion tanks were operational at the beginning of the war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M51-Isherman-latrun-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M51-Isherman-latrun-1.jpg/220px-M51-Isherman-latrun-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M51-Isherman-latrun-1.jpg/330px-M51-Isherman-latrun-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M51-Isherman-latrun-1.jpg/440px-M51-Isherman-latrun-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Sherman M-51</figcaption></figure> <p>So, by the time of the Six-Day War, Israel had in use the <a href="/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">M50</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">M51</a> Shermans, <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48A3 Patton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centurion_(tank)" title="Centurion (tank)">Centurion</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a>. The Sherman M-50 and the Sherman M-51, were known abroad as the <a href="/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">Super Sherman</a>, and were modified versions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>. The Sherman also underwent extensive modifications, including a larger 105mm medium velocity French gun, a redesigned turret, wider tracks, more armour, and an upgraded engine and suspension. The Centurion was upgraded with the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_L7" title="Royal Ordnance L7">105 mm L7 gun</a> before the war. During the Six-day War, only 120 of Israel's 250 M48 tanks were combat ready; they were mainly engaged on the Sinai front against the Egyptian army. M48s were also used with mixed results during the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> front, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> M48s up-gunned with 105 mm L7 rifled guns were used with success against <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/IS-3_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-3 (tank)">IS-3s</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-54" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54">T-54s</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SU-100" title="SU-100">SU-100s</a> supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu-Ageila_(1967)" title="Battle of Abu-Ageila (1967)">second battle of Abu-Ageila</a>. However, on the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> front, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> M48s were often defeated by Israeli 105mm Centurions and WWII-era M4 Shermans (<a href="/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">M-51s</a> up-gunned with 105 mm guns). In pure technical terms, the Patton was superior to the Sherman, with shots at more than 1,000 meters simply glancing off the M48s' armor. However, the 105 mm gun of the Israeli Shermans fired a <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> (HEAT) round designed to defeat the <a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a> tank, which was the Soviet response to the M48's successor in US service, the <a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60</a>. The Jordanian Pattons' failure on the West Bank could also be attributed to Israeli <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a>. The Israeli Army captured about 100 Jordanian M48 and M48A1 tanks and pressed them into service in their own units after the war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M50-Supersherman-latrun-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M50-Supersherman-latrun-1.jpg/220px-M50-Supersherman-latrun-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M50-Supersherman-latrun-1.jpg/330px-M50-Supersherman-latrun-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M50-Supersherman-latrun-1.jpg/440px-M50-Supersherman-latrun-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Israeli M50 <a href="/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">Super Sherman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Egyptian forces consisted of seven <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>: four <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)#Armored_division" title="Division (military)">armoured</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)#Armored_division" title="Division (military)">infantry</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanized infantry</a>. Overall, Egypt had around 100,000 troops and 900–950 <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> in the Sinai, backed by 1,100 <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carrier">APCs</a> and 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement was thought to be based on the Soviet doctrine, where mobile armour units at <a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">strategic depth</a> provide a dynamic defense while infantry units engage in defensive battles. </p><p>Israeli forces concentrated on the border with Egypt included six armoured <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a>, one infantry brigade, one mechanized infantry brigade, three <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratrooper</a> brigades, giving a total of around 70,000 men and 700 tanks, who were organized in three armoured divisions. </p><p>The Israelis broke through with tank-led assaults against the Egyptian army in Sinai. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu-Ageila_(1967)" title="Battle of Abu-Ageila (1967)">Battle of Abu-Ageila</a>, the Israeli 38th Armored Division under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> assaulted <a href="/wiki/Um-Katef" class="mw-redirect" title="Um-Katef">Um-Katef</a> a heavily fortified area defended by the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division where the Egyptians also had a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a> and a tank regiment, formed of Soviet World War II armour, which included 90 <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a>-85 tanks, 22 <a href="/wiki/SU-100" title="SU-100">SU-100</a> tank destroyers, and about 16,000 men. The Israelis had about 14,000 men and 150 post-World War II tanks including the <a href="/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centurion_(tank)" title="Centurion (tank)">Centurions</a>, and M50 <a href="/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">Super Shermans</a> (modified <a href="/wiki/M-4_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="M-4 Sherman">M-4 Sherman</a> tanks). Israeli tanks managed to penetrate the northern flank of Abu Ageila, and by dusk, all units were in position. The Israelis then brought up 90 105mm and 155mm artillery guns for a preparatory barrage, and Israeli tanks assaulted the northernmost Egyptian defenses and were largely successful, though an entire armoured brigade was stalled by mines, and had only one mine-clearance tank. The battle ended in an Israeli victory, with 40 Egyptian and 19 Israeli tanks destroyed. </p><p>In the center of Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordanian Armed Forces</a>, which included 11 brigades totalling some 55,000 troops and equipped with some 300 modern Western tanks, were brought to bear. Nine of these brigades (45,000 troops, 270 tanks, 200 artillery pieces) were deployed in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, including the elite 40th armoured; the other two were in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian Army">Jordanian Army</a>, then known as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a>, moved against the Israeli forces. Against Jordan's forces on the West Bank, Israel deployed about 40,000 troops and 200 tanks (8 brigades).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli Central Command forces consisted of five brigades. The first two were permanently stationed near <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and were called the <a href="/wiki/16th_Infantry_Brigade_(Israel)" title="16th Infantry Brigade (Israel)">Jerusalem Brigade</a> and the mechanized <a href="/wiki/Harel_Brigade" title="Harel Brigade">Harel Brigade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Gur" title="Mordechai Gur">Mordechai Gur</a>'s 55th <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratrooper</a> brigade was summoned from the Sinai front. The 10th Armored Brigade was stationed north of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>. The Israeli Northern Command provided a division (3 brigades) led by Major-General <a href="/wiki/Elad_Peled" title="Elad Peled">Elad Peled</a>, which was stationed to the north of the West Bank, in the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>. The Israelis launched an offensive to push back the Jordanian forces and encircle Jerusalem, supported by intense tank, artillery and mortar fire to soften up Jordanian positions and captured their objectives after heavy fighting. The Jordanian <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Pattons</a>, with their external fuel tanks, proved vulnerable at short distances, even to the Israeli-modified Shermans. During the war, Israel captured about 100 of Jordan's 170 M48/M48A1 tanks. Israel decided not to take the M47 tanks left by the Jordanian army, as they were already obsolete at that time. </p><p>In the north on the Golan Heights, the Israeli forces faced the Syrian army which consisted of about 75,000 men grouped in nine brigades, supported by an adequate amount of artillery and armour. Israeli forces used in combat consisted of two brigades (the <a href="/wiki/8th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)" title="8th Armored Brigade (Israel)">8th Armored Brigade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golani_Brigade" title="Golani Brigade">Golani Brigade</a>) in the northern part of the front at <a href="/wiki/Givat_HaEm" title="Givat HaEm">Givat HaEm</a>, and another two in the center. The <a href="/wiki/8th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)" title="8th Armored Brigade (Israel)">8th Armored Brigade</a>, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Albert_Mandler" title="Albert Mandler">Albert Mandler</a>, advanced into the Golan Heights from <a href="/wiki/Givat_HaEm" title="Givat HaEm">Givat HaEm</a>. Its advance was spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Corps_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering Corps (Israel)">Engineering Corps</a> sappers and eight bulldozers, which cleared away barbed wire and mines. As they advanced, the force came under fire, and five bulldozers were immediately hit. The Israeli tanks, with their maneuverability sharply reduced by the terrain, advanced slowly under fire toward the fortified village of Sir al-Dib, with their ultimate objective being the fortress at Qala. Israeli casualties steadily mounted. Part of the attacking force lost its way and emerged opposite of Za'ura, a redoubt defended by Syrian reservists. With the situation critical, Colonel Mandler ordered simultaneous assaults on Za'ura and Qala. Heavy and confused fighting followed, with Israeli and Syrian tanks struggling around obstacles and firing at extremely short ranges. The first three Israeli tanks to enter Qala were stopped by a Syrian bazooka team, and a relief column of seven Syrian tanks arrived to repel the attackers. The Israelis took heavy fire from the houses, but could not turn back, as other forces were advancing behind them, and they were on a narrow path with mines on either side. The Israelis continued pressing forward, and called for air support. A pair of Israeli jets destroyed two of the Syrian tanks, and the remainder withdrew. The surviving defenders of Qala retreated after their commander was killed. Meanwhile, Za'ura fell in an Israeli assault, and the Israelis also captured the 'Ein Fit fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel conquered the Sinai Peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> (including <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> from the surrounding Arab states, changing the balance of power in the region as well as the role of the IDF. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_Attrition">War of Attrition</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karama_aftermath_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Karama_aftermath_1.jpg/220px-Karama_aftermath_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Karama_aftermath_1.jpg/330px-Karama_aftermath_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Karama_aftermath_1.jpg/440px-Karama_aftermath_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Hussein</a> after checking an abandoned Israeli tank after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Israeli raid at Karameh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> was fighting from 1967 to 1970 between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> and their allies following the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> with support from the armored forces such as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Israeli raid at Karameh</a>, but no major tank battles. Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> pushed for a military initiative to compel Israel or the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> to facilitate a full Israeli withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually it was limited artillery duels and small-scale incursions into Sinai, but by 1969 the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a> started larger-scale operations. On March 8, 1969, Nasser proclaimed the official launch of the War of Attrition, characterized by large-scale shelling along the Suez Canal, extensive aerial warfare and <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> raids.<sup id="cite_ref-dunstan_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunstan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mirages_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirages-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostilities continued until August 1970 shortly before Nasser's death and ended with a ceasefire, the frontiers remaining the same as when the war began, with no real commitment to serious peace negotiations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yom_Kippur_War">Yom Kippur War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></div> <p>Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> had signaled soon after he Nasser's death that, in return for a total withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula, he was ready to recognize Israel as an independent state but this did not lead to any agreement with Israel, so Sadat felt he had only the military option. The Yom Kippur war was a conflict between the Arab world and Israel that lasted from October 6, 1973 to October 25, 1973. The Yom Kippur War began when a coalition of Arab states led by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> attacked Israel on <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> which happens to be the Jewish day of atonement and the holiest day for people of the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaic faith</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg/220px-M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg/330px-M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg/440px-M48_tank_wrecks_at_Suez_Canal_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed Israeli <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Patton</a> tanks on the banks of the Suez Canal</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arab coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israeli positions in the Israeli-occupied territories on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism, which occurred that year during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights </p><p>Anticipating a swift Israeli <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armored counterattack</a> by three armored divisions,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Egyptians had armed their assault force with large numbers of man-portable <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-tank</a> weapons—<a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a> and the less numerous but more advanced <a href="/wiki/9M14_Malyutka" title="9M14 Malyutka">Sagger</a> guided missiles, which proved devastating to the first Israeli armored counterattacks. Each of the five infantry divisions that was to cross the canal had been equipped with <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a> rockets and <a href="/wiki/RPG-43" title="RPG-43">RPG-43</a> grenades, and reinforced with an <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missile</a> battalion. </p><p>The Israelis who have begun to receive quantities of the US <a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60 Patton</a> tanks and use in their armoured forces, counterattacked the Egyptians with the <a href="/wiki/162nd_Division_(IDF)" class="mw-redirect" title="162nd Division (IDF)">162nd Armored Division</a> composed of three brigades totaling 183 tanks and the Israeli 143rd Armoured Division, which was led by General <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a>, who had been reinstated as a division commander at the outset of the war and Egyptian armored attacks were repulsed with heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the Israeli forces detected a gap between the Egyptian Second and Third armies and as these armies attacked eastward in six simultaneous thrusts over a broad front, they left behind five infantry divisions to hold the bridgeheads over the Suez canal crossings. The attacking Egyptian forces consisted of 800<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-1,000 tanks<sup id="cite_ref-abc-clio1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-clio1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with artillery support. They were up against 700<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-750<sup id="cite_ref-abc-clio1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-clio1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli tanks. The Egyptian armored thrust suffered heavy losses as Egyptian units launched head-on-attacks against the waiting Israeli defenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabinovich335_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabinovich335-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Israelis repulsed the armoured thrust and followed up with counterattack through the gap between the Egyptian 2nd and 3rd Armies and established bridgeheads on the east and west banks of the canal. The Israeli Armored Divisions then crossed through the breach to the west bank of the canal and swung southward, encircling the 3rd Army.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli forces on the west bank launched an offensive with an armoured thrust toward Ismailia and toward Suez City while other Israeli forces pushed west toward Cairo and south toward Adabiya. By the end of the war, the Israelis had advanced to positions some 101 kilometres from Egypt's capital, Cairo, and occupied 1,600 square kilometres west of the Suez Canal. They had also cut the Cairo-Suez road and encircled the bulk of Egypt's Third Army. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_m60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Destroyed_m60.jpg/220px-Destroyed_m60.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Destroyed_m60.jpg/330px-Destroyed_m60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Destroyed_m60.jpg/440px-Destroyed_m60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>An Israeli <a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60 Patton</a> tank destroyed in the Sinai</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the greatest tank battles in history, the Battle of Golan Heights, took place during the Yom Kippur War. In the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, the Syrians attacked two Israeli brigades and eleven artillery batteries with five <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> (the <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Infantry Division (Syria)">7th</a>, 9th and <a href="/wiki/5th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Armoured Division (Syria)">5th</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="1st Armoured Division (Syria)">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="3rd Armoured Division (Syria)">3rd</a> in reserve) and 188 batteries. They began their attack with an airstrike by about 100 aircraft and a 50-minute artillery barrage. The forward brigades of three divisions then penetrated the cease-fire lines and bypassed United Nations observer posts, followed by the main assault force, which was covered by mobile anti-aircraft batteries, bulldozers to penetrate anti-tank ditches, bridge-layers to overcome obstacles, and mine-clearance vehicles. </p><p>The engineering vehicles were priority targets for Israeli gunners and took heavy losses, but Syrian infantrymen, braving intense fire, advanced forward and used their entrenching tools to build up earthen causeways for the tanks, enabling them to overcome anti-tank ditches.<sup id="cite_ref-historynet_golan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynet_golan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the onset of the battle, the Israeli brigades of some 3,000 troops, 180 tanks and 60 artillery pieces faced off against three infantry divisions with large armour components comprising 28,000 Syrian troops, 800 tanks and 600 artillery pieces. In addition, the Syrians deployed two armoured divisions from the second day onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan1973_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan1973-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knapp_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oup_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oup-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Ballance_Ch_7_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Ballance_Ch_7-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Tanks_Cross_the_Suez_Canal_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Israeli_Tanks_Cross_the_Suez_Canal_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg/220px-Israeli_Tanks_Cross_the_Suez_Canal_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Israeli_Tanks_Cross_the_Suez_Canal_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg/330px-Israeli_Tanks_Cross_the_Suez_Canal_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Israeli_Tanks_Cross_the_Suez_Canal_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg/440px-Israeli_Tanks_Cross_the_Suez_Canal_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Israeli tanks crossing the Suez Canal</figcaption></figure> <p>Every Israeli tank deployed on the Golan Heights was engaged during the initial attacks. Reservists were directed to the Golan as quickly as possible. They were assigned to tanks and sent to the front as soon as they arrived at army depots, without waiting for the crews they trained with to arrive, machine guns to be installed on the tanks, or taking the time to calibrate the tank guns (a time-consuming process known as <a href="/wiki/Boresight_(firearm)" title="Boresight (firearm)">bore-sighting</a>). The Syrians had expected it to take at least 24 hours for Israeli reserves to reach the front lines; in fact, reserve units began reaching the battle lines only 15 hours after the war began. Israeli reserve forces approaching the Golan Heights were subjected to Syrian artillery fire directed from Mount Hermon. </p><p>Syrian forces suffered heavy losses as Israeli tanks and infantry fought desperately to buy time for reserve forces to reach the front lines, and conducted stopgap blocking actions whenever the Syrians were on the verge of breaking through. However, the Syrians pressed the attack in spite of their losses, and the vastly outnumbered defenders lost a number of tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-historynet_golan_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynet_golan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whenever Syrian tanks penetrated the Israeli lines, Israeli gunners would immediately rotate their turrets and destroy them before turning their attention back to the oncoming forces. </p><p>At night, the Syrians made deadly use of infrared technology, while the Israelis responded by using illumination rounds and xenon light projectors on their tanks. The tide in the Golan began to turn as the arriving Israeli reserve forces were able to contain the Syrian advance. Beginning on October 8, the Israelis began pushing the Syrians back towards the pre-war ceasefire lines, inflicting heavy tank losses. By October 10, the last Syrian unit in the central sector had been pushed back across the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Line_(ceasefire_line)" title="Purple Line (ceasefire line)">Purple Line</a> (the pre-war ceasefire line). After four days of intense and incessant combat, the Israelis had succeeded in ejecting the Syrians from the entire Golan.<sup id="cite_ref-historynet_golan_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historynet_golan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UN brought about a ceasefire, largely negotiated between the U.S. and Soviet Union, on October 22, but though most heavy fighting ended on October 28, the fighting never stopped until January 18, 1974. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_Hadani_collection_(990044601350205171).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044601350205171%29.jpg/220px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044601350205171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044601350205171%29.jpg/330px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044601350205171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044601350205171%29.jpg/440px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044601350205171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>Magach 3 in Sinai, 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>The IDF had also a number of Magach (מגח; Ma-GAKH) <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> service which were based on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48</a> and <a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60 Patton</a> tanks. The Magach 1, 2, 3, and 5 were based upon M48 tanks; the later Magach 6 and 7 were based upon M60 tanks. These tanks had modifications included replacement of the original 90 mm gun with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> 105 mm <a href="/wiki/L7_(tank_gun)" class="mw-redirect" title="L7 (tank gun)">L7</a>, lowering the command turret's profile, upgraded communication suite, and replacement of the flammable and weak <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> engine with a 750 hp <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a> one. When the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> broke out, Israel had a total of 540 of the modified M48A3 (with 105mm gun) and M60A1 tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-test_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But during the war, the tanks suffered heavy losses. The location of flammable hydraulic fluid at the front of the turret was discovered to be a severe vulnerability. A large number of these Israeli tanks were destroyed or terminally hit during the war, mostly in the Sinai front against entrenched Egyptian infantry armed with <a href="/wiki/9M14_Malyutka" title="9M14 Malyutka">AT-3 Sagger</a> anti tank missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-test_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the losses were replaced with new M48A5 (Magach 5) and M60 (Magach 6) which were fitted with better armor in response to the anti tank missile losses. </p><p>The surprise of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, and its aftermath completely changed the IDF's procedures and approach to warfare. Organizational changes were made<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2010)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> and more time was dedicated to training for conventional warfare. The armoured forces also were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Litani" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Litani">Operation Litani</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, where the IDF ousted Palestinian guerilla organizations from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Israel-Hamas_war">2023 Israel-Hamas war</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/October_7_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="October 7 Hamas attack on Israel">October 7 Hamas attack on Israel</a> in 2023, an all-woman crew was the first ever female tank crew in the West to <a href="/wiki/All-woman_Israeli_tank_crew_fight_(2023)" class="mw-redirect" title="All-woman Israeli tank crew fight (2023)">engage in active combat</a>, lasting for 17 hours and eliminating more than 50 Hamas militants.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli tanks have deliberately run over dozens of Palestinian civilians during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-crush_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crush-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_Israel's_tanks"><span id="Development_of_Israel.27s_tanks"></span>Development of Israel's tanks</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_equipment_of_Israel#Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment of Israel">Military equipment of Israel § Vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shot_Kal-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shot_Kal-.jpg/220px-Shot_Kal-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shot_Kal-.jpg/330px-Shot_Kal-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shot_Kal-.jpg/440px-Shot_Kal-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>An Israeli <a href="/wiki/Sho%27t#Versions" title="Sho't">Sho't Kal</a>, an upgraded <a href="/wiki/Centurion_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion tank">Centurion tank</a>. It was considered in many respects superior to the Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-54" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54">T-54</a>/55.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1965, Israel's military establishment began research and development on a domestically produced tank, the "Sabra"<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. first-person account seemingly self-published and not edited by a credible news organization (August 2017)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> (not to be confused with the later model of the same name which is now in service, see: <a href="/wiki/Sabra_(tank)" title="Sabra (tank)">Sabra tank</a>). Initially, Britain and Israel collaborated to adapt the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Chieftain_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain tank">Chieftain tank</a> that had entered <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> service in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1969, Britain decided not to sell the tank to Israel for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-waronline1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waronline1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Israel_Tal" title="Israel Tal">Israel Tal</a>, who was serving as a <a href="/wiki/Brigade_commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigade commander">brigade commander</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, restarted plans to produce an Israeli-made tank, drawing on lessons from the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, in which Israeli forces were outnumbered by those of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>'s Arab nations.<sup id="cite_ref-waronline1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waronline1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1974 initial designs were completed and prototypes were built. After a brief set of trials, work began to retool the <a href="/wiki/Tel_HaShomer" title="Tel HaShomer">Tel HaShomer</a> ordnance depot for full-time development and construction. After the new facilities were completed, the Merkava was announced to the public in the <i>International Defense Review</i> periodical. The first official images of the tank were then released to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">American</a> periodical <i><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Journal" title="Armed Forces Journal">Armed Forces Journal</a></i> on May 14, 1977. The IDF officially adopted the tank in December 1978. The first Merkava Mk. 1 tanks were supplied to the IDF in April 1979, nearly nine years after the decision to produce the Merkava Mk. 1 tank was taken. The Merkava series of main battle tank represents<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the backbone of Israeli armor elements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to its own designs, Israel had upgraded the many tanks it had and even renamed them. Israel's formerly British Centurions, bought in the late 1960s, were renamed "<a href="/wiki/Sho%27t" title="Sho't">Sho't</a>" ("scourge" or "whip") by the Israelis and heavily upgraded following their purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Six-day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-day War">Six-day War</a> broke out in 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) had 293 Centurion tanks that were ready for combat<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of a total of 385 tanks. During the war, Israel captured 30 of Jordan's 44 Centurion tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Original Centurions had <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_20_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 20 pounder">20 pounder main guns</a>, but these were quickly up-gunned to the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_L7" title="Royal Ordnance L7">105 mm L7</a>. The vehicles went through a number of modifications, both major and minor, culminating in the Sho't with <a href="/wiki/Reactive_armour" title="Reactive armour">blazer package</a> seen in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 invasion of Lebanon</a> and retired with honour during the 1990s. The biggest modifications were the upgrades of the engine, sights and blazer packages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The engine has been changed to a more efficient diesel engine, fire control has been modernized, armour has been thickened, and an improved ammunition layout allows more rounds to be carried. An improved fire extinguishing system, better electrical system and brakes, and an increased fuel capacity, complete the modifications. The Sh'ot can be distinguished from the Centurion by its raised rear deck, to accommodate the bigger engine. They either have the original 7.62 mm calibre MG on the commander's cupola or have it replaced by a <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning" title="M2 Browning">12.7 mm calibre HMG</a> and American radios.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2021)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many different variants were bought by Israel over the years from many different countries. Many components of these would find their way into the <a href="/wiki/Merkava_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkava tank">Merkava</a>. Subvariants indicate upgrades received by Sho't Kal tanks during their operational life, including a new turret rotating mechanism, a new gun stabilizer, a new <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire-control system</a> and preparations for the installation of the Blazer <a href="/wiki/Reactive_armour" title="Reactive armour">Reactive armour</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centurion_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Centurion_1.jpg/220px-Centurion_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Centurion_1.jpg/330px-Centurion_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Centurion_1.jpg/440px-Centurion_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>Israeli Sho't Kal Alef</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the Sho't tank was not commonly perceived as a principal battle tank during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (1967), nor the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Kippur war">Yom Kippur war</a> (1973); it was in fact considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Army">Israeli Army</a>'s most-effective tank. This Israeli version of the Centurion earned its legendary status during the Battle of "<a href="/wiki/The_Valley_of_Tears" class="mw-redirect" title="The Valley of Tears">The Valley of Tears</a>" on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> in the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Less than 100 Centurion tanks of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)" title="7th Armored Brigade (Israel)">7th Armoured Brigade</a> defeated the advance of some 500 Syrian <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55s</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62s</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Fighting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian army">Syrian army</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> during the Yom Kippur War, two damaged Centurion/Sho’t tanks engaged approximately 150 Syrian <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a> tanks. In the course of the following 30-hour tank battle, the two tanks knocked out over 60 tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of this entire armored division forced the Syrian army to halt their advance. </p><p>The Sho't became emblematic of Israeli armour prowess.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> However, as all tanks in the opening days of the 1973 Yom Kippur war, it proved exceedingly vulnerable to Soviet-made weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/RPG-2" title="RPG-2">RPG-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a>, and briefcase <a href="/wiki/9M14_Malyutka" title="9M14 Malyutka">Sagger</a> guided missile, weapons that the Egyptians used in large numbers in the crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Lev_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Lev line">Bar Lev line</a>. It is estimated that the Israeli armed forces lost up to 40% of their southern armored groups during the first two days of the war,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> highlighting the need for infantry support to armoured groups, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> main battle tanks being equipped with rear troop bays.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_military_imports_of_tank_equipment_or_tanks">Foreign military imports of tank equipment or tanks</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMX-13_at_Latrun2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AMX-13_at_Latrun2.JPG/220px-AMX-13_at_Latrun2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AMX-13_at_Latrun2.JPG/330px-AMX-13_at_Latrun2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AMX-13_at_Latrun2.JPG/440px-AMX-13_at_Latrun2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3928" data-file-height="2495" /></a><figcaption>Decommissioned IDF AMX-13 tank</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting on the Independence day on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708), a strong military, commercial and political relationship were established between France and Israel until 1969. In 1953, an Israeli delegation visited <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to examine the new <a href="/wiki/AMX_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AMX 13">AMX 13</a> light tank. The tank was armed with the high-velocity 75 mm gun <i>CN 75-50</i>, a development of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/KwK_42" class="mw-redirect" title="KwK 42">7.5 cm KwK 42 L/70</a> (used in the <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tank</a>). While the gun was satisfactory, the armor of the French tank was considered too light. Eventually, Israel did purchase the AMX 13; however in a parallel development, it was decided to graft the powerful French gun onto the available, familiar and better-armored hull of the American <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a>, as the standard tank of the IDF armored units in the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest level of the military collaboration was reached between 1956 and 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time France provided almost all the tanks along with aircraft and military ships. In 1969 the French president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> limited the export of weapons to Israel. This was the end of the "golden age" 20 years of relations between Israel and France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <p>The Israeli <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava MK IV</a> tank uses a German <a href="/wiki/V12_engine" title="V12 engine">V12 engine</a> produced under license.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Tank_Battles_Egyptian_Forces_in_the_Sinai_Desert_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Israeli_Tank_Battles_Egyptian_Forces_in_the_Sinai_Desert_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg/220px-Israeli_Tank_Battles_Egyptian_Forces_in_the_Sinai_Desert_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Israeli_Tank_Battles_Egyptian_Forces_in_the_Sinai_Desert_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg/330px-Israeli_Tank_Battles_Egyptian_Forces_in_the_Sinai_Desert_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Israeli_Tank_Battles_Egyptian_Forces_in_the_Sinai_Desert_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg/440px-Israeli_Tank_Battles_Egyptian_Forces_in_the_Sinai_Desert_-_Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An Israeli <a href="/wiki/Centurion_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion tank">Centurion tank</a> operating in the Sinai</figcaption></figure> <p>After the British withdrew, they left behind some equipment, including <a href="/wiki/Bren_Gun_Carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Bren Gun Carrier">Bren Gun Carriers</a> ( a common name describing a family of light-armoured <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar track">tracked</a> vehicles built by <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers-Armstrong">Vickers-Armstrong</a>), that was utilized by the Israelis. Bren Gun Carriers were usually used for transporting personnel and equipment, mostly support weapons, or as <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> platforms and is the most-produced armoured fighting vehicle in history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British-made Centurion Main Battle Tank was a commercial, as well as a military, success. The Centurion was perhaps the first tank to face itself in a shooting war. Egypt, Iraq, and Israel bought Centurions and used them against one another in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars. Some feel the reason that Israeli Centurions defeated the Arab T-55's and even T-62's is because the Centurion has good sights and the Arab tanks were downgrades of the original design, as the T-55 used by the Soviet and Warsaw pact Armies had 200mm armor thickness while T-55's sold to the Arabs had only 120mm frontal armor and mediocre side and rear armor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel_Grass" title="Operation Nickel Grass">Operation Nickel Grass</a> was an overt <a href="/wiki/Strategic_airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic airlift">strategic airlift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">operation</a> conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to deliver weapons and supplies to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> during the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. In a series of events that took place over 32 days, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command" title="Military Airlift Command">Military Airlift Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> shipped 22,325 tons of <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>, and supplies in <a href="/wiki/C-141_Starlifter" class="mw-redirect" title="C-141 Starlifter">C-141 Starlifter</a> and <a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5 Galaxy</a> transport aircraft between October 14 and November 14, 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-airforce_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airforce-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. support helped ensure that Israel survived a coordinated and surprise life-threatening attack from the Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/Arab_Republic_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Republic of Egypt">Arab Republic of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-airforce_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airforce-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanks_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">U.S. military</a> maintained two classified, pre-positioned <a href="/wiki/War_Reserve_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="War Reserve Stock">War Reserve Stocks</a> in Israel valued at <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$493 million</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-globalsecurity_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalsecurity-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1976, Israel had been the largest annual recipient of U.S. foreign assistance. In 2009, Israel received $2.55 billion in Foreign Military Financing (FMF) grants from the Department of Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-fas2006-10_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas2006-10-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but 26% of this military aid is for the purchase of military hardware from American companies only.<sup id="cite_ref-fas2006-10_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas2006-10-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_per_tank">Overview per tank</h2></div> <p>(Only tanks that were built/used in significant numbers are listed.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M22-locust-negba-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/M22-locust-negba-2.jpg/220px-M22-locust-negba-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/M22-locust-negba-2.jpg/330px-M22-locust-negba-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/M22-locust-negba-2.jpg/440px-M22-locust-negba-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Israeli M22 Locust tank in <a href="/wiki/Negba" title="Negba">Negba</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Storming_Ahead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Merkava IV during a training day held in the Golan Heights for the 401st Armored Brigade</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/M22_Locust" title="M22 Locust">M22 Locust</a> – An <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">airmobile</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">light tank</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> – (Medium Tank, M4) </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Centurion"></span> <a href="/wiki/Centurion_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion tank">Centurion tank</a> (A41) –British <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> of the post-World War II period. Israel purchased the Centurion in the late 1950s and in IDF service it was named the Shot (Whip). Its excellent armour, mobility and firepower made it the preferred choice and many tanks were purchased well into the 1960s. All were upgraded with the Royal Ordnance L-7 105mm gun during the late 1960s and from 1970 were fitted with the US Continental diesel engine and transmission. The upgraded tanks were known as the Shot-Kal, and this upgrade was later used by other Centurion operators. The tanks saw action in the 1967 and 1973 Wars, after the battle for the Golan Heights in 1973, the Shot-Kal was dubbed "The Tank That Saved Israel". After the 1973 war the Shot-Kal was fitted with Blazer reactive armour which pre-detonated incoming missiles and grenades with HEAT warheads. The tanks saw action again in the 1982 incursion into Lebanon. Many tanks were later converted to other use including the Puma Armoured Engineer Vehicle, Nagmashot, Nagmachon and Nakpadon heavy APC's. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">Hotchkiss H35</a> – French light <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry tank</a>, a <i>char d'accompagnement</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H39" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss H39">Hotchkiss H39</a> – Upgrade of the H35 French <a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">light tank</a> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Magach"></span> <a href="/wiki/Magach" title="Magach">Magach</a> (M48/M60) – (מגח; Ma-GAKH) designation refers to a series of tanks in Israeli service. The tanks are based on the American M48 and M60 Patton tanks. Magach 1, 2, 3, and 5 are based on M48 tanks; Magach 6 and 7 are based on M60 tanks. Israel needed tanks to defend her borders from the Arab states and the American M48 tank was the best choice at the time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a> – The AMX-13 Light Tank was designed to a new post-World War 2 French Army requirement, and France supplied them to the IDF. </p><p><a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48</a> (Patton) – The M48 "Patton" <a href="/wiki/List_of_main_battle_tanks_by_generation#First" title="List of main battle tanks by generation">first generation</a> <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> (MBT) was supplied to the IDF by the United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/M60_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M60 Patton">M60</a> (Patton) – The M60 "Patton" Main Battle Tank was supplied to the IDF by several countries including the United States and was used in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> war. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Merkava"></span> <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> (Chariot) – The Merkava (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/61\/He-Merkava.ogg\/He-Merkava.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d1\u05d4"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Merkava.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/He-Merkava.ogg/He-Merkava.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">מרכבה</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Merkava.ogg" title="File:He-Merkava.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, "chariot") is a <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>. The tank began development in 1973 and entered official service in 1979. Four main versions of the tank have been deployed. It was first used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>. The name "<i>Merkava</i>" was derived from the IDF's initial development program name. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Sho't"></span><span class="anchor" id="Whip"></span> <a href="/wiki/Sho%27t" title="Sho't">Sho't</a> – The Sho't (meaning "Whip" in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> designation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_L7" title="Royal Ordnance L7">105 mm L7 armed</a> <a href="/wiki/Centurion_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion tank">Centurion tank</a>, which entered Israeli service in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sho't Meteor – Centurion tanks with the original <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Meteor" title="Rolls-Royce Meteor">Rolls-Royce Meteor</a> engine.</li> <li>Sho't Kal Alef/Bet/Gimel/Dalet – modernised Centurion tanks with a new powerpack (the Continental AVDS-1790-2A <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> and the Allison CD850-6 <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a>).</li></ul> <p>The addition "Kal" refers to the abbreviation of the engine manufacturer "Continental", originally notated in Hebrew as שוטקל, which reads "Sho'tCal". But since Cal also means "lightweight" and the ק is closer to K than C, the name Sho't Kal struck on outside the Hebrew speaking world. </p><p>Entered service in 1970; by 1974 all Israeli Centurions were upgraded to Sho't Kal. Subvariants indicate upgrades received by Sho't Kal tanks during their operational life, including a new turret rotating mechanism, a new gun stabilizer, a new <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire-control system</a> and preparations for the installation of the Blazer <a href="/wiki/Reactive_armour" title="Reactive armour">Reactive armour</a>. Both versions of the Centurion tank, were upgraded to the 105 mm L7 gun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armor_Corps">Armor Corps</h3></div> <p>The Armored Corps is the principal maneuvering corps, and primarily bases its strength on Main Battle Tanks. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Armor_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Armor Corps">Armor Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)" title="7th Armored Brigade (Israel)">7th Sa'ar Armored Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Armored_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Barak Armored Brigade">188th Barak Armored Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/401st_Brigade_(IDF)" class="mw-redirect" title="401st Brigade (IDF)">401st Ikvot HaBarzel Armored Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460th_Brigade_(IDF)" class="mw-redirect" title="460th Brigade (IDF)">460th Sons of Light Armored Brigade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Israel" title="Defense industry of Israel">Defense industry of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_security_forces" title="Israeli security forces">Israeli security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli wars">Israeli wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_equipment_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment of Israel">Military equipment of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Israel">Military history of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_conducted_by_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Military operations conducted by the Israel Defense Forces">Military operations conducted by the Israel Defense Forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_footnotes">References and footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888.pdf?OpenElement">Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine A/RES/181(II)(A+B) 29 November 1947</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617232624/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> 17 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yoav_Gelber_2006_pp.51-56_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#gelber">Yoav Gelber (2006)</a>, pp.51–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larry_Collins_1971_p.7-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larry_Collins_1971_p.7_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, chap.7, pp.131–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.163_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henry_Laurens_2005_p.83_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#laurens">Henry Laurens (2005)</a>, p.83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris1948-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris1948_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenny_Morris" class="citation book cs1">Benny Morris. <i>1948</i>. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948&rft.pages=119&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harkabi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harkabi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYehoshafat_Harkabi1974" class="citation book cs1">Yehoshafat Harkabi (June 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocybbUgguOEC&pg=PA366"><i>Arab attitudes to Israel</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-35203-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-35203-8"><bdi>978-0-470-35203-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+attitudes+to+Israel&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1974-06&rft.isbn=978-0-470-35203-8&rft.au=Yehoshafat+Harkabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DocybbUgguOEC%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelber2006p306-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gelber2006p306_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoav_Gelber2006" class="citation book cs1">Yoav Gelber (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC"><i>Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0"><bdi>978-1-84519-075-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>Instructions called for demolition of villages that could not be held permanently. Another paragraph detailed the method for taking over an Arab village: Surround the village and search it (for weapons). In case of resistance—annihilate the armed force and expel the population beyond the border. ... If there is no resistance, a garrison should be stationed in the village. ... The garrison commander should expropriate all weapons, radio receivers and vehicles. All political suspects should be arrested. After consulting the appropriate political authorities, appoint local institutions to administer the village's internal affairs. The text clarified unequivocally that expulsion concerned only those villages that would fight against the Hagana and resist occupation, and not all Arab hamlets. Similar guidelines related to the occupation of Arab neighborhoods in mixed towns. In his article written in 1961, Khalidi and those who followed in his footsteps presented the guideline instructing the Hagana units to expel the Arab villagers as the principal issue of Plan D. Furthermore, they distorted its meaning by portraying it as a general order embracing all Arabs in all villages. The text, however, is clear enough: reading Plan D as it is, without deconstructing it to change its meaning, shows that there is no correlation between the actual text and the significance, background and outcomes that the Palestinian scholars and their Israeli colleagues assign it. These paragraphs of Plan D were of marginal significance, and their contribution to shaping a policy toward the Arab population was immaterial. Arab policies were decided either locally, by commanders in the field and their local advisors on Arab affairs, or by the Arabists within Ben- Gurion's inner circle of advisors who advised their superiors. Ber, Pasternak and even Yadin did not pretend to be authorities on Arab affairs or any other issues of high policy. Their concerns were just military, and the scheme's purpose was preparing for the Arab invasion, not expelling the Palestinians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1948%3A+War%2C+Escape+And+The+Emergence+Of+The+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-075-0&rft.au=Yoav+Gelber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcSUgrDsD_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEW-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEW_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MidEast Web, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/pland.htm"><i>Plan Daleth (Plan D)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelber2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gelber2006_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoav_Gelber2006" class="citation book cs1">Yoav Gelber (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC&pg=PA98"><i>Palestine, 1948: war, escape and the emergence of the Palestinian refugee problem</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 98–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0"><bdi>978-1-84519-075-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%2C+1948%3A+war%2C+escape+and+the+emergence+of+the+Palestinian+refugee+problem&rft.pages=98-&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-075-0&rft.au=Yoav+Gelber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcSUgrDsD_sC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplo-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diplo_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/1997/12/palestine">Ten years of research into the 1947-49 war - The expulsion of the Palestinians re-examined</a>. By Dominique Vidal. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a></i>. December 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morris2008p116-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morris2008p116_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenny_Morris2008" class="citation book cs1">Benny Morris (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ"><i>1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300126969" title="Special:BookSources/9780300126969"><bdi>9780300126969</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>At the time, Ben-Gurion and the HGS believed that they had initiated a one-shot affair, albeit with the implication of a change of tactics and strategy on the Jerusalem front. They had set in motion a strategic transformation of Haganah policy. Nahshon heralded a shift from the defensive to the offensive and marked the beginning of the implementation of tochnit dalet (Plan D)—without Ben-Gurion or the HGS ever taking an in principle decision to embark on its implementation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+a+history+of+the+first+Arab-Israeli+war&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780300126969&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5jtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#lapierre_collins">Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)</a>, pp.369–381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.242-243-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_pp.242-243_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp. 242–243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benny_Morris_2003_p.242-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benny_Morris_2003_p.242_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, p.242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp.248–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#morris_birth">Benny Morris (2003)</a>, pp.252–254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycentral.com/Israel/1941PalmachFormed.html">How the Palmach was formed</a> (History Central)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ostfeld-legal-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ostfeld-legal_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstfeld,_Zehava1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ostfeld, Zehava (1994). Shoshana Shiftel (ed.). <i>An Army is Born (Vol. 1)</i> (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Defense (Israel)">Israel Ministry of Defense</a>. pp. 104–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-05-0695-0" title="Special:BookSources/965-05-0695-0"><bdi>965-05-0695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+is+Born+%28Vol.+1%29&rft.pages=104-106&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Defense&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=965-05-0695-0&rft.au=Ostfeld%2C+Zehava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Karsh, Efraim</a> (2002). <i>The Arab-Israeli Conflict. The Palestine War 1948</i>. Osprey. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-372-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-372-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab-Israeli+Conflict.+The+Palestine+War+1948&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-372-9&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morris_2003_16-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morris_2003_16_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2003, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, <i>Palestine 1948</i>, 2006 – Chap.8 "The Arab Regular Armies' Invasion of Palestine".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelber2006p138-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gelber2006p138_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoav_Gelber2006" class="citation book cs1">Yoav Gelber (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC"><i>Palestine 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0"><bdi>978-1-84519-075-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>A war between Israel and the Arab States broke out immediately, and the Arab armies invaded Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1948%3A+War%2C+Escape+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-075-0&rft.au=Yoav+Gelber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcSUgrDsD_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morris2008p236-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morris2008p236_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2008, pp. 236–237, 247, 253–254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idf-enc-11-15-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idf-enc-11-15_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPa'il1982" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Meir_Pa%27il" title="Meir Pa'il">Pa'il, Meir</a> (1982). "The Infantry Brigades". In Yehuda Schiff (ed.). <i>IDF in Its Corps: Army and Security Encyclopedia</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 11. Revivim Publishing. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Infantry+Brigades&rft.btitle=IDF+in+Its+Corps%3A+Army+and+Security+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Revivim+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Pa%27il&rft.aufirst=Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2008520-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2008520_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008">Tucker & Roberts 2008</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarsh200226–27-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarsh200226–27_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarsh2002">Karsh 2002</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarsh200227-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarsh200227_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarsh2002">Karsh 2002</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201142817/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794208,00.html">"Trans-Jordan: Chess Player & Friend"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 16 February 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794208,00.html">the original</a> on February 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Trans-Jordan%3A+Chess+Player+%26+Friend&rft.date=1948-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C794208%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollack2002p448-457-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollack2002p448-457_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollack 2002, pp. 448-457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarsh200261–62-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarsh200261–62_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarsh2002">Karsh 2002</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatikiotis,_P.J._pp._252-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vatikiotis,_P.J._pp._252_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vatikiotis, P.J. <i>Nasser and his Generation</i>, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neff, Donald <i>Warriors at Suez</i>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neff,_Donald_pp._162-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neff,_Donald_pp._162_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neff,_Donald_pp._162_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neff, Donald <i>Warriors at Suez</i>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger, p. 530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeev Schiff, <i>A History of the Israeli Army</i>, pp. 65–66, Simon and Schuster (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/bulganin.html">Soviets Threaten Israel, Ben-Gurion Responds</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merkava+series&rft.pub=War+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waronline.org%2Fen%2FIDF%2Farms%2Fmerkava.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2012" class="citation cs2">Staff Writer (16 February 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=13"><i>The Centurion Sho't of Israel - Centurion (A41) - Main Battle Tank</i></a>, militaryfactory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Centurion+Sho%27t+of+Israel+-+Centurion+%28A41%29+-+Main+Battle+Tank&rft.pub=militaryfactory.com&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryfactory.com%2Farmor%2Fdetail.asp%3Farmor_id%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008" class="citation cs2">Spencer C Tucker; Priscilla Mary Roberts (2008), <i>The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History -</i>, p. 995</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social+and+Military+History+-&rft.pages=995&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Spencer+C+Tucker&rft.au=Priscilla+Mary+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_F._Foss2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_F._Foss" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher F. Foss">Christopher F. Foss</a> (2002), <i>Jane's armour and artillery Volume 23</i>, p. 57</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+armour+and+artillery+Volume+23&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Christopher+F.+Foss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Military Channel - "Top 10 Tanks - Centurion (No.5)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Givati, p. 82-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bomb in the Basement</i>. Michael Karpin, ed. Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743265959" title="Special:BookSources/9780743265959">9780743265959</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery-Upgrades/Israel-Military-Industries-120-mm-smoothbore-tank-gun-MG251-Israel.html">"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS"</a>. Articles.janes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defense+%26+Security+Intelligence+%26+Analysis%3A+IHS+Jane%27s+%26%23124%3B+IHS&rft.pub=Articles.janes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.janes.com%2Farticles%2FJanes-Armour-and-Artillery-Upgrades%2FIsrael-Military-Industries-120-mm-smoothbore-tank-gun-MG251-Israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airforce-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-airforce_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-airforce_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1998/December%201998/1298nickel.aspx">AirForce Journal on Operation Nickel Grass</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalsecurity-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globalsecurity_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/agency//31muns.htm">"31st Munitions Squadron (31st MUNS)"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=31st+Munitions+Squadron+%2831st+MUNS%29&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fwmd%2Fagency%2F%2F31muns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas2006-10-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fas2006-10_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fas2006-10_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2009" class="citation news cs1">Sharp, Jeremy M. (4 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf">"CRS report for Congress: U.S. foreign aid to Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CRS+report+for+Congress%3A+U.S.+foreign+aid+to+Israel&rft.date=2009-12-04&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmideast%2FRL33222.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan,_S.,_Sarson,_P.2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunstan, S., Sarson, P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780671896287/page/40"><i>Centurion Universal Tank 1943–2003</i></a>. Osprey. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780671896287/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-00974-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-00974-5"><bdi>0-671-00974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centurion+Universal+Tank+1943%E2%80%932003&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-671-00974-5&rft.au=Dunstan%2C+S.%2C+Sarson%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780671896287%2Fpage%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal,_Donna2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Donna (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/israelisordinary00rose"><i>The Israelis</i></a></span>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-7035-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-7035-5"><bdi>0-7432-7035-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israelis&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7432-7035-5&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisraelisordinary00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstfeld,_Zehava1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ostfeld, Zehava (1994). Shiftel, Shoshana (ed.). <i>An Army is Born</i> (in Hebrew). Israel Ministry of Defense. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-05-0695-0" title="Special:BookSources/965-05-0695-0"><bdi>965-05-0695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+is+Born&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Defense&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=965-05-0695-0&rft.au=Ostfeld%2C+Zehava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelber,_Yoav1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Gelber, Yoav</a> (1986). <i>Nucleus for a Standing Army</i> (in Hebrew). Yad Ben Tzvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nucleus+for+a+Standing+Army&rft.pub=Yad+Ben+Tzvi&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Gelber%2C+Yoav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShif1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shif, Yehuda, ed. (1982). <i>IDF in Its Corps: Army and Security Encyclopedia (18 volumes)</i> (in Hebrew). Revivim Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IDF+in+Its+Corps%3A+Army+and+Security+Encyclopedia+%2818+volumes%29&rft.pub=Revivim+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTira2009" class="citation book cs1">Tira, Ron, ed. (2009). <i>The Nature of War: Conflicting Paradigms and Israeli Military Effectiveness</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-378-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-378-2"><bdi>978-1-84519-378-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+War%3A+Conflicting+Paradigms+and+Israeli+Military+Effectiveness&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-378-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoislien2013" class="citation journal cs1">Roislien, Hanne Eggen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afs.sagepub.com/content/39/2/213.abstract">"Religion and Military Conscription: The Case of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society" title="Armed Forces & Society">Armed Forces & Society</a></i>. <b>39</b> (3): 213–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X12449429">10.1177/0095327X12449429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144226866">144226866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Military+Conscription%3A+The+Case+of+the+Israeli+Defense+Forces+%28IDF%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=213-232&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327X12449429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144226866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roislien&rft.aufirst=Hanne+Eggen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafs.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F39%2F2%2F213.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanks+of+the+Israel+Defense+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Country Briefing: Israel, <i><a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Defence_Weekly" title="Jane's Defence Weekly">Jane's Defence Weekly</a></i>, 19 June 1996</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Tanks of the Israel Defense Forces</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/IDF" class="extiw" title="wikt:IDF">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_Israel" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Tanks of Israel">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idf.il/894-en/IDFGDover.aspx">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israel_Defense_Forces" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Template:Israel Defense Forces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Template talk:Israel Defense Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel Defense Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israel_Defense_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arms_/_commands_/_directorates_/_attachés" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Arms / commands / directorates / attachés</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Sea Corps (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Ground_Forces" title="Israeli Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(Israel)" title="Northern Command (Israel)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_(Israel)" title="Central Command (Israel)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(Israel)" title="Southern Command (Israel)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Front_Command" title="Home Front Command">Home Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Directorate" title="Operations Directorate">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Directorate" title="Personnel Directorate">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Directorate" title="Planning Directorate">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_and_Third-Circle_Directorate" title="Strategy and Third-Circle Directorate">Strategy and Third-Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_Logistics_Directorate" title="Technological and Logistics Directorate">Technological and Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Service_Directorate" title="Computer Service Directorate">Computer Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_Corps" title="Depth Corps">Depth Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attachés</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Advisor_to_the_Chief_of_Staff" title="Financial Advisor to the Chief of Staff">Financial advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Affair_Advisor_to_the_Chief_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender Affair Advisor to the Chief of Staff">Gender Affair Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Advocate_General" title="Military Advocate General">Military Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Corps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Corps</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Ground_Forces" title="Israeli Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_Corps_(Israel)" title="Infantry Corps (Israel)">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_Corps_(Israel)" title="Armored Corps (Israel)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_Corps_(Israel)" title="Artillery Corps (Israel)">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Combat_Engineering_Corps" title="Israeli Combat Engineering Corps">Combat Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Intelligence_Collection_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Intelligence Collection Corps">Combat Intelligence Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Infantry brigades</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oz_Brigade" title="Oz Brigade">Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratroopers_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroopers Brigade">Paratroopers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golani_Brigade" title="Golani Brigade">Golani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Brigade" title="Nahal Brigade">Nahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givati_Brigade" title="Givati Brigade">Givati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfir_Brigade" title="Kfir Brigade">Kfir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Armor brigades</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Armored_Brigade_(Israel)" title="7th Armored Brigade (Israel)">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/188th_Armored_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="188th Armored Brigade">188th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/401st_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="401st Brigade">401st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460th_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="460th Brigade">460th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Combat support<br />and rear-front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_Maintenance_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology and Maintenance Corps">Technology and Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Corps_(Israel)" title="Medical Corps (Israel)">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Corps" title="Israeli Intelligence Corps">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C4I_Corps" title="C4I Corps">C4I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_Youth_Corps" title="Education and Youth Corps">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjutant_Corps" title="Adjutant Corps">Adjutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_Corps" title="Logistics Corps">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(Israel)" title="Military Police Corps (Israel)">Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Rabbinate" title="Military Rabbinate">Rabbinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Corps_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Corps (Israel)">General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Divisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Divisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Regular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/36th_Division_(Israel)" title="36th Division (Israel)">36th Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/98th_Paratroopers_Division" title="98th Paratroopers Division">98th Paratroopers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/162nd_Division_(Israel)" title="162nd Division (Israel)">162nd Armored</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/80th_Division_(Israel)" title="80th Division (Israel)">80th Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/91st_Division_(Israel)" title="91st Division (Israel)">91st Galil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Division" title="Gaza Division">143rd Fire Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/210th_Division_(Israel)" title="210th Division (Israel)">210th Bashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Division" title="Judea and Samaria Division">877th Judea and Samaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Reserve</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(Israel)" title="99th Infantry Division (Israel)">99th Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/146th_Division_(Israel)" title="146th Division (Israel)">146th Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Division">252nd Armored</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Insignia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Insignia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces_insignia" title="Israel Defense Forces insignia">Berets, units symbols and uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces_ranks" title="Israel Defense Forces ranks">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Israel" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Israel">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Israel#Military_and_Police_flags" title="List of flags of Israel">Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="History of the Israel Defense Forces">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Israeli_Air_Force" title="History of the Israeli Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Israel" title="List of wars involving Israel">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israel_Defense_Forces_operations" title="List of Israel Defense Forces operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_IDF" class="mw-redirect" title="Refusal to serve in the IDF">Refusal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_Israel" title="Special forces of Israel">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Defense (Israel)">Ministry of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Radio">Army Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Military_Order" title="Israeli Military Order">Israeli Military Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Israel Defense Forces">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_checkpoint" title="Israeli checkpoint">Checkpoints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_military_prison" title="Israeli military prison">Military prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Israel and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel" title="Nuclear weapons and Israel">Nuclear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_security_forces" title="Israeli security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Border Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Israel)" title="National Security Council (Israel)">Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_and_Defense_Committee" title="Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee">Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDF_Code_of_Ethics" title="IDF Code of Ethics">IDF Code of Ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_First_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWI_tanks" title="Template:WWI tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWI_tanks" title="Template talk:WWI tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWI_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWI tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_First_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1918_Ford_3-ton_tank" title="M1918 Ford 3-ton tank">M1918 Ford 3-ton tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1917_light_tank" title="M1917 light tank">M1917 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_A_Whippet" title="Medium Mark A Whippet">Medium Mark A Whippet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_B" title="Medium Mark B">Medium Mark B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_C" title="Medium Mark C">Medium Mark C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A7V" title="A7V">A7V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_I" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_II" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_III" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_tank" title="Mark IV tank">Mark IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_V_tank" title="Mark V tank">Mark V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_V_tank#Mark_V*" title="Mark V tank">Mark V*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_V_tank#Mark_V**" title="Mark V tank">Mark V**</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_VIII_tank" title="Mark VIII tank">Mark VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Chamond_(tank)" title="Saint-Chamond (tank)">Saint-Chamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneider_CA1" title="Schneider CA1">Schneider CA1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLB_75_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="CLB 75 Tank">CLB 75 Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCM_1A" title="FCM 1A">FCM 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_2000" title="Fiat 2000">Fiat 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_gas%E2%80%93electric_tank" title="Holt gas–electric tank">Holt gas–electric tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Willie" title="Little Willie">Little Willie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_I" title="LK I">LK I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_II" title="LK II">LK II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_World_War_I#Mark_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="British heavy tanks of World War I">Mark VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_tank" title="Skeleton tank">Skeleton tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_tank" title="Steam tank">Steam tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_Wheel_Tank" title="Steam Wheel Tank">Steam Wheel Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmpanzerwagen_Oberschlesien" title="Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien">Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Tank" title="Tsar Tank">Tsar Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vezdekhod" title="Vezdekhod">Vezdekhod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_tanks" title="Category:World War I tanks">World War I tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_vehicles_of_World_War_I" title="List of combat vehicles of World War I">List of combat vehicles of World War I</a></li></ul> <p>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">Tanks in World War I</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interwar_tanks" title="Template:Interwar tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interwar_tanks" title="Template talk:Interwar tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interwar_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interwar tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Tanks of the interwar period">Tanks of the interwar period</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tankette" title="Tankette">Tankettes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AH-IV" title="AH-IV">AH-IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carden_Loyd_tankette" title="Carden Loyd tankette">Carden Loyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L3/33" title="L3/33">L3/33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L3/35" title="L3/35">L3/35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-1_tank" title="R-1 tank">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-27" title="T-27">T-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-32_(%C5%A0-I-D)" title="T-32 (Š-I-D)">T-32 (Š-I-D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan%C4%8D%C3%ADk_vz._33" title="Tančík vz. 33">Tančík vz. 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKS" title="TKS">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_92_heavy_armoured_car" title="Type 92 heavy armoured car">Type 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_94_tankette" title="Type 94 tankette">Type 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Te-Ke_tankette" title="Type 97 Te-Ke tankette">Type 97 Te-Ke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7TP" title="7TP">7TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38M_Toldi" title="38M Toldi">38M Toldi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_D1" title="Char D1">Char D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disston_Tractor_Tank" title="Disston Tractor Tank">Disston Tractor Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_3000" title="Fiat 3000">Fiat 3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">H35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsverk_L-60" title="Landsverk L-60">L-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tanks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Light tanks of the United Kingdom">Light tanks Mk I–V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VI">Light tank Mk VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VII_Tetrarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch">Light tank Mk VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LT_vz._34" title="LT vz. 34">LT vz. 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_35(t)" title="Panzer 35(t)">LT vz. 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_38(t)" title="Panzer 38(t)">LT vz. 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_combat_car" title="M1 combat car">M1 combat car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_light_tank" title="M2 light tank">M2 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">R35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-18_tank" title="T-18 tank">T-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-37A_tank" title="T-37A tank">T-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-38_tank" title="T-38 tank">T-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank" title="Type 95 Ha-Go light tank">Type 95 Ha-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_6-ton" title="Vickers 6-ton">Vickers 6-ton</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Vickers-Carden-Loyd_light_amphibious_tank" title="Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank">Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_T-15_light_tank" title="Vickers T-15 light tank">Vickers T-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_D2" title="Char D2">Char D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-24_tank" title="T-24 tank">T-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-28_(medium_tank)" title="T-28 (medium tank)">T-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_89_I-Go_medium_tank" title="Type 89 I-Go medium tank">Type 89 I-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ha_medium_tank" title="Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank">Type 97 Chi-Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_I" title="Vickers Medium Mark I">Vickers medium Mk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Medium_Mark_II" title="Vickers Medium Mark II">Vickers medium Mk II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cavalry, <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">cruiser</a>, fast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMC_34" title="AMC 34">AMC 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_35" title="AMC 35">AMC 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_33" title="AMR 33">AMR 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMR_35" title="AMR 35">AMR 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_tank" title="BT tank">BT tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_I" title="Cruiser Mk I">Cruiser Mk I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_II" title="Cruiser Mk II">Cruiser Mk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_III" title="Cruiser Mk III">Cruiser Mk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOMUA_S35" title="SOMUA S35">SOMUA S35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCM_36" title="FCM 36">FCM 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_H35" title="Hotchkiss H35">Hotchkiss H35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_I_(tank)" title="Matilda I (tank)">Matilda I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_tank" title="Super-heavy tank">super-heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_2C" title="Char 2C">Char 2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_B1" title="Char B1">Char B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-35" title="T-35">T-35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10TP" title="10TP">10TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCM_F1" title="FCM F1">FCM F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosstraktor" title="Grosstraktor">Grosstraktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolohousenka" title="Kolohousenka">Kolohousenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsverk_L-120" title="Landsverk L-120">Landsverk L-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leichttraktor" title="Leichttraktor">Leichttraktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_III" title="Medium Mark III">Medium Mark III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Mark_D" title="Medium Mark D">Medium Mark D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7_Medium_Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="A7 Medium Tank">Medium tank A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris-Martel" title="Morris-Martel">Morris-Martel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neubaufahrzeug" title="Neubaufahrzeug">Neubaufahrzeug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZIn%C5%BC_130" title="PZInż 130">PZInż 130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_MU-4" title="Škoda MU-4">Škoda MU-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMK_tank" title="SMK tank">SMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussler_V-4" title="Straussler V-4">Straussler V-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsverk_L-10" title="Landsverk L-10">Stridsvagn m/31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_vz._39" title="ST vz. 39">ST vz. 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1_light_tank" title="T1 light tank">T1 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_tank" title="T2 tank">T2 medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T7_combat_car" title="T7 combat car">T7 combat car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-19" title="T-19">T-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-42_super-heavy_tank" title="T-42 super-heavy tank">T-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-100_tank" title="T-100 tank">T-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_87_Chi-I_medium_tank" title="Type 87 Chi-I medium tank">Type 87 Chi-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_91_heavy_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 91 heavy tank">Type 91 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_95_heavy_tank" title="Type 95 heavy tank">Type 95 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_Chi-Ni_medium_tank" title="Type 97 Chi-Ni medium tank">Type 97 Chi-Ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_98_Chi-Ho_medium_tank" title="Type 98 Chi-Ho medium tank">Type 98 Chi-Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdeja" title="Verdeja">Verdeja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_A1E1_Independent" title="Vickers A1E1 Independent">Vickers A1E1 Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_interwar_period" title="Category:Tanks of the interwar period">Interwar period tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_interwar_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles">List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles</a></li></ul> <p>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_Second_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_tanks" title="Template:WWII tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_tanks" title="Template talk:WWII tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_II" title="Tanks in World War II">Tanks of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38M_Toldi" title="38M Toldi">Toldi tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KhTZ-16" title="KhTZ-16">KhTZ-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L6/40_tank" title="L6/40 tank">L6/40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tank_Mk_VIII" title="Light tank Mk VIII">Light tank Mk VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">M3/M5 Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M22_Locust" title="M22 Locust">M22 Locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24 Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmon-Herrington_CTLS" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmon-Herrington CTLS">Marmon-Herrington CTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_R40" title="Renault R40">Renault R40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NI_tank" title="NI tank">NI tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-40_tank" title="T-40 tank">T-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-60_tank" title="T-60 tank">T-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-70" title="T-70">T-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VII_Tetrarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_II" title="Panzer II">Panzer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_35(t)" title="Panzer 35(t)">Panzer 35(t)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_98_Ke-Ni_light_tank" title="Type 98 Ke-Ni light tank">Type 98 Ke-Ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_Ke-To_light_tank" title="Type 2 Ke-To light tank">Type 2 Ke-To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_Ka-Mi" title="Type 2 Ka-Mi">Type 2 Ka-Mi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_4_Ke-Nu_light_tank" title="Type 4 Ke-Nu light tank">Type 4 Ke-Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40M_Tur%C3%A1n" title="40M Turán">Turán I and II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43M_Tur%C3%A1n_III" title="43M Turán III">43M Turán III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11/39_tank" title="M11/39 tank">M11/39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M13/40_tank" title="M13/40 tank">M13/40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M14/41_tank" title="M14/41 tank">M14/41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M15/42_tank" title="M15/42 tank">M15/42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_medium_tank" title="M2 medium tank">M2 medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lee/Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">Sherman Firefly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P26/40_tank" title="P26/40 tank">P26/40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panzer V Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_m/41" title="Stridsvagn m/41">Stridsvagn m/41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_m/42" title="Stridsvagn m/42">Stridsvagn m/42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-44" title="T-44">T-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_97_ShinH%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Chi-Ha_medium_tank" title="Type 97 ShinHōtō Chi-Ha medium tank">Type 97 ShinHōtō Chi-Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_Chi-He_medium_tank" title="Type 1 Chi-He medium tank">Type 1 Chi-He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_Ka-Chi" title="Type 3 Ka-Chi">Type 3 Ka-Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_Chi-Nu_medium_tank" title="Type 3 Chi-Nu medium tank">Type 3 Chi-Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_tank" title="Sentinel tank">AC1 Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_IV" title="Cruiser Mk IV">Cruiser Mk IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanter_tank" title="Covenanter tank">Covenanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_tank" title="Cavalier tank">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell (and Centaur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_VIII_Challenger" title="Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger">Mk VIII Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_(tank)" title="Comet (tank)">Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_I_cruiser" title="Grizzly I cruiser">Grizzly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_tank" title="Ram tank">Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-50_tank" title="T-50 tank">T-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_Ho-I" title="Type 2 Ho-I">Type 2 Ho-I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">IS tank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">IS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-2" title="IS-2">IS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-3" title="IS-3">IS-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank" title="Kliment Voroshilov tank">KV tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/44M_Tas" title="44M Tas">44M Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_tank" title="Thunderbolt tank">AC3 Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC4_tank" title="AC4 tank">AC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_experimental_light_tank" title="Australian experimental light tank">AELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX_40_cruiser_tank" title="AMX 40 cruiser tank">AMX 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince_(tank)" title="Black Prince (tank)">Black Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Semple_tank" title="Bob Semple tank">Bob Semple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excelsior_tank" title="Excelsior tank">Excelsior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M6_heavy_tank" title="M6 heavy tank">M6 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M7_medium_tank" title="M7 medium tank">M7 medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuel_DL_43" title="Nahuel DL 43">Nahuel DL 43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-I_super-heavy_tank" title="O-I super-heavy tank">O-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus" title="Panzer VIII Maus">Panzer VIII Maus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerkampfwagen_E-100" title="Panzerkampfwagen E-100">Panzerkampfwagen E-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPG_tankette" title="PPG tankette">PPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carro_Armato_Celere_Sahariano" title="Carro Armato Celere Sahariano">Sahariano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schofield_tank" title="Schofield tank">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_number_3_light_tank_Ku-Ro" title="Special number 3 light tank Ku-Ro">Special number 3 Ku-Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T14_heavy_tank" title="T14 heavy tank">T14 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T20_medium_tank" title="T20 medium tank">T20 medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T28_super-heavy_tank" title="T28 super-heavy tank">T28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T29_heavy_tank" title="T29 heavy tank">T29 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T30_heavy_tank" title="T30 heavy tank">T30 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T32_heavy_tank" title="T32 heavy tank">T32 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T34_heavy_tank" title="T34 heavy tank">T34 heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-43_medium_tank" title="T-43 medium tank">T-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOG1" title="TOG1">TOG1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOG2" title="TOG2">TOG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_98_Chi-Ho_medium_tank" title="Type 98 Chi-Ho medium tank">Type 98 Chi-Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_4_Chi-To_medium_tank" title="Type 4 Chi-To medium tank">Type 4 Chi-To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_5_Chi-Ri_medium_tank" title="Type 5 Chi-Ri medium tank">Type 5 Chi-Ri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_5_Ke-Ho_light_tank" title="Type 5 Ke-Ho light tank">Type 5 Ke-Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_5_To-Ku" title="Type 5 To-Ku">Type 5 To-Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiant_tank" title="Valiant tank">Valiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdeja" title="Verdeja">Verdeja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_tanks" title="Category:World War II tanks">World War II tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_of_World_War_II" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War II">List of armoured fighting vehicles of World War II</a></li> <li>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War_tanks" title="Template:Cold War tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War_tanks" title="Template talk:Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMX-30" title="AMX-30">AMX-30</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMX-30E" title="AMX-30E">AMX-30E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurion_(tank)" title="Centurion (tank)">Centurion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sho%27t" title="Sho't">Sho't</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_1" title="Challenger 1">Challenger 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chieftain_(tank)" title="Chieftain (tank)">Chieftain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonma-ho" title="Chonma-ho">Chonma-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM-11_Brave_Tiger" title="CM-11 Brave Tiger">CM-11 Brave Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K1_88-Tank" class="mw-redirect" title="K1 88-Tank">K1 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_1" title="Leopard 1">Leopard 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M48_Patton" title="M48 Patton">M48 Patton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CM-12_tank" title="CM-12 tank">CM-12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M60_tank" title="M60 tank">M60 tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magach" title="Magach">Magach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OF-40" title="OF-40">OF-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_68" title="Panzer 68">Panzer 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_103" title="Stridsvagn 103">Stridsvagn 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-64" title="T-64">T-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion of Babylon (tank)">Lion of Babylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-80" title="T-80">T-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-85" title="TR-85">TR-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_59_tank" title="Type 59 tank">Type 59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_61_(tank)" title="Type 61 (tank)">Type 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_69_tank" title="Type 69 tank">Type 69/79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_74" title="Type 74">Type 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_80/88_main_battle_tank" title="Type 80/88 main battle tank">Type 80/85/88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_90_tank" title="Type 90 tank">Type 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT" title="Vickers MBT">Vickers MBT Mk 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanta" title="Vijayanta">Vijayanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT_Mark_3" title="Vickers MBT Mark 3">Vickers MBT Mk 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Survivability_Test_Vehicle_(Lightweight)" title="High Survivability Test Vehicle (Lightweight)">HSTV(L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog" title="M41 Walker Bulldog">M41 Walker Bulldog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M551_Sheridan" title="M551 Sheridan">M551 Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_1981_%22Shin%27heung%22" title="Model 1981 "Shin'heung"">PT-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK-105_K%C3%BCrassier" title="SK-105 Kürassier">SK-105 Kürassier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stingray_light_tank" title="Stingray light tank">Stingray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_62" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 62">Type 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_63_(tank)" title="Type 63 (tank)">Type 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_64_(tank)" title="Type 64 (tank)">Type 64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart#Brazilian_variants" title="M3 Stuart">X1A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">Medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charioteer_(tank)" title="Charioteer (tank)">Charioteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M46_Patton" title="M46 Patton">M46 Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M47_Patton" title="M47 Patton">M47 Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_58" title="Panzer 58">Panzer 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_61" title="Panzer 61">Panzer 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_74" title="Stridsvagn 74">Stridsvagn 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Sherman" title="Super Sherman">Super Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanque_Argentino_Mediano" title="Tanque Argentino Mediano">TAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-54</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">Heavy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARL_44" title="ARL 44">ARL 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conqueror_(tank)" title="Conqueror (tank)">Conqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-4" title="IS-4">IS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M103_(heavy_tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="M103 (heavy tank)">M103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-10_tank" title="T-10 tank">T-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMX-32" title="AMX-32">AMX-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX-40" title="AMX-40">AMX-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX-50" title="AMX-50">AMX-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batignolles-Chatillon_Char_25T" title="Batignolles-Chatillon Char 25T">Char 25T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EE-T1_Os%C3%B3rio" title="EE-T1 Osório">EE-T1 Osório</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_(tank)" title="Emil (tank)">Emil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_Tank" title="Expeditionary Tank">Expeditionary Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSTV(L)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSTV(L)">HSTV(L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-7" title="IS-7">IS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_40t" title="Lorraine 40t">Lorraine 40t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M8_armored_gun_system" title="M8 armored gun system">M8 armored gun system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardini_MB-3_Tamoyo" title="Bernardini MB-3 Tamoyo">MB-3 Tamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBT-70" title="MBT-70">MBT-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBT-80" title="MBT-80">MBT-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_187" title="Obiekt 187">Object 187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_279" title="Obiekt 279">Object 279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_292" title="Obiekt 292">Object 292</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_490A" title="Obiekt 490A">Object 490A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_770" title="Obiekt 770">Object 770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obiekt_785" title="Obiekt 785">Object 785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4hpanzer_Ru_251" title="Spähpanzer Ru 251">Spähpanzer Ru 251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4hpanzer_SP_I.C." title="Spähpanzer SP I.C.">Spähpanzer SP I.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T92_light_tank" title="T92 light tank">T92 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T95_medium_tank" title="T95 medium tank">T95 medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-125" title="TR-125">TR-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT_Mark_4" title="Vickers MBT Mark 4">Vickers MBT Mk 4 Valiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_MBT#Vickers_Main_Battle_Tank_Mark_7" title="Vickers MBT">Vickers MBT Mk 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZ-111_heavy_tank" title="WZ-111 heavy tank">WZ-111 heavy tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZ-132_light_tank" title="WZ-132 light tank">WZ-132 light tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZ-122_main_battle_tank" title="WZ-122 main battle tank">WZ-122</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_Cold_War" title="Category:Tanks of the Cold War">Cold War tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of modern armoured fighting vehicles">List of modern armoured fighting vehicles</a></li></ul> <p>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_the_Cold_War" title="Tanks in the Cold War">Tanks in the Cold War</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanks_of_the_post–Cold_War_era" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks" title="Template:Post–Cold War tanks"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks" title="Template talk:Post–Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_tanks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post–Cold War tanks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanks_of_the_post–Cold_War_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Tanks of the post–Cold War era">Tanks of the post–Cold War era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalid_tank" title="Al-Khalid tank">Al-Khalid tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zarrar_tank" title="Al-Zarrar tank">Al-Zarrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete" title="Ariete">Ariete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_(tank)" title="Arjun (tank)">Arjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_59_Durjoy" title="Type 59 Durjoy">Durjoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2_Black_Panther" title="K2 Black Panther">K2 Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrar_(tank)" title="Karrar (tank)">Karrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leclerc_tank" title="Leclerc tank">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2E" title="Leopard 2E">Leopard 2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2PL" title="Leopard 2PL">Leopard 2PL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkava#Merkava_Mark_IV" title="Merkava">Merkava IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokpung-ho" title="Pokpung-ho">Pokpung-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT-91_Twardy" title="PT-91 Twardy">PT-91 Twardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_II_tank" title="Ramses II tank">Ramses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_(tank)" title="Sabra (tank)">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvagn_122" title="Stridsvagn 122">Stridsvagn 122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-72M4CZ" title="T-72M4CZ">T-72M4CZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-84" title="T-84">T-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_10" title="Type 10">Type 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_72Z" title="Type 72Z">Type 72Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_96_tank" title="Type 96 tank">Type 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_99_tank" title="Type 99 tank">Type 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT-4" title="VT-4">VT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_(tank)" title="Zulfiqar (tank)">Zulfiqar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">Light</a> / <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabrah_light_tank" title="Sabrah light tank">Sabrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabre_(tank)" title="Sabre (tank)">Sabre CVRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2S25_Sprut-SD" title="2S25 Sprut-SD">2S25 Sprut-SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosan_tank" title="Tosan tank">Tosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_15_tank" title="Type 15 tank">Type 15 / VT-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_63A" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 63A">Type 63A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_05_amphibious_fighting_vehicle#Variants" title="Type 05 amphibious fighting vehicle">ZTD-05 / ZLT-05</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prototypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototypes">Prototypes</a>,<br />experimentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams#Variants_and_upgrades" title="M1 Abrams">AbramsX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_(tank)" title="Altay (tank)">Altay</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Eagle_(tank)" title="Black Eagle (tank)">Black Eagle</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_3" title="Challenger 3">Challenger 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_90" title="Combat Vehicle 90">CV90105 / CV90120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan_MT_/_Harimau" title="Kaplan MT / Harimau">Kaplan MT / Harimau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K21" title="K21">K21-105</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/M8_armored_gun_system" title="M8 armored gun system">M8 armored gun system</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M10_Booker" title="M10 Booker">M10 Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2020_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="M2020 tank">M2020</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/M60-2000" title="M60-2000">M60-2000</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-84AS" title="M-84AS">M-84AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-84AS1" title="M-84AS1">M-84AS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-84D" title="M-84D">M-84D</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/M-95_Degman" title="M-95 Degman">M-95 Degman</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Main_Ground_Combat_System" title="Main Ground Combat System">Main Ground Combat System</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marder_(infantry_fighting_vehicle)#Derivative_models" title="Marder (infantry fighting vehicle)">Marder medium tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_KF51" title="Panther KF51">Panther KF51</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Patag%C3%B3n" title="Patagón">Patagón</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/PL-01" title="PL-01">PL-01</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiam_(tank)" title="Tiam (tank)">Tiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-14_Armata" title="T-14 Armata">T-14 Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-55AGM" title="T-55AGM">T-55AGM</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/T-95" title="T-95">T-95</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_EX" title="Tank EX">Tank EX</a></span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_LT" title="Zorawar LT">Zorawar LT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dd><span style="background-color: Cornsilk;color:black;">Cancelled or derelict project</span><span style="padding-left:0.12em;"><sup>X</sup></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tanks_of_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_period" title="Category:Tanks of the post–Cold War period">Post–Cold War tanks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="List of modern armoured fighting vehicles">List of modern armoured fighting vehicles</a></li></ul> <p>Background: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tank" title="History of the tank">History of the tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">Tank classification</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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