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miscarriage</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: miscarriage"> <meta name="keywords" content="miscarriage"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="miscarriage"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 35</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: miscarriage</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Nakunan: An Exploratory Study on Filipino Mothers' Experience of Miscarriage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Micaella%20L.%20Gonzales">Micaella L. Gonzales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joanne%20C.%20Alonzo"> Joanne C. Alonzo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nizza%20E.%20Regalado"> Nizza E. Regalado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosary%20L.%20Valenzuela"> Rosary L. Valenzuela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Culture functions as a lens through which individuals experience universal phenomena. This study explored Filipino mothers’ experience of miscarriage, or having been ‘nakunan’ - a colloquial term for fetal death. In addition, this study also aims to establish an understanding of the concept in Filipino society. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 Filipino women who had experienced miscarriage. Following thematic analysis, there emerged several themes within certain aspects (i.e. physical, psychological, inter-relational) of a woman’s life closely intertwined the experience, further reiterating the multidimensionality of the experience. Results show that Filipino values of family-centeredness and religiosity played a big part in women’s experiences. Family-centeredness was seen interwoven in the women’s self-concept and interrelations with others following her miscarriage, and religiosity came into play in the women’s personal definitions, perceived causes, and coping with what had happened to them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bereavement" title="bereavement">bereavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fetal%20death" title=" fetal death"> fetal death</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Filipino%20mothers" title=" Filipino mothers"> Filipino mothers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miscarriage" title=" miscarriage"> miscarriage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61931/nakunan-an-exploratory-study-on-filipino-mothers-experience-of-miscarriage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Determination of Some Biochemical Parameters in Women during the First Trimester of Pregnancy (Normal Pregnancy and Missed Miscarriage)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Yahia">M. Yahia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Chaoui"> N. Chaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Chaouch"> A. Chaouch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Massinissa%20Yahia"> Massinissa Yahia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our study was designed to determine the metabolic changes of some biochemical parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, Iron, uric acid, Urea and folic acid) and highlight their changes in 57 women of the region Batna, during the first trimester of pregnancy. This practical work was done with 27 women with missed miscarriage, compared with 30 control subjects of normal pregnant women. The assay results revealed a highly significant difference (P = 0.0006) between the two groups in serum iron (64.00 vs 93.54) and in the rate of folate (6.70 vs 9.22) (P <0.001) but no difference was found regarding the rate of Ca (9.69 vs 10.20), urea (0.19 vs 0.17), UA (33.96 vs 32.76), CH (1.283 vs 1.431), and TG (0.8852 vs 0.8290). The present study indicates that iron deficiency and folate are associated with missed miscarriage, but no direct pathophysiological link has been determined. Further in-depth studies are needed to determine the exact mechanism by which these deficits lead to a missed miscarriage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical%20parameters" title="biochemical parameters">biochemical parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnant%20women" title=" pregnant women"> pregnant women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=missed%20miscarriage" title=" missed miscarriage"> missed miscarriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algeria" title=" Algeria"> Algeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5633/determination-of-some-biochemical-parameters-in-women-during-the-first-trimester-of-pregnancy-normal-pregnancy-and-missed-miscarriage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5633.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Potential Positive Impacts of Online Communities on Mental Health of Women Who Have Experienced Miscarriage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahtab%20Talafian">Mahtab Talafian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the advent of technology over the last decades, participation in online communities and discussion forums has become increasingly popular. Many studies have been done on the negative role of the online world on human beings’ psychological well-being and mental health, while relatively less attention has been given to the potentially positive role of technology in promoting mental health. Miscarriage is a common and emotionally challenging experience for women, and online communities seem to be a potential source of support for them. This study aimed to firstly find the most common types of support communicated in online communities of women who have miscarried and, secondly, investigate if there is a relationship between participation in online communities and mental health outcomes after miscarriage. In this study, three research methodologies, including content analysis, survey and interview, were employed to answer the research questions. With the analysis of 158 messages, including postings and comments in the online community of Mumsnet, it can be concluded that informational support and emotional support are the most prevalent types of support women share in the online community. Analysis of data gathered from the survey of 19 women who had experienced a miscarriage during the last year showed that participation in online communities makes a significant improvement in their mental health. Interviews also highlighted the helpful role of the online community in relieving emotional disorders, such as trauma, hopelessness, loneliness, stress, depression and anxiety about miscarriage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20health" title="mental health">mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miscarriage" title=" miscarriage"> miscarriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20community" title=" online community"> online community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support" title=" support"> support</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172958/potential-positive-impacts-of-online-communities-on-mental-health-of-women-who-have-experienced-miscarriage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172958.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Endometrial Thickness Cut-Off for Evacuation of Retained Product of Conception</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nambiar%20Ritu">Nambiar Ritu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Ban"> Ali Ban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Munawar%20Farida"> Munawar Farida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Israell%20Imelda"> Israell Imelda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Farouk%20Eman%20Rasheeda"> T. Farouk Eman Rasheeda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jangalgi%20Renuka"> Jangalgi Renuka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Boma%20Nellie"> S. Boma Nellie </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aim: To define the ultrasonographic endometrial thickness (USG ET) cutoff for evacuation of retained pieces of conception (ERPC). Background: Studies of conservative management of 1st trimester miscarriage have questioned the need for post miscarriage curettage. Therapeutic decision making with transvaginal scan post miscarriage endometrial thickness in patients clinically thought to be incomplete miscarriage is often not clear. Method: Retrospective analysis of all 1ST trimester ERPC at Al Rahba Hospital from June 2012 to July 2013 was done. Total of 164 patients underwent ERPC. All cases were reviewed for pre-operative USG ET and post ERPC histopathological examination. TVS was done to evaluate the maximum ET of the uterine cavity along the long axis of the uterus and features of retained products was noted. All cases without preoperative USG ET measurement were excluded from the study, therefore only 62 out of 164 cases were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups: o Group A: have retained products within endometrial cavity. o Group B: endometrial thickness equal or more than 20 mm. o Group C: endometrial thickness equal or less than 19.9 mm. o Post ERPC product was sent for HPE and the results were compared. Transvaginal sonographic findings can be used as a deciding factor in the management of patients with 1st trimester miscarriage who need ERPC. Our proposed cutoff in clinically stable patients requiring ERPC is more than 20 mm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ERPC" title="ERPC">ERPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histopathological%20examination" title=" histopathological examination"> histopathological examination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long%20axis%20of%20the%20uterus" title=" long axis of the uterus"> long axis of the uterus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=USG%20ET" title=" USG ET"> USG ET</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16298/endometrial-thickness-cut-off-for-evacuation-of-retained-product-of-conception" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16298.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Efficacy of Preimplantation Genetic Screening in Women with a Spontaneous Abortion History with Eukaryotic or Aneuploidy Abortus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayeon%20Kim">Jayeon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eunjung%20Yu"> Eunjung Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taeki%20Yoon"> Taeki Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most spontaneous miscarriage is believed to be a consequence of embryo aneuploidies. Transferring eukaryotic embryos selected by PGS is expected to decrease the miscarriage rate. Current PGS indications include advanced maternal age, recurrent pregnancy loss, repeated implantation failure. Recently, use of PGS for healthy women without above indications for the purpose of improving in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes is on the rise. However, it is still controversy about the beneficial effect of PGS in this population, especially, in women with a history of no more than 2 miscarriages or miscarriage of eukaryotic abortus. This study aimed to investigate if karyotyping result of abortus is a good indicator of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) in subsequent IVF cycle in women with a history of spontaneous abortion. A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed. Women who had spontaneous abortion(s) (less than 3) and dilatation and evacuation, and subsequent IVF from January 2016 to November 2016 were included. Their medical information was extracted from the charts. Clinical pregnancy was defined as presence of a gestational sac with fetal heart beat detected on ultrasound in week 7. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Total 234 women were included. 121 out of 234 (51.7%) underwent karyotyping of the abortus, and 113 did not have the abortus karyotyped. Embryo biopsy was performed on 3 or 5 days after oocyte retrieval, followed by embryo transfer (ET) on a fresh or frozen cycle. The biopsied materials were subjected to microarray comparative genomic hybridization. Clinical pregnancy rate per ET was compared between PGS and non-PGS group in each study group. Patients were grouped by two criteria: karyotype of the abortus from previous miscarriage (unknown fetal karyotype (n=89, Group 1), eukaryotic abortus (n=36, Group 2) or aneuploidy abortus (n=67, Group 3)), and pursuing PGS in subsequent IVF cycle (pursuing PGS (PGS group, n=105) or not pursuing PGS (non-PGS group, n=87)). The PGS group was significantly older and had higher number of retrieved oocytes and prior miscarriages compared to non-PGS group. There were no differences in BMI and AMH level between those two groups. In PGS group, the mean number of transferable embryos (eukaryotic embryo) was 1.3 ± 0.7, 1.5 ± 0.5 and 1.4 ± 0.5, respectively (p = 0.049). In 42 cases, ET was cancelled because all embryos biopsied turned out to be abnormal. In all three groups (group 1, 2, and 3), clinical pregnancy rates were not statistically different between PGS and non-PGS group (Group 1: 48.8% vs. 52.2% (p=0.858), Group 2: 70% vs. 73.1% (p=0.730), Group 3: 42.3% vs. 46.7% (p=0.640), in PGS and non-PGS group, respectively). In both groups who had miscarriage with eukaryotic and aneuploidy abortus, the clinical pregnancy rate between IVF cycles with and without PGS was not different. When we compare miscarriage and ongoing pregnancy rate, there were no significant differences between PGS and non-PGS group in all three groups. Our results show that the routine application of PGS in women who had less than 3 miscarriages would not be beneficial, even in cases that previous miscarriage had been caused by fetal aneuploidy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preimplantation%20genetic%20diagnosis" title="preimplantation genetic diagnosis">preimplantation genetic diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miscarriage" title=" miscarriage"> miscarriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kpryotyping" title=" kpryotyping"> kpryotyping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20vitro%20fertilization" title=" in vitro fertilization"> in vitro fertilization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75730/efficacy-of-preimplantation-genetic-screening-in-women-with-a-spontaneous-abortion-history-with-eukaryotic-or-aneuploidy-abortus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Management of First Trimester Miscarriage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madeleine%20Cox">Madeleine Cox</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective; analyse patient choices in management of first trimester miscarriage, rates of complications including repeat procedure. Design: all first trimester miscarriages from a tertiary institution on the Gold Coast in a 6 month time frame (July to December 2021) were reviewed, including choice of management, histopathology, any representations or admissions, and potential complications. Results: a total of 224 first trimester miscarriages were identified. Of these, 183 (81%) opted to have surgical management in the first instance. Of the remaining patients, 18 (8%) opted to have medical management, and 28 (12.5%) opted to have expectant management. In total, 33(15%) patients required a repeat treatment for retained products. 1 had medical management for a small volume PROC post suction curette. A significant number of these patients initially opted for medical management but then elected to have shorter follow up than usual and went on to have retained products noted. 5 women who had small volumes of RPOC post medical or surgical management had repeat suction curette, however, had very small volumes of products on scan and on curette and may have had a good result with repeated misoprostol administration. It is important to note that whilst a common procedure, suction curettes are not without risk. 2 women had significant blood loss of 1L and 1.5L. A third women had a uterine perforation, a rare but recognised complication, she went on to require a laparoscopy which identified a small serosal bowel injury which was closed by the colorectal team. Conclusion: Management of first trimester miscarriage should be guided by patient preference. It is important to be able to provide patients with their choice of management, however, it is also important to have a good understanding of the risks of each management choice, chances of repeated procedure, appropriate time frame for follow up. Women who choose to undertake medical or expectant management should be supported through this time, with appropriate time frame between taking misoprostol and repeat scan so that the true effects can be evaluated. Patients returning for scans within 2-3 days are more likely to be booked for further surgery, however, may reflect patients who did not have adequate counselling or simply changed their mind on their preferred management options. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miscarriage" title="miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gynaecology" title=" gynaecology"> gynaecology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstetrics" title=" obstetrics"> obstetrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20trimester" title=" first trimester"> first trimester</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148754/management-of-first-trimester-miscarriage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148754.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Clinical Outcome after in Vitro Fertilization in Women Aged 40 Years and Above: Reasonable Cut-Off Age for Successful Pregnancy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eun%20Jeong%20Yu">Eun Jeong Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Inn%20Soo%20Kang"> Inn Soo Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Ki%20Yoon"> Tae Ki Yoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mi%20Kyoung%20Koong"> Mi Kyoung Koong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Advanced female age is associated with higher cycle cancelation rates, lower clinical pregnancy rate, increased miscarriage and aneuploidy rates in IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) cycles. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a Cha Fertility Center, Seoul Station. All fresh non-donor IVF cycles performed in women aged 40 years and above from January 2016 to December 2016 were reviewed. Donor/recipient treatment, PGD/PGS (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis/ Preimplantation Genetic Screening) were excluded from analysis. Of the 1,166 cycles from 753 women who completed ovulation induction, 1,047 were appropriate for the evaluation according to inclusion and exclusion criterion. IVF cycles were categorized according to age and grouped into the following 1-year age groups: 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 and > 46. The mean age of patients was 42.4 ± 1.8 years. The median AMH (Anti-Mullerian Hormone) level was 1.2 ± 1.5 ng/mL. The mean number of retrieved oocytes was 4.9 ± 4.3. The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate in women > 40 years significantly decreased with each year of advancing age (p < 0.001). The clinical pregnancy rate decreased from 21% at the age of 40 years to 0% at ages above 45 years. Live birth rate decreased from 12.3% to 0%, respectively. There were no clinical pregnancy outcomes among 95 patients aged above 45 years of age. The overall miscarriage rate was 40.7% (range, 36.7%-70%). The transfer of at least one good quality embryo was associated with about 4-9% increased chance of a clinical pregnancy rate. Therefore, IVF in old age women less than 46 had a reasonable chance for successful pregnancy outcomes especially when good quality embryo is transferred. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advanced%20maternal%20age" title="advanced maternal age">advanced maternal age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20vitro%20fertilization" title=" in vitro fertilization"> in vitro fertilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy%20rate" title=" pregnancy rate"> pregnancy rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=live%20birth%20rate" title=" live birth rate"> live birth rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95316/clinical-outcome-after-in-vitro-fertilization-in-women-aged-40-years-and-above-reasonable-cut-off-age-for-successful-pregnancy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95316.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Redirection of Cytokine Production Patterns by Dydrogesterone, an Orally-Administered Progestogen</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raj%20Raghupathy">Raj Raghupathy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recurrent Spontaneous Miscarriage (RSM) is a common form of pregnancy loss, 50% of which are due to ‘unexplained’ causes. Evidence exists to suggest that RSM may be caused by immunologic factors such as cytokines which are critical molecules of the immune system, with an impressive array of capabilities. An association appears to exist between Th2-type reactivity (mediated by Th2 or anti-inflammatory cytokines) and normal, successful pregnancy, and between unexplained RSM and Th1 cytokine dominance. If pro-inflammatory cytokines are indeed associated with pregnancy loss, the suppression of these cytokines, and thus the ‘redirection’ of maternal reactivity, may help prevent cytokine-mediated pregnancy loss. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of modulating cytokine production using Dydrogesterone (Duphaston®), an orally-administered progestogen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 34 women with a history of at least 3 unexplained recurrent miscarriages were stimulated in vitro with a mitogen (to elicit cytokine production) in the presence and absence of dydrogesterone. Levels of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured after exposure to these progestogens. Dydrogesterone down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulates the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The ratios of Th2 to Th1 cytokines are markedly elevated in the presence of dydrogesterone, indicating a shift from potentially harmful maternal Th1 reactivity to a more pregnancy-conducive Th2 profile. We used a progesterone receptor antagonist to show that this cytokine-modulating effect of dydrogesterone is mediated via the progesterone receptor. Dydrogesterone also induces the production of the Progesterone-Induced Blocking Factor (PIBF); lymphocytes exposed to PIBF produce higher levels of Th2 cytokines, affecting a Th1 → Th2 cytokine shift which could be favourable to the success of pregnancy. We conclude that modulation of maternal cytokine production profiles is possible with dydrogesterone which has the merits that it can be administered orally and that it is safe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytokines" title="cytokines">cytokines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dydrogesterone" title=" dydrogesterone"> dydrogesterone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=progesterone" title=" progesterone"> progesterone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recurrent%20spontaneous%20miscarriage" title=" recurrent spontaneous miscarriage"> recurrent spontaneous miscarriage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34106/redirection-of-cytokine-production-patterns-by-dydrogesterone-an-orally-administered-progestogen" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34106.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Effectiveness of a Healthy Lifestyle Combined with Abdominal Massage on Treating Infertility Due to Endometriosis and Adhesions in the Fallopian Tubes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flora%20Tajiki">Flora Tajiki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Undoubtedly, the desire to experience the beauty of motherhood is a dream for every woman, and delays in achieving this can have significant psychological consequences. Endometriosis, which is the presence of endometrial tissue in organs other than the uterus, can cause infertility through adhesion and inflammation. The fallopian tubes play a crucial role in transferring the egg to the uterus; if adhesions are present, the chances of natural pregnancy decrease, while the likelihood of ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage increases. In cases of mild adhesions observed during hysterosalpingography or laparoscopy, the tubes may open, but in severe adhesions, this is usually not possible. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle combined with massage of the uterine and ovarian areas in relieving adhesions in the fallopian tubes and treating the complications of endometriosis. This case study focuses on a 33-year-old woman, who married at 20, and experienced a miscarriage five years ago that required curettage. Following this, a hysterosalpingography revealed blockages in both fallopian tubes. A laparoscopic examination also indicated endometriosis and specialists in infertility ruled out the possibility of natural pregnancy. Three years ago, she underwent an unsuccessful IVF procedure. Two years ago, she began a lifestyle modification program that included improving sleep patterns, eliminating sugar and preservatives, avoiding red meat and gluten, eating a balanced diet, walking, exercising, and incorporating beneficial foods like olive oil, almonds, and nutritious vegetables, along with abdominal massage using chamomile oil. She also took vitamin C and vitamin D supplements. After approximately twenty weeks of these methods, and given that infertility centers had indicated that surgery and repeated IVF were the only options for her to conceive, she became pregnant naturally and had a successful pregnancy and delivery. Endometriosis is one of the significant factors contributing to infertility and adhesions in the fallopian tubes and uterus, and unfortunately, it has no definitive cure and can recur even after surgery. The treatment of similar cases emphasizes lifestyle modifications, and this approach has proven to be both cost-effective and harmless. Therefore, it seems essential to focus on this treatment strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infertility" title="infertility">infertility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endometriosis" title=" endometriosis"> endometriosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesions" title=" adhesions"> adhesions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fallopian%20tubes" title=" fallopian tubes"> fallopian tubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthy%20lifestyle" title=" healthy lifestyle"> healthy lifestyle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifestyle%20modifications" title=" lifestyle modifications"> lifestyle modifications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abdominal%20massage" title=" abdominal massage"> abdominal massage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title=" case study"> case study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20pregnancy" title=" natural pregnancy"> natural pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ivf" title=" ivf"> ivf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20consequences" title=" psychological consequences"> psychological consequences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uterine%20health" title=" uterine health"> uterine health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complementary%20treatments" title=" complementary treatments"> complementary treatments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrition" title=" nutrition"> nutrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%27s%20health." title=" women's health."> women's health.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191842/effectiveness-of-a-healthy-lifestyle-combined-with-abdominal-massage-on-treating-infertility-due-to-endometriosis-and-adhesions-in-the-fallopian-tubes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191842.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Case Report of Intramural Pregnancy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Wo%C5%BAniak">S. Woźniak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Rybka"> J. Rybka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Paszkowski"> T. Paszkowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Milart"> P. Milart</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 30-year-old patient, who was pregnant for her second 9 weeks, was admitted to the hospital due to a suspected incomplete miscarriage. A fetal egg was found in the uterine cavity near the mouth of the fallopian tube. The patient was qualified for dilatation and curettage. The histopathological examination revealed fragments of the trophoblast. Two months later, the patient was re-admitted to the hospital due to vaginal bleeding and elevated levels of beta-hCG. Additional tests were performed. An intramural pregnancy was suspected. The patient was qualified for embolization of the uterine arteries and then treatment with methotrexate. Three weeks later, during a routine gynecological examination, a detached tumor 4 cm in diameter was found in the vagina. The material was sent for histopathological examination, which showed the presence of trophoblastic cells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ectopic%20pregnancy" title="ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intramural%20pregnancy" title=" intramural pregnancy"> intramural pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uterine%20artery%20embolization" title=" uterine artery embolization"> uterine artery embolization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methotrexate" title=" methotrexate"> methotrexate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158226/case-report-of-intramural-pregnancy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158226.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Pregnancy Outcome in Pregnancy with Low Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A in First Trimester</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumi%20Manjipparambil%20Surendran">Sumi Manjipparambil Surendran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subrata%20Majumdar"> Subrata Majumdar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aim: The aim of the study is to find out if low PAPP-A (Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A) levels in the first trimester are associated with adverse obstetric outcome. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 114 singleton pregnancies having undergone combined test screening. Results: There is statistically significant increased incidence of low birth weight infants in the low PAPP-A group. However, significant association was not found in the incidence of pre-eclampsia, miscarriage, and placental abruption. Conclusion: Low PAPP-A in the first trimester is associated with fetal growth restriction. Recommendation: Women with low PAPP-A levels in first trimester pregnancy screening require consultant-led care and serial growth scans. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title="pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy-associated%20plasma%20protein%20A" title=" pregnancy-associated plasma protein A"> pregnancy-associated plasma protein A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAPP-A" title=" PAPP-A"> PAPP-A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fetal%20growth%20restriction" title=" fetal growth restriction"> fetal growth restriction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trimester" title=" trimester"> trimester</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133011/pregnancy-outcome-in-pregnancy-with-low-pregnancy-associated-plasma-protein-a-in-first-trimester" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Leadership, Corruption, and Governance in Nigeria since 1960: The Way Forward</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reginald%20Chikere%20Keke">Reginald Chikere Keke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examined leadership failure consequent on endemic corruption as being the bane of good governance in Nigeria since independence in 1960 and the way forward. Nigeria is lavishly gifted by nature of abundance in human and material resources to be harnessed a strategic, resolute, ingenious, and inventive leadership. For leadership to drive sustainable growth in society, it must be rooted in the cultural values of the people. This, however, is contrary in Nigeria owing to unscrupulous leadership miscarriage, corruption, and bad governance. Using the eclectic approach, the paper scrutinizes the issues of leadership, corruption, and governance to clearly show how bad leadership and governance have destroyed the national fabric and the way out of Nigeria's development quack mire. Furthermore, this paper examined the perplexing nature of corruption in Nigeria that has made it the only lucrative endeavor for politicians and their cronies, leading Nigeria to be regarded as the world's poverty capital. This paper advocate that Nigerians and the international community must endeavor to enshrine effective leadership and good governance through strong institutions, laws, and individuals who have zero tolerance for corruption and mediocrity in the polity. Only then will the fatherland of everyone’s dreams will be realized, and the labors of our hero’s past will not be in vain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title="corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership" title=" leadership"> leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153545/leadership-corruption-and-governance-in-nigeria-since-1960-the-way-forward" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153545.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> O.MG- It’s a Cyber-Enabled Fraud</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damola%20O.%20Lawal">Damola O. Lawal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20W.%20Gresty"> David W. Gresty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diane%20E.%20Gan"> Diane E. Gan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louise%20Hewitt"> Louise Hewitt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the feasibility of using a programmable USB such as the O.MG Cable to perform a file tampering attack. Here, the O.MG Cable, an apparently harmless mobile device charger, is used in an unauthorized way to alter the content of a file (accounts record-January_Contributions.xlsx). The aim is to determine if a forensics analyst can reliably determine who has altered the target file; the O.MG Cable or the user of the machine. This work highlights some of the traces of the O.MG Cable left behind on the target computer itself, such as the Product ID (PID) and Vendor ID (ID). Also discussed is the O.MG Cable’s behavior during the experiments. We determine if a forensics analyst could identify if any evidence has been left behind by the programmable device on the target file once it has been removed from the computer to establish if the analyst would be able to link the traces left by the O.MG Cable to the file tampering. It was discovered that the forensic analyst might mistake the actions of the O.MG Cable for the computer users. Experiments carried out in this work could further the discussion as to whether an innocent user could be punished for the unauthorized changes made by a programmable device. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.MG%20cable" title="O.MG cable">O.MG cable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=programmable%20USB" title=" programmable USB"> programmable USB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=file%20tampering%20attack" title=" file tampering attack"> file tampering attack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20evidence%20credibility" title=" digital evidence credibility"> digital evidence credibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miscarriage%20of%20justice" title=" miscarriage of justice"> miscarriage of justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyber%20fraud" title=" cyber fraud"> cyber fraud</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143005/omg-its-a-cyber-enabled-fraud" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143005.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> An Investigation into the Levels of Human Development, Contraceptives’ Usage and Maternal Health in Indian States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Divyanshi%20Singh">Divyanshi Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Women’s right to have choices, sense of self-worth and their right to have access to opportunities have been a subject of serious concern. The health of women and their children in Indian society is adversely affected by the woman’s inferior status within households. The level of human development in society is a reflection of the better status of a woman, which has a clear impact on the usage of contraceptive methods and maternal health. The study is an attempt to assess the performance of Indian states on the parameters of levels of development and to see how the developmental trajectory is influencing the choice for contraception and maternal health. The objective of the paper is to study the relationship between usage of contraception, maternal health and levels of human development in Indian states. Data from NFHS-4th round, AHS (2012-13) and census 2011 is used. Three indicators of human development (effective literacy, infant mortality and gross district domestic product) have been taken. Maternal health for the study has been measured in MMR, IMR and pregnancy resulted in abortions, stillbirths and miscarriage. The multiple regression analysis has been done to analyze the relationship between them. The Developmental factor is found to be greatly influencing the choice of family planning and thus they both show strong relation with maternal health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20development" title="human development">human development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contraceptive%20usage" title=" contraceptive usage"> contraceptive usage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20health" title=" maternal health"> maternal health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20literacy" title=" effective literacy"> effective literacy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146014/an-investigation-into-the-levels-of-human-development-contraceptives-usage-and-maternal-health-in-indian-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Historical Analysis of Nigeria Politics, 1960–2010</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulsalami%20Muyideen%20Deji">Abdulsalami Muyideen Deji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nigeria as nation got independence in 1960 from British government which allowed indigenous people to form self-government and rule themselves base on the acceptable laws and orders provided by indigenes. All citizens saw it as a welcome development that gave them opportunity to develop at their own pace. Certainly, this occurred at the first instance up to the first republic of 1963. But things became worse for the country when the first military coup of January 15, 1966 sowed apple of discord between the three major tribes in Nigeria Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo as a result of miscarriage of well-conceived plan of master-minder of that coup Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. Although, the argument had emanated from different quarters that if Nigeria was given opportunity to develop at the pace it was going at that time probably the Nigeria would have been among developed nation today, but that ill-fated coup was a clog in the wheel of nation’s progress. The base of this argument is that Nigeria achievements after independence still depend on the work of leaders who secure independence and also directed the affairs of nation within that short period of time up till today. Since then Nigeria has been grasping with different system of government, yet, the nation is still far from the solution. This paper will analyze Nigeria politics from independence, offer suggestion on the way forward. The source is strictly base on secondary source from textbook, newspapers, internet and journals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics" title="politics">politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government" title=" government"> government</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independence" title=" independence"> independence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14538/historical-analysis-of-nigeria-politics-1960-2010" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy in Northern Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samira%20Akdader-Oudahmane">Samira Akdader-Oudahmane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Assia%20Kamel"> Assia Kamel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynda%20Lakabi"> Lynda Lakabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Bruce%20Zimmermann"> Michael Bruce Zimmermann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zohra%20Hamouli-Said"> Zohra Hamouli-Said</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djamila%20Meskine"> Djamila Meskine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Iodine is a trace element whose adequate intakes are essential during pregnancy to promote the correct growth and development of the fetus. Iodine deficiency is the cause of several disorders in foetal development, and thyroid disorders during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage or premature birth. The aim of this study was to assess the iodine status and thyroid function of pregnant women (PW) in northern Algeria. Methods: Healthy PW were recruited from an urban area (Algiers). Spot urine and venous blood samples were collected to assess iodine status (urinary iodine concentration, UIC) and serum thyroid hormones (TSH, FT4), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) concentrations. Results: The median UIC for the PW (n=172) in Algiers was 246,74µg/L, 244,68 µg/L, and 220,63µg/L, respectively, during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Mean TSH and FT4 concentrations were within reference ranges in all groups of women. Among PW, 72.7%, 75.4%, and 75.5% in the first, second and third trimester were TPO-Ab+. Among PW, 14%, 10%, and 10% in the first, second and third trimester, respectively, with TPO -Ab+ had subclinical hypothyroidism. An analysis of the variations in the levels of the serum parameters (FT4, TSH and anti-TPO antibodies) was analyzed according to the UIC intervals admitted and show that these marker are predictive of thyroid function. Conclusion: In northern Algeria, median UICs indicate iodine sufficiency in PW. About 75% of PW are TPO-Ab+ and the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is high. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thyroid" title="thyroid">thyroid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnant%20woman" title=" pregnant woman"> pregnant woman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urinary%20iodine" title=" urinary iodine"> urinary iodine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subclinical%20hypothyroidism" title=" subclinical hypothyroidism"> subclinical hypothyroidism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166232/prevalence-of-thyroid-disorders-in-pregnancy-in-northern-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Renal Transplant, Pregnancy, and Complications: A Literature Review </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Iqbal">Sara Iqbal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction:Renal transplant is increasingly one of the most popular transplants within the UK; with an aging population along with obesity epidemic we are witnessing increasing rates of diabetes – one of the commonest indications for renal transplant. However, the demand is far greater than supply. Many donors are provided by women of child-bearing age; however the long-term effects are still uncertain. Aim:Determine pregnancy outcomes and complications of women of child-bearing age following renal donation. Methods: A review of the current available literature was preformed using MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 2014. Search criteria included key terms such as pregnancy outcome post-renal donor, pregnancy outcomes and complications. Relevant articles were selected based on pure methodological medical research, after careful analysis, they were recorded within this review. Results: Out of 1141 women involved in transplant studies, 574 pregnancies reported having donated a single-renal donor prior to pregnancy. Of which a staggering miscarriage rate 32.4% (n=186) was reported, amongst this other complications included gestational hypertension of 10% (n=59) and gestational diabetes 2.3% (n=13). Other significantly noted complications included chronic hypertension, low-birth weights, and pregnancy-related death. Conclusions: After unilateral renal donor transplant, haemodynamics change along with pregnancy, predisposing women to developing several complications compared to pregnancies with no history any renal-donor transplant. Despite this, further investigation is required in order to accurately determine the safety of renal-donors in women of child-bearing age. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renal%20transplant" title="renal transplant">renal transplant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title=" pregnancy"> pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complications" title=" complications"> complications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20and%20health%20sciences" title=" medical and health sciences "> medical and health sciences </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17993/renal-transplant-pregnancy-and-complications-a-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> An Anthropological Insight into Cultural Beliefs, Perceptions and Taboos Associated with Reproductive Tract Infections among Women of Village Junga Village, Himachal Pradesh, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ratika%20Thakur">A. Ratika Thakur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20A.%20K.%20Sinha"> B. A. K. Sinha </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20R.%20K.%20Pathak"> C. R. K. Pathak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reproductive Tract Infections are recognized as a serious global health problem with direct impact on women. In the developing countries, prevalence of RTI is much higher relative to other health problems. Women of the reproductive age group are socially, mentally and physically more vulnerable to infections. Also, it is a well established fact that RTI has prolonged complications in women rather than men. It causes ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory diseases, miscarriage and infertility in the long course. Women perspective about infections is less studied. In this view the study was carried out with an aim to determine knowledge, perception and belief of married women towards reproductive tract infection. The study was conducted in Junga village, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. 48 women were interviewed regarding awareness, beliefs and taboos related to reproductive tract infection. Other aspects like fertility history were also taken into account. The data were collected using interviews with the help of interview schedule and interview guide. Data were recorded in the form of narratives and case studies. The analysis was done using quantitative and qualitative analysis. It was found that a majority of women were not aware about the reasons of infection. Moreover cultural beliefs, perceptions and taboos made them more vulnerable and exposed to RTI. Economic dependency upon men, lack of control in barrier methods were some of the factors that contributed to delayed treatment of women. It was found that a majority of women suffering from RTIs were silently bearing the burden and underwent treatment when the case would not rest in their hands. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=belief" title="belief">belief</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taboo" title=" taboo"> taboo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title=" women"> women</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30524/an-anthropological-insight-into-cultural-beliefs-perceptions-and-taboos-associated-with-reproductive-tract-infections-among-women-of-village-junga-village-himachal-pradesh-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Noise Pollution: An Emerging Threat to Urban Health</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Sirajul%20Islam%20Molla">M. Sirajul Islam Molla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Noise pollution has been a continuous and an increasing threat to human health in urban population all over the world. The situation in Bangladesh particularly in major cities has been dangerously aggravating. Despite the government of Bangladesh have laws in its hand to curb the noise pollution the authority’s reluctance in enforcing it, is making the situation worse. We do not see any difference in some other major cities of the South Asian Regional Countries like Delhi and Kathmandu, both of the cities are facing the same situation like Dhaka. With the expansion of technology-based township all over the world, the noise pollution has been an emerging threat to urban health. The information for this review has been derived from websites of GOs, NGOs, peer-reviewed papers, seminars and symposia. The worse situation of noise pollution results in people’s irritation and protest, but in many cases, the protesters are facing the wrath of the polluters. Two such consequences in Bangladesh have resulted in killing the protesters by the polluters – one happened in Dhaka city and the other in a rural town. The law-enforcing agencies proactively do not attempt to impose the law. Noise pollution has been increasing so rapidly that it has become a burden on human health in urban populations. Prolonged exposure to higher noise causes mental stress, sleeplessness, high blood pressure, cardiac failure, respiratory disorder, miscarriage and breaks attention of students to their studies and also irritates their behavior. The noise pollution-caused mortality has also been increasing all over the world. Recommendations from the international conferences such as ICUH should be forwarded to the United Nations. The UN then should pass it on to the concerned countries. The UN should also keenly monitor if the countries have appropriate plan to curb noise pollution to meet the sustainable development goals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decibel" title="decibel">decibel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise" title=" noise"> noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90520/noise-pollution-an-emerging-threat-to-urban-health" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">244</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Maternal Food Insecurity in Urban Settings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theresia%20F.%20Mrema">Theresia F. Mrema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Innocent%20Semali"> Innocent Semali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Food insecurity to pregnant women seriously impedes efforts to reduce maternal mortality in resource poor countries. This study was carried out to assess determinants food insecurity among pregnant women in urban areas. A cross sectional study design was used to collect data for the period of two weeks. A structured questionnaire with both closed and open ended questions was used to interview a total of 225 randomly selected pregnant women who attend the three randomly selected antenatal care clinics in Temeke Municipal council. The food insecurity was measured using a modified version of the USDA’s core food security module which consists of 15questions. Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain strength of association between dependent and independent variables. Among 225 pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) interviewed 55.1% were food insecure. Food insecurity declined with increasing household wealth, it was also significantly low among those with less than three children compared with having more. Low level of food insecurity was associated with having Secondary education (Adjusted OR=0.24; 95%CI, 0.12–0.48), College Education (OR=0.156; 95%CI, 0.05-0.46), paid employment (OR=0.322; 95%CI, 0.11-0.96) and high income (OR=0.031; 95%CI, 0.01–0.07). Also, having head of the household with secondary education (OR=0.51; 95%CI, 0.07-0.32) college education (OR=0.04; 95%CI, 0.01-0.13) and paid employment (OR=0.225; 95%CI, 0.12-0.42). Food insecurity is a significant problem among pregnant women in Temeke Municipal which might significantly affect health of the pregnant woman and foetus due to higher maternal malnutrition which increases risk of miscarriage, maternal and infant mortality, and poor pregnancy outcomes. The study suggests a multi-sectoral approach in order to address this problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title="food security">food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrition" title=" nutrition"> nutrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnant%20women" title=" pregnant women"> pregnant women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20settings" title=" urban settings"> urban settings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16302/a-cross-sectional-assessment-of-maternal-food-insecurity-in-urban-settings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16302.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> A Five-Year Follow-up Survey Using Regression Analysis Finds Only Maternal Age to Be a Significant Medical Predictor for Infertility Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lea%20Stein">Lea Stein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabine%20R%C3%B6sner"> Sabine Rösner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alessandra%20Lo%20Giudice"> Alessandra Lo Giudice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beate%20Ditzen"> Beate Ditzen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tewes%20Wischmann"> Tewes Wischmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For many couples bearing children is a consistent life goal; however, it cannot always be fulfilled. Undergoing infertility treatment does not guarantee pregnancies and live births. Couples have to deal with miscarriages and sometimes even discontinue infertility treatment. Significant medical predictors for the outcome of infertility treatment have yet to be fully identified. To further our understanding, a cross-sectional five-year follow-up survey was undertaken, in which 95 women and 82 men that have been treated at the Women’s Hospital of Heidelberg University participated. Binary logistic regressions, parametric and non-parametric methods were used for our sample to determine the relevance of biological (infertility diagnoses, maternal and paternal age) and lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, over- and underweight) on the outcome of infertility treatment (clinical pregnancy, live birth, miscarriage, dropout rate). During infertility treatment, 72.6% of couples became pregnant and 69.5% were able to give birth. Suffering from miscarriages 27.5% of couples and 20.5% decided to discontinue an unsuccessful fertility treatment. The binary logistic regression models for clinical pregnancies, live births and dropouts were statistically significant for the maternal age, whereas the paternal age in addition to maternal and paternal BMI, smoking, infertility diagnoses and infections, showed no significant predicting effect on any of the outcome variables. The results confirm an effect of maternal age on infertility treatment, whereas the relevance of other medical predictors remains unclear. Further investigations should be considered to increase our knowledge of medical predictors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advanced%20maternal%20age" title="advanced maternal age">advanced maternal age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assisted%20reproductive%20technology" title=" assisted reproductive technology"> assisted reproductive technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20factor" title=" female factor"> female factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=male%20factor" title=" male factor"> male factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20predictors" title=" medical predictors"> medical predictors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infertility%20treatment" title=" infertility treatment"> infertility treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reproductive%20medicine" title=" reproductive medicine"> reproductive medicine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154994/a-five-year-follow-up-survey-using-regression-analysis-finds-only-maternal-age-to-be-a-significant-medical-predictor-for-infertility-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Predicting Low Birth Weight Using Machine Learning: A Study on 53,637 Ethiopian Birth Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kehabtimer%20Shiferaw%20Kotiso">Kehabtimer Shiferaw Kotiso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getachew%20Hailemariam"> Getachew Hailemariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abiy%20Seifu%20Estifanos"> Abiy Seifu Estifanos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Despite the highest share of low birth weight (LBW) for neonatal mortality and morbidity, predicting births with LBW for better intervention preparation is challenging. This study aims to predict LBW using a dataset encompassing 53,637 birth cohorts collected from 36 primary hospitals across seven regions in Ethiopia from February 2022 to June 2024. Methods: We identified ten explanatory variables related to maternal and neonatal characteristics, including maternal education, age, residence, history of miscarriage or abortion, history of preterm birth, type of pregnancy, number of livebirths, number of stillbirths, antenatal care frequency, and sex of the fetus to predict LBW. Using WEKA 3.8.2, we developed and compared seven machine learning algorithms. Data preprocessing included handling missing values, outlier detection, and ensuring data integrity in birth weight records. Model performance was evaluated through metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC AUC) using 10-fold cross-validation. Results: The results demonstrated that the decision tree, J48, logistic regression, and gradient boosted trees model achieved the highest accuracy (94.5% to 94.6%) with a precision of 93.1% to 93.3%, F1-score of 92.7% to 93.1%, and ROC AUC of 71.8% to 76.6%. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of machine learning models in predicting LBW. The high accuracy and recall rates achieved indicate that these models can serve as valuable tools for healthcare policymakers and providers in identifying at-risk newborns and implementing timely interventions to achieve the sustainable developmental goal (SDG) related to neonatal mortality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20birth%20weight" title="low birth weight">low birth weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neonatal%20mortality" title=" neonatal mortality"> neonatal mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192060/predicting-low-birth-weight-using-machine-learning-a-study-on-53637-ethiopian-birth-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">21</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> A Case Study: Triumph Over Infertility and Premature Menopause Through Lifestyle Modification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flora%20Tajiki">Flora Tajiki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Infertility is a pervasive issue affecting women globally, profoundly impacting their psychological well-being and quality of life. This case study traces the six-year journey of a 35-year-old Iranian woman who married at 29 and grappled with infertility and premature menopause. Three years post-marriage, her initial pregnancy resulted in a miscarriage, followed by a year without successful conception. Diagnostic evaluations revealed small ovaries and a low AMH level of 0.19, leading to a diagnosis of premature menopause. Despite her primary therapist's recommendation to use a donated egg, she opted to pursue a comprehensive lifestyle modification approach through remote consultation with the author. The regimen encompassed regular physical activity, weight management, stress control, sleep regulation, meditation, abdominal massages, diaphragmatic breathing, and dietary changes toward a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. The recommended diet included nuts such as almonds and pistachios, as well as sprouted grains like wheat and mung beans. She was further advised to maintain adequate hydration and eliminate sugar, milk, preservatives, and processed foods. Regular follow-ups were conducted. Approximately three months into the regimen, the lifestyle overhaul led to a weight reduction from 99 kg to 89 kg and improved stress management. Remarkably, despite a continued decrease in AMH levels, she conceived naturally four months after adopting these lifestyle changes and is now the mother of a healthy 10-month-old girl. Similar cases under this healthy lifestyle approach, despite having low AMH levels, also resulted in successful pregnancies without IVF or hormone therapy. This underscores that AMH levels are not the sole determinant of fertility and that lifestyle modifications can play a significant role in overcoming infertility and achieving natural conception. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=egg%20donation" title="egg donation">egg donation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infertility" title=" infertility"> infertility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifestyle%20Modification" title=" lifestyle Modification"> lifestyle Modification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20conception" title=" natural conception"> natural conception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premature%20menopause" title=" premature menopause"> premature menopause</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191115/a-case-study-triumph-over-infertility-and-premature-menopause-through-lifestyle-modification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> An Analytical Study on the Politics of Defection in India </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diya%20Sarkar">Diya Sarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prafulla%20C.%20Mishra"> Prafulla C. Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In a parliamentary system, party discipline is the impulse; when it falls short, the government usually falls. Conceivably, the platform of Indian politics suffers with innumerous practical disorders. The politics of defection is one such specie entailing gross miscarriage of fair conduct turning politics into a game of thrones (powers). This practice of political nomaditude can trace its seed in the womb of British House of Commons. Therein, if a legislator was found to cross the floor, the party considered him disloyal. In other words, the legislator lost his allegiance to his former party by joining another party. This very phenomenon, in practice has a two way traffic i.e. ruling party to the opposition party or vice versa<em>.</em> The democracies like USA, Australia and Canada were also aware of this fashion of swapping loyalties. There have been several instances of great politicians changing party allegiance, for example Winston Churchill, Ramsay McDonald, William Gladstone etc. Nevertheless, it is interesting to cite that irrespective of such practice of changing party allegiance, none of the democracies in the west ever desired or felt the need to legislatively ban defections. But, exceptionally India can be traced to have passed anti-defection laws. The politics of defection had been a unique popular phenomenon on the floor of Indian Parliamentary system gradually gulping the democratic essence and synchronization of the Federation. This study is both analytical and doctrinal, which tries to examine whether representative democracy has lost its essence due to political nomadism. The present study also analyzes the classical as well as contemporary pulse of floor crossing amidst dynastic politics in a representative democracy. It will briefly discuss the panorama of defections under the Indian federal structure in the light of the anti-defection law and an attempt has been made to add valuable suggestions to streamline remedy for the still prevalent political defections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutional%20law" title="constitutional law">constitutional law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defection" title=" defection"> defection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title=" democracy"> democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polarization" title=" polarization"> polarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20anti-trust" title=" political anti-trust"> political anti-trust</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76202/an-analytical-study-on-the-politics-of-defection-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76202.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Pregnancy - The Unique Immunological Paradigm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Husham%20Bayazed">Husham Bayazed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose of presentation: Pregnancy represents the most important period for the conservation of the species. The immune system is one of the most important systems protecting the mother against the environment and preventing damage to the fetus. This presentation aims to review and discuss the role of the immune system during pregnancy, the evolutionary inflammatory process through pregnancy, infectious and environmental exposure influences on the mother and the fetus, and the impacts of sexual dimorphism of the placenta on offspring susceptibility to different disorders. Recent Findings: In 1960, Peter Medawar (Nobel Prize Winner) proposed that the fetus, a semi-allograft, is similar to a tissue graft that escapes rejection through a mechanism involving systemic immune suppression (Graft –Host response). However, recent researchers and studies have documented that implantation means inflammation, and the inflammatory process is considered a breach of tolerance in pregnancy with immune induction, which is necessary for the protection of the mother and the fetus against infections and environmental triggers. This inflammatory process should be maintained during different pregnancy phases till parturition, and any block at any phase will be associated with pregnancy complications, including pregnancy failure or loss, miscarriage, and preterm birth subsequently. Maternal immune activation following any trigger can have a positive effect on the fetus. The old concept of the placenta being asexual is inaccurate, and being with sexual dimorphism with clear differences in susceptibility to different factors that stimulate maternal immunity. Summary: The presence of different immune cells ((i.e., T cells, B cells, NK cells, etc.) at the implantation site is considered proof of a strong maternal immune response to the fetus. Therefore, human pregnancy is considered a unique immunological paradigm requiring maternal immune modulation rather than suppression. So Medawar's postulation of maternal systemic immunosuppression is wrong. Maternal immune system activation triggered by infections, stress, diet, and pollution can have a positive effect on the fetus, with the development of fetal-trained immunity necessary for survival. The sexual dimorphism of the placenta seems to have an impact on the differences in sex susceptible to the environment maternal risk stimuli. This link to why the incidence of autism is increasing more among boys than girls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title="pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20immunity" title=" maternal immunity"> maternal immunity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implantation%20and%20inflammation" title=" implantation and inflammation"> implantation and inflammation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=placenta%20sexual%20dimorphism" title=" placenta sexual dimorphism"> placenta sexual dimorphism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157718/pregnancy-the-unique-immunological-paradigm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157718.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Seroepidemiological Study of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women of Child-Bearing Age in Communities in Osun State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olarinde%20Olaniran">Olarinde Olaniran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluyomi%20A.%20Sowemimo"> Oluyomi A. Sowemimo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Toxoplasmosis is frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, and it is the third most common cause of hospitalization due to food-borne infection. Intra-uterine infection with Toxoplasma gondii due to active parasitaemia during pregnancy can cause severe and often fatal cerebral damage, abortion, and stillbirth of a fetus. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in women of childbearing age in selected communities of Osun State with a view to determining the risk factors which predispose to the T. gondii infection. Five (5) ml of blood was collected by venopuncture into a plain blood collection tube by a medical laboratory scientist. Serum samples were separated by centrifuging the blood samples at 3000 rpm for 5 mins. The sera were collected with Eppendorf tubes and stored at -20°C analysis for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Demeditec Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The optical densities of wells were measured by a photometer at a wavelength of 450 nm. Data collected were analysed using appropriate computer software. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among the women of child-bearing age in selected seven communities in Osun state was 76.3%. Out of 76.3% positive for Toxoplasma gondii infection, 70.0% were positive for anti- T. gondii IgG, and 32.3% were positive for IgM, and 26.7% for both IgG and IgM. The prevalence of T. gondii was lowest (58.9%) among women from Ile Ife, a peri-urban community, and highest (100%) in women residing in Alajue, a rural community. The prevalence of infection was significantly higher (P= 0.000) among Islamic women (87.5%) than in Christian women (70.8%). The highest prevalence (86.3%) was recorded in women with primary education, while the lowest (61.2%) was recorded in women with tertiary education (p =0.016). The highest prevalence (79.7%) was recorded in women that reside in rural areas, and the lowest (70.1%) was recorded in women that reside in peri-urban area (p=0.025). The prevalence of T. gondii infection was highest (81.4%) in women with one miscarriage, while the prevalence was lowest in women with no miscarriages (75.9%). The age of the women (p=0.042), Islamic religion (p=0.001), the residence of the women (p=0.001), and water source were all positively associated with T. gondii infection. The study concluded that there was a high seroprevalence of T. gondii recorded among women of child-bearing age in the study area. Hence, there is a need for health education and create awareness of the disease and its transmission to women of reproductive age group in general and pregnant women in particular to reduce the risk of T. gondii in pregnant women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seroepidemiology" title="seroepidemiology">seroepidemiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toxoplasma%20gondii" title=" Toxoplasma gondii"> Toxoplasma gondii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title=" women"> women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child-bearing" title=" child-bearing"> child-bearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=age" title=" age"> age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communities" title=" communities"> communities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ile%20-Ife" title=" Ile -Ife"> Ile -Ife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140241/seroepidemiological-study-of-toxoplasma-gondii-infection-in-women-of-child-bearing-age-in-communities-in-osun-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> A Rare Case of Myometrial Ectopic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madeleine%20Cox">Madeleine Cox</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: Discussion of diagnosis and management options for myometrial ectopic pregnancy Case: A 30 yo G1P0 presented to the emergency department with vaginal bleeding for the last 4 days. She had a positive home urine pregnancy test, confirmed with a serum HCG. When she presented for an ultrasound, there was no intrauterine pregnancy, no evidence of adnexal pregnancy, however, the anterior myometrium of the uterus was noted to be markedly abnormal. When she presented to the emergency department of a busy tertiary hospital in Queensland, she had a small amount of vaginal bleeding, was anxious but well, observations normal. Repeat blood testes demonstrated a serum HCG of 9246 IU/L, haemoglobin of 143g/L. The patient had an interesting history of a right oophorectomy and open myomectomy in another country. A repeat ultrasound again showed an abnormality within the myometrium of the uterus, which was initially reported as concerning for an AVM, or potentially invasive gestational trophoblastic disease. An MRI was organised 2 days later, which demonstrated a intramural/subserosal irregularity in the right lateral body measuring 35x38x42mm with peripheral enhancement and central cystic components, favouring a myometrial ectopic most likely at the site of previous myomectomy. Alternative diagnosis of AVM, GTD were considered less likely. After discussion with the patient, IV methotrexate was administered as an in patient 4 days after her initial presentation to emergency. After this, her HCG fell to 1236 IU/L on day 6 post treatment. Weekly reviews showed stable ultrasound appearances with a steadily dropping HCG level. A repeat MRI was performed 3 weeks after methotrexate administration which confirmed involution of the myometrial ectopic, however, showed ongoing progression of vascularity surrounding the site. Despite resolution of HCG, the patient persisted to have ongoing bleeding associated with this and went to have uterine artery embolisation. Follow up ultrasound showed resolution of abnormal vascularity and negative HCG levels. Conclusion: Myometrial ectopic pregnancies are a rare occurrence and require a multidisciplinary approach to achieve timely management for these patients. This patient was in a very well resourced setting with excellent access to Interventional Radiology and specialist Radiologists who could work together with the Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Maternal Fetal Medicine team to provide multiple options of management which preserved her fertility. This case has a very good outcome, with the patient being referred back to our service 12 months later with an early intrauterine pregnancy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ectopic" title="ectopic">ectopic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title=" pregnancy"> pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miscarriage" title=" miscarriage"> miscarriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gynaecology" title=" gynaecology"> gynaecology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148755/a-rare-case-of-myometrial-ectopic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148755.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Litigating Innocence in the Era of Forensic Law: The Problem of Wrongful Convictions in the Absence of Effective Post-Conviction Remedies in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tapiwa%20Shumba">Tapiwa Shumba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The right to fairness and access to appeals and reviews enshrined under the South African Constitution seeks to ensure that justice is served. In essence, the constitution and the law have put in place mechanisms to ensure that a miscarriage of justice through wrongful convictions does not occur. However, once convicted and sentenced on appeal the procedural safeguards seem to resign as if to say, the accused has met his fate. The challenge with this construction is that even within an ideally perfect legal system wrongful convictions would still occur. Therefore, it is not so much of the failings of a legal system that demand attention but mechanisms to redress the results of such failings where evidence becomes available that a wrongful conviction occurred. In this context, this paper looks at the South African criminal procedural mechanisms for litigating innocence post-conviction. The discussion focuses on the role of section 327 of the South African Criminal Procedure Act and its apparent shortcomings in providing an avenue for victims of miscarriages to litigate their innocence by adducing new evidence at any stage during their wrongful incarceration. By looking at developments in other jurisdiction such as the United Kingdom, where South African criminal procedure draws much of its history, and the North Carolina example which in itself was inspired by the UK Criminal Cases Review Commission, this paper is able to make comparisons and draw invaluable lessons for the South African criminal justice system. Lessons from these foreign jurisdictions show that South African post-conviction criminal procedures need reform in line with constitutional values of human dignity, equality before the law, openness and transparency. The paper proposes an independent review of the current processes to assess the current post-conviction procedures under section 327. The review must look into the effectiveness of the current system and how it can be improved in line with new substantive legal provisions creating access to DNA evidence for post-conviction exonerations. Although the UK CCRC body should not be slavishly followed, its operations and the process leading to its establishment certainly provide a good point of reference and invaluable lessons for the South African criminal justice system seeing that South African law on this aspect has generally followed the English approach except that current provisions under section 327 are a mirror of the discredited system of the UK’s previous dispensation. A new independent mechanism that treats innocent victims of the criminal justice system with dignity away from the current political process is proposed to enable the South African criminal justice to benefit fully from recent and upcoming advances in science and technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innocence" title="innocence">innocence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forensic%20law" title=" forensic law"> forensic law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-conviction%20remedies" title=" post-conviction remedies"> post-conviction remedies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20African%20criminal%20justice%20system" title=" South African criminal justice system"> South African criminal justice system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wrongful%20conviction" title=" wrongful conviction"> wrongful conviction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62576/litigating-innocence-in-the-era-of-forensic-law-the-problem-of-wrongful-convictions-in-the-absence-of-effective-post-conviction-remedies-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Whistleblowing a Contemporary Topic Concerning Businesses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Kapardis">Andreas Kapardis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Krambia-Kapardis"> Maria Krambia-Kapardis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sofia%20Michaelides-Mateou"> Sofia Michaelides-Mateou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corruption and economic crime is a serious problem affecting the sustainability of businesses in the 21st century. Nowadays, many corruption or fraud cases come to light thanks to whistleblowers. This article will first discuss the concept of whistleblowing as well as some relevant legislation enacted around the world. Secondly, it will discuss the findings of a survey of whistleblowers or could-have-been whistleblowers. Finally, suggestions for the development of a comprehensive whistleblowing framework will be considered. Whistleblowing can be described as expressing a concern about a wrongdoing within an organization, such as a corporation, an association, an institution or a union. Such concern must be in the public interest and in good faith and should relate to the cover up of matters that could potentially result in a miscarriage of justice, a crime, criminal offence and threats to health and safety. Whistleblowing has proven to be an effective anti-corruption mechanism and a powerful tool that helps deterring fraud, violations, and malpractices within organizations, corporations and the public sector. Research in the field of whistleblowing has concentrated on the reasons for whistleblowing and financial bounties; the effectiveness of whistleblowing; whistleblowing being a prosocial behavior with a psychological perspective and consequences; as a tool in protecting shareholders, saving lives and billions of dollars of public funds. Whilst, no other study of whistleblowing has been carried out on whistleblowers or intended whistleblowers. The study reported in the current paper analyses the findings of 74 whistleblowers or intended whistleblowers, the reasons behind their decision to blow the whistle, or not to proceed to blow the whistle and any regrets they may have had. In addition a profile of a whistleblower is developed concerning their age, gender, marital and family status and position in an organization. Lessons learned from the intended whistleblowers and in response to the questions if they would be willing to blow the whistle again show that enacting legislation to protect the whistleblower is not enough. Similarly, rewarding the whistleblower does not appear to provide the whistleblower with an incentive since the majority noted that “work ethics is more important than financial rewards”. We recommend the development of a comprehensive and holistic framework for the protection of the whistleblower and to ensure that remedial actions are immediately taken once a whistleblower comes forward. The suggested framework comprises (a) hard legislation in ensuring the whistleblowers follow certain principles when blowing the whistle and, in return, are protected for a period of 5 years from being fired, dismissed, bullied, harassed; (b) soft legislation in establishing an agency to firstly ensure psychological and legal advice is provided to the whistleblowers and secondly any required remedial action is immediately taken to avert the undesirable events reported by a whistleblower from occurring and, finally; (c) mechanisms to ensure the coordination of actions taken. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whistleblowing" title="whistleblowing">whistleblowing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20ethics" title=" business ethics"> business ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislation" title=" legislation"> legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business" title=" business"> business</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40720/whistleblowing-a-contemporary-topic-concerning-businesses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40720.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Estimation of Level of Pesticide in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Its Correlation with Paraoxanase1 Gene in North Indian Population</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apurva%20Singh">Apurva Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20P.%20Jaiswar"> S. P. Jaiswar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apala%20Priyadarshini"> Apala Priyadarshini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akancha%20Pandey"> Akancha Pandey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: The aim of this study is to find the association of PON1 gene polymorphism with pesticides In RPL subjects. Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as three or more sequential abortions before the 20th week of gestation. Pesticides and its derivatives (organochlorine and organophosphate) are proposed to accommodate a ruler chemical for RPL in the sub-humid region of India. The paraoxonase-1 enzyme (PON1) plays an important role in the toxicity of some organophosphate pesticides, with low PON1 activity being associated with higher pesticide sensitivity Methodology: This is a case-control study done in Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology & Department of Biochemistry, K.G.M.U, Lucknow, India. The subjects were enrolled after fulfilling the inclusion & exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria: Cases- Subject having two or more spontaneous abortions & Control- Healthy female having one or more alive child was selected. Exclusion criteria: Cases & Control- Subject having the following disease will be excluded from the study Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Tuberculosis, Immunocompromised patients, any endocrine disorder and genital, colon or breast cancer any other malignancies. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes from cases & healthy control women & genomic DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform method. The estimation of pesticides residue from blood was done by HPLC. Biochemical estimation was also performed. Genotyping of PON1 gene polymorphism was performed by RFLP. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the SPSS16.3 software. Results: A sum of total 14 pesticides (12 organochlorine and 2 organophosphate) selected on the basis of their persistent nature and consumption rate. The significant level of pesticide (ppb) estimated by the Mann whiney test and it was found to be significant at higher level of β-HCH (p:0.04), γ-HCH (p:0.001), δ-HCH (p: 0.002), chloropyrifos (p:0.001), pp-DDD (p:0.001) and fenvalrate (p: 0.001) in case group compare to its control. The level of antioxidant enzymes were found to be significantly decreased among the cases. Wild homozygous TT was more frequent and prevalent among control groups. However, heterozygous group (Tt) was more in cases than control groups (CI-0.3-1.3) (p=0.06). Conclusion: Higher levels of pesticides with endocrine disrupting potential in cases indicate the possible role of these compounds as one of the causes of recurrent pregnancy loss. Possibly, increased pesticide level appears to indicate increased levels of oxidative damage that has been associated with the possible cause of Recurrent Miscarriage, it may reflect indirect evidence of toxicity rather than the direct cause. Since both factors are reported to increase risk, individuals with higher levels of these 'Toxic compounds' especially in 'high-risk genotypes' might be more susceptible to recurrent pregnancy loss. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paraoxonase" title="paraoxonase">paraoxonase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pesticides" title=" pesticides"> pesticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PON1" title=" PON1"> PON1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RPL" title=" RPL"> RPL</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92157/estimation-of-level-of-pesticide-in-recurrent-pregnancy-loss-and-its-correlation-with-paraoxanase1-gene-in-north-indian-population" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span 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