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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biological role and prevalence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role_and_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substrates_and_products_of_fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substrates_and_products_of_fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Substrates and products of fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substrates_and_products_of_fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemical_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemical_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biochemical overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry_of_individual_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry_of_individual_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biochemistry of individual products</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biochemistry_of_individual_products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biochemistry of individual products subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry_of_individual_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ethanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_bioethanol_fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_bioethanol_fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>History of bioethanol fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_bioethanol_fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lactic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lactic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lactic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lactic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hydrogen gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glyoxylate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glyoxylate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Glyoxylate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glyoxylate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_broader_sense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_broader_sense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>In the broader sense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_broader_sense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_protein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_protein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Alternative protein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_protein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enzymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Enzymes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes_of_industrial_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes_of_industrial_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modes of industrial operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modes_of_industrial_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modes of industrial operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modes_of_industrial_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Batch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Batch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fed-batch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fed-batch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fed-batch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fed-batch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Open</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Continuous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_use_of_fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_use_of_fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History of the use of fermentation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_use_of_fermentation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the use of fermentation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_use_of_fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Post 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fermentation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentering" title="Fermentering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fermentering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fermentation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B1_(%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="تخمر (كيمياء حيوية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخمر (كيمياء حيوية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formentaci%C3%B3n" title="Formentación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Formentación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentasiya" title="Fermentasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fermentasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="গাঁজন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গাঁজন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-k%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Hoat-kàⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-kàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Закісанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Закісанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permentasyon" title="Permentasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Permentasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ферментация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ферментация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentacija" title="Fermentacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fermentacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentaci%C3%B3" title="Fermentació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fermentació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kva%C5%A1en%C3%AD" title="Kvašení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvašení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eplesu" title="Eplesu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eplesu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentering" title="Fermentering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fermentering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fermentation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4rimine" title="Käärimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käärimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ζύμωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζύμωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentaci%C3%B3n" title="Fermentación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fermentación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentado" title="Fermentado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fermentado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartzidura" title="Hartzidura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hartzidura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تخمیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخمیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fermentation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentazion" title="Fermentazion – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fermentazion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coipeadh" title="Coipeadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coipeadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachadh" title="Brachadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Brachadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentaci%C3%B3n" title="Fermentación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fermentación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%9A%A8" title="발효 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발효" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Խմորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խմորում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="किण्वन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किण्वन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrenje" title="Vrenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentaco_(biokemio)" title="Fermentaco (biokemio) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fermentaco (biokemio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentasi" title="Fermentasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fermentasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerjun" title="Gerjun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerjun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentazione" title="Fermentazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fermentazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="תסיסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תסיסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%A8ntasi" title="Fermèntasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fermèntasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕಿಣ್ವನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಿಣ್ವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83" title="Ашыту – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ашыту" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fermentation" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%AEn" title="Genîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Genîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Ачытуу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ачытуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burveda" title="Burveda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Burveda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABg%C5%A1ana" title="Rūgšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūgšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentacija" title="Fermentacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fermentacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erjed%C3%A9s" title="Erjedés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erjedés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ферментација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ферментација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="കിണ്വനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിണ്വനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penapaian_(biokimia)" title="Penapaian (biokimia) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penapaian (biokimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-g%C3%A1u" title="Huák-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကစော်ဖောက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကစော်ဖောက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentatie" title="Fermentatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fermentatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E9%85%B5" title="発酵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発酵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentering" title="Fermentering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fermentering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentering" title="Fermentering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fermentering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijg%CA%BBish" title="Bijgʻish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bijgʻish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫਰਮੈਂਟੇਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰਮੈਂਟੇਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84)" title="خميره کېدنه (موره کېدل) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خميره کېدنه (موره کېدل)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9_beuje" title="Fé beuje – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fé beuje" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentacja" title="Fermentacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fermentacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Fermentação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fermentação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermenta%C8%9Bie" title="Fermentație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fermentație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27uchquy" title="P'uchquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="P'uchquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Брожение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брожение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8C%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Көөнньүү – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көөнньүү" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentimi" title="Fermentimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fermentimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmintazzioni" title="Firmintazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Firmintazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fermentation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasenie" title="Kvasenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvasenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentacija" title="Fermentacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fermentacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerowanie" title="Gerowanie – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gerowanie" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamiir" title="Khamiir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Khamiir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گەنین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەنین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Ферментација (биохемија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ферментација (биохемија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentacija" title="Fermentacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fermentacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9rm%C3%A9ntasi" title="Férméntasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Férméntasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4yminen" title="Käyminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4sning" title="Jäsning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jäsning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagbuburo" title="Pagbuburo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagbuburo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="நொதிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நொதிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5)" title="การหมัก (ชีวเคมี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหมัก (ชีวเคมี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermantasyon" title="Fermantasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fermantasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ферментація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ферментація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="عمل تخمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمل تخمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentasion" title="Fermentasion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fermentasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Metabolic redox process producing energy in the absence of oxygen.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fermentation (disambiguation)">Fermentation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree_of_bacteria_and_archaea,_highlighting_those_that_carry_out_fermentation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phylogenetic_tree_of_bacteria_and_archaea%2C_highlighting_those_that_carry_out_fermentation.png/220px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_bacteria_and_archaea%2C_highlighting_those_that_carry_out_fermentation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phylogenetic_tree_of_bacteria_and_archaea%2C_highlighting_those_that_carry_out_fermentation.png/330px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_bacteria_and_archaea%2C_highlighting_those_that_carry_out_fermentation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phylogenetic_tree_of_bacteria_and_archaea%2C_highlighting_those_that_carry_out_fermentation.png/440px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_bacteria_and_archaea%2C_highlighting_those_that_carry_out_fermentation.png 2x" data-file-width="7410" data-file-height="7410" /></a><figcaption>Phylogenetic tree of bacteria and archaea, highlighting those that carry out fermentation. Their end products are also highlighted. Figure modified from Hackmann (2024).<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fermentation</b> is a type of redox <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> carried out in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During fermentation, <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecules</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolized</a> and donate <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> to other organic molecules. In the process, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> and organic end products (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a>) are formed. </p><p>Because oxygen is not required, it is an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic respiration</a>. Over 25% of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> carry out fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They live in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">food</a>, and other environments. Eukaryotes, including humans and other animals, also carry out fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fermentation is important in several areas of human society.<sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans have used fermentation in production of food for 13,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">Humans</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> have microbes in the gut that carry out fermentation, releasing products used by the host for energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman1990_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermentation is used at an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">industrial level</a> to produce commodity chemicals, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and lactate. In total, fermentation forms more than 50 metabolic end products<sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a wide range of uses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of fermentation has evolved over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most modern definition is catabolism where organic compounds are both the electron donor and acceptor.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common electron donor is <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a> is a common electron acceptor. This definition distinguishes fermentation from <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic respiration</a>, where oxygen is the acceptor, and types of <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a> where inorganic compound is the acceptor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fermentation had been defined differently in the past. In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> defined it as "la vie sans air" (life without air).<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur1876_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur1876-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition came before the discovery of anaerobic respiration. Later, it had been defined as catabolism that forms ATP through only <a href="/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation" title="Substrate-level phosphorylation">substrate-level phosphorylation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several pathways of fermentation have been discovered to form ATP through an <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a>, also.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources define fermentation loosely as any large-scale biological manufacturing process. <i>See <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">Industrial fermentation</a></i>. This definition focuses on the process of manufacturing rather than metabolic details.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role_and_prevalence">Biological role and prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biological role and prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fermentation is used by organisms to generate ATP energy for metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One advantage is that it requires no oxygen or other external electron acceptors, and thus it can be carried when those electron acceptors are absent. A disadvantage is that it produces relatively little ATP, yielding only between 2 and 4.5 per glucose<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to 32 for aerobic respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-NelsonCox2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NelsonCox2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 25% of bacteria and archaea carry out fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of metabolism is most common in the phylum <a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a>, and it is least common in <a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their most common habitat is host-associated ones, such as the gut.<sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals, including humans, also carry out fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product of fermentation in humans is lactate, and it is formed during <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">anaerobic exercise</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology)" title="Warburg effect (oncology)">cancerous cells</a>. No animal is known to survive on fermentation alone, even as one parasitic animal (<a href="/wiki/Henneguya_zschokkei" title="Henneguya zschokkei">Henneguya zschokkei</a>) is known to survive without oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Yahalomi2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahalomi2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Substrates_and_products_of_fermentation">Substrates and products of fermentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Substrates and products of fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_most_common_substrates_and_products_of_fermentation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_most_common_substrates_and_products_of_fermentation.png/220px-The_most_common_substrates_and_products_of_fermentation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_most_common_substrates_and_products_of_fermentation.png/330px-The_most_common_substrates_and_products_of_fermentation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_most_common_substrates_and_products_of_fermentation.png/440px-The_most_common_substrates_and_products_of_fermentation.png 2x" data-file-width="7214" data-file-height="4834" /></a><figcaption>The most common substrates and products of fermentation. Figure modified from Hackmann (2024).<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Fermentation uses a range of substrates and forms a variety of metabolic end products. Of the 55 end products formed, the most common are acetate and lactate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 46 chemically-defined substrates that have been reported, the most common are glucose and other sugars.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HackmannZhang2023_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HackmannZhang2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemical_overview">Biochemical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biochemical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overview_of_the_biochemical_pathways_for_fermentation_of_glucose.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Overview_of_the_biochemical_pathways_for_fermentation_of_glucose.png/220px-Overview_of_the_biochemical_pathways_for_fermentation_of_glucose.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Overview_of_the_biochemical_pathways_for_fermentation_of_glucose.png/330px-Overview_of_the_biochemical_pathways_for_fermentation_of_glucose.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Overview_of_the_biochemical_pathways_for_fermentation_of_glucose.png/440px-Overview_of_the_biochemical_pathways_for_fermentation_of_glucose.png 2x" data-file-width="7388" data-file-height="6781" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the biochemical pathways for fermentation of glucose. Figure modified from Hackmann (2024).<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When an organic compound is fermented, it is broken down to a simpler molecule and releases electrons. The electrons are transferred to a redox <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a>, which in turn transfers them to an organic compound. ATP is generated in the process, and it can be formed by substrate-level phosphorylation or by ATP synthase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When glucose is fermented, it enters <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate pathway</a> and is converted to pyruvate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From pyruvate, pathways branch out to form a number of end products (e.g. lactate). At several points, electrons are released and accepted by redox cofactors (<a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NAD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferredoxin" title="Ferredoxin">ferredoxin</a>). At later points, these cofactors donate electrons to their final acceptor and become oxidized. ATP is also formed at several points in the pathway.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_biochemical_pathways_of_fermentation_of_glucose.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_biochemical_pathways_of_fermentation_of_glucose.png/220px-The_biochemical_pathways_of_fermentation_of_glucose.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_biochemical_pathways_of_fermentation_of_glucose.png/330px-The_biochemical_pathways_of_fermentation_of_glucose.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_biochemical_pathways_of_fermentation_of_glucose.png/440px-The_biochemical_pathways_of_fermentation_of_glucose.png 2x" data-file-width="16742" data-file-height="12620" /></a><figcaption>The biochemical pathways of fermentation of glucose in poster format. Figure modified from Hackmann (2024).<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While fermentation is simple in overview, its details are more complex. Across organisms, fermentation of glucose involves over 120 different biochemical reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, multiple pathways can be responsible for forming the same product. For forming acetate from its immediate precursor (pyruvate or acetyl-CoA), six separate pathways have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry_of_individual_products">Biochemistry of individual products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biochemistry of individual products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethanol">Ethanol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethanol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Ethanol fermentation</a></div> <p>In ethanol fermentation, one glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol molecules and two <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_2004._pp._139-140_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_2004._pp._139-140-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stryer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stryer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to make bread dough rise: the carbon dioxide forms bubbles, expanding the dough into a foam.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethanol is the intoxicating agent in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer and liquor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermentation of feedstocks, including <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar beets">sugar beets</a>, produces ethanol that is added to <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usda1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species of fish, including <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, it provides energy when oxygen is scarce (along with lactic acid fermentation).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before fermentation, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules (<a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>). The energy from this <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">exothermic reaction</a> is used to bind inorganic <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> to ADP, which converts it to ATP, and convert NAD<sup>+</sup> to NADH. The pyruvates break down into two <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> molecules and give off two carbon dioxide molecules as waste products. The acetaldehyde is reduced into ethanol using the energy and hydrogen from NADH, and the NADH is oxidized into NAD<sup>+</sup> so that the cycle may repeat. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_2004._pp._139-140_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_2004._pp._139-140-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_bioethanol_fermentation">History of bioethanol fermentation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History of bioethanol fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fermentation" title="Special:EditPage/Fermentation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The history of ethanol as a fuel spans several centuries and is marked by a series of significant milestones. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morey" title="Samuel Morey">Samuel Morey</a>, an American inventor, was the first to produce ethanol by fermenting corn in 1826. However, it was not until the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> in the 1850s that ethanol was first used as a fuel in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a> demonstrated his engine, which could run on vegetable oils and ethanol, in 1895, but the widespread use of petroleum-based diesel engines made ethanol less popular as a fuel. In the 1970s, the oil crisis reignited interest in ethanol, and Brazil became a leader in ethanol production and use. The United States began producing ethanol on a large scale in the 1980s and 1990s as a fuel additive to gasoline, due to government regulations. Today, ethanol continues to be explored as a sustainable and renewable fuel source, with researchers developing new technologies and biomass sources for its production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>1826: Samuel Morey, an American inventor, was the first to produce ethanol by fermenting corn. However, ethanol was not widely used as a fuel until many years later. (1)</li> <li>1850s: Ethanol was first used as a fuel in the United States during the California Gold Rush. Miners used ethanol as a fuel for lamps and stoves because it was cheaper than whale oil. (2)</li> <li>1895: German engineer Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his engine, which was designed to run on vegetable oils, including ethanol. However, the widespread use of diesel engines fueled by petroleum made ethanol less popular as a fuel. (3)</li> <li>1970s: The oil crisis of the 1970s led to renewed interest in ethanol as a fuel. Brazil became a leader in ethanol production and use, due in part to government policies that encouraged the use of biofuels. (4)</li> <li>1980s–1990s: The United States began to produce ethanol on a large scale as a fuel additive to gasoline. This was due to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1990, which required the use of oxygenates, such as ethanol, to reduce emissions. (5)</li> <li>2000s–present: There has been continued interest in ethanol as a renewable and sustainable fuel. Researchers are exploring new sources of biomass for ethanol production, such as switchgrass and algae, and developing new technologies to improve the efficiency of the fermentation process. (6)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lactic_acid">Lactic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lactic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">Lactic acid fermentation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mixed_acid_fermentation" title="Mixed acid fermentation">Mixed acid fermentation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fermentation" title="Special:EditPage/Fermentation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Homolactic fermentation</i> (producing only lactic acid) is the simplest type of fermentation. Pyruvate from glycolysis<sup id="cite_ref-Introductory_Botany_2007._p._86_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introductory_Botany_2007._p._86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> undergoes a simple redox reaction, forming <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_Biology._Anestis_2006._P._61_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_Biology._Anestis_2006._P._61-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Volume_3._Thorpe_1922._p.159_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_3._Thorpe_1922._p.159-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, one molecule of glucose (or any six-carbon sugar) is converted to two molecules of lactic acid: </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> → 2 CH<sub>3</sub>CHOHCOOH</dd></dl> <p>It occurs in the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> can supply oxygen. It also occurs in some kinds of <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Lactobacilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacilli">lactobacilli</a>) and some <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. It is the type of bacteria that convert <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> into lactic acid in <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, giving it its sour taste. These lactic acid bacteria can carry out either <a href="/wiki/Homolactic_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Homolactic fermentation">homolactic fermentation</a>, where the end-product is mostly lactic acid, or <i>heterolactic fermentation</i>, where some lactate is further metabolized to ethanol and carbon dioxide<sup id="cite_ref-AP_Biology._Anestis_2006._P._61_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_Biology._Anestis_2006._P._61-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (via the <a href="/wiki/Phosphoketolase" title="Phosphoketolase">phosphoketolase</a> pathway), acetate, or other metabolic products, e.g.: </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> → CH<sub>3</sub>CHOHCOOH + C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>If lactose is fermented (as in yogurts and cheeses), it is first converted into glucose and galactose (both six-carbon sugars with the same atomic formula): </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub></dd></dl> <p>Heterolactic fermentation is in a sense intermediate between <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid fermentation</a> and other types, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic fermentation">alcoholic fermentation</a>. Reasons to go further and convert lactic acid into something else include: </p> <ul><li>The acidity of lactic acid impedes biological processes. This can be beneficial to the fermenting organism as it drives out competitors that are unadapted to the acidity. As a result, the food will have a longer shelf life (one reason foods are purposely fermented in the first place); however, beyond a certain point, the acidity starts affecting the organism that produces it.</li> <li>The high concentration of lactic acid (the final product of fermentation) drives the equilibrium backwards (<a href="/wiki/Le_Chatelier%27s_principle" title="Le Chatelier's principle">Le Chatelier's principle</a>), decreasing the rate at which fermentation can occur and slowing down growth.</li> <li>Ethanol, into which lactic acid can be easily converted, is volatile and will readily escape, allowing the reaction to proceed easily. CO<sub>2</sub> is also produced, but it is only weakly acidic and even more volatile than ethanol.</li> <li>Acetic acid (another conversion product) is acidic and not as volatile as ethanol; however, in the presence of limited oxygen, its creation from lactic acid releases additional energy. It is a lighter molecule than lactic acid, forming fewer hydrogen bonds with its surroundings (due to having fewer groups that can form such bonds), thus is more volatile and will also allow the reaction to proceed more quickly.</li> <li>If <a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">propionic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric acid</a>, and longer monocarboxylic acids are produced, the amount of acidity produced per glucose consumed will decrease, as with ethanol, allowing faster growth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_gas">Hydrogen gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydrogen gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fermentative_hydrogen_production" title="Fermentative hydrogen production">Fermentative hydrogen production</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> gas is produced in many types of fermentation as a way to regenerate NAD<sup>+</sup> from NADH. <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electrons</a> are transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ferredoxin" title="Ferredoxin">ferredoxin</a>, which in turn is oxidized by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenase" title="Hydrogenase">hydrogenase</a>, producing H<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_2004._pp._139-140_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_2004._pp._139-140-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen gas is a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (biochemistry)">substrate</a> for <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate-reducing microorganisms">sulfate reducers</a>, which keep the concentration of hydrogen low and favor the production of such an energy-rich compound,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but hydrogen gas at a fairly high concentration can nevertheless be formed, as in <a href="/wiki/Flatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatus">flatus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_pasteurianum" title="Clostridium pasteurianum">Clostridium pasteurianum</a></i> ferments glucose to <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetate</a>, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction leading to acetate is: </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> + 2 HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 4 H<sup>+</sup> + 4 H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glyoxylate">Glyoxylate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glyoxylate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glyoxylate fermentation is a type of fermentation used by microbes that are able to utilize glyoxylate as a nitrogen source.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other types of fermentation include <a href="/wiki/Mixed_acid_fermentation" title="Mixed acid fermentation">mixed acid fermentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butanediol_fermentation" title="Butanediol fermentation">butanediol fermentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butyrate_fermentation" title="Butyrate fermentation">butyrate fermentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caproate_fermentation" title="Caproate fermentation">caproate fermentation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation">acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_broader_sense">In the broader sense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In the broader sense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In food and industrial contexts, any chemical modification performed by a living being in a controlled container can be termed "fermentation". The following do not fall into the biochemical sense, but are called fermentation in the larger sense: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_protein">Alternative protein</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alternative protein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fermented_foods" title="List of fermented foods">List of fermented foods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impossible_Burger_-_Gott%27s_Roadside-_2018_-_Stierch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Impossible_Burger_-_Gott%27s_Roadside-_2018_-_Stierch.jpg/220px-Impossible_Burger_-_Gott%27s_Roadside-_2018_-_Stierch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Impossible_Burger_-_Gott%27s_Roadside-_2018_-_Stierch.jpg/330px-Impossible_Burger_-_Gott%27s_Roadside-_2018_-_Stierch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Impossible_Burger_-_Gott%27s_Roadside-_2018_-_Stierch.jpg/440px-Impossible_Burger_-_Gott%27s_Roadside-_2018_-_Stierch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Fermentation is used to produce the <a href="/wiki/Heme_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Heme protein">heme protein</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Impossible_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Impossible Burger">Impossible Burger</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fermentation can be used to make alternative protein sources. It is commonly used to modify existing protein foods, including plant-based ones such as soy, into more flavorful forms such as <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermented_tofu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented tofu">fermented tofu</a>. </p><p>More modern "fermentation" makes <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant protein">recombinant protein</a> to help produce <a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">meat analogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">milk substitute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese_analogue" title="Cheese analogue">cheese analogues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egg_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg substitute">egg substitutes</a>. Some examples are:<sup id="cite_ref-flora_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flora-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Recombinant <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> for faux meat (Motif Foodworks)</li> <li>Recombinant <a href="/wiki/Leghemoglobin" title="Leghemoglobin">leghemoglobin</a> for faux meat (<a href="/wiki/Impossible_Foods" title="Impossible Foods">Impossible Foods</a>)</li> <li>Recombinant whey for dairy replacement (<a href="/wiki/Perfect_Day_(company)" title="Perfect Day (company)">Perfect Day</a>)</li> <li>Recombinant egg white (EVERY)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Heme_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Heme protein">Heme proteins</a> such as myoglobin and <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> give meat its characteristic texture, flavor, color, and aroma. The myoglobin and leghemoglobin ingredients can be used to replicate this property, despite them coming from a vat instead of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-flora_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flora-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enzymes">Enzymes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Enzymes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">Industrial fermentation</a> can be used for enzyme production, where proteins with catalytic activity are produced and secreted by microorganisms. The development of fermentation processes, microbial strain engineering and recombinant gene technologies has enabled the commercialization of a wide range of enzymes. <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a> are used in all kinds of industrial segments, such as food (lactose removal, cheese flavor), beverage (juice treatment), baking (bread softness, dough conditioning), animal feed, detergents (protein, starch and lipid stain removal), textile, personal care and pulp and paper industries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes_of_industrial_operation">Modes of industrial operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modes of industrial operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">industrial fermentation</a> uses batch or fed-batch procedures, although continuous fermentation can be more economical if various challenges, particularly the difficulty of maintaining sterility, can be met.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batch">Batch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Batch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a batch process, all the ingredients are combined and the reactions proceed without any further input. Batch fermentation has been used for millennia to make bread and alcoholic beverages, and it is still a common method, especially when the process is not well understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinar_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> However, it can be expensive because the fermentor must be sterilized using high pressure steam between batches.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly speaking, there is often addition of small quantities of chemicals to control the pH or suppress foaming.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinar_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>Batch fermentation goes through a series of phases. There is a lag phase in which cells adjust to their environment; then a phase in which exponential growth occurs. Once many of the nutrients have been consumed, the growth slows and becomes non-exponential, but production of <i>secondary metabolites</i> (including commercially important antibiotics and enzymes) accelerates. This continues through a stationary phase after most of the nutrients have been consumed, and then the cells die.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinar_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fed-batch">Fed-batch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fed-batch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fed-batch_culture" title="Fed-batch culture">Fed-batch culture</a></div> <p>Fed-batch fermentation is a variation of batch fermentation where some of the ingredients are added during the fermentation. This allows greater control over the stages of the process. In particular, production of secondary metabolites can be increased by adding a limited quantity of nutrients during the non-exponential growth phase. Fed-batch operations are often sandwiched between batch operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinar_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmid_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open">Open</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Open"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The high cost of sterilizing the fermentor between batches can be avoided using various open fermentation approaches that are able to resist contamination. One is to use a naturally evolved mixed culture. This is particularly favored in wastewater treatment, since mixed populations can adapt to a wide variety of wastes. <a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">Thermophilic</a> bacteria can produce lactic acid at temperatures of around 50 °Celsius, sufficient to discourage microbial contamination; and ethanol has been produced at a temperature of 70 °C. This is just below its boiling point (78 °C), making it easy to extract. <a href="/wiki/Halophiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophiles">Halophilic</a> bacteria can produce bioplastics in hypersaline conditions. Solid-state fermentation adds a small amount of water to a solid substrate; it is widely used in the food industry to produce flavors, enzymes and organic acids.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous">Continuous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Continuous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In continuous fermentation, substrates are added and final products removed continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three varieties: <a href="/wiki/Chemostat" title="Chemostat">chemostats</a>, which hold nutrient levels constant; <a href="/wiki/Turbidostat" title="Turbidostat">turbidostats</a>, which keep cell mass constant; and <a href="/wiki/Plug_flow_reactor_model" title="Plug flow reactor model">plug flow reactors</a> in which the culture medium flows steadily through a tube while the cells are recycled from the outlet to the inlet.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the process works well, there is a steady flow of feed and effluent and the costs of repeatedly setting up a batch are avoided. Also, it can prolong the exponential growth phase and avoid byproducts that inhibit the reactions by continuously removing them. However, it is difficult to maintain a steady state and avoid contamination, and the design tends to be complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically the fermentor must run for over 500 hours to be more economical than batch processors.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmid_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmid-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_use_of_fermentation">History of the use of fermentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History of the use of fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermentation in food processing</a></div> <p>The use of fermentation, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">beverages</a>, has existed since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and has been documented dating from 7000 to 6600 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mcgovern_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgovern-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5000 BCE in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> mentions many Medicated Wines, 6000 BCE in Georgia,<sup id="cite_ref-mcgoverng_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgoverng-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3150 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalieri_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalieri-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3000 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000 BCE in pre-Hispanic Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1500 BC in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dirar_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirar-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermented foods have a religious significance in <a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and alcohol">Christianity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic god</a> Rugutis was worshiped as the agent of fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, fermentation ("putrefaction") was <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemical symbols">symbolized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capricornus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capricornus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Capricornus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capricornus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Capricornus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Capricornus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Capricornus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> <big>♑︎</big>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Louis_Pasteur_in_his_laboratory_Wellcome_M0010355.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portrait_of_Louis_Pasteur_in_his_laboratory_Wellcome_M0010355.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Louis_Pasteur_in_his_laboratory_Wellcome_M0010355.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portrait_of_Louis_Pasteur_in_his_laboratory_Wellcome_M0010355.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Louis_Pasteur_in_his_laboratory_Wellcome_M0010355.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portrait_of_Louis_Pasteur_in_his_laboratory_Wellcome_M0010355.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Louis_Pasteur_in_his_laboratory_Wellcome_M0010355.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2739" /></a><figcaption>Louis Pasteur in his laboratory</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1837, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cagniard_de_la_Tour" title="Charles Cagniard de la Tour">Charles Cagniard de la Tour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Traugott_K%C3%BCtzing" title="Friedrich Traugott Kützing">Friedrich Traugott Kützing</a> independently published papers concluding, as a result of microscopic investigations, that yeast is a living organism that reproduces by <a href="/wiki/Budding" title="Budding">budding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shurtleff_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shurtleff-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lengeler_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lengeler-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Schwann boiled grape juice to kill the yeast and found that no fermentation would occur until new yeast was added. However, a lot of chemists, including <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, continued to view fermentation as a simple chemical reaction and rejected the notion that living organisms could be involved. This was seen as a reversion to <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a> and was lampooned in an anonymous publication by <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobin_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobin-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108–109">: 108–109 </span></sup> </p><p>The turning point came when <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1822–1895), during the 1850s and 1860s, repeated Schwann's experiments and showed fermentation is initiated by living organisms in a series of investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-Volume_3._Thorpe_1922._p.159_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_3._Thorpe_1922._p.159-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lengeler_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lengeler-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> In 1857, Pasteur showed lactic acid fermentation is caused by living organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, he demonstrated how bacteria cause <a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">souring</a> in milk, a process formerly thought to be merely a chemical change. His work in identifying the role of microorganisms in food spoilage led to the process of <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">pasteurization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877, working to improve the French <a href="/wiki/Brewing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewing industry">brewing industry</a>, Pasteur published his famous paper on fermentation, "<i>Etudes sur la Bière</i>", which was translated into English in 1879 as "Studies on fermentation".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defined fermentation (incorrectly) as "Life without air",<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_History_Sourcebook_1895_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_History_Sourcebook_1895-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet he correctly showed how specific types of microorganisms cause specific types of fermentations and specific end-products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although showing fermentation resulted from the action of living microorganisms was a breakthrough, it did not explain the basic nature of fermentation; nor did it prove it is caused by microorganisms which appear to be always present. Many scientists, including Pasteur, had unsuccessfully attempted to extract the fermentation enzyme from <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_History_Sourcebook_1895_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_History_Sourcebook_1895-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Success came in 1897 when the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buechner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduard Buechner">Eduard Buechner</a> ground up yeast, extracted a juice from them, then found to his amazement this "dead" liquid would ferment a sugar solution, forming carbon dioxide and alcohol much like living yeasts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buechner's results are considered to mark the birth of biochemistry. The "unorganized ferments" behaved just like the organized ones. From that time on, the term enzyme came to be applied to all ferments. It was then understood fermentation is caused by enzymes produced by microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, Buechner won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in chemistry">Nobel Prize in chemistry</a> for his work.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advances in microbiology and fermentation technology have continued steadily up until the present. For example, in the 1930s, it was discovered microorganisms could be <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutated</a> with physical and chemical treatments to be higher-yielding, faster-growing, tolerant of less oxygen, and able to use a more concentrated medium.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strain <a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">selection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> developed as well, affecting most modern food fermentations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_1930s">Post 1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Post 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of fermentation has been critical to the production of a wide range of consumer goods, from food and drink to industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Since its early beginnings in ancient civilizations, the use of fermentation has continued to evolve and expand, with new techniques and technologies driving advances in product quality, yield, and efficiency. The period from the 1930s onward saw a number of significant advancements in fermentation technology, including the development of new processes for producing high-value products like antibiotics and enzymes, the increasing importance of fermentation in the production of bulk chemicals, and a growing interest in the use of fermentation for the production of <a href="/wiki/Functional_food" title="Functional food">functional foods</a> and nutraceuticals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1950s and 1960s saw the development of new fermentation technologies, such as the use of immobilized cells and enzymes, which allowed for more precise control over fermentation processes and increased the production of high-value products like antibiotics and enzymes. In the 1970s and 1980s, fermentation became increasingly important in the production of bulk chemicals like ethanol, lactic acid, and citric acid. This led to the development of new fermentation techniques and the use of genetically engineered microorganisms to improve yields and reduce production costs. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was a growing interest in the use of fermentation for the production of functional foods and nutraceuticals, which have potential health benefits beyond basic nutrition. This led to the development of new fermentation processes and the use of probiotics and other functional ingredients.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Overall, the period from 1930 onward saw significant advancements in the use of fermentation for industrial purposes, leading to the production of a wide range of fermented products that are now consumed around the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" 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0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fermentation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fermentation">Fermentation</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fermented_foods" title="List of fermented foods">List of fermented foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_fermentation" title="Aerobic fermentation">Aerobic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetone-butanol-ethanol_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation">Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fermentation" title="Dark fermentation">Dark fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionation#Biochemistry" title="Disproportionation">Disproportionation#Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_lock" title="Fermentation lock">Fermentation lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_fermentation_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut fermentation syndrome">Gut fermentation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">Industrial fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fermenter" title="Non-fermenter">Non-fermenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photofermentation" title="Photofermentation">Photofermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_fermentation" title="Symbiotic fermentation">Symbiotic fermentation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hackmann2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hackmann2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Macmillan Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+fermentation%3A+The+diseases+of+beer%2C+their+causes%2C+and+the+means+of+preventing+them.&rft.series=Landmarks+of+Science&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Pasteur&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFermentation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_History_Sourcebook_1895-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_History_Sourcebook_1895_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_History_Sourcebook_1895_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1879" class="citation book cs1">Pasteur L (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://origin-rh.web.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/1879pasteur-ferment.asp">"Physiological Theory of Fermentation"</a>. <i>Modern History Sourcebook Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)</i>. 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València: Universitat de Valencia. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-370-3328-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-370-3328-0"><bdi>978-84-370-3328-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+beer+in+an+old+bottle%3A+Eduard+Buchner+and+the+growth+of+biochemical+knowledge&rft.place=Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Valencia&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-84-370-3328-0&rft.aulast=Cornish-Bowden&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFermentation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagerkvist2005" class="citation book cs1">Lagerkvist U (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enigmaoffermentf0000lage/page/7"><i>The enigma of ferment: from the philosopher's stone to the first biochemical Nobel prize</i></a>. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-256-421-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-256-421-4"><bdi>978-981-256-421-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enigma+of+ferment%3A+from+the+philosopher%27s+stone+to+the+first+biochemical+Nobel+prize&rft.place=Hackensack%2C+NJ&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-981-256-421-4&rft.aulast=Lagerkvist&rft.aufirst=U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenigmaoffermentf0000lage%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFermentation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunes1962" class="citation journal cs1">Runes DD (August 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/citation/1962/08000/a_treasury_of_world_science.37.aspx">"A Treasury of World Science"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Education</i>. <b>37</b> (8): 803.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Education&rft.atitle=A+Treasury+of+World+Science&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=803&rft.date=1962-08&rft.aulast=Runes&rft.aufirst=DD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Facademicmedicine%2Fcitation%2F1962%2F08000%2Fa_treasury_of_world_science.37.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFermentation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinkraus2018" class="citation book cs1">Steinkraus K (2018). <i>Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods</i> (Second ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351442510" title="Special:BookSources/9781351442510"><bdi>9781351442510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Indigenous+Fermented+Foods&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351442510&rft.aulast=Steinkraus&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFermentation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangSwainHesseltine1980" class="citation journal cs1">Wang HL, Swain EW, Hesseltine CW (1980). "Phytase of molds used in oriental food fermentation". <i>Journal of Food Science</i>. <b>45</b> (5): 1262–1266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.1980.tb06534.x">10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb06534.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Phytase+of+molds+used+in+oriental+food+fermentation&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1262-1266&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.1980.tb06534.x&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=HL&rft.au=Swain%2C+EW&rft.au=Hesseltine%2C+CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFermentation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fermentation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fermentation">Fermentation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624074721/http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/articles/works-of-louis-pasteur.html">Works of Louis Pasteur</a> – Pasteur Brewing (archived 24 June 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917123419/http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/bq/respi.htm">The chemical logic behind fermentation and respiration</a> (archived 17 September 2008)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabolism" title="Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metabolism" title="Template talk:Metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism,_catabolism,_anabolism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">Metabolic pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_network" title="Metabolic network">Metabolic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">Energy<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">Aerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase">Pyruvate decarboxylation</a> → <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">Citric acid cycle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">Oxidative phosphorylation</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> + <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">ATP synthase</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Electron acceptors other than oxygen</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Substrate-level_phosphorylation" title="Substrate-level phosphorylation">Substrate-level phosphorylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation">ABE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">Lactic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br /> paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">Protein metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">Protein synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism" title="Protein catabolism">Catabolism</a> (protein→peptide→amino acid)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">Amino acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_catabolism#Amino_acid_degradation" title="Protein catabolism">Amino acid degradation</a> (amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">Urea cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">Nucleotide<br /> metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Purine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">Nucleotide salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotide_cycle" title="Purine nucleotide cycle">Purine nucleotide cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" title="Carbohydrate catabolism">carbohydrate catabolism</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">Glycogenolysis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructolysis" title="Fructolysis">Fructolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyol_pathway" title="Polyol pathway">Polyol pathway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactolysis" title="Galactolysis">Galactolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leloir_pathway" title="Leloir pathway">Leloir pathway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" title="N-linked glycosylation">N-linked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-linked_glycosylation" title="O-linked glycosylation">O-linked</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonhuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxygenic_photosynthesis" title="Anoxygenic photosynthesis">Anoxygenic photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeLey-Doudoroff_pathway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeLey-Doudoroff pathway (page does not exist)">DeLey-Doudoroff pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entner-Doudoroff_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entner-Doudoroff pathway">Entner-Doudoroff pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylose_metabolism" title="Xylose metabolism">Xylose metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">Radiotrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">Lipid metabolism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism" title="Fatty acid metabolism">Fatty acid metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" title="Fatty acid degradation">Fatty acid degradation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation">Beta oxidation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis">Fatty acid synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphingolipid metabolism">Sphingolipid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosanoid metabolism">Eicosanoid metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">Ketosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" title="Reverse cholesterol transport">Reverse cholesterol transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Metal metabolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron metabolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanol metabolism">Ethanol metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphagen" title="Phosphagen">Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolism_map" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E0E0E0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MetabolismMap" title="Template:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MetabolismMap" title="Template talk:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MetabolismMap" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MetabolismMap"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism_map" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a> map</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="border:solid #ccc 1px;width:810px;margin: 0 auto"> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb center" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px;border:0px;background-color:#fff"> <div style="position:relative; width:800px; height:600px; overflow:hidden; border:0px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:0px; top:0px; width:800px; position:absolute"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolic_Metro_Map.svg" title="File:Metabolic Metro Map.svg"><img alt="Metro-style map of major metabolic pathways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/800px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg/1200px-Metabolic_Metro_Map_%28no_legends%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="annotation_395x140" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:140px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway"><span style="color:#bc00bc;">Pentose<br />phosphate<br />pathway</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_215x340" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:340px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Citric<br />acid cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x505" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:505px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle"><span style="color:#edb500;">Glyoxylate<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x398" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:398px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle"><span style="color:#89dd00;">Urea<br />cycle</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x260" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:260px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />synthesis</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x335" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:335px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Fatty<br />acid<br />elongation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x425" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:425px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_495x495" style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:495px; font-size:12px; font-size:12; line-height:14px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Peroxisomal</span></a></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_497x510" style="position:absolute; left:497px; top:510px; font-size:15px; font-size:15; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Beta_oxidation#Peroxisomal_beta-oxidation" title="Beta oxidation"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">beta<br />oxidation</span></a></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_295x42" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:42px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis"><span style="color:#8a2c2c;">Glyco-<br />genolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x80" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:80px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis"><span style="color:#2e427e;">Glyco-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_360x160" style="position:absolute; left:360px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis"><span style="color:#ea0000;">Glyco-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x160" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">Gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x332" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:332px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase"><span style="color:#ea6000;">Pyruvate<br />decarb-<br />oxylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x335" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:335px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation"><span style="color:#d47ff0;">Fermentation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_325x430" style="position:absolute; left:325px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies"><span style="color:#e06c1f;">Keto-<br />lysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x430" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:430px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Ketogenesis" title="Ketogenesis"><span style="color:#5f8216;">Keto-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x470" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:470px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis"><span style="color:#0033cc;">feeders to<br />gluconeo-<br />genesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_225x230" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:230px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:right;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation#Carbon_concentrating_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Direct / C4 / CAM<br />carbon intake</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_125x143" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:143px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions" title="Light-dependent reactions"><span style="color:#9373d3;">Light reaction</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_115x355" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:355px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation"><span style="color:#c34747;">Oxidative<br />phosphorylation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_25x415" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination"><span style="color:#4999c2;">Amino acid<br />deamination</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x288" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:288px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis#Glycolytic_end_products_are_used_in_the_conversion_of_carbohydrates_into_fatty_acids" title="Fatty acid synthesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Citrate<br />shuttle</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x415" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:415px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis"><span style="color:#00d300;">Lipogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x455" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:455px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:left;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis"><span style="color:#ff66cc;">Lipolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_585x260" style="position:absolute; left:585px; top:260px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Steroid#Steroidogenesis" title="Steroid"><span style="color:#0099cc;">Steroidogenesis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x235" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:235px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Mevalonate_pathway" title="Mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#0099cc;">MVA pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_460x210" style="position:absolute; left:460px; top:210px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Non-mevalonate_pathway" title="Non-mevalonate pathway"><span style="color:#af753a;">MEP pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_487x153" style="position:absolute; left:487px; top:153px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Shikimate_pathway" title="Shikimate pathway"><span style="color:#00cc99;">Shikimate<br />pathway</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x105" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:105px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Transcription &</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication"><span style="color:#79793d;">replication</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x83" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:83px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)"><span style="color:#79793d;">Translation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x57" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:57px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis"><span style="color:#6666cc;">Proteolysis</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <div id="annotation_687x55" style="position:absolute; left:687px; top:55px; font-size:9px; font-size:9; line-height:11px;"><span style="background-color:; color:inherit;"> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation"><span style="color:#79793d;">Glycosyl-<br />ation</span></a></b></i> </span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="annotation_210x38" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_acid" title="Sugar acid">Sugar<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_240x38" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Double</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">multiple<br />sugars</a> & <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_340x38" style="position:absolute; left:340px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Simple<br />sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_380x45" style="position:absolute; left:380px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Inositol_phosphate" title="Inositol phosphate">Inositol-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_160x90" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:90px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_sugar" title="Amino sugar">Amino sugars</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialic acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x120" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:120px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_sugar" title="Nucleotide sugar">Nucleotide sugars</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x105" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:105px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphate" title="Glucose 6-phosphate">Hexose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_315x180" style="position:absolute; left:315px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">Triose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_305x240" style="position:absolute; left:305px; top:240px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">Glycerol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_300x260" style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x110" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:110px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x190" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Erythrose_4-phosphate" title="Erythrose 4-phosphate">Tetrose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x440" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">Propionyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_310x495" style="position:absolute; left:310px; top:495px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">Succinate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_455x530" style="position:absolute; left:455px; top:530px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_150x155" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:155px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Pentose-P</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_230x210" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:210px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoglycerate" title="Phosphoglycerate">P-glycerates</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_85x180" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:180px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylic_acid" title="Glyoxylic acid">Glyoxylate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_65x152" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:152px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Photosystem" title="Photosystem">Photosystems</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_320x310" style="position:absolute; left:320px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">Pyruvate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x308" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:308px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_365x345" style="position:absolute; left:365px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_295x380" style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:380px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">Citrate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_270x300" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">Oxalo-<br />acetate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_200x310" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:310px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">Malate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_195x405" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">Succinyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x405" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">α-Keto-<br />glutarate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x455" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:455px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone<br />bodies</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_70x365" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:365px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">Respiratory<br />chain</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_370x265" style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:265px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_395x290" style="position:absolute; left:395px; top:290px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x345" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:345px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid" title="Branched-chain amino acid">Branched-chain<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x275" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:275px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartate<br />group</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_180x250" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:250px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Homoserine" title="Homoserine">Homoserine<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x445" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:445px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamate<br />group</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_105x465" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_40x465" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamines</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_415x385" style="position:absolute; left:415px; top:385px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">Ketogenic</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">glucogenic<br />amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_550x85" style="position:absolute; left:550px; top:85px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_520x190" style="position:absolute; left:520px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Shikimic_acid" title="Shikimic acid">Shikimate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_635x165" style="position:absolute; left:635px; top:165px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_amino_acid" title="Aromatic amino acid">Aromatic amino<br />acids</a> & <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_158x38" style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:38px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbate">Ascorbate</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_275x490" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:490px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">δ-ALA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_155x510" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:510px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile pigment">Bile<br />pigments</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_210x520" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Hemes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_245x585" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:585px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">Cobalamins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_425x45" style="position:absolute; left:425px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B">Various<br />vitamin Bs</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x300" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:300px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Calciferol" class="mw-redirect" title="Calciferol">Calciferols</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_725x235" style="position:absolute; left:725px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_590x190" style="position:absolute; left:590px; top:190px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">Quinones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>)<br />& <a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">tocopherols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x140" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactors</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_745x140" style="position:absolute; left:745px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">minerals</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x185" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:185px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidants</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_490x140" style="position:absolute; left:490px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">PRPP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_535x140" style="position:absolute; left:535px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_610x140" style="position:absolute; left:610px; top:140px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_665x87" style="position:absolute; left:665px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_710x87" style="position:absolute; left:710px; top:87px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoproteins</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycans</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_280x520" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:520px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophylls</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_410x235" style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Methylerythritol_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylerythritol phosphate">MEP</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x245" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:245px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Mevalonic_acid" title="Mevalonic acid">MVA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_420x260" style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:260px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl<br />-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_440x330" style="position:absolute; left:440px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyketide" title="Polyketide">Polyketides</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_555x230" style="position:absolute; left:555px; top:230px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Isopentenyl_pyrophosphate" title="Isopentenyl pyrophosphate">Terpenoid<br />backbones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_625x235" style="position:absolute; left:625px; top:235px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>) </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x287" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x287" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:287px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_640x330" style="position:absolute; left:640px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerophospholipid" title="Glycerophospholipid">Glycero-<br />phospholipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_600x397" style="position:absolute; left:600px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerolipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerolipid">Glycerolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_620x430" style="position:absolute; left:620px; top:430px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Acyl-CoA" title="Acyl-CoA">Acyl-CoA</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_630x500" style="position:absolute; left:630px; top:500px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty<br />acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x350" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:350px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Glycosphingolipid" title="Glycosphingolipid">Glyco-<br />sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x397" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:397px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Sphingolipid" title="Sphingolipid">Sphingolipids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_720x440" style="position:absolute; left:720px; top:440px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Waxes</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_680x497" style="position:absolute; left:680px; top:497px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acid">Polyunsaturated<br />fatty acids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_470x45" style="position:absolute; left:470px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">Neurotransmitters</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_705x305" style="position:absolute; left:705px; top:305px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_587x330" style="position:absolute; left:587px; top:330px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endo-<br />cannabinoids</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_735x465" style="position:absolute; left:735px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoids</a> </span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div> Major <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">metro-style map</a>. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.<br />Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes). <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Metabolic_metro_orange.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Orange nodes: <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metabolic_metro_purple.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Violet nodes: <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Metabolic_metro_red.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Red nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Metabolic_metro_pink.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Pink nodes: <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Metabolic_metro_blue.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Blue nodes: <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid metabolism">amino acid metabolism</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Metabolic_metro_grey.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Grey nodes: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Metabolic_metro_brown.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Brown nodes: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">nucleotide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">protein</a> metabolism.</span> <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/15px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/23px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Metabolic_metro_green.svg/30px-Metabolic_metro_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="34" /></span></span> Green nodes: <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a>.</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fermentation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119679279">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fermentation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119679279">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562847">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="fermentace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135618&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fermentación"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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