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The formation of courts and their jurisdiction is to be determined by law. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 160</font></b></p> <p>The Minister of Justice owes responsibility in all matters concerning the relationship between the judiciary, on the one hand, and the executive and legislative branches, on the other hand. He will be elected from among the individuals proposed to the President by the head of the judiciary branch. The head of the judiciary may delegate full authority to the Minister of Justice in financial and administrative areas and for employment of personnel other than judges in which case the Minister of Justice shall have the same authority and responsibility as those possessed by the other ministers in their capacity as the highest ranking government executives. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 161</font></b></p> <p>The Supreme Court is to be formed for the purpose of supervising the correct implementation of the laws by the courts, ensuring uniformity of judicial procedure, and fulfilling any other responsibilities assigned to it by law, on the basis of regulations to be established by the head of the judicial branch. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 162</font></b></p> <p>The chief of the Supreme Court and the Prosecutor-General must both be just mujtahids well versed in judicial matters. They will be nominated by the head of the judiciary branch for a period of five years, in consultation with the judges of the Supreme Court. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 164</font></b></p> <p>A judge cannot be removed, whether temporarily or permanently, from the post he occupies except by trial and proof of his guilt, or in consequence of a violation entailing his dismissal. A judge cannot be transferred or redesignated without his consent, except in cases when the interest of society necessitates it, that too, with the decision of the head of the judiciary branch after consultation with the chief of the Supreme Court and the Prosecutor General. The periodic transfer and rotation of judges will be in accordance with general regulations to be laid down by law. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 165</font></b></p> <p>Trials are to be held openly and members of the public may attend without any restriction; unless the court determines that an open trial would be detrimental to public morality or discipline, or if in case of private disputes, both the parties request not to hold open hearing. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 166</font></b></p> <p>The verdicts of courts must be well reasoned out and documented with reference to the articles and principles of the law in accordance with which they are delivered. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 167</font></b></p> <p>The judge is bound to endeavor to judge each case on the basis of the codified law. In case of the absence of any such law, he has to deliver his judgement on the basis of authoritative Islamic sources and authentic fatawa. He, on the pretext of the silence of or deficiency of law in the matter, or its brevity or contradictory nature, cannot refrain from admitting and examining cases and delivering his judgement. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 168</font></b></p> <p>Political and press offenses will be tried openly and in the presence of a jury, in courts of justice. The manner of the selection of the jury, its powers, and the definition of political offenses, will be determined by law in accordance with the Islamic criteria. <br>   <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 169</font></b></p> <p>No act or omission may be regarded as a crime with retrospective effect on the basis of a law framed subsequently. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 170</font></b></p> <p>Judges of courts are obliged to refrain from executing statutes and regulations of the government that are in conflict with the laws or the norms of Islam, or lie outside the competence of,the executive power. Everyone has the right to demand the annulment of any such regulation from the Court of Administrative Justice. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 171</font></b></p> <p>Whenever an individual suffers moral or material loss as the result of a default or error of the judge with respect to the subject matter of a case or the verdict delivered, or the application of a rule in a particular case, the defaulting judge must stand surety for the reparation of that loss in accordance with the Islamic criteria, if it be a case of default. Otherwise, losses will be compensated for by the State. In all such cases, the repute and good standing of the accused will be restored. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 172</font></b></p> <p>Military courts will be established by law to investigate crimes committed in connection with military or security duties by members of the Army, the Gendarmerie, the police, and the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps. They will be tried in public courts, however, for common crimes or crimes committed while serving the department of justice in executive capacity. The office of military prosecutor and the military courts form part of the judiciary and are subject to the same principles that regulate the judiciary. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 173</font></b></p> <p>In order to investigate the complaints, grievances, and objections of the people with respect to government officials, organs, and statutes, a court will be established to be known as the Court of Administrative Justice under the supervision of the head of the judiciary branch. The jurisdiction, powers, and mode of operation of this court will be laid down by law. <br>  </p> <p><b><font size="+1">Article 174</font></b></p> <p>In accordance with the right of the judiciary to supervise the proper conducting of affairs and the correct implementation of laws by the administrative organs of the government, an organization I will be constituted under the supervision of the head of the judiciary branch to be known as the National General Inspectorate. 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