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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Translated documents of the European Parliament</div> <p>The <b>Europarl Corpus</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> (set of documents) that consists of the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> from 1996 to 2012. In its first release in 2001, it covered eleven official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish).<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the political <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">expansion of the EU</a> the official languages of the ten new member states have been added to the corpus data.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest release (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-Europarl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europarl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprised up to 60 million words per language with the newly added languages being slightly underrepresented as data for them is only available from 2007 onwards. This latest version includes 21 European languages: Romanic (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian), Germanic (English, Dutch, German, Danish, Swedish), Slavic (Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Slovak, Slovene), Finno-Ugric (Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), and Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The data that makes up the <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> was extracted from the website of the European Parliament and then prepared for <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sentence splitting and <a href="/wiki/Tokenization_(lexical_analysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokenization (lexical analysis)">tokenization</a> the sentences were aligned across languages with the help of an algorithm developed by <a href="/wiki/Gale-Church_alignment_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale-Church alignment algorithm">Gale & Church</a> (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The corpus has been compiled and expanded by a group of researchers led by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Koehn" title="Philipp Koehn">Philipp Koehn</a> at the University of Edinburgh. Initially, it was designed for research purposes in <a href="/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">statistical machine translation</a> (SMT). However, since its first release it has been used for multiple other research purposes, including for example <a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">word sense disambiguation</a>. EUROPARL is also available to search via the corpus management system <a href="/wiki/Sketch_Engine" title="Sketch Engine">Sketch Engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europarl_Corpus_and_statistical_machine_translation">Europarl Corpus and statistical machine translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europarl_Corpus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europarl Corpus and statistical machine translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his paper "Europarl: A Parallel Corpus for Statistical Machine Translation",<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koehn sums up in how far the Europarl corpus is useful for research in <a href="/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">SMT</a>. He uses the corpus to develop SMT systems translating each language into each of the other ten languages of the <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> making it 110 systems. This enables Koehn to establish SMT systems for uncommon language pairs that have not been considered by SMT developers beforehand, such as Finnish–Italian for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_assessment">Quality assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europarl_Corpus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quality assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Europarl corpus may not only be used for developing SMT systems but also for their assessment. By measuring the output of the systems against the original corpus data for the <a href="/wiki/Target_language_(translation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Target language (translation)">target language</a> the adequacy of the translation can be assessed. Koehn uses the <a href="/wiki/BLEU" title="BLEU">BLEU metric</a> by Papineni et al. (2002) for this, which counts the coincidences of the two compared versions—SMT output and corpus data—and calculates a score on this basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Papineni_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papineni-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more similar the two versions are, the higher the score, and therefore the quality of the translation.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results reflect that some SMT systems perform better than others, e.g., Spanish–French (40.2) in comparison to Dutch–Finnish (10.3).<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koehn states that the reason for this is that related languages are easier to translate into each other than those that are not.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back_translation">Back translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europarl_Corpus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Back translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Furthermore, Koehn uses the SMT systems and the Europarl corpus data to investigate whether <a href="/wiki/Back_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Back translation">back translation</a> is an adequate method for the <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_of_machine_translation" title="Evaluation of machine translation">evaluation of machine translation</a> systems. For each language except English he compares the <a href="/wiki/BLEU" title="BLEU">BLEU</a> scores for translating that language from and into English (e.g. English > Spanish, Spanish > English) with those that can be achieved by measuring the original English data against the output obtained by translation from English into each language and back translation into English (e.g. English > Spanish > English).<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results indicate that the scores for back translation are far higher than those for monodirectional translation and what is more important they do not correlate at all with the monodirectional scores. For example, the monodirectional scores for English<>Greek (27.2 and 23.2) are lower than those for English<>Portuguese (30.1 and 27.2). Yet the back translation score of 56.5 for Greek is higher than the one for Portuguese, which gets 53.6.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koehn explains this with the fact that errors committed in the translation process might simply be reversed by back translation resulting in high coincidences of in- and output.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, does not allow any conclusions about the quality of the text in the actual <a href="/wiki/Target_language_(translation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Target language (translation)">target language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koehn_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Koehn does not consider back translation an adequate method for the assessment of machine translation systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europarl_Corpus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Koehn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koehn_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koehn, Philipp (2005): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/pkoehn/publications/europarl-mtsummit05.pdf">"Europarl: A Parallel Corpus for Statistical Machine Translation"</a>, in: <i>MT Summit</i>, pp. 79–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europarl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Europarl_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statmt.org/europarl">European Parliament Proceedings Parallel Corpus 1996-2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bušta, J., Jakubíček, M., Kovář, V., Michelfeit, J., ... & Suchomel, V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9">The Sketch Engine: ten years on. Lexicography</a>, 1(1), 7-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papineni-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Papineni_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papineni, Kishore et al (2002): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P02/P02-1040.pdf">"BLEU. A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation"</a>, in: <i>Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics</i> (ACL), pp. 311–318.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europarl_Corpus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statmt.org/europarl">Europarl homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opus.lingfil.uu.se/Europarl.php">Europarl (v3 + v7) can be downloaded from the Opus corpora site in TMX/Moses format</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statmt.org/europarl">Europarl corpus in Sketch Engine</a> – version 7 part-of-speech tagged with the 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text corpora,<br />English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Corpus" title="American National Corpus">American National Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_English" title="Bank of English">Bank of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_Corpus_of_London_Teenage_Language" title="Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language">Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Corpus" title="British National Corpus">British National Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Corpus" title="Brown Corpus">Brown Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye_Corpus" title="Buckeye Corpus">Buckeye Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_English_Corpus" title="Cambridge English Corpus">Cambridge English Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_of_Contemporary_American_English" title="Corpus of Contemporary American English">Corpus of Contemporary American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enron_Corpus" title="Enron Corpus">Enron Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenTen_Corpus_Family" title="TenTen Corpus Family">EnTenTen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Corpus_of_English" title="International Corpus of English">International Corpus of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen_Corpus" title="Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus">Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Corpus" title="Oxford English Corpus">Oxford English Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PropBank" title="PropBank">PropBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_English_Corpus" title="Spoken English Corpus">Spoken English Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switchboard_Telephone_Speech_Corpus" title="Switchboard Telephone Speech Corpus">Switchboard Telephone Speech Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMIT" title="TIMIT">TIMIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VerbNet" title="VerbNet">VerbNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Corpus_of_Spoken_New_Zealand_English" title="Wellington Corpus of Spoken New Zealand English">Wellington Corpus of Spoken New Zealand English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text corpora,<br />non-English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijankhan_Corpus" title="Bijankhan Corpus">Bijankhan Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILDES" title="CHILDES">CHILDES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorCenCC" title="CorCenCC">CorCenCC National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Language_Corpus" title="Croatian Language Corpus">Croatian Language Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Corpus" title="Croatian National Corpus">Croatian National Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Corpus" title="Czech National Corpus">Czech National Corpus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europarl Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reference_Corpus" title="German Reference Corpus">German Reference Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamshahri_Corpus" title="Hamshahri Corpus">Hamshahri Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corpus_of_Polish" title="National Corpus of Polish">National Corpus of Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Text_Corpus_Project" title="Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project">Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Speech_Corpus" title="Persian Speech Corpus">Persian Speech Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Corpus" title="Russian National Corpus">Russian National Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Corpus">Somali Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Corpus_of_Texts_and_Speech" title="Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech">Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_National_Corpus" title="Slovenian National Corpus">Slovenian National Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkBank" title="TalkBank">TalkBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatoeba" title="Tatoeba">Tatoeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Monolingual_Corpus" title="Tehran Monolingual Corpus">Tehran Monolingual Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekstaro_de_Esperanto" title="Tekstaro de Esperanto">Tekstaro de Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenTen_Corpus_Family" title="TenTen Corpus Family">TenTen Corpus Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_Linguae_Graecae" title="Thesaurus Linguae Graecae">Thesaurus Linguae Graecae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Corpus#History" title="British National Corpus">BNC consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBUILD" title="COBUILD">COBUILD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_Engine" title="Sketch Engine">Sketch Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europarl_Corpus&oldid=1110423993">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europarl_Corpus&oldid=1110423993</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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