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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_efforts:_Hot_Springs,_Arkansas_and_Yosemite_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_efforts:_Hot_Springs,_Arkansas_and_Yosemite_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First efforts: Hot Springs, Arkansas and Yosemite Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_efforts:_Hot_Springs,_Arkansas_and_Yosemite_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_national_park:_Yellowstone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_national_park:_Yellowstone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First national park: Yellowstone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_national_park:_Yellowstone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_growth_of_national_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_growth_of_national_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>International growth of national parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_growth_of_national_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_parks_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>National parks services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_ramifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_ramifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic ramifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_ramifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic ramifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_ramifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National park</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionale_park" title="Nasionale park – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasionale park" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABcisc_edisc" title="Rīcisc edisc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rīcisc edisc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="متنزه وطني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متنزه وطني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_nacional" title="Parque nacional – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Parque nacional" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_nacional" title="Parque nacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parque nacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_park" title="Milli park – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milli park" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_nasional" title="Taman nasional – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Taman nasional" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জাতীয় উদ্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতীয় উদ্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ka_kong-hn%CC%82g" title="Kok-ka kong-hn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-ka kong-hn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Милли парк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Милли парк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Нацыянальны парк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальны парк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="नेशनल पार्क – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेशनल पार्क" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Национален парк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национален парк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_park" title="Nacionalni park – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nacionalni park" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_nacional" title="Parc nacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parc nacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_park" title="Národní park – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní park" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_cenedlaethol" title="Parc cenedlaethol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parc cenedlaethol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalpark" title="Nationalpark – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nationalpark" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalpark" title="Nationalpark – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalpark" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvuspark" title="Rahvuspark – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvuspark" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Εθνικός δρυμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικός δρυμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_nacional" title="Parque nacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parque nacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_parko" title="Nacia parko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia parko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke_nazional" title="Parke nazional – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parke nazional" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پارک ملی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارک ملی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%B3%C3%B0gar%C3%B0ar" title="Tjóðgarðar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tjóðgarðar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_national" title="Parc national – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parc national" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonaal_park" title="Nasjonaal park – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nasjonaal park" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irc_n%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="Páirc náisiúnta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páirc náisiúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_nacional" title="Parque nacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parque nacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koet-k%C3%A2_K%C3%BBng-y%C3%A8n" title="Koet-kâ Kûng-yèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Koet-kâ Kûng-yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EA%B3%B5%EC%9B%90" title="국립공원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국립공원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Ազգային պարկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգային պարկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="राष्ट्रीय उद्यान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्रीय उद्यान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodny_park" title="Narodny park – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Narodny park" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_park" title="Nacionalni park – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalni park" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailian_a_parke" title="Nailian a parke – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nailian a parke" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_nasional" title="Taman nasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taman nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parco_national" title="Parco national – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Parco national" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Национ парк – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Национ парк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0gar%C3%B0ur" title="Þjóðgarður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðgarður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parco_nazionale" title="Parco nazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parco nazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="פארק לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פארק לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_nasional" title="Taman nasional – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taman nasional" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuna_eqqissisimatitaq" title="Nuna eqqissisimatitaq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nuna eqqissisimatitaq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನವನಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನವನಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ეროვნული პარკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეროვნული პარკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_n%C3%B4rodny" title="Park nôrodny – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Park nôrodny" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Ұлттық парк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлттық парк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Kenedhlek" title="Park Kenedhlek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Park Kenedhlek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hifadhi_ya_taifa" title="Hifadhi ya taifa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hifadhi ya taifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Улуттук парк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуттук парк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeptum_nationale" title="Saeptum nationale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeptum nationale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81lais_parks" title="Nacionālais parks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālais parks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalinis_parkas" title="Nacionalinis parkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nacionalinis parkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_park" title="Nemzeti park – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzeti park" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Национален парк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Национален парк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ദേശീയോദ്യാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദേശീയോദ്യാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ერუანული პარკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერუანული პარკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_negara" title="Taman negara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taman negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_nasional" title="Taman nasional – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Taman nasional" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_park" title="Nationaal park – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationaal park" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="国立公園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国立公園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsionaalpark" title="Natsionaalpark – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Natsionaalpark" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalpark" title="Nasjonalpark – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasjonalpark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalpark" title="Nasjonalpark – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nasjonalpark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliy_bog%CA%BB" title="Milliy bogʻ – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Milliy bogʻ" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਕੌਮੀ ਪਾਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮੀ ਪਾਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="نیشنل پارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیشنل پارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_narodowy" title="Park narodowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Park narodowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_nacional" title="Parque nacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parque nacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_na%C8%9Bional" title="Parc național – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parc național" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamallaqta_parki" title="Mamallaqta parki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mamallaqta parki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Народный парк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Народный парк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Национальный парк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальный парк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parku_komb%C3%ABtar" title="Parku kombëtar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parku kombëtar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcu_nazziunali" title="Parcu nazziunali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Parcu nazziunali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park" title="National park – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National park" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA" title="قومي پارڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قومي پارڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_park" title="Národný park – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Národný park" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodni_park" title="Narodni park – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Narodni park" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پارکی نەتەوەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارکی نەتەوەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Национални парк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национални парк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_park" title="Nacionalni park – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalni park" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_nasional" title="Taman nasional – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Taman nasional" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallispuisto" title="Kansallispuisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallispuisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalpark" title="Nationalpark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationalpark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="தேசியப் பூங்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேசியப் பூங்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="జాతీయ ఉద్యానవనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాతీయ ఉద్యానవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="อุทยานแห่งชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุทยานแห่งชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Боғи миллӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Боғи миллӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_park" title="Millî park – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Millî park" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Національний парк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національний парк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قومی باغستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قومی باغستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dn_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia" title="Vườn quốc gia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vườn quốc gia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasodnon_nga_parke" title="Nasodnon nga parke – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nasodnon nga parke" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="國家公園 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="國家公園" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="國家公園 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國家公園" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parko_m%C4%B1lli" title="Parko mılli – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Parko mılli" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="國家公園 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國家公園" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Park for conservation of nature and usually also for visitors</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a kind of natural park. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/National_park_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="National park (disambiguation)">National park (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogdkhan_Uul_Strictly_Protected_Area,_Mongolia_(149199747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bogdkhan_Uul_Strictly_Protected_Area%2C_Mongolia_%28149199747%29.jpg/220px-Bogdkhan_Uul_Strictly_Protected_Area%2C_Mongolia_%28149199747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bogdkhan_Uul_Strictly_Protected_Area%2C_Mongolia_%28149199747%29.jpg/330px-Bogdkhan_Uul_Strictly_Protected_Area%2C_Mongolia_%28149199747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bogdkhan_Uul_Strictly_Protected_Area%2C_Mongolia_%28149199747%29.jpg/440px-Bogdkhan_Uul_Strictly_Protected_Area%2C_Mongolia_%28149199747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan_Uul_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve">Bogd Khan Uul National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> is one of the earliest preserved areas now called a national park.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stambecchi_nel_Parco_Nazionale_del_Gran_Paradiso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stambecchi_nel_Parco_Nazionale_del_Gran_Paradiso.jpg/220px-Stambecchi_nel_Parco_Nazionale_del_Gran_Paradiso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stambecchi_nel_Parco_Nazionale_del_Gran_Paradiso.jpg/330px-Stambecchi_nel_Parco_Nazionale_del_Gran_Paradiso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stambecchi_nel_Parco_Nazionale_del_Gran_Paradiso.jpg/440px-Stambecchi_nel_Parco_Nazionale_del_Gran_Paradiso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>National parks often allow protected species to flourish. Pictured are <a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">alpine ibexes</a> (<i>Capra ibex</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso_National_Park" title="Gran Paradiso National Park">Gran Paradiso National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont, Italy">Piedmont, Italy</a>. The ibex population increased tenfold since the area was declared a national park in 1922.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>national park</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">nature park</a> designated for <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a> purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protected and owned by a government. Although governments hold different standards for national park designation, the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a common motivation for the continued protection of all national parks around the world. National parks are almost always accessible to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Gissibl,_B._2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gissibl,_B._2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually national parks are developed, owned and managed by national governments, though in some countries with <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> forms of government, "national parks" may be the responsibility of subnational, regional, or local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States established <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people," in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Yellowstone was not officially termed a "national park" at the time, in practice<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Tobago_Main_Ridge_Forest_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve">Tobago Main Ridge Forest Reserve</a> (in what is now Trinidad and Tobago; established in 1776)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the area surrounding <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan_Mountain" title="Bogd Khan Mountain">Bogd Khan Uul Mountain</a> (Mongolia, 1778), which were restricted from cultivation to protect surrounding farmland, are considered the oldest legally <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, established on May 19, 1911, is the world's oldest national park service.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) and its <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Protected_Areas" title="World Commission on Protected Areas">World Commission on Protected Areas</a> (WCPA) have defined "National Park" as its <i>Category II</i> <a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">type of protected areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the IUCN, 6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006. IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park. </p><p>The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Greenland_National_Park" title="Northeast Greenland National Park">Northeast Greenland National Park</a>, which was established in 1974 and is 972,000 km<sup>2</sup> (375,000 sq mi) in area.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koli_2019_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Koli_2019_2.jpg/220px-Koli_2019_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Koli_2019_2.jpg/330px-Koli_2019_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Koli_2019_2.jpg/440px-Koli_2019_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="3804" /></a><figcaption>Landscapes of the <a href="/wiki/Koli_National_Park" title="Koli National Park">Koli National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Karelia" title="North Karelia">North Karelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, have inspired many painters and composers, including <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juhani_Aho" title="Juhani Aho">Juhani Aho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Eero Järnefelt">Eero Järnefelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Escondido_P_N_Manuel_Antonio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Puerto_Escondido_P_N_Manuel_Antonio.JPG/220px-Puerto_Escondido_P_N_Manuel_Antonio.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Puerto_Escondido_P_N_Manuel_Antonio.JPG/330px-Puerto_Escondido_P_N_Manuel_Antonio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Puerto_Escondido_P_N_Manuel_Antonio.JPG/440px-Puerto_Escondido_P_N_Manuel_Antonio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_National_Park" title="Manuel Antonio National Park">Manuel Antonio National Park</a> in Costa Rica was listed by <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> as one of the world's 12 most beautiful national parks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood,_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood%2C_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg/220px-Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood%2C_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood%2C_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg/330px-Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood%2C_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood%2C_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg/440px-Beech_trees_in_Mallard_Wood%2C_New_Forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_779513.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Beech trees in Mallard Wood, <a href="/wiki/New_Forest_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="New Forest National Park">New Forest National Park</a>, Hampshire, England</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1969, the IUCN declared a national park to be a relatively large area with the following defining characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>One or several <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal species, geomorphological sites and habitats are of special scientific, educational, and recreational interest or which contain a natural landscape of great beauty;</li> <li>Highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation as soon as possible in the whole area and to effectively enforce the respect of ecological, geomorphological, or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment; and</li> <li>Visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural, and recreative purposes.</li></ul> <p>In 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. These include: </p> <ul><li>Minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones in which protection of nature takes precedence</li> <li>Statutory legal protection</li> <li>Budget and staff sufficient to provide effective protection</li> <li>Prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a> (including the development of dams) qualified by such activities as sport, hunting, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.</li></ul> <p>While the term national park is now defined by the IUCN, many protected areas in many countries are called national park even when they correspond to other categories of the IUCN Protected Area Management Definition, for example:<sup id="cite_ref-Gissibl,_B._2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gissibl,_B._2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Park" title="Swiss National Park">Swiss National Park</a>, Switzerland: IUCN Ia – Strict Nature Reserve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades National Park</a>, United States: IUCN Ib – Wilderness Area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_National_Park" title="Koli National Park">Koli National Park</a>, Finland: IUCN II – Surface Area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_National_Park" title="Victoria Falls National Park">Victoria Falls National Park</a>, Zimbabwe: IUCN III – National Monument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitosha" title="Vitosha">Vitosha</a> National Park, Bulgaria: IUCN IV – Habitat Management Area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="New Forest National Park">New Forest National Park</a>, United Kingdom: IUCN V – Protected Landscape</li> <li>Etniko Ygrotopiko Parko Delta Evrou, Greece: IUCN VI – Managed Resource Protected Area</li></ul> <p>While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia, with the exception of six national parks, national parks are run by state governments and predate the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a>; similarly, national parks in the Netherlands are administered by the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Gissibl,_B._2012_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gissibl,_B._2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, there are both national parks operated by the federal government and provincial or territorial parks operated by the provincial and territorial governments, although nearly all are still national parks by the IUCN definition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many countries, including Indonesia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, national parks do not adhere to the IUCN definition, while some areas which adhere to the IUCN definition are not designated as national parks.<sup id="cite_ref-Gissibl,_B._2012_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gissibl,_B._2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg/220px-012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg/330px-012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg/440px-012_035_Ile_Mingan_Niapiscau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="4149" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mingan_Archipelago_National_Park_Reserve" title="Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve">Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As many countries do not adhere to the IUCN definition, the term "national park" may be used loosely. <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</a>, and in some other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, a "national park" simply describes a general area that is relatively undeveloped, scenic, and attracts tourists, with some form of planning restrictions to ensure it maintains those characteristics. There may be substantial human settlements within the bounds of a national park. </p><p>Conversely, parks that meet the criteria may be not be referred to as "national parks". Terms like "preserve" or "reserve" may be used instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_references">Early references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1735 the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples government</a> undertook laws to protect Natural areas, which could be used as a <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">game reserve</a> by the royal family; <a href="/wiki/Procida" title="Procida">Procida</a> was the first protected site;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the difference between the many previous royal hunting preserves and this one, which is considered to be closer to a Park rather than a hunting preserve,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that Neapolitan government already considered the division into the present-day wilderness areas and non-strict nature reserves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1810, the English poet <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> as a "sort of national property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painter <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, in his travels through the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">American West</a>, wrote during the 1830s that <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> might be preserved "(by some great protecting policy of government) ... in a <i>magnificent park</i> ... A <i>nation's Park</i>, containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature's beauty!"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_efforts:_Hot_Springs,_Arkansas_and_Yosemite_Valley"><span id="First_efforts:_Hot_Springs.2C_Arkansas_and_Yosemite_Valley"></span>First efforts: Hot Springs, Arkansas and Yosemite Valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First efforts: Hot Springs, Arkansas and Yosemite Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunnel_View,_Yosemite_Valley,_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tunnel_View%2C_Yosemite_Valley%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Tunnel_View%2C_Yosemite_Valley%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tunnel_View%2C_Yosemite_Valley%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Tunnel_View%2C_Yosemite_Valley%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tunnel_View%2C_Yosemite_Valley%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Tunnel_View%2C_Yosemite_Valley%2C_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, California, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The first effort by the U.S. Federal government to set aside such protected lands was on 20 April 1832, when President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> signed legislation that the <a href="/wiki/22nd_United_States_Congress" title="22nd United States Congress">22nd United States Congress</a> had enacted to set aside four sections of land around what is now <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas" title="Hot Springs, Arkansas">Hot Springs, Arkansas</a>, to protect the natural, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal spring">thermal springs</a> and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-Shugart_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shugart-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was known as <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs_National_Park" title="Hot Springs National Park">Hot Springs Reservation</a>, but no legal authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-Shugart_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shugart-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of important leaders who fought for animal and land conservation were essential in the development of legal action. Some of these leaders include President Abraham Lincoln, Laurance Rockefeller, President Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a> to name a few.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks" due to his work in Yosemite.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published two influential articles in <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Magazine" title="The Century Magazine">The Century Magazine</a>, which formed the base for the subsequent legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> signed an Act of Congress on 1 July 1864, ceding the <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mariposa_Grove" title="Mariposa Grove">Mariposa Grove</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giant_sequoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant sequoia">giant sequoias</a> (later becoming <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>) to the state of California. According to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for "public use, resort, and recreation". Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation and improvement. A public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone was put under national control at its establishment six years later.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_national_park:_Yellowstone">First national park: Yellowstone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First national park: Yellowstone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring" title="Grand Prismatic Spring">Grand Prismatic Spring</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Wyoming, United States; Yellowstone was the first national park in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1872, <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> was established as the United States' first national park,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being also the world's first national park. In some European and Asian countries, however, national protection and <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> already existed - though typically as game reserves and recreational grounds set aside for royalty, such as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Fontainebleau" title="Forest of Fontainebleau">Forest of Fontainebleau</a> (France, 1861).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yellowstone was part of a <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">federally governed territory</a>. With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land, the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, the official first national park of the United States. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Pacific Railroad">Northern Pacific Railroad</a> ensured the passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and his group of conservationists, the <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a>, were active campaigners and were highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill. Yellowstone National Park soon played a pivotal role in the conservation of these national treasures, as it was suffering at the hands of poachers and others who stood at the ready to pillage what they could from the area. Theodore Roosevelt and his newly formed Boone and Crockett Club successfully took the lead in protecting Yellowstone National Park from this plight, resulting in laws designed to conserve the natural resources in Yellowstone and other parks under the Government's purview.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>American <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning author <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> wrote: "National parks are the best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best rather than our worst."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_growth_of_national_parks">International growth of national parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International growth of national parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andhika_bayu_nugraha-taman_nasional_bromo_tengger_semeru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Andhika_bayu_nugraha-taman_nasional_bromo_tengger_semeru.jpg/220px-Andhika_bayu_nugraha-taman_nasional_bromo_tengger_semeru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Andhika_bayu_nugraha-taman_nasional_bromo_tengger_semeru.jpg/330px-Andhika_bayu_nugraha-taman_nasional_bromo_tengger_semeru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Andhika_bayu_nugraha-taman_nasional_bromo_tengger_semeru.jpg/440px-Andhika_bayu_nugraha-taman_nasional_bromo_tengger_semeru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bromo_Tengger_Semeru_National_Park" title="Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park">Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Afternoon_at_North_%26_South_Era.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Late_Afternoon_at_North_%26_South_Era.jpg/220px-Late_Afternoon_at_North_%26_South_Era.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Late_Afternoon_at_North_%26_South_Era.jpg/330px-Late_Afternoon_at_North_%26_South_Era.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Late_Afternoon_at_North_%26_South_Era.jpg/440px-Late_Afternoon_at_North_%26_South_Era.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Park" title="Royal National Park">Royal National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>The first area to use "national park" in its creation legislation was the U.S.'s <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_National_Park" title="Mackinac National Park">Mackinac National Park</a>, in 1875. (The area was later transferred to the state's authority in 1895, thus losing its official "national park" status.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Following the idea established in Yellowstone and Mackinac, there soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, what is now <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Park" title="Royal National Park">Royal National Park</a> was established just south of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a>, on 26 April 1879, becoming the world's second official national park.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Mackinac lost its national park status, the Royal National Park is, by some considerations, the second oldest national park now in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergtocht_van_Peio_Paese_naar_Lago_Covel_(1,839_m)_in_het_Nationaal_park_Stelvio_(Itali%C3%AB)._Lago_Covel_(1,839_m).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bergtocht_van_Peio_Paese_naar_Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29_in_het_Nationaal_park_Stelvio_%28Itali%C3%AB%29._Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29.jpg/220px-Bergtocht_van_Peio_Paese_naar_Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29_in_het_Nationaal_park_Stelvio_%28Itali%C3%AB%29._Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bergtocht_van_Peio_Paese_naar_Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29_in_het_Nationaal_park_Stelvio_%28Itali%C3%AB%29._Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29.jpg/330px-Bergtocht_van_Peio_Paese_naar_Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29_in_het_Nationaal_park_Stelvio_%28Itali%C3%AB%29._Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bergtocht_van_Peio_Paese_naar_Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29_in_het_Nationaal_park_Stelvio_%28Itali%C3%AB%29._Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29.jpg/440px-Bergtocht_van_Peio_Paese_naar_Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29_in_het_Nationaal_park_Stelvio_%28Itali%C3%AB%29._Lago_Covel_%281%2C839_m%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5119" data-file-height="3413" /></a><figcaption>Lago Covel in the <a href="/wiki/Stelvio_National_Park" title="Stelvio National Park">Stelvio National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a> became Canada's first national park in 1885. New Zealand established <a href="/wiki/Tongariro_National_Park" title="Tongariro National Park">Tongariro National Park</a> in 1887. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapporten_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lapporten_2.jpg/220px-Lapporten_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lapporten_2.jpg/330px-Lapporten_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lapporten_2.jpg/440px-Lapporten_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abisko_National_Park" title="Abisko National Park">Abisko National Park</a>, Sweden, one of the first national parks established in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, the first national parks were a set of nine parks in Sweden in 1909, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Park" title="Swiss National Park">Swiss National Park</a> in 1914. Africa's first national park was established in 1925 when <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I of Belgium</a> designated an area of what is now <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> centred on the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Albert_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert National Park">Albert National Park</a> (since renamed <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valley_of_Desolation_-_South_Africa_(2417725127).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Valley_of_Desolation_-_South_Africa_%282417725127%29.jpg/220px-Valley_of_Desolation_-_South_Africa_%282417725127%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Valley_of_Desolation_-_South_Africa_%282417725127%29.jpg/330px-Valley_of_Desolation_-_South_Africa_%282417725127%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Valley_of_Desolation_-_South_Africa_%282417725127%29.jpg/440px-Valley_of_Desolation_-_South_Africa_%282417725127%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption>Valley of Desolation in the <a href="/wiki/Camdeboo_National_Park" title="Camdeboo National Park">Camdeboo National Park</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1895, the <a href="/wiki/Groenkloof_Nature_Reserve" title="Groenkloof Nature Reserve">Groenkloof Nature Reserve</a> was established as the first game sanctuary in Africa. In 1926, the government of South Africa designated <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> as the nation's first national park, although it was an expansion of the earlier Sabie Game Reserve established in 1898 by President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> of the old <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>, after whom the park was named. </p><p>Argentina became the third country in the Americas to create a national park system, with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Nahuel_Huapi_National_Park" title="Nahuel Huapi National Park">Nahuel Huapi National Park</a> in 1934, through the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moreno" title="Francisco Moreno">Francisco Moreno</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, national parks were founded all over the world. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> designated its first national park, <a href="/wiki/Peak_District_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak District National Park">Peak District National Park</a>, in 1951. This followed perhaps 70 years of pressure for greater public access to the landscape. By the end of the decade a further nine national parks had been designated in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europe has some 359 national parks as of 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vanoise_National_Park" title="Vanoise National Park">Vanoise National Park</a> in the Alps was the first French national park, created in 1963 after public mobilization against a <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">touristic project</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viru_raba_enne_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Viru_raba_enne_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu.jpg/220px-Viru_raba_enne_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Viru_raba_enne_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu.jpg/330px-Viru_raba_enne_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Viru_raba_enne_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu.jpg/440px-Viru_raba_enne_p%C3%A4ikeset%C3%B5usu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7029" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viru_Bog" title="Viru Bog">Viru Bog</a> in the Lahemaa National Park, Estonia, before sunrise</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Lahemaa_National_Park" title="Lahemaa National Park">Lahemaa National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> was the first area to be designated a national park in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> was classified as a National Park and was opened to public access in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Qomolangma_National_Nature_Preserve" title="Qomolangma National Nature Preserve">Qomolangma National Nature Preserve</a> (QNNP) was created to protect 3.381 million hectares on the north slope of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> of China. This national park is the first major global park to have no separate warden and protection staff—all of its management consists of existing local authorities, allowing a lower cost basis and a larger geographical coverage (in 1989 when created, it was the largest protected area in Asia). It includes four of the six tallest mountains in the world: <a href="/wiki/Everest" class="mw-redirect" title="Everest">Everest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cho_Oyu" title="Cho Oyu">Cho Oyu</a>. The QNNP is contiguous to four Nepali national parks, creating a transnational conservation area equal in size to Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_and_John_Crow_Mountains_National_Park" title="Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park">Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> to conserve and protect 41,198 hectares, including tropical montane rainforest and adjacent buffer areas.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site includes Jamaica's tallest peak (<a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_Peak" title="Blue Mountain Peak">Blue Mountain Peak</a>), hiking trails and a visitor center. The Park was also designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks_services">National parks services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National parks services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world's first national park service was established May 19, 1911, in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canada_National_Parks_Act#1911—the_Dominion_Forest_Reserves_and_Parks_Act" title="Canada National Parks Act"><i>Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act</i></a> placed the dominion parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Branch (now <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>), within the Department of the Interior. The branch was established to "protect sites of natural wonder" to provide a recreational experience, centred on the idea of the natural world providing rest and spiritual renewal from the urban setting.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada now has the largest protected area in the world with 450,000 km<sup>2</sup> of national park space.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Even with the creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way – the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> (NPS). The <a href="/wiki/64th_United_States_Congress" title="64th United States Congress">64th United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_Organic_Act" title="National Park Service Organic Act">National Park Service Organic Act</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson#Presidency,_1913–1921" title="Woodrow Wilson">President Woodrow Wilson</a> signed into law on 25 August 1916. Of the 431 sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, only 63 carry the designation of National Park.<sup id="cite_ref-USNPS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNPS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg/220px-Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg/330px-Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg/440px-Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Painting (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Castle" title="Devil's Castle">Teufelsschloss</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_Fjord" title="Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord">Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Fjord</a>, East Greenland. The site is now part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_ramifications">Economic ramifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic ramifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries with a large <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> industry, such as Costa Rica, often experience a huge economic effect on park management as well as the economy of the country as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-ahs.uwaterloo.ca_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahs.uwaterloo.ca-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a></div> <p>Tourism to national parks has increased considerably over time. In Costa Rica for example, a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse country</a>, tourism to parks has increased by 400% from 1985 to 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-ahs.uwaterloo.ca_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahs.uwaterloo.ca-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>national park</i> is perceived as a <a href="/wiki/Brand_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand name">brand name</a> that is associated with nature-based tourism and it symbolizes a "high quality natural environment with a well-designed tourist infrastructure".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff">Staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The duties of a <a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">park ranger</a> are to supervise, manage, and/or perform work in the conservation and use of park resources. This involves functions such as park conservation; natural, historical, and cultural resource management; and the development and operation of interpretive and recreational programs for the benefit of the visiting public. Park rangers also have fire fighting responsibilities and execute search and rescue missions. Activities also include <a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">heritage interpretation</a> to disseminate information to visitors of general, historical, or scientific information. Management of resources such as wildlife, lake shores, seashores, forests, historic buildings, battlefields, archaeological properties, and recreation areas are also part of the job of a park ranger.<sup id="cite_ref-OPM.gov_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPM.gov-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the establishment of the National Park Service in the US in 1916, the role of the park ranger has shifted from merely being a custodian of natural resources to include several activities that are associated with law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They control traffic, manage permits for various uses, and investigate violations, complaints, trespass/encroachment, and accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-OPM.gov_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPM.gov-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National parks in former <a href="/wiki/European_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonies">European colonies</a> have come under criticism for allegedly perpetuating <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. National parks were created by individuals who felt that pristine, natural sections of nature should be set aside and preserved from urban development. In America, this movement came about during the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> and were meant to be monuments to America's true history.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, in some instances, the lands that were to be set aside and protected in formerly colonized lands were already being inhabited by native communities, who were then removed off of these lands to create pristine sites for public consumption. Critics claim that the removal of people from national parks enhances the belief that nature can only be protected when humans do not exist within it, and that this leads to perpetuating the dichotomy between nature and humans (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Nature%E2%80%93culture_divide" title="Nature–culture divide">nature–culture divide</a>). They see the creation of national parks as a form of eco-<a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">land grabbing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others claim that traveling to national parks to appreciate nature there leads people to ignore the nature that exists around them every day. Still others argue that tourism can actually negatively impact the areas that are being visited.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_park" title="Country park">Country park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks">List of national parks</a> – by country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tourist_attractions" title="Lists of tourist attractions">Lists of tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_park_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Conservation park (disambiguation)">Conservation park (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_lands" title="Federal lands">Federal lands</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil park">Fossil park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Geoparks_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Geoparks Network">Global Geoparks Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="International Park">International Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_monument" title="National monument">National monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_historic_site_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="National historic site (disambiguation)">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Foundation" title="National Park Foundation">National Park Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Country" title="Open Country">Open Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_park" title="Provincial park">Provincial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_park" title="State park">State park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Database_on_Protected_Areas" title="World Database on Protected Areas">World Database on Protected Areas</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Australia, the vast majority of "national parks" are managed by state governments rather than the federal government; for example, <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Park" title="Royal National Park">Royal National Park</a>, mentioned in this article as one of the earliest national parks, is actually owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. Similarly, the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec, Canada</a>, uses the designation "national park" for all of its <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Quebec" title="National Parks of Quebec">provincially owned and operated parks</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">National parks in the United Kingdom</a> are devolved to various authorities at the subnational and local levels.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Europarc Federation (eds.) 2009, Living Parks, 100 Years of National Parks in Europe, Oekom Verlag, München</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gissibl,_B._2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gissibl,_B._2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gissibl,_B._2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gissibl,_B._2012_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gissibl,_B._2012_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gissibl, B., S. Höhler and P. Kupper, 2012, <i>Civilizing Nature, National Parks in Global Historical Perspective</i>, Berghahn, Oxford</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114358/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvl&fileName=vl002%2F%2Famrvlvl002.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fconsrvbib%3A%40field%28NUMBER%2B%40band%28amrvl%2Bvl002%29%29&linkText=0">"Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920"</a>. <i>American Memory - Library of Congress</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>Oddly shaped rock pillars sculpted by wind and sea create the unique islandscape of the natural reserve</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mingan+Archipelago+National+Park+Reserve&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmingan-archipelago-national-park-reserve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_de_Sario" class="citation web cs1">Angela de Sario. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fondazionecariforli.it/downloads/files/3-La-regia-caccia-di-torre-guevara-nel-settecento.pdf">"La "Regia Caccia" Di Torre Guevara Nel Settecento"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fondazionecariforli.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022120321/https://www.fondazionecariforli.it/downloads/files/3-La-regia-caccia-di-torre-guevara-nel-settecento.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fondazionecariforli.it&rft.atitle=La+%22Regia+Caccia%22+Di+Torre+Guevara+Nel+Settecento&rft.au=Angela+de+Sario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondazionecariforli.it%2Fdownloads%2Ffiles%2F3-La-regia-caccia-di-torre-guevara-nel-settecento.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Museo privato Agriturismo Maria Sofia di Borbone, Azienda Agricola Le Tre Querce, Seminara, Calabria, organised by the Study Centre for Environmental Education in the Mediterranean Area of Reggio, Italy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth, William</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_idlAAAAAYAAJ"><i>A guide through the district of the lakes in the north of England with a description of the scenery, &c. for the use of tourists and residents</i></a> (5th ed.). Kendal, England: Hudson and Nicholson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_idlAAAAAYAAJ/page/n122">88</a>. <q>sort of national property in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+through+the+district+of+the+lakes+in+the+north+of+England+with+a+description+of+the+scenery%2C+%26c.+for+the+use+of+tourists+and+residents&rft.place=Kendal%2C+England&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Hudson+and+Nicholson&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_idlAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlin1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">Catlin, George</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MA4TAAAAYAAJ&q=%7C%28by+some+great+protecting+policy+of+government%29"><i>Letters and Notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians: written during eight years' travel amongst the wildest tribes of Indians in North America in 1832, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39</i></a>. Vol. 1. Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, London: Published by the author. pp. 261–262. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501132843/https://books.google.com/books?id=MA4TAAAAYAAJ&q=%7C(by+some+great+protecting+policy+of+government)#v=snippet&q=%7C(by%20some%20great%20protecting%20policy%20of%20government)&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+and+Notes+on+the+manners%2C+customs%2C+and+condition+of+the+North+American+Indians%3A+written+during+eight+years%27+travel+amongst+the+wildest+tribes+of+Indians+in+North+America+in+1832%2C+33%2C+34%2C+35%2C+36%2C+37%2C+38%2C+and+39&rft.place=Egyptian+Hall%2C+Piccadilly%2C+London&rft.pages=261-262&rft.pub=Published+by+the+author&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Catlin&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMA4TAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%257C%2528by%2Bsome%2Bgreat%2Bprotecting%2Bpolicy%2Bof%2Bgovernment%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shugart-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shugart_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shugart_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2004" class="citation web cs1">Shugart, Sharon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/hosp/historyculture/upload/chronology.web.pdf">"Hot Springs of Arkansas Through the Years: A Chronology of Events"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414015510/http://www.nps.gov/hosp/historyculture/upload/chronology.web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+Springs+of+Arkansas+Through+the+Years%3A+A+Chronology+of+Events&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhosp%2Fhistoryculture%2Fupload%2Fchronology.web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_Richard1866" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Richard, ed. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115233149/http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/004_statutes_at_large.pdf">"Twenty-Second Congress, Session 1, Chap. 70: An Act authorizing the governor of the territory of Arkansas to lease the salt springs, in said territory, and for other purposes (April 20, 1832)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to 3 March 1845, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 1863, to December 1865</i>. Vol. 4. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. p. 505. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/004_statutes_at_large.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twenty-Second+Congress%2C+Session+1%2C+Chap.+70%3A+An+Act+authorizing+the+governor+of+the+territory+of+Arkansas+to+lease+the+salt+springs%2C+in+said+territory%2C+and+for+other+purposes+%28April+20%2C+1832%29&rft.btitle=The+Public+Statutes+at+Large+of+the+United+States+of+America+from+the+Organization+of+the+Government+in+1789%2C+to+3+March+1845%2C+Treaties%2C+and+Proclamations+of+the+United+States+of+America+from+December+1863%2C+to+December+1865&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Little+and+James+Brown&rft.date=1866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.org%2Fuslaw%2Fsal%2F004_statutes_at_large.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=45">"Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)"</a>. <i>Our Documents.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200955/http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=45">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Documents.gov&rft.atitle=Act+Establishing+Yellowstone+National+Park+%281872%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourdocuments.gov%2Fdoc.php%3Fflash%3Dtrue%26doc%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalparks.org/about-foundation/mission-history">"Mission & History"</a>. <i>National Park Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234521/https://www.nationalparks.org/about-foundation/mission-history">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Foundation&rft.atitle=Mission+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalparks.org%2Fabout-foundation%2Fmission-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Barbara Kiely (2008). <i>John Muir</i>. Gareth Stevens. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836883183" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836883183"><bdi>978-0836883183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Muir&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0836883183&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Kiely&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Muir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/">"Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102195140/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/">Archived</a> 2 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Century Magazine</i>, Vol. XL. September 1890. No. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Muir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/">"The Treasures of the Yosemite"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102195140/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/">Archived</a> 2 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Century Magazine</i>, Vol. XL. August 1890. No. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Wesley Dean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102171047/http://mtw160-198.ippl.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v056/56.4.dean.pdf"><i>Natural Glory in the Midst of War: The Establishment of Yosemite State Park</i></a> In: Abstract. <i>Civil War History</i>, Volume 56, Number 4, December 2010, pp. 386–419 | 10.1353/cwh.2010.0008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger,_George_P.1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_P._Sanger" title="George P. Sanger">Sanger, George P.</a>, ed. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116010746/http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/013_statutes_at_large.pdf">"Thirty-Eighth Congress, Session 1, Chap. 184: An Act authorizing a Grant to the State of California of the "Yo-Semite Valley" and of the Land embracing the "Mariposa Big Tree Grove" (June 30, 1864)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>38th United States Congress, Session 1, 1864. In: The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 1863, to December 1865</i>. Vol. 13. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 325. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/013_statutes_at_large.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thirty-Eighth+Congress%2C+Session+1%2C+Chap.+184%3A+An+Act+authorizing+a+Grant+to+the+State+of+California+of+the+%22Yo-Semite+Valley%22+and+of+the+Land+embracing+the+%22Mariposa+Big+Tree+Grove%22+%28June+30%2C+1864%29&rft.btitle=38th+United+States+Congress%2C+Session+1%2C+1864.+In%3A+The+Statutes+at+Large%2C+Treaties%2C+and+Proclamations+of+the+United+States+of+America+from+December+1863%2C+to+December+1865&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.org%2Fuslaw%2Fsal%2F013_statutes_at_large.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangan, Elizabeth U. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/yehtml/yeabout.html">Yellowstone, the First National Park from Mapping the National Parks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019090110/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/yehtml/yeabout.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Geography and Map Division.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimberly A. Jones, Simon R. Kelly, Sarah Kennel, Helga Kessler-Aurisch, <i>In the forest of Fontainebleau: painters and photographers from Corot to Monet</i>, National Gallery of Art, 2008, p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSThinking/famousquotes.htm">"Famous Quotes Concerning the National Parks: Wallace Stegner, 1983"</a>. <i>Discover History</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. 16 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508031121/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSThinking/famousquotes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31511-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31511-8"><bdi>0-393-31511-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36306399">36306399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncommon+ground%3A+rethinking+the+human+place+in+nature&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36306399&rft.isbn=0-393-31511-8&rft.aulast=William.&rft.aufirst=Cronon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaus2020" class="citation book cs1">Claus, C. Anne (3 November 2020). <i>Drawing the Sea Near</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5749%2Fj.ctv1bkc3t6">10.5749/j.ctv1bkc3t6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5946-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5946-7"><bdi>978-1-4529-5946-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230646912">230646912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+the+Sea+Near&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230646912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5749%2Fj.ctv1bkc3t6&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-5946-7&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=C.+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüscherFletcher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Büscher, Bram; Fletcher, Robert (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fcs.cs_19_75">"Towards Convivial Conservation"</a>. <i>Conservation and Society</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fcs.cs_19_75">10.4103/cs.cs_19_75</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0972-4923">0972-4923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195819004">195819004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+and+Society&rft.atitle=Towards+Convivial+Conservation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195819004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0972-4923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2Fcs.cs_19_75&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCscher&rft.aufirst=Bram&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4103%252Fcs.cs_19_75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagles,_Paul_F._JMcCool,_Stephen_F.2002" class="citation book cs1">Eagles, Paul F. J; McCool, Stephen F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIWwmVUUU4wC"><i>Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas: Planning and Management</i></a>. CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851997597" title="Special:BookSources/0851997597"><bdi>0851997597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+in+National+Parks+and+Protected+Areas%3A+Planning+and+Management&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0851997597&rft.au=Eagles%2C+Paul+F.+J&rft.au=McCool%2C+Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxIWwmVUUU4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span> 320 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellars,_Richard_West2009" class="citation book cs1">Sellars, Richard West (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4FG6HsjlcfoC"><i>Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300154146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300154146"><bdi>978-0300154146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preserving+Nature+in+the+National+Parks%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0300154146&rft.au=Sellars%2C+Richard+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4FG6HsjlcfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span> 404 pages.</li> <li>Sheail, John (2010) <i>Nature's Spectacle - The World's First National Parks and Protected Places</i> Earthscan, London, Washington. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84971-129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84971-129-6">978-1-84971-129-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_park&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>National park</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/National_park" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/National park">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/National_parks" class="extiw" title="c:National parks">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/National_park" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/National park">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/National_park" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/National park">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/National_park" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/National park">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/National_park" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/National park">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/National_park" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/National park">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/National_parks" class="extiw" title="voy:National parks">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516232146/http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/37">"Areas of Biodiversity Importance: National Parks"</a>. <i>Biodiversity A-Z</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/areas/37/">the original</a> on 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+A-Z&rft.atitle=Areas+of+Biodiversity+Importance%3A+National+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitya-z.org%2Fareas%2F37%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarc.org/">"Europe's protected areas"</a>. <i>EUROPARC Federation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUROPARC+Federation&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+protected+areas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarc.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/faqs.htm">"FAQs"</a>. <i>U.S. National Park Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=FAQs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffaqs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacomber,_Drew2018" class="citation web cs1">Macomber, Drew (10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travelisfree.com/2018/09/10/map-of-all-the-worlds-national-parks/#more-17443">"Map of All The World's National Parks"</a>. <i>Travel Is Free</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Is+Free&rft.atitle=Map+of+All+The+World%27s+National+Parks&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.au=Macomber%2C+Drew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravelisfree.com%2F2018%2F09%2F10%2Fmap-of-all-the-worlds-national-parks%2F%23more-17443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/mab/">"Man and the Biosphere Programme (Biosphere Reserves)"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Man+and+the+Biosphere+Programme+%28Biosphere+Reserves%29&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fmab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905182433/http://nationalparks.nighthee.com/">"National parks, landscape parks and protected areas in the world"</a>. <i>nighthee.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalparks.nighthee.com/">the original</a> on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nighthee.com&rft.atitle=National+parks%2C+landscape+parks+and+protected+areas+in+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalparks.nighthee.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119140316/http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/swiat.htm">"National Parks Worldwide"</a>. <i>amu.edu.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/swiat.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amu.edu.pl&rft.atitle=National+Parks+Worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.amu.edu.pl%2F~zbzw%2Fph%2Fpnp%2Fswiat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.protectedplanet.net">"World Database of Protected Areas"</a>. <i>Protected Planet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Protected+Planet&rft.atitle=World+Database+of+Protected+Areas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.protectedplanet.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu">"Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA)"</a>. <i>by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=by+the+Joint+Research+Centre+of+the+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Digital+Observatory+for+Protected+Areas+%28DOPA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/">"World Heritage Sites"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>.</cite><span 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46169#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1033642/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075220-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National parks and reserves"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090045">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126475382">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126475382">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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