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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brooks_(Politiker,_1752)" title="John Brooks (Politiker, 1752) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Brooks (Politiker, 1752)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brooks_(gouverneur)" title="John Brooks (gouverneur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Brooks (gouverneur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Brooks" title="Ioannes Brooks – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Brooks" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3_(%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="جون بروكس (دكتور من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون بروكس (دكتور من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ジョン・ブルックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ブルックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American general and governor</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Brooks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart,_Govenor_John_Brooks,_c._1820,_HAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Govenor_John_Brooks%2C_c._1820%2C_HAA.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Govenor_John_Brooks%2C_c._1820%2C_HAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Govenor_John_Brooks%2C_c._1820%2C_HAA.jpg/330px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Govenor_John_Brooks%2C_c._1820%2C_HAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Govenor_John_Brooks%2C_c._1820%2C_HAA.jpg/440px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_Govenor_John_Brooks%2C_c._1820%2C_HAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="1633" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait c. 1820</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 30, 1816 – May 31, 1823</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Phillips,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Phillips, Jr.">William Phillips, Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Caleb Strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">baptized <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1752-05-04</span>)</span>May 4, 1752<br /><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a>, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1, 1825<span style="display:none">(1825-03-01)</span> (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Federalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Federalist Party">Federalist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Lucy Smith</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_John_Brooks_(1752%E2%80%931825).png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Brooks (governor)'s signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Signature_of_John_Brooks_%281752%E2%80%931825%29.png/128px-Signature_of_John_Brooks_%281752%E2%80%931825%29.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Signature_of_John_Brooks_%281752%E2%80%931825%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a><br />Massachusetts militia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a> (relief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Brooks</b> (baptized May 4, 1752 – March 1, 1825) was an American doctor, military officer, and politician from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. He served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Massachusetts">11th Governor of Massachusetts</a> from 1816 to 1823, and was one of the last <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist</a> officials elected in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-AMB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trained as a doctor, Brooks was an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts" title="Reading, Massachusetts">Reading, Massachusetts</a> militia when the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> broke out, and led his troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>. He served under <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> of 1776, although he missed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a> due to illness. In 1777 he was part of the relief force for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a>, and led a successful assault against British positions in the key <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bemis_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bemis Heights">Second Battle of Saratoga</a>. He played a significant role in the 1783 <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a>, in which he helped quash ideas of mutiny in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. </p><p>After the war he returned to medical practice, but continued to be active in the state militia, helping to put down <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> in 1787. He served in the militia during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, after which he was elected governor. Brooks was popular and politically moderate, and came to personify the "<a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>" that followed the war. He retired in 1823, and died two years later. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brooks_(governor)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Brooks was born in <a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a>, the son of Caleb and Ruth Albree Brooks, who were local farmers, and was baptized on May 4, 1752.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cutter566_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter566-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After education in the local schools, Brooks studied medicine with Dr. Simon Tufts alongside <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a>. In his free time he engaged in military drills with other local boys and carefully watched the maneuvers of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> troops stationed in nearby <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. When his apprenticeship with Dr. Tufts ended Brooks established a medical practice in <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts" title="Reading, Massachusetts">Reading</a>, where he was active in the local militia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_War_service">Revolutionary War service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brooks_(governor)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolutionary War service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> gave the alarm that sparked the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> on April 19, 1775, Brooks, then 22 and a major in the Reading militia, marched with his unit in response. His troops were among the first to reach Concord as the British took the road back to Boston, and are credited with beginning the running battle that took place. Brooks later described that day as the most difficult of his life. He then joined the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> in May 1775 as a major in <a href="/wiki/Bridge%27s_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge's Regiment">Bridge's Regiment</a>, and was among the troops sent to fortify <a href="/wiki/Breed%27s_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Breed's Hill">Breed's Hill</a> on the night of June 16–17. He missed the next day's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a>, because he was sent by Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Prescott" title="William Prescott">William Prescott</a> to request reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a>, transferring to the <a href="/wiki/19th_Continental_Regiment" title="19th Continental Regiment">19th Continental Regiment</a> on January 1, 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter569_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter569-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Brooks' subordinates in this unit was <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a>, with whom he formed a fast friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the British withdrawal from Boston, Brooks' regiment next saw action in the October 1776 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a>, and was in General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s retreat across <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter569_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter569-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks was ill in camp when the army engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a> on December 26.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 1, 1776 he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/8th_Massachusetts_Regiment" title="8th Massachusetts Regiment">8th Massachusetts Regiment</a>, where he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter569_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter569-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_von_Steuben_at_Valley_Forge,_1777_-_NARA_-_530884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Baron_von_Steuben_at_Valley_Forge%2C_1777_-_NARA_-_530884.jpg/220px-Baron_von_Steuben_at_Valley_Forge%2C_1777_-_NARA_-_530884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Baron_von_Steuben_at_Valley_Forge%2C_1777_-_NARA_-_530884.jpg/330px-Baron_von_Steuben_at_Valley_Forge%2C_1777_-_NARA_-_530884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Baron_von_Steuben_at_Valley_Forge%2C_1777_-_NARA_-_530884.jpg/440px-Baron_von_Steuben_at_Valley_Forge%2C_1777_-_NARA_-_530884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Von Steuben</a> drilling troops at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 8th Massachusetts was among the forces <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> led in relief of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a> in upstate <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and was present at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second battle on October 7, 1777, Brooks gained a reputation for fearlessness in the assault and capture of Hessian fortifications on the British right.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter569_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter569-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the winter of 1777–78 Brooks was at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a>, where he served as a leading drill master under <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Baron von Steuben</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to a friend Brooks describes the harsh conditions of the camp at Valley Forge,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he mentions the “poor brave fellows” that were living in tents “bare-footed, bare-legged, bare-breeched”. </p><p>Brooks was temporarily named adjutant to General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a> when the army followed the British across New Jersey in 1778, engaging them in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/7th_Massachusetts_Regiment" title="7th Massachusetts Regiment">7th Massachusetts</a> in November 1778, and was its lieutenant-colonel commandant until June 12, 1783 when he resigned. His regiment was involved in garrison duty in New England and the New York City area until the end of his service.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter569_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter569-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooks was a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a> and in 1781 was elected master of Washington Lodge under the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Massachusetts" title="Grand Lodge of Massachusetts">Grand Lodge of Massachusetts</a>. Washington Lodge was a "Travelling Lodge" which travelled with the Continental Army.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1783 Brooks played a prominent role in events concerning army pay arrears and pensions that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a>. He was one of three officers who delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> a letter drafted by discontented officers, and participated in hearings in which the army delegation outlined serious issues among the officers at <a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">Newburgh, New York</a>. He then carried letters back to the army headquarters, and took part in actions orchestrated by Washington supporters to put down any ideas of mutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accused, apparently falsely, of informing Washington of the conspiracy (Washington was tipped off by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> to anticipate unrest.)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Richard Kohn writes that details are lacking of Brooks' actions and motivations in the critical days of the conspiracy in February and March 1783, but describes his role in the affair as "crucial".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1783 Brooks was admitted as an original member of The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a> in the state of Massachusetts and served as that constituent society's first secretary from 1783 to 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1810 he was elected president of the Massachusetts Society and in 1811 he was elected vice president of the national society. He served both offices until his death in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Revolution_and_War_of_1812">Post-Revolution and War of 1812</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brooks_(governor)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-Revolution and War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Shays_and_Job_Shattuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Daniel_Shays_and_Job_Shattuck.jpg/220px-Daniel_Shays_and_Job_Shattuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Daniel_Shays_and_Job_Shattuck.jpg/330px-Daniel_Shays_and_Job_Shattuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Daniel_Shays_and_Job_Shattuck.jpg/440px-Daniel_Shays_and_Job_Shattuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary unflattering depiction of the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the war Brooks returned to medical practice, taking over the office of Dr. Tufts in Medford.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first member elected to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Honorable_Artillery_Company_of_Massachusetts" title="Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts">Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company</a> when it was revived after the Revolution in 1786.<sup id="cite_ref-Massachusetts_1888._p._200_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massachusetts_1888._p._200-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the militia he rose to the position of major general in command of the Middlesex Division. He commanded the division under Major General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a> when the Massachusetts Militia put down <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, he was elected to a one-year term as captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was elected to the state convention that ratified the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1791 to 1796, Brooks was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshal</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" title="United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts">District of Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1792, Secretary at War <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> offered him a position as brigadier general in the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Legion of the United States">Legion of the United States</a>, a reorganization of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> headed by General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a>. Brooks refused the appointment, which went instead to his friend William Hull.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to a second one-year term as captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-Massachusetts_1888._p._200_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massachusetts_1888._p._200-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooks was offered a position as brigadier general in the United States Army by George Washington when <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">war was threatened with France</a> in 1797, but refused.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> Brooks was the state militia's adjutant general with the rank of major general.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter569_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter569-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brooks_(governor)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governor of Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brooks, politically a <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a>, served in the state legislature for a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter570_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter570-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816 Governor <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Caleb Strong</a> announced his retirement. The Federalist caucus first chose <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Harrison Gray Otis</a> as its candidate, but he categorically refused the nomination. The nomination was next offered to Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Phillips,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Phillips, Jr.">William Phillips, Jr.</a>, but he also turned the nomination down because he was not the first choice. The caucus then cast about for other candidates; Brooks was proposed by House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bigelow_(lawyer)" title="Timothy Bigelow (lawyer)">Timothy Bigelow</a>. He also initially refused the nomination, but was convinced by a committee from the caucus to accept,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won the election.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won reelection annually until 1823, when he retired from public service.<sup id="cite_ref-Tager102_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager102-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Caleb_Strong_(1745-1819)_(frame_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portrait_of_Caleb_Strong_%281745-1819%29_%28frame_cropped%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Caleb_Strong_%281745-1819%29_%28frame_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portrait_of_Caleb_Strong_%281745-1819%29_%28frame_cropped%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Caleb_Strong_%281745-1819%29_%28frame_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portrait_of_Caleb_Strong_%281745-1819%29_%28frame_cropped%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Caleb_Strong_%281745-1819%29_%28frame_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Caleb Strong</a> preceded Brooks as Governor</figcaption></figure> <p>The politics of the state was dominated by Federalists, despite their general decline elsewhere in the nation, in part because Brooks adopted moderate positions that denied the opposition <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republicans</a> opportunities for vigorous opposition. He included Republicans in patronage appointments, courted Republican politicians on the national level, including President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, and minimized his association with the Federalist leadership in Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Ronald Formisano writes that Brooks "came to personify the non-partisan <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> in Massachusetts."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a> and the granting of statehood to <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> (which was until 1820 part of Massachusetts) introduced fractures in the strong Federalist party system in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissident Federalists such as <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_III" title="Josiah Quincy III">Josiah Quincy III</a> joined Republicans in calls for a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a>, citing the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts State Constitution">state constitution's</a> requirement that Maine be allocated representation in the legislature as a reason. Brooks lobbied against the idea, arguing that the legislature could draft proposed amendments, but <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitutional_Convention_of_1820%E2%80%931821" title="Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1820–1821">a convention was held</a> despite his efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine amendments produced by the convention were eventually approved, but Federalist leaders managed to block most of the substantive reforms that had been sought.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the consequences of the panic was the rise, particularly in Boston, of a political faction known as the "Middling Interest". This group was composed of primarily working class men who were unhappy with the state party's elitist leadership. Led by Josiah Quincy, the split would eventually lead to the final collapse of Federalism in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooks announced in 1822 that he would not seek reelection in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-Tager102_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tager102-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1823 election saw the victory of Republican <a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> over Federalist party leader Harrison Gray Otis. Otis almost did not carry Boston, and lost other Federalist strongholds in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooks was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Medical_Society" title="Massachusetts Medical Society">Massachusetts Medical Society</a> for many years, serving as its president after his retirement from politics, and was also president of the Bible Society of Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also president of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a> for many years, and was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> Association and the <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill Monument</a> Association.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governor Brooks died in Medford on March 1, 1825,<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in Medford's <a href="/wiki/Salem_Street_Burying_Ground" title="Salem Street Burying Ground">Salem Street Burying Ground</a>, where the family grave is marked by a large obelisk erected in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter570_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter570-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_legacy">Family and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brooks_(governor)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1774 Brooks married Lucy Smith, with whom he had five children; two of them died young.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter566_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter566-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooks528_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks528-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His two sons were both active in the United States military.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard35_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his sons, Marine Corps First Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Brooks,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Brooks, Jr.">John Brooks, Jr.</a>, was killed in action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a> in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks528_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks528-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His other son, Alexander Scammel Brooks, was a lieutenant colonel in the Army and was killed in a steamboat explosion in Florida in 1836. Through Alexander, his grandson-in-law was <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Keyes_(politician)" title="Edward L. Keyes (politician)">Edward L. Keyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keyes_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keyes-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maine towns of <a href="/wiki/Brooks,_Maine" title="Brooks, Maine">Brooks</a>, established in 1816, and <a href="/wiki/Brooksville,_Maine" title="Brooksville, Maine">Brooksville</a>, founded in 1817, were named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brooks_(governor)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AMB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMB_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKellyBurrage" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:American Medical Biographies/Brooks, John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Medical_Biographies/Brooks,_John">"Brooks, John" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:American Medical Biographies"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Medical_Biographies"><i>American Medical Biographies</i> </a></span>. Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brooks%2C+John&rft.btitle=American+Medical+Biographies&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=The+Norman%2C+Remington+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tager, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutter566-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter566_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter566_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cutter, p. 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Packard, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cutter, p. 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutter569-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter569_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter569_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter569_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter569_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter569_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter569_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cutter, p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greer, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greer, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Packard35-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard35_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Packard, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ever since our March from Albany our men have been suffering all the inconveniences of an inclement season and a want of clothing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greer, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, 1637–1888. Oliver Ayer Roberts. Alfred Mudge Printers. Boston. 1897. Volume II. p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohn, pp. 189, 194, 197, 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohn, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohn, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf1938" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Bryce (1938). <i>Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>, 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and List of the Officers of General and State Societies</i>. Virginia Military Institute: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., Strasburg, Virginia. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Members+and+Other+Officers+Eligible+to+the+Society+of+the+Cincinnati%2C+1783-1938%3A+With+the+Institution%2C+Rules+of+Admission%2C+and+List+of+the+Officers+of+General+and+State+Societies&rft.place=Virginia+Military+Institute&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Shenandoah+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.%2C+Strasburg%2C+Virginia&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Bryce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/soldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war/officers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati/">"Officers Represented in the Society of the Cincinnati"</a>. <i>The American Revolution Institute of the Society of the Cincinnati</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Revolution+Institute+of+the+Society+of+the+Cincinnati&rft.atitle=Officers+Represented+in+the+Society+of+the+Cincinnati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrevolutioninstitute.org%2Fsoldiers-and-sailors-of-the-revolutionary-war%2Fofficers-represented-in-the-society-of-the-cincinnati%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memorials of the Society of the Cincinnati in Massachusetts. Francis S. Drake. Boston. 1873. p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greer, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massachusetts_1888._p._200-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Massachusetts_1888._p._200_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Massachusetts_1888._p._200_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts, 1637–1888. Oliver Ayer Roberts. Alfred Mudge Printers. Boston. 1897. Volume II. p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmarshals.gov/sites/default/files/media/document/list-of-us-marshals-massachusetts.pdf">"List of US Marshals - Massachusetts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Marshals Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Marshals+Service&rft.atitle=List+of+US+Marshals+-+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmarshals.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2Flist-of-us-marshals-massachusetts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greer, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutter570-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter570_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutter570_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cutter, p. 570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morison, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tager102-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tager102_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tager102_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tager, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formisano, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, pp. 28–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, pp. 26–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, pp. 2–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formisano, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks528-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks528_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks528_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks, p. 528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keyes-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keyes_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes1880" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Asa (1880). <i>Genealogy--Robert Keyes of Watertown, Mass., 1633, Solomon Keyes of Newbury and Chelmsford Mass., 1653 : and their descendants, also, others of the names</i>. Brattleboro, Vt.: G.E. Selleck. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24191068M">24191068M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogy--Robert+Keyes+of+Watertown%2C+Mass.%2C+1633%2C+Solomon+Keyes+of+Newbury+and+Chelmsford+Mass.%2C+1653+%3A+and+their+descendants%2C+also%2C+others+of+the+names&rft.place=Brattleboro%2C+Vt.&rft.pub=G.E.+Selleck&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24191068M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Asa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gannett, p. 58.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brooks_(governor)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1886" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Charles (1886) [1855]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofm00broo_0"><i>History of the Town of Medford</i></a>. Boston: Rand, Avery, and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftownofm00broo_0/page/528">528</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1183559">1183559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Town+of+Medford&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Rand%2C+Avery%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1183559&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftownofm00broo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayton1982" class="citation journal cs1">Cayton, Andrew (Summer 1982). "The Fragmentation of "A Great Family": The Panic of 1819 and the Rise of the Middling Interest in Boston, 1818–1822". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 143–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3122690">10.2307/3122690</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3122690">3122690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Fragmentation+of+%22A+Great+Family%22%3A+The+Panic+of+1819+and+the+Rise+of+the+Middling+Interest+in+Boston%2C+1818%E2%80%931822&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-167&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3122690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3122690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cayton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutter1910" class="citation book cs1">Cutter, William, ed. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmujIJi3_FkC&pg=PA566"><i>Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of the State of Massachusetts, Volume 1</i></a>. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1547995">1547995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogical+and+Personal+Memoirs+Relating+to+the+Families+of+the+State+of+Massachusetts%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lewis+Historical+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1547995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmujIJi3_FkC%26pg%3DPA566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker1999" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, Matthew (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicofmany00matt"><i>Magic of the Many: Josiah Quincy</i></a>. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-222-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-222-6"><bdi>978-1-55849-222-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237369868">237369868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+of+the+Many%3A+Josiah+Quincy&rft.place=Amherst%2C+MA&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237369868&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-222-6&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagicofmany00matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2007" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Thomas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perilsofpeaceame00flem"><i>The Perils of Peace: America's Struggle for Survival after Yorktown</i></a>. New York: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-113910-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-113910-9"><bdi>978-0-06-113910-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perils+of+Peace%3A+America%27s+Struggle+for+Survival+after+Yorktown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-113910-9&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperilsofpeaceame00flem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano1983" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000form"><i>The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503509-4"><bdi>978-0-19-503509-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18429354">18429354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Political+Culture%3A+Massachusetts+Parties%2C+1790s%E2%80%931840s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18429354&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503509-4&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationof0000form&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i></a>. 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Fort Worth, TX. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191703289">191703289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary%E2%80%94Federalist%E2%80%94Republican%3A+The+Early+Life+and+Reputations+of+William+Hull&rft.place=Fort+Worth%2C+TX&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191703289&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1970" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn, Richard H (April 1970). 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Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823677">823677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harrison+Gray+Otis%2C+1765%E2%80%931848%3A+The+Urbane+Federalist%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823677&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnWyAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackard1901" class="citation journal cs1">Packard, Francis (April 1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esyfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA34">"Dr. John Brooks, Governor of Massachusetts"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin</i>. <b>14</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Medical+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Dr.+John+Brooks%2C+Governor+of+Massachusetts&rft.volume=14&rft.date=1901-04&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesyfAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheidley1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sheidley, Harlow (1991). 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"The Newburgh Conspiracy Reconsidered". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>31</b> (Third Series, Volume 31, No. 2): 273–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1920913">10.2307/1920913</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920913">1920913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Newburgh+Conspiracy+Reconsidered&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=Third+Series%2C+Volume+31%2C+No.+2&rft.pages=273-298&rft.date=1974-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1920913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920913%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Skeen&rft.aufirst=C.+Edward&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Richard+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brooks+%28governor%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTager2008" class="citation book cs1">Tager, Jack, ed. 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href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brooks_(governor)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.societyofthecincinnati.org">The Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org">The American Revolution Institute</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Caleb Strong</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br />1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, <a href="/wiki/1820_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1820 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1820</a>, <a href="/wiki/1821_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1821 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1821</a>, <a href="/wiki/1822_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1822 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1822</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Harrison Gray Otis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Caleb Strong</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br />May 30, 1816 – May 31, 1823 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governors of Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Colony <br /> <span class="nobold">(1629–1686)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_(governor)" title="John Haynes (governor)">Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Vane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett" title="John Leverett">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="527" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion <br /> <span class="nobold">(1686–1689)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province <br /> <span class="nobold">(1692–1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">W. Phips</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coote,_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont" title="Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont">Bellomont</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shute" title="Samuel Shute">Shute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnet_(colonial_administrator)" title="William Burnet (colonial administrator)">Burnet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pownall" title="Thomas Pownall">Pownall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Commonwealth <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Cushing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bowdoin" title="James Bowdoin">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Sumner" title="Increase Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gill" title="Moses Gill">Gill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sullivan_(governor)" title="James Sullivan (governor)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln Sr.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gore" title="Christopher Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Turell_Armstrong" title="Samuel Turell Armstrong">Armstrong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Clifford" title="John H. Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Washburn" title="Emory Washburn">E. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bullock" title="Alexander Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gaston_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Gaston (Massachusetts politician)">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ames_(governor)" title="Oliver Ames (governor)">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._A._Brackett" title="John Q. A. Brackett">Brackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Russell_(politician)" title="William E. Russell (politician)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Roger Wolcott (Massachusetts politician)">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Bates" title="John L. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Douglas" title="William Lewis Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Guild_Jr." title="Curtis Guild Jr.">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Sumner_Draper" title="Eben Sumner Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Ely" title="Joseph B. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hurley" title="Charles F. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Bradford" title="Robert F. Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Dever" title="Paul A. Dever">Dever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endicott_Peabody" title="Endicott Peabody">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sargent" title="Francis Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cellucci" title="Paul Cellucci">Cellucci</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Healey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785073#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785073#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785073#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000023465055">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60475241">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/130427/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHcpptRgxbgxdtjhBByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1080823727">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84024197">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1080823727.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n888cr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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