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id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Benign prostatic hyperplasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder_(PTSD)_and_nightmares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-traumatic_stress_disorder_(PTSD)_and_nightmares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nightmares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder_(PTSD)_and_nightmares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_and_contraindication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_and_contraindication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interactions and contraindication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions_and_contraindication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_alpha-1_blockers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_alpha-1_blockers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of alpha-1 blockers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_alpha-1_blockers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pharmacokinetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism of action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Benign prostatic hyperplasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypertension_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypertension_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypertension_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_activity_relationship_(SAR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_activity_relationship_(SAR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Structure activity relationship (SAR)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_activity_relationship_(SAR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpha-1 blocker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphablocker" title="Alphablocker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alphablocker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_1_bloqueador" title="Alfa 1 bloqueador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfa 1 bloqueador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-bloquant" title="Alpha-bloquant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alpha-bloquant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_bloccante" title="Alfa bloccante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfa bloccante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%90" title="חוסמי אלפא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוסמי אלפא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%CE%B1%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93%E9%81%AE%E6%96%AD%E8%96%AC" title="交感神経α受容体遮断薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交感神経α受容体遮断薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa-1_blokator" title="Alfa-1 blokator – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Alfa-1 blokator" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa-1_blokator" title="Alfa-1 blokator – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfa-1 blokator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_ch%E1%BA%B9n_alpha-1" title="Thuốc chẹn alpha-1 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of compounds</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Alpha-1 blockers</b> (also called <b>alpha-adrenergic blocking agents</b> or <b>alpha-1 antagonists</b>) constitute a variety of drugs that block the effect of catecholamines on <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors">alpha-1-adrenergic receptors</a>. They are mainly used to treat <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (BPH), <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors">Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors</a> are present in <a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle" title="Vascular smooth muscle">vascular smooth muscle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, and other tissues. When alpha blockers bind to these receptors in vascular smooth muscle, they cause <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a>. </p><p>Over the last 40 years, a variety of drugs have been developed from non-selective alpha-1 receptor <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonists</a> to selective alpha-1 antagonists and alpha-1 receptor <a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adrenoceptors_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrenoceptors-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first drug that was used was a non-selective alpha blocker, named <a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">phenoxybenzamine</a> and was used to treat BPH.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, several relatively selective alpha-1 antagonists are available. As of 2018, <a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a> is the only alpha-1 blocker known to act as an <a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonist</a> at all alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes;<sup id="cite_ref-Adrenoceptors_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrenoceptors-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prazosin_biological_activity_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prazosin_biological_activity-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">tamsulosin</a> is a selective antagonist for all alpha-1 subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-Adrenoceptors_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrenoceptors-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamsulosin_summary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamsulosin_summary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drugs that act as selective antagonists at specific alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes have also been developed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Benign prostatic hyperplasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (BPH) is an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate gland</a>. Alpha-1 blockers are the most commonly used medicine to treat BPH.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alpha-1 blockers are first line treatment for the symptoms of BPH in men.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doxazosin, terazosin, alfuzosin, and tamsulosin have all been well established in treatment to reduce lower urine tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. They are all believed to be similarly effective for this purpose. First generation alpha-1 blockers, like prazosin are not recommended to treat lower urinary tract symptoms because of their blood-pressure-lowering effect. Later generation drugs in this class are used for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tanguay_S92–S100_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanguay_S92–S100-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases alpha-1 blockers have been used in combined therapy with <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-reductase inhibitors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a> and tamsulosin are on the market as combined therapy and results have shown that they improve symptoms significantly versus <a href="/wiki/Monotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotherapy">monotherapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanguay_S92–S100_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanguay_S92–S100-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypertension">Hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alpha-1 blockers are used as second line treatment for high blood pressure. They are not thought to be good as first line treatment because there are other more selective agents, although they can be good for treating men with <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> and BPH.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doxazosin has been shown to improve symptoms of BPH in the elderly and reduce blood pressure at the same time. BPH and hypertension are both very common in men over 60 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In patients with neurogenic hypertension who fail in achieving blood pressure control with <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors">angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors</a> (ACEi), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and calcium channel blockers (CCB), alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptor blockers constitute the main treatment options. This is supported by studies that show surprisingly though consistently that neither alpha- nor beta-blocker mono- therapy reduces sympathetically mediated blood pressure reactivity to acute experimental stressors. Studies of combined oral alpha- and beta-blockade using an alpha-blocker (e.g., doxazosin or terazosin) in combination with a nonlipophilic beta-blocker with more reliable bioavailability (e.g., betaxolol, bisoprolol, atenolol and others) have shown a larger antihypertensive effect.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach also enables separate titration of alpha- and beta-blocking effects. In these studies, doxazosin was prescribed at the low dose of 1–2 mg. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder_(PTSD)_and_nightmares"><span id="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder_.28PTSD.29_and_nightmares"></span>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nightmares</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and nightmares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD) is a disabling mental condition that can develop following a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatic</a> experience; for example, it is especially common in military veterans and sexual assault survivors. Prazosin is commonly used as an antihypertensive, but because alpha-1-adrenergic activity has been connected to fear and startle responses, it sees use as a PTSD treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prazosin has been established as an effective and safe centrally active alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It can be used to treat trauma-related nightmares, sleep disturbance, and other chronic PTSD symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Alpha-1a blockers affect the symptoms of BPH more specifically than non-selective Alpha-1 blockers, the adverse effects seem to be more linked to the reproductive system while minimizing the effect on the blood pressure system.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hypotension and its complications (e.g., weakness, dizziness) are a constant risk, however, even though selective alpha-1a blockers are being used. It is therefore important when starting treatment with an alpha-1 blocker to monitor blood pressure to minimize the risk for adverse effects connected to low blood pressure. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Selectivity </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effects</a> </th> <th>Main hepatic pathway </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a> </th> <td>Alpha-1 </td> <td>Dizziness, headache, drowsiness, <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">asthenia</a>, weakness, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, hypotension, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>, vertigo, nervousness, rash, blurred vision </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450,_family_1,_member_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1">CYP1A1</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">Terazosin</a> </th> <td>Alpha-1 </td> <td>Nervousness, vertigo, palpitations, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, chest pain, hypotension, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnoea">dyspnoea</a>, nausea, constipation, diarrhoea, vomiting, pruritus, rash, back pain, impotence, dizziness, asthenia, <a href="/wiki/OEdema" class="mw-redirect" title="OEdema">oedema</a>, headache, pain (extreme) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A" title="CYP3A">CYP3A</a>1<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a> </th> <td>Alpha-1 </td> <td>Hypotension (dizziness and weakness), priapism (prolonged erection), <a href="/wiki/Floppy_iris_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy iris syndrome">floppy iris syndrome</a> during cataract surgery, vertigo, palpitation/tachycardia, <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>, cough, dyspnea, pruritus, back pain, <a href="/wiki/Cystitis_glandularis" title="Cystitis glandularis">cystitis</a>, asthenia, peripheral oedema, retrograde ejaculation </td> <td>CYP3A4<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Silodosin" title="Silodosin">Silodosin</a> </th> <td>Alpha-1a </td> <td>Problem with ejaculation/orgasm, hypotension, dizziness, nasal congestion, diarrhoea </td> <td>CYP3A4<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alfuzosin" title="Alfuzosin">Alfuzosin</a> </th> <td>Alpha-1a </td> <td>Dizziness (due to hypotension), upper respiratory tract infection, headache, fatigue, impotence, pain in whole body, bronchitis, gastro-intestinal pain, swelling, rash, difficulty swallowing or breathing, chest pain, fainting, hoarsing </td> <td>CYP3A4<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">Tamsulosin</a> </th> <td>Alpha-1a </td> <td>Hypotension, problem with ejaculation/orgasm, disorientation, headache, floppy iris syndrome during cataract surgery </td> <td>CYP3A4 & <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By reducing alpha-1-adrenergic activity of the blood vessels, these drugs may cause <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a> (low blood pressure) and interrupt the <a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">baroreflex</a> response. In doing so, they may cause dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting when rising from a lying or sitting posture (known as <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a> or postural hypotension). For this reason, it is generally recommended that alpha blockers should be taken at bedtime. The risk of <a href="/wiki/First_dose_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="First dose phenomenon">first dose phenomenon</a> may be reduced or eliminated by gradual-dose titration, since the adverse effects of Prazosin are dose-related.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the case for Tamsulosin and it may be assumed that the others alpha-1 blockers work in a similar manner, since Tamsulosin is an alpha-1-a blocker and Prazosin is an alpha-1 blocker.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk for <a href="/wiki/Floppy_iris_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy iris syndrome">floppy iris syndrome</a> during <a href="/wiki/Cataract_surgery" title="Cataract surgery">cataract surgery</a> is elevated when the patient is using an alpha-1 blocker. This is especially the case for Tamsulosin and other alpha-1-a blockers, since alpha-1-a receptors are present also in the iris dilator muscle, which allows unopposed action of the parasympathetically innervated <a href="/wiki/Iris_constrictor_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Iris constrictor muscle">iris constrictor muscle</a> and loss of iris tone.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This however can be treated if the eye surgeon is experienced and has knowledge of the use of alpha-1 blocker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_and_contraindication">Interactions and contraindication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interactions and contraindication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Contraindication :</b> Allergies or hypersensitivity to alpha-1 blockers or any of the active ingredient, that includes <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angiodema</a> induced by the drug. Patients with a history of orthostatic hypotension or severe hepatic impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-RxList_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxList-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Interactions :</b> No interactions were recorded when administered with atenolol (<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blocker</a>), enalapril (<a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitor</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RxList_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxList-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a> has drop effect on plasma level for tamsulosin, and a rise in plasma level with <a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">cimetidine</a>. No dose adjustment needs to be done when the levels are in normal range. Drugs that inhibit <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> (for example, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and ritonavir) can increase drug exposure for tamsulosin, alfuzosin, doxazosin, and silodosin. <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">Grapefruit</a> is also a powerful inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme, so concurrent use is not recommended as it may increase the plasma levels of the Alpha-1 blockers which are metabolised by the CYP3A4 enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some drugs; such as Fluoxetine, Paroxetine and Ritonavir are strong inhibitors of the <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> enzyme and therefore it is not recommended to use at the same time as tamsulosin, as it may increase plasma levels of tamsulosin and increase the risk of adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warfarin and diclofenac can increase the elimination rate for tamsulosin, but has not shown an effect on alfuzosin hydrochloride. Co-administration of alpha-1 inhibitor can cause hypotension.<sup id="cite_ref-RxList_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxList-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since alpha-1 blockers may cause <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a>, co-administration with antihypertensives and <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilators</a> must be evaluated with regards to risk-benefit as the risk for low blood pressure is greatly increased. </p><p>By reducing α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic activity of the blood vessels, these drugs may cause <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a> (low blood pressure) and interrupt the <a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">baroreflex</a> response. In doing so, they may cause dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting when rising from a lying or sitting posture (known as <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a> or postural hypotension). For this reason, it is generally recommended that alpha blockers should be taken at bedtime. Additionally, the risk of <a href="/wiki/First_dose_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="First dose phenomenon">first dose phenomenon</a> may be reduced by starting at a low dose and <a href="/wiki/Titrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Titrate">titrating</a> upwards as needed. </p><p>Because these medications may cause orthostatic hypotension, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a> in general, these agents may <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with other medications that increase risk for low blood pressure, such as other <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasodilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilator">vasodilators</a>. </p><p>As discussed above, tamsulosin may have less risk for low blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension due to its selectivity for α<sub>1a</sub>-adrenergic receptors. On the other hand, the drug (a) elevates risk for floppy iris syndrome, and (b) might show adverse drug reactions (ADRs) characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Sulfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfa">sulfa</a> related drugs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_alpha-1_blockers">List of alpha-1 blockers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of alpha-1 blockers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Alpha-1 inhibitor </th> <th>Structure </th> <th>Use </th> <th>Brand name </th> <th>Selectivity </th></tr> <tr> <th>Prazosin </th> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prazosin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Prazosin.svg/120px-Prazosin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Prazosin.svg/180px-Prazosin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Prazosin.svg/240px-Prazosin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> </td> <td>Hypertension, PTSD and nightmares </td> <td>Minipress, Vasoflex, Lentopres and Hypovase. </td> <td>Alpha-1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Terazosin </th> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terazosin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Terazosin.svg/120px-Terazosin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Terazosin.svg/180px-Terazosin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Terazosin.svg/240px-Terazosin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> </td> <td>Hypertension and BPH </td> <td>Hytrin, Zaysel and Terazosin </td> <td>Alpha-1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Doxazosin </th> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doxazosin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Doxazosin.svg/120px-Doxazosin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Doxazosin.svg/180px-Doxazosin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Doxazosin.svg/240px-Doxazosin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> </td> <td>Hypertension and BPH </td> <td>Cardura and Carduran </td> <td>Alpha-1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Silodosin </th> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silodosin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Silodosin.png/120px-Silodosin.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Silodosin.png/180px-Silodosin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Silodosin.png/240px-Silodosin.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> </td> <td>BPH </td> <td>Rapaflo, Silodyx, Rapilif, Urief, Trupas, Urorec </td> <td>Alpha-1a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alfuzosin </th> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfuzosin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alfuzosin.svg/120px-Alfuzosin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alfuzosin.svg/180px-Alfuzosin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alfuzosin.svg/240px-Alfuzosin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> </td> <td>BPH </td> <td>Uroxatral, Xat, Xatral, Prostetrol and Alfural. </td> <td>Alpha-1a </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tamsulosin </th> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamsulosin_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tamsulosin_Structure.svg/120px-Tamsulosin_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tamsulosin_Structure.svg/180px-Tamsulosin_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tamsulosin_Structure.svg/240px-Tamsulosin_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> </td> <td>BPH </td> <td>Alna, Flomax, Omnic </td> <td>Alpha-1a </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Silodosin shows high affinity and selectivity for alpha-1a adrenergic receptors found in the prostate which ensures that it works quickly and effectively to relieve the symptoms of BPH. Silodosin's low affinity for alpha-1b receptors in the blood vessels is thought to be reflected in its low incidence of orthostatic and vasodilatory side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blocker</a> <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a> is also an alpha-1 blocker.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Absorption:</b> Bioavailability of tamsulosin and terazosin is around 90% during oral administration in <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting state</a>. Food can have effect on absorption for tamsulosin if it has been ingested shortly before, Tmax for fasting state is 2,9–5,6 hours compared to 5,2–7 hours in fed state. Food has no effect on absorption of terazosin but can delay plasma level concentration for 1 hour, peak plasma level are around 1–2 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RxList_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxList-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medicines.org.uk_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicines.org.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfuzosin bioavailability under fed state is around 49%. <a href="/wiki/Tmax_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tmax (pharmacokinetics)">Tmax</a> is 8 hours in fed state.<sup id="cite_ref-rxlist.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rxlist.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamsulosin <a href="/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">Cmax</a> range was 13.9–18,6 ng/mL fastest and in fed state 7,2–15,6 ng/mL, Cmax for alfuzion is 13,6 mg/mL.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RxList_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxList-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Distribution:</b> Tamsulosin is 99% bound to plasma and distribution volume is low 0.2L/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-RxList_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxList-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfuzosin is 90% bound to plasma and distribution volume is 2.5L/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-rxlist.com_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rxlist.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terazosin is 90–94% bound to plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-medicines.org.uk_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicines.org.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Elimination:</b> Elimination half-life for alfuzosin is around 8 hours, alfuzosin is metabolised mainly via liver. 75–91% is excreted in feces and 35% in unchanged form. Distribution volume and excretion increases with renal impairment due to less protein binding, but the half-life elimination rate is unchanged. therefore no dose adjustment is needed for low to moderate renal impairment. Delay in elimination half-life, peak concentration in plasma is double and bioavailability is changed in hepatic impairment patients. Alfuzosin should not be used for patients with renal impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-rxlist.com_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rxlist.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roehrborn_55–63;_discussion_63–64-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamsulosin is excreted via urine and 9% of that is unchanged on its active form, elimination half-life for tamsulosin is between 9–13 hours for healthy volunteers. The elimination half-life for target patients is around 14–15 hours. No dose adjustment is needed for patients with renal impairment and moderate hepatic impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RxList_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RxList-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10–20% of terazosin is excreted unchanged in urine and feces during oral administration. 40% is eliminated in urine and 60% in feces. Eliminations half-life for terazosin is between 8–13 hours. No dose adjustment is needed for patients with renal impairment. Terazosin is metabolised by the liver and is excreted by the biliary tract, so patients with moderate hepatic impairment should receive titrated doses of terazosin witch caution. Patients with severe hepatic impairment should not take terazosin due to lack of clinical data.<sup id="cite_ref-medicines.org.uk_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medicines.org.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mechanism_of_action.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alpha 1 blockers bind to alpha 1 adrenergic receptors on the surface of vascular smooth muscle cells. This interferes with norepinephrine (NE) binding to alpha 1 adrenergic receptors, preventing smooth muscle contraction." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mechanism_of_action.jpg/380px-Mechanism_of_action.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mechanism_of_action.jpg/571px-Mechanism_of_action.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mechanism_of_action.jpg/761px-Mechanism_of_action.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>Alpha-1 blockers inhibit the activation of post-synaptic alpha-1 receptors by norepinephrine thus opposing blood vessel contraction. Alpha-1 blockers have no effect on renin release or cardio output.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia_2">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Benign prostatic hyperplasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alpha-1 blocker, blocks alpha receptors and it relaxes the smooth muscles in the bladder. It helps the urine to flow smoothly and it can lessen the pain caused by the bladder pressing on the prostate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selective alpha-1 blockers are better tolerated than non-selective alpha blockers in the body and therefore works better on BPH.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terazosin, tamsulosin and doxazosin are prime drug for BPH because they have a long half-life and modified release formulation. Tamsulosin is primarily used because it doesn't affect the blood pressure and the side effects of vasodilation is minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypertension_2">Hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alpha-1 blocker lowers the blood pressure by blocking alpha-1 receptors so norepinephrine cannot bind the receptor, causing the blood vessels to dilate. Without the resistance in the blood vessels the blood runs more freely.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alpha-1 blockers have a good effect on lipoproteins in plasma, insulin resistance and it causes the glucose levels in blood to lower.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_activity_relationship_(SAR)"><span id="Structure_activity_relationship_.28SAR.29"></span>Structure activity relationship (SAR)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Structure activity relationship (SAR)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By changing the furan ring in prazosin to tetrahydrofuran ring (as in alfuzosin) the half-life is greatly increased, allowing once-a-day dosing. Silodosin is the most selective for alpha-1a receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affinity and selectivity for alpha-1 receptors seems to be determined by structure between the quinazoline and the furan ring. Piperazine is present in prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin which seems to contribute to the non-selective inhibition of alpha-1 receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAR_alpha_1_blocker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SAR_alpha_1_blocker.png/880px-SAR_alpha_1_blocker.png" decoding="async" width="880" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SAR_alpha_1_blocker.png/1320px-SAR_alpha_1_blocker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SAR_alpha_1_blocker.png/1760px-SAR_alpha_1_blocker.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption><b>Comparison between prazosin, terazosin, and alfuzosin.</b> The conversion of the furan ring to a tetrahydrofuran ring (colored purple) contributed to an increase in half-life of terazosin. The conversion of piperazine to aminopropyl (colored red) increases the selectivity for Alpha-1a receptors.</figcaption></figure> <p>Doxazosin 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline variations for in vitro and in vivo performance. A key factor in these structures were the derivations from 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline nucleus that was replaced for norepinephrine. And N-1 which protonated quinazoline was also a key factor.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-1-blocker-SAR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Variation of structure 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline.Where X = CH, N" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Alpha-1-blocker-SAR.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Variation of structure 2,4-diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline., Where X = CH, N</figcaption></figure> <p>Tamsulosin is most potent alpha 1 blocker and has the most selectivity for alpha 1a receptors. It has no beta-blocking activity.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first effective treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was a non-selective alpha blocker <a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">phenoxybenzamine</a> which was irreversible. Dibenzyline was the first brand name marketed. Today phenoxybenzamine is not the first choice due to many side effects like lowering blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First selective alpha-1 blocker that was approved to treat hypertension was prazosin. Prazosin was synthesized in 1974 when Constantin and Hess were trying to discover a vasodilator which had a minimal effect on cardiac activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prazosin was a much better tolerated drug than phenoxybenzamine but the problem still remained that it lowered the blood pressure more than desired for a BPH treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terazosin was the first long-lasting alpha 1 blocker approved by FDA to treat BPH. Doxazosin and Tamsulosin were approved after. The first-line treatment choice today to treat BPH is tamsulosin. It is not better tolerated, nor does it have greater efficacy than the previous drugs, however, it requires minimal dose titration in comparison. Alfuzosin SR (sustained release) was the fourth alpha 1 selective blocker to be approved by FDA and requires no dose titration.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNickelMéndez-ProbstWhelanPaterson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nickel, J. 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David; Palmer, Michael J. (May 1, 1988). "2,4-Diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinoline derivatives as .alpha.1-adrenoceptor antagonists and antihypertensive agents". <i>Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 1031–1035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm00400a025">10.1021/jm00400a025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2623">0022-2623</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2896245">2896245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=2%2C4-Diamino-6%2C7-dimethoxyquinoline+derivatives+as+.alpha.1-adrenoceptor+antagonists+and+antihypertensive+agents&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1031-1035&rft.date=1988-05-01&rft.issn=0022-2623&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2896245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjm00400a025&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Simon+F.&rft.au=Hardstone%2C+J.+David&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlpha-1+blocker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffoloBondinellHieble1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ruffolo, Robert R.; Bondinell, William; Hieble, J. Paul (September 1, 1995). ".alpha.- and .beta.-Adrenoceptors: From the Gene to the Clinic. 2. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=.alpha.-+and+.beta.-Adrenoceptors%3A+From+the+Gene+to+the+Clinic.+2.+Structure-Activity+Relationships+and+Therapeutic+Applications&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=3681-3716&rft.date=1995-09-01&rft.issn=0022-2623&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7562902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjm00019a001&rft.aulast=Ruffolo&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft.au=Bondinell%2C+William&rft.au=Hieble%2C+J.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlpha-1+blocker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-1_blocker&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacomodulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template talk:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharmacomodulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacomodulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">Inducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Inhibitor</a></li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Channel_opener" title="Channel opener">Opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">Blocker</a></li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">Positive allosteric modulator</a> (PAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulator">Negative allosteric modulator</a> (NAM)</li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Transporter</a> [<a href="/wiki/Reuptake" title="Reuptake">Reuptake</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transport" title="Reverse transport">Efflux</a>]: <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_enhancer" title="Reuptake enhancer">Enhancer</a> (RE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">Inhibitor</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Releasing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Releasing agent">Releaser</a> (RA)</li></ul> <ul><li>♦ Miscellaneous: <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzyme_inhibition" title="Template:Enzyme inhibition">Enzyme inhibition</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See <a href="/wiki/Template:Channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Channel blockers">Ion channel modulators</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transporter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">BA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">M</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adrenergic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic" title="Adrenergic">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Adrenergic receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta-adrenergic agonist">β</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta1-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta1-adrenergic agonist">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta2-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta2-adrenergic agonist">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_antagonist" title="Adrenergic antagonist">Adrenergic receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">α</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_blocker" title="Alpha-2 blocker">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">β</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">Dopamine receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">Dopamine receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (DRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histaminergic" title="Histaminergic">Histaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_agonist" title="Histamine agonist">Histamine receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Histamine receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_receptor_antagonist" title="H3 receptor antagonist">H<sub>3</sub></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_agonist" title="Serotonin receptor agonist">Serotonin receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist">Serotonin receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT3_antagonist" title="5-HT3 antagonist">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">AA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABA_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA agonist">GABA receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA antagonist">GABA receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GABA reuptake inhibitor</a> (GRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glutamatergic" title="Glutamatergic">Glutamatergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid agonist">Glutamate receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">AMPA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid antagonist">Glutamate receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitor">Glutamate reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">Cholinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Acetylcholine receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">Muscarinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">Nicotinic</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Cholinesterase inhibitor">Cholinesterase inhibitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Acetylcholine receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">Muscarinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_antagonist" title="Nicotinic antagonist">Nicotinic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">Muscular</a>))</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Cannabinoidergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoid receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_enhancer" title="Endocannabinoid enhancer">Endocannabinoid enhancer</a> (eCBE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor">Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor</a> (eCBRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioidergic" title="Opioidergic">Opioidergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_modulator" title="Opioid modulator">Opioid modulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Adenosine reuptake inhibitor">Adenosine reuptake inhibitor</a> (AdoRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">Endothelin receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK1_receptor_antagonist" title="NK1 receptor antagonist">NK<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">Vasopressin receptor antagonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzyme_cofactors" title="Template:Enzyme cofactors">Enzyme cofactors</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursor</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Amino acids">Amino acids</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desglymidodrine" title="Desglymidodrine">Desglymidodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexisometheptene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexisometheptene (page does not exist)">Dexisometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanidine" title="Indanidine">Indanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midodrine" title="Midodrine">Midodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanoquil" title="Abanoquil">Abanoquil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmalicine" title="Ajmalicine">Ajmalicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfuzosin" title="Alfuzosin">Alfuzosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodamine" title="Anisodamine">Anisodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodine" title="Anisodine">Anisodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiprosin" title="Atiprosin">Atiprosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoxathian" title="Benoxathian">Benoxathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">adimolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amosulalol" title="Amosulalol">amosulalol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">arotinolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">eugenodilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buflomedil" title="Buflomedil">Buflomedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunazosin" title="Bunazosin">Bunazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynanthine" title="Corynanthine">Corynanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapiprazole" title="Dapiprazole">Dapiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticine" title="Domesticine">Domesticine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acetergamine" title="Acetergamine">acetergamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicergoline" title="Nicergoline">nicergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">terguride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenspiride" title="Fenspiride">Fenspiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-765,314" title="L-765,314">L-765,314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazosin" title="Metazosin">Metazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxisylyte" title="Moxisylyte">Moxisylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantenine" title="Nantenine">Nantenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neldazosin" title="Neldazosin">Neldazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaprazine" title="Niaprazine">Niaprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelanserin" title="Pelanserin">Pelanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendioxan" title="Phendioxan">Phendioxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperazine" title="Phenylpiperazine">Phenylpiperazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazosin" title="Quinazosin">Quinazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silodosin" title="Silodosin">Silodosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spegatrine" title="Spegatrine">Spegatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">Tamsulosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">Terazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiodazosin" title="Tiodazosin">Tiodazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazoline" title="Tolazoline">Tolazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimazosin" title="Trimazosin">Trimazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WB-4101" title="WB-4101">WB-4101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolertine" title="Zolertine">Zolertine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline" title="(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline">(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-NEMD" title="4-NEMD">4-NEMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitraz" title="Amitraz">Amitraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detomidine" title="Detomidine">Detomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">Dexmedetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">Dihydroergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanabenz" title="Guanabenz">Guanabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxabenz" title="Guanoxabenz">Guanoxabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medetomidine" title="Medetomidine">Medetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mivazerol" title="Mivazerol">Mivazerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS75" title="PS75">PS75</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezatomidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezatomidine (page does not exist)">Rezatomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romifidine" title="Romifidine">Romifidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasipimidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasipimidine (page does not exist)">Tasipimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolonidine" title="Tolonidine">Tolonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatinoxan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatinoxan">Vatinoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">Xylazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidinylpiperazine" title="Pyrimidinylpiperazine">1-PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">Adimolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">Amesergide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptazapine" title="Aptazapine">Aptazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapirone" title="Azapirone">Azapirones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">buspirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">gepirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipsapirone" title="Ipsapirone">ipsapirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">tandospirone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-44408" title="BRL-44408">BRL-44408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buflomedil" title="Buflomedil">Buflomedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmirtazapine" title="Esmirtazapine">Esmirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetozole" title="Fenmetozole">Fenmetozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluparoxan" title="Fluparoxan">Fluparoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAN-190" title="NAN-190">NAN-190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spegatrine" title="Spegatrine">Spegatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunepitron" title="Sunepitron">Sunepitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazoline" title="Tolazoline">Tolazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-adrenergic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-adrenergic receptor">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abediterol" title="Abediterol">Abediterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alifedrine" title="Alifedrine">Alifedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amibegron" title="Amibegron">Amibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arformoterol" title="Arformoterol">Arformoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane" title="Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane">BAAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambuterol" title="Bambuterol">Bambuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitolterol" title="Bitolterol">Bitolterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxaterol" title="Broxaterol">Broxaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbuterol" title="Carbuterol">Carbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmoterol" title="Carmoterol">Carmoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaterol" title="Cimaterol">Cimaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colterol" title="Colterol">Colterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">Eugenodilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoterol" title="Fenoterol">Fenoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formoterol" title="Formoterol">Formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexoprenaline" title="Hexoprenaline">Hexoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higenamine" title="Higenamine">Higenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol" title="Indacaterol">Indacaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubabegron" title="Lubabegron">Lubabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuterol" title="Mabuterol">Mabuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabegron" title="Mirabegron">Mirabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyfedrine" title="Oxyfedrine">Oxyfedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-610355" title="PF-610355">PF-610355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirbuterol" title="Pirbuterol">Pirbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenalterol" title="Prenalterol">Prenalterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ractopamine" title="Ractopamine">Ractopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaterol" title="Procaterol">Procaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproterol" title="Reproterol">Reproterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimiterol" title="Rimiterol">Rimiterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritodrine" title="Ritodrine">Ritodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmeterol" title="Salmeterol">Salmeterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solabegron" title="Solabegron">Solabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">Terbutaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretoquinol" title="Tretoquinol">Tretoquinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulobuterol" title="Tulobuterol">Tulobuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibegron" title="Vibegron">Vibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilanterol" title="Vilanterol">Vilanterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamoterol" title="Xamoterol">Xamoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilpaterol" title="Zilpaterol">Zilpaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinterol" title="Zinterol">Zinterol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaprolol" title="Adaprolol">Adaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">Adimolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afurolol" title="Afurolol">Afurolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">Alprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprenoxime" title="Alprenoxime">Alprenoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amosulalol" title="Amosulalol">Amosulalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancarolol" title="Ancarolol">Ancarolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolol" title="Arnolol">Arnolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopindolol" title="Bopindolol">Bopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornaprolol" title="Bornaprolol">Bornaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brefonalol" title="Brefonalol">Brefonalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucindolol" title="Bucindolol">Bucindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucumolol" title="Bucumolol">Bucumolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufetolol" title="Bufetolol">Bufetolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufuralol" title="Bufuralol">Bufuralol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunitrolol" title="Bunitrolol">Bunitrolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunolol">Bunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupranolol" title="Bupranolol">Bupranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaxamine" title="Butaxamine">Butaxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butidrine" title="Butidrine">Butidrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butofilolol" title="Butofilolol">Butofilolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsinolol" title="Capsinolol">Capsinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carazolol" title="Carazolol">Carazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpindolol" title="Carpindolol">Carpindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiprolol" title="Celiprolol">Celiprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetamolol" title="Cetamolol">Cetamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicloprolol" title="Cicloprolol">Cicloprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinamolol" title="Cinamolol">Cinamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloranolol" title="Cloranolol">Cloranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopindolol" title="Cyanopindolol">Cyanopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbraminol" title="Dalbraminol">Dalbraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexpropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexpropranolol">Dexpropranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetolol" title="Diacetolol">Diacetolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloroisoprenaline" title="Dichloroisoprenaline">Dichloroisoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroalprenolol" title="Dihydroalprenolol">Dihydroalprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilevalol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilevalol">Dilevalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprafenone" title="Diprafenone">Diprafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draquinolol" title="Draquinolol">Draquinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecastolol" title="Ecastolol">Ecastolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanolol" title="Epanolol">Epanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericolol" title="Ericolol">Ericolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersentilide" title="Ersentilide">Ersentilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esatenolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Esatenolol">Esatenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esprolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Esprolol">Esprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">Eugenodilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaprolol" title="Exaprolol">Exaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falintolol" title="Falintolol">Falintolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flestolol" title="Flestolol">Flestolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flusoxolol" title="Flusoxolol">Flusoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarteolol" title="Hydroxycarteolol">Hydroxycarteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytertatolol" title="Hydroxytertatolol">Hydroxytertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-118,551" title="ICI-118,551">ICI-118,551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Idropranolol">Idropranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indenolol" title="Indenolol">Indenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indopanolol" title="Indopanolol">Indopanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol" title="Iodocyanopindolol">Iodocyanopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iprocrolol" title="Iprocrolol">Iprocrolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxaprolol" title="Isoxaprolol">Isoxaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">Isamoltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">Labetalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landiolol" title="Landiolol">Landiolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobetaxolol" title="Levobetaxolol">Levobetaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">Levobunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomoprolol" title="Levomoprolol">Levomoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxalol" title="Medroxalol">Medroxalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">Metipranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moprolol" title="Moprolol">Moprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadoxolol" title="Nadoxolol">Nadoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenalol" title="Nifenalol">Nifenalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipradilol" title="Nipradilol">Nipradilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">Oxprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacrinolol" title="Pacrinolol">Pacrinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pafenolol" title="Pafenolol">Pafenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamatolol" title="Pamatolol">Pamatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargolol" title="Pargolol">Pargolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">Penbutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practolol" title="Practolol">Practolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidolol" title="Primidolol">Primidolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procinolol" title="Procinolol">Procinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronethalol" title="Pronethalol">Pronethalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridazolol" title="Ridazolol">Ridazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronactolol" title="Ronactolol">Ronactolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soquinolol" title="Soquinolol">Soquinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirendolol" title="Spirendolol">Spirendolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR_59230A" title="SR 59230A">SR 59230A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfinalol" title="Sulfinalol">Sulfinalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinolol" title="Talinolol">Talinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazolol" title="Tazolol">Tazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">Tertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tienoxolol" title="Tienoxolol">Tienoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilisolol" title="Tilisolol">Tilisolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiprenolol" title="Tiprenolol">Tiprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolamolol" title="Tolamolol">Tolamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toliprolol" title="Toliprolol">Toliprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibenolol" title="Xibenolol">Xibenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipranolol" title="Xipranolol">Xipranolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Dopamine receptor modulators">Dopaminergics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators">Serotonergics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sympatholytic_(and_closely_related)_antihypertensives_(C02)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Template:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Template talk:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sympatholytic_(and_closely_related)_antihypertensives_(C02)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytic</a> (and closely related) <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C02" title="ATC code C02">C02</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a><br />(antagonize <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor#.CE.B1_receptors" title="Adrenergic receptor">α-adrenergic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist#.CE.B12_agonists" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α<sub>2</sub>-Adrenergic receptor agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanabenz" title="Guanabenz">Guanabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxabenz" title="Guanoxabenz">Guanoxabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_release_inhibitor" title="Adrenergic release inhibitor">Adrenergic release inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethanidine" title="Bethanidine">Bethanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debrisoquine" title="Debrisoquine">Debrisoquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanadrel" title="Guanadrel">Guanadrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanazodine" title="Guanazodine">Guanazodine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guancydine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guancydine (page does not exist)">Guancydine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoclor" title="Guanoclor">Guanoclor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxan" title="Guanoxan">Guanoxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">Imidazoline receptor</a> agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolonidine" title="Tolonidine">Tolonidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglion-blocking</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_antagonist" title="Nicotinic antagonist">nicotinic antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">Hexamethonium</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolinium" title="Pentolinium">Pentolinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimetaphan_camsilate" title="Trimetaphan camsilate">Trimethaphan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indirect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pargyline" title="Pargyline">Pargyline</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VMAT_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT inhibitor">VMAT inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bietaserpine" title="Bietaserpine">Bietaserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserpidine" title="Deserpidine">Deserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoserpidine" title="Methoserpidine">Methoserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrosingopine" title="Syrosingopine">Syrosingopine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor">Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metirosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Metirosine">Metirosine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">α<sub>1</sub>-Adrenergic receptor blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimazosin" title="Trimazosin">Trimazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_antagonist" title="Serotonin receptor antagonist">Serotonin receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidanserin" title="Lidanserin">Lidanserin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">Endothelin receptor antagonists</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension"><abbr title="Pulmonary hypertension">PH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>dual</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aprocitentan" title="Aprocitentan">Aprocitentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosentan" title="Bosentan">Bosentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macitentan" title="Macitentan">Macitentan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macitentan/tadalafil" title="Macitentan/tadalafil">+tadalafil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Riociguat" title="Riociguat">Riociguat</a>)</li> <li><i>selective</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ambrisentan" title="Ambrisentan">Ambrisentan</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrisentan/tadalafil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambrisentan/tadalafil (page does not exist)">+tadalafil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sitaxentan" title="Sitaxentan">Sitaxentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotatercept" title="Sotatercept">Sotatercept</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urologicals,_including_antispasmodics_(G04B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urologicals,_including_antispasmodics" title="Template:Urologicals, including antispasmodics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urologicals,_including_antispasmodics" title="Template talk:Urologicals, including antispasmodics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urologicals,_including_antispasmodics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urologicals, including antispasmodics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urologicals,_including_antispasmodics_(G04B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urologicals</a>, including antispasmodics (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G04#G04B" title="ATC code G04">G04B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acidifier" title="Acidifier">Acidifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">Ammonium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary</a> <a href="/wiki/Antispasmodic" title="Antispasmodic">antispasmodics</a><br />(primarily <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">antimuscarinics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desfesoterodine" title="Desfesoterodine">Desfesoterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emepronium_bromide" title="Emepronium bromide">Emepronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fesoterodine" title="Fesoterodine">Fesoterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavoxate" title="Flavoxate">Flavoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidafenacin" title="Imidafenacin">Imidafenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meladrazine" title="Meladrazine">Meladrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabegron" title="Mirabegron">Mirabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybutynin" title="Oxybutynin">Oxybutynin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiverine" title="Propiverine">Propiverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trospium_chloride" title="Trospium chloride">Trospium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibegron" title="Vibegron">Vibegron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other urologicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a> analogues:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acetohydroxamic_acid" title="Acetohydroxamic acid">Acetohydroxamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylhydroxamic_acid" title="Salicylhydroxamic acid">Salicylhydroxamic acid</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Other:</i> <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">Collagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">Dapoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">Dimethyl sulfoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Magnesium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentosan_polysulfate" title="Pentosan polysulfate">Pentosan polysulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazopyridine" title="Phenazopyridine">Phenazopyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyl_salicylate" title="Phenyl salicylate">Phenyl salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinimide" title="Succinimide">Succinimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiopronin" title="Tiopronin">Tiopronin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_used_in_benign_prostatic_hyperplasia_(G04C)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drugs_used_in_benign_prostatic_hypertrophy" title="Template:Drugs used in benign prostatic hypertrophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drugs_used_in_benign_prostatic_hypertrophy" title="Template talk:Drugs used in benign prostatic hypertrophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs_used_in_benign_prostatic_hypertrophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs used in benign prostatic hypertrophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_used_in_benign_prostatic_hyperplasia_(G04C)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs used in <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G04#G04C" title="ATC code G04">G04C</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epristeride" title="Epristeride">Epristeride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">Finasteride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finasteride/tadalafil" title="Finasteride/tadalafil">+tadalafil</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alpha-1 blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfuzosin" title="Alfuzosin">Alfuzosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silodosin" title="Silodosin">Silodosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">Tamsulosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">Terazosin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen" title="Steroidal antiandrogen">Steroidal antiandrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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