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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_support_and_airlifts_(1941–1942)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Landing support and airlifts (1941–1942)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_support_and_airlifts_(1941–1942)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganisation_and_liberation_(1942–1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganisation_and_liberation_(1942–1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reorganisation and liberation (1942–1944)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganisation_and_liberation_(1942–1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_war_effort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_war_effort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Underground resistance movement against Nazi Germany in the Crimean peninsula</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Crimean resistance movement</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_(1938).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_ASSR_%281938%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="531" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crimea in the Soviet Union">Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, the <i>de jure</i> government of Crimea throughout World War II</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><i>Various:</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Mokrousov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Mokrousov (page does not exist)">Alexei Mokrousov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Мокроусов, Алексей Васильевич">ru</a>]</span> <small>(1941–1942)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgy_Seversky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgy Seversky (page does not exist)">Georgy Seversky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Северский, Георгий Леонидович">ru</a>]</span> <small>(1942)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Seleznyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Seleznyov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Seleznyov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Селезнёв, Пётр Иануарьевич">ru</a>]</span> <small>(1942–1943)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Bulatov_(Soviet_partisan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Bulatov (Soviet partisan) (page does not exist)">Vladimir Bulatov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Булатов, Владимир Семёнович">ru</a>]</span> <small>(1943–1944)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Various:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a><br />Primary:<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Crimean resistance movement</b> during World War II refers to various decentralised groups who resisted the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during World War II. Also often referred to by the term <b>Crimean partisans</b>, the resistance movement in the Crimean peninsula formed a significant part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisan movement</a> during World War II, and included many of the peninsula's various ethnic groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greeks" title="Ukrainian Greeks">Greeks</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_and_early_efforts_(1941)"><span id="Establishment_and_early_efforts_.281941.29"></span>Establishment and early efforts (1941)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment and early efforts (1941)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, preparations began for the establishment of a partisan movement in the Crimean peninsula in the case it were to fall into the hands of the German authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Crimean partisan organisation was established in early October 1941, at an underground centre of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in the eastern Crimean city of <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kozlov_(Soviet_partisan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kozlov (Soviet partisan) (page does not exist)">Ivan Kozlov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Козлов, Иван Андреевич">ru</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Kolesnichenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Kolesnichenko (page does not exist)">Vasily Kolesnichenko</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Колесниченко, Василий Степанович">ru</a>]</span>, and Ye. V. Yefimova were the organisers of the centre. In other cities throughout the peninsula, remnants of the Communist Party organised in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk" title="Bilohirsk">Bilohirsk</a> (then known as Karasubazar), and <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Krasnohvardiiske_Raion" title="Krasnohvardiiske Raion">Krasnohvardiiske Raion</a>. From this, 24 partisan detachments were formed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly following the establishment of the detachments, an influx of Soviet military personnel occurred, further increasing their numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 October 1941, the Crimean Headquarters of the Partisan Movement was established under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Mokrousov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Mokrousov (page does not exist)">Alexei Mokrousov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Мокроусов, Алексей Васильевич">ru</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 million rubles were allocated for materiel costs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 20 November 1941, 28 partisan detachments existed, consisting of 3,734 people, of whom 1,316 had previously been military personnel. Around 1,000 were additionally members of the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crimean Headquarters of the Partisan Movement was divided into five districts:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Submediterranean_forest_complex" title="Crimean Submediterranean forest complex">Crimean Submediterranean forest complex</a>'s eastern portion, centred around <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staryi_Krym" title="Staryi Krym">Staryi Krym</a>.</li> <li>The Crimean Submediterranean forest complex's western portion, centred around Karasubazar.</li> <li>Central Crimea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a> and Yalta.</li> <li>Sevastopol.</li></ol> <p>In addition to these five districts, three partisan detachments operated in the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Peninsula" title="Kerch Peninsula">Kerch Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first confrontation between German forces and Crimean partisans was on 3 November 1941, when the Ichkinsky partisan detachment engaged German and Romanian forces at the Lower Kok-Asan, near Karasubazar. The five-hour battle ended in a victory for the partisans, allowing an <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> detachment and military hospital to escape to the coast. Following the battle, they fled to the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a>. Today a monument exists where the battle occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Crimean partisans were dealt a significant blow in December 1941 when the Yalta partisan detachment was attacked by Romanian forces. According to later Soviet reports, 175 partisans were killed, 200 were wounded, and 73 went missing, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Averkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Averkin (page does not exist)">Dmitry Averkin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Аверкин, Дмитрий Иванович">ru</a>]</span>, commander of the fourth district.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Averkin was later found dead near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Be%C5%9F_Tekne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beş Tekne (page does not exist)">Beş Tekne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%88-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Беш-Текне">ru</a>]</span> spring in the Crimean Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landing_support_and_airlifts_(1941–1942)"><span id="Landing_support_and_airlifts_.281941.E2.80.931942.29"></span>Landing support and airlifts (1941–1942)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Landing support and airlifts (1941–1942)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karr.jpg/220px-Karr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karr.jpg/330px-Karr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karr.jpg/440px-Karr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4215" data-file-height="2991" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qarabiy_yayla" title="Qarabiy yayla">Qarabiy yayla</a>, pictured here in 1990, functioned as an airfield for the Crimean partisans</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Battle of the Kerch Peninsula</a>, the V. I. Lenin and I. V. Stalin partisan detachments provided assistance to Red Army forces, launching attacks on German forces and helping to hold landing sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basan_Gorodovikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basan Gorodovikov (page does not exist)">Basan Gorodovikov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Городовиков, Басан Бадьминович">ru</a>]</span>'s 15th detachment, working with the 10th detachment, launched an attack on <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> officers fleeing the city of <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a>, killing 64.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partisans also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria_assault" title="Yevpatoria assault">Yevpatoria assault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By April 1942, with Germany completely occupying Crimea, it became evident that coordination of partisan activity was necessary. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Genov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Genov (page does not exist)">Ivan Genov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Генов, Иван Гаврилович">ru</a>]</span>, a partisan military commander in Crimea during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, was placed in charge of organising and expanding the partisan movement in April 1942. 34 partisan leaders were dispersed throughout Crimea in order to foment resistance in the peninsula's cities and districts. Further underground party structures were established in Simferopol, Feodosia, and Karasubazar.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-July 1942, there were 2,217 partisans in Crimea's forests.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, partisans were fighting German forces at the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Adzhimushkay_quarry" title="Defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry">defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry</a>. Around mid-1942, stable communications with partisans were established by Red Army forces, and efforts to supply them by air began.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasian Front">North Caucasian Front</a> was instructed by the Soviet military command to begin the process of assisting the partisans by evacuating the wounded and providing supplies. <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a>, commander of the North Caucasian Front, personally took part in creating plans to supply the Crimean partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to facilitate the reception of aid, an impromptu air field was created by the partisans in the Crimean Mountains, in the <a href="/wiki/Qarabiy_yayla" title="Qarabiy yayla">Qarabiy yayla</a> mountain range. The first flight landed on 28 September 1942, and flights continued until the peninsula was fully recaptured by the Soviets. In total, more than 450 people were evacuated, and 240 tonnes of cargo were delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reorganisation_and_liberation_(1942–1944)"><span id="Reorganisation_and_liberation_.281942.E2.80.931944.29"></span>Reorganisation and liberation (1942–1944)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reorganisation and liberation (1942–1944)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1942, activities were taken out by the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement to reorganise local partisan movements and introduce further discipline. Mokrousov was recalled to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and placed on trial for extrajudicial executions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant debate exists between historians as to whether there was truth to these claims or if Mokrousov was framed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Mokrousov's removal, leadership of the Crimean resistance movement changed hands several times. On 3 August 1942, the Crimean and North Caucasian Headquarters of the Partisan Movement were merged into the Southern Headquarters of the Partisan Movement, under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Seleznyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Seleznyov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Seleznyov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Селезнёв, Пётр Иануарьевич">ru</a>]</span>. Under the Southern Headquarters of the Partisan Movement, the Crimean Regional Committee re-established itself underground with Genov as its leader, and by early 1943, more than 1,300 people across 106 underground organisations were actively participating in the resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1943, the Crimean Headquarters of the Partisan Movement was re-established. Vladimir Bulatov was made commander.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 October 1943, the scheduled date of a wide-reaching deportation from Kerch by German forces, a detachment was formed consisting of 130 local youths. The detachment was active in the <a href="/wiki/Kerch%E2%80%93Eltigen_operation" title="Kerch–Eltigen operation">Kerch–Eltigen operation</a>, engaging in combat with German and Romanian troops and killing at least 600. However, their commander, P. I. Nestorov, was captured in February 1944 and executed. German forces additionally sealed quarries where partisans were hiding, trapping them inside. The surviving partisans linked up with the Red Army on 11 April 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crimean partisans also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Rail_War" title="Rail War">Rail War</a>, a campaign of sabotage of German rail connections. At <a href="/wiki/Baherove" title="Baherove">Baherove</a> train station, the furnaces of five locomotives were blown up with mines. In <a href="/wiki/Nyzhnohirskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyzhnohirskyi">Nyzhnohirskyi</a>, an artillery depot and warehouse was bombed, killing 30 German soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German military leadership in Crimea understood that with spring would come a new Soviet offensive. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Jaenecke" title="Erwin Jaenecke">Erwin Jaenecke</a> ordered an anti-partisan operation in the Crimean Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanian generals <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Dumitrache" title="Ioan Dumitrache">Ioan Dumitrache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mociulschi" title="Leonard Mociulschi">Leonard Mociulschi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)" title="Third Army (Romania)">Third Army</a> were placed in charge of the operation, leading to the deaths of 3,700 partisans per Romanian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German sources estimated that around 7,000-8,000 partisans were in the Crimean Mountains in November 1943, though Soviet documentation places the total number of partisans around 4,000-5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">Crimean offensive</a>, the partisans took on a significant role in the peninsula's recapture. Simferopol, Karasubazar, and Staryi Krym were recaptured on 13 April 1944. Two days later, Yalta and Alushta were recaptured.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 12 May 1944, German troops had been completely forced from Crimea, bringing an end to the war in the peninsula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_the_war_effort">Role in the war effort</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in the war effort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the war's conclusion, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a> praised the Crimean partisans for their role in bringing about the success of the Crimean offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet partisan leader <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a> also praised the partisans, noting that they carried out 3,226 actions against the occupation of Crimea, including 252 battles.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to military activities, the Crimean partisans published 213 pro-Soviet newspapers, leaflets, and other agitation activities, altogether having a circulation of 3 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six members of the resistance from Crimea were awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>, 14 were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a>, and 17 were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Order of the Red Banner">Order of the Red Banner</a>. 3,000 members of the resistance, including 1,500 partisans, were awarded by the Soviet Union for their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">Crimean offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuke-Tepe_(1025)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuke-Tepe (1025)">Yuke-Tepe (1025)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Crimean resistance movement was decentralised, and many people have been described as "leaders" of the movement, such as <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a> underground leader <a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Dagci" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulla Dagci">Abdulla Dagci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Peninsula" title="Kerch Peninsula">Kerch Peninsula</a> leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kozlov_(Soviet_partisan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kozlov (Soviet partisan) (page does not exist)">Ivan Kozlov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Козлов, Иван Андреевич">ru</a>]</span>. This list refers only to commanders of the Crimean Headquarters of the Partisan Movement, a department of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Headquarters_of_the_Partisan_Movement" title="Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement">Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMakarov1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Makarov, N. I. (1976). <i>Непокорённая земля Российская</i> [<i>The Unconquered Russian Land</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Politizdat&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Makarov&rft.aufirst=N.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolyakov2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polyakov, V. E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vestnik.spbu.ru/html16/s02/s02v2/07.pdf">"Партизанское движение в годы Великой Отечественной войны"</a> [The Partisan Movement During the Great Patriotic War] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>St. Petersburg University Bulletin</i> (in Russian) (2): <span class="nowrap">88–</span>100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+University+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Polyakov&rft.aufirst=V.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvestnik.spbu.ru%2Fhtml16%2Fs02%2Fs02v2%2F07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakarov1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Makarov, N. I. (1976). <i>Непокорённая земля Российская</i> [<i>The Unconquered Russian Land</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Politizdat&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Makarov&rft.aufirst=N.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamko1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shamko, Yekaterina (1959). <i>Партизанское движение в Крыму в 1941—1944 гг</i> [<i>The partisan movement in Crimea, 1941-1944</i>] (in Russian). Simferopol: Krymidzat. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B2+1941%E2%80%941944+%D0%B3%D0%B3&rft.place=Simferopol&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Krymidzat&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Shamko&rft.aufirst=Yekaterina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia"><i>Большая Советская Энциклопедия</i></a> [<i>Great Soviet Encyclopedia</i>] (in Russian) (3rd ed.). Moscow. 1973. pp. <span class="nowrap">509–</span>511.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E509-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalgin2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malgin, A. V., ed. (2006). <i>Партизанское движение в Крыму 1941—1942. Сборник документов</i> [<i>The Partisan movement in Crimea, 1941-1942: A Collection of Documents</i>] (in Russian). 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Moscow: Nauka. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+1941%E2%80%941944&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ponomarenko&rft.aufirst=Panteleimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalgin2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malgin, A. 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Simferopol: Sonat, GAARK. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83+1941%E2%80%941942.+%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Simferopol&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Sonat%2C+GAARK&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenov1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Genov, Ivan (1969). <i>Четыре времени года: дневник партизана</i> [<i>The Four Seasons: Diary of a Partisan</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Voyenizdat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Voyenizdat&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Genov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolyakov2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polyakov, V. (2009). <i>Страшная правда о Великой Отечественной. 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ЛЕНИНА"</a> [Lenin Partisan Group]. <i>Kerch.com.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kerch.com.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99+%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%AF%D0%94+%D0%98%D0%9C.+%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerch.com.ru%2Farticleview.aspx%3Fid%3D936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuldin2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suldin, A. V. (2014). <i>Оборона Севастополя. Полная хроника — 250 дней</i> [<i>The Defence of Sevastopol: A Full Chronicle of the 250 Days</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: AST. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F.+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+250+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=AST&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Suldin&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakarov1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Makarov, N. I. (1979). <i>Непокорённая земля Российская</i> [<i>The Unconquered Russian Land</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Politizdat&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Makarov&rft.aufirst=N.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalgin2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malgin, A. V., ed. (2006). <i>Партизанское движение в Крыму 1941—1942. Сборник документов</i> [<i>The Partisan movement in Crimea, 1941-1942: A Collection of Documents</i>] (in Russian). Simferopol: Sonat, GAARK. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83+1941%E2%80%941942.+%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Simferopol&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Sonat%2C+GAARK&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrimean+resistance+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonomarenko1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Ponomarenko, Panteleimon</a> (1986). <i>Всенародная борьба в тылу немецко-фашистских захватчиков 1941—1944</i> [<i>The All-People's Struggle in the Rear of the Nazi Invaders, 1941-1944</i>] (in Russian). 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href="/wiki/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template talk:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-communist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-fascist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldova</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taganrog_resistance_movement" title="Taganrog resistance movement">Taganrog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" 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