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class="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=HTTP+security+headers%3A+An+easy+way+to+harden+your+web+applications&url=https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/http-security-headers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a></li> <li><a class="facebook" href="https://facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/http-security-headers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a></li> <li><a class="linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/http-security-headers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="entry-excerpt"> <p>Modern browsers and web servers support many HTTP headers that can greatly improve web application security to protect against clickjacking, cross-site scripting, and other common types of attacks. This post provides an overview of best-practice HTTP security headers that you should be setting in your websites and applications and shows how to use DAST to make sure you’re doing it right.</p> </div> <div class="subscribe-form"> <form action="https://netsparker.us18.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=5b95175e9d922bf109568e064&id=c41662cd70" method="post" target="_blank" class="maillist-subscribe"> <input class="form-control" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Enter your email to signup for the latest posts" type="email" required value=""> <button type="submit" class="btn btn--primary">Subscribe</button> </form> <p> Your Information will be kept <a href="https://www.invicti.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">private</a>. </p> </div> <div class="subscribe-form-scroll"> <span>Stay up to date on web security trends</span> <form action="https://netsparker.us18.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=5b95175e9d922bf109568e064&id=c41662cd70" method="post" target="_blank" class="maillist-subscribe"> <input class="form-control" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Email" type="email" required value=""> <button type="submit" class="btn btn--primary">SUBSCRIBE</button> </form> <p> Your Information will be kept <a href="https://www.invicti.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">private</a>. </p> </div> </div> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-768x384.webp 768w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-300x150.webp 300w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-1024x512.webp 1024w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-1536x768.webp 1536w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-2048x1024.webp 2048w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-352x176.webp 352w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-768x384.jpeg" height="384" width="768" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-768x384.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-300x150.jpeg 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-1024x512.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-1536x768.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-2048x1024.jpeg 2048w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2024/04/12160402/blog-image-17-352x176.jpeg 352w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" class="entry-image wp-post-image sp-no-webp" alt="HTTP security headers: An easy way to harden your web applications" fetchpriority="high" > </picture> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What are HTTP security headers?</h2> <p>HTTP security headers are those HTTP headers that are related specifically to security, exchanged between a client (like a web browser) and a server to define the security of HTTP communication. These include dedicated security headers and several others that can indirectly affect privacy and security.</p> <p>Setting the right security headers in your web application, API, and web server settings can greatly improve the resilience of your applications against entire classes of attacks, including <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/" rel="noreferrer">cross-site scripting (XSS</a>) and <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/" rel="noreferrer">clickjacking</a> attacks. This post highlights the most important headers and shows how to use tools such as DAST to automatically check for their presence and correctness. For an in-depth discussion of available security headers, see our <a href="https://www.invicti.com/whitepaper-http-security-headers/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white paper on HTTP security headers</a>.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">How HTTP security headers improve your web application security posture</h2> <p>In the realm of web application security testing, vulnerabilities are often understood to be exploitable security flaws that originate in application code and need to be fixed there. That usually means you’re fixing one vulnerability in one app, often affecting just in one place in that app.</p> <p>HTTP security headers operate at the runtime level and provide a much broader layer of security. By restricting behaviors permitted by the browser and server once the web application is running, security headers can block entire classes of attacks, which makes them extremely powerful. Implementing the right headers in the right way is a crucial aspect of any best-practice application setup—but first you need to choose the ones that make the biggest difference, and then you need to implement and test them all across your application environment to balance security and functionality.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Keeping your HTTP security headers healthy with DAST</h2> <p>As with other web technologies, HTTP protocol headers come and go depending on current specifications and browser vendor support. Security research, in particular, moves much faster than official tech standards, so <em>de facto</em> standards can arise and fall out of favor quite independently of the official specs. Headers that were widely supported a few years ago are deprecated today and replaced by something else. That’s a lot to keep up with.</p> <p>On top of that, security headers can be set in server config but also in the application itself. In a large app environment with hundreds of servers running thousands of sites, applications, and APIs, manually checking and maintaining security headers everywhere they’re being set is completely unrealistic. Fortunately, that’s a natural job for automated vulnerability scanners. Leading tools such as Invicti’s DAST solutions will automatically check for the presence and correctness of HTTP security headers, providing clear recommendations according to current security best practices.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">The most important HTTP security headers</h2> <p>First up are the two best-known HTTP response headers that any modern web application will be setting. Apart from ruling out entire classes of web attacks, both are now also a practical necessity.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Strict-Transport-Security</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/" rel="noreferrer">HTTP Strict Transport Security header (HSTS)</a> is set on the server and enforces the use of encrypted HTTPS connections instead of plain-text HTTP communication. A typical HSTS header might look like this:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload</code></pre> <p>This informs visiting web browsers that the site along with all its subdomains only communicates over SSL/TLS and the browser should only access it over HTTPS for the next two years (the <code>max-age</code> value in seconds). The <code>preload</code> directive indicates that the site is present on a global list of HTTPS-only sites. The purpose of preloading is to speed up page loads and also eliminate the risk of <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/" rel="noreferrer">man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks</a> when a site is visited for the first time without encryption.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-quote-info is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>Invicti’s DAST scanner checks if HSTS is enabled and correctly configured.</p> </blockquote> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Content-Security-Policy</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/content-security-policy/" rel="noreferrer">Content Security Policy header (CSP)</a> is the Swiss Army knife of HTTP security headers. It lets you precisely control permitted content sources and many other content parameters. Because you can also limit script sources, it is the recommended way to protect your sites and applications against XSS attacks. Here’s a basic CSP header that only allows assets from the local origin:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'</code></pre> <p>Some of the other directives include <code>script-src</code>, <code>style-src</code>, <code>object-src</code>, and <code>img-src</code> to specify permitted sources for scripts, CSS stylesheets, objects, and images, respectively. For example, if you specify <code>script-src 'self'</code>, you are restricting scripts to the local origin but can still load other content from external origins.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-quote-info is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>Invicti’s DAST scanner checks if the CSP header is present.</p> </blockquote> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Other HTTP security headers</h2> <p>While not as critical to implement as CSP and HSTS, the additional headers below can also help you harden your web applications with relatively little effort (at least compared to getting the same effect purely in application code).</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">X-Content-Type-Options</h3> <p>When included in server responses, this header forces web browsers to strictly follow the MIME types specified in <code>Content-Type</code> headers, without attempting any content type detection <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/how-bad-is-missing-content-type-header/" rel="noreferrer">if the Content-Type header is missing</a>. This is intended to protect websites from cross-site scripting attacks that abuse MIME sniffing to supply malicious code masquerading as a non-executable MIME type. The header has just one directive to block sniffing:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code> X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff</code></pre> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-quote-info is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>Invicti’s DAST scanner checks if <code>Content-Type</code> headers are set and <code>X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff</code> is present.</p> </blockquote> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Headers related to cross-origin resource sharing (CORS)</h3> <p>Many web apps need to work with some external resources that require exceptions to the default <a href="https://www.invicti.com/white-papers/whitepaper-same-origin-policy/" rel="noreferrer">same-origin policy (SOP)</a> settings applied by modern browsers. Several headers exist that let you selectively relax SOP restrictions without compromising overall security:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><code>Access-Control-Allow-Origin</code>: Specifies a list of permitted domains for cross-origin access. The value can be one or more domains and subdomains, or <code>*</code> to explicitly disable CORS restrictions for all sites.</li> <li><code>Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy (COOP)</code>: Specifies whether a top-level document can share browsing context with cross-origin documents. Use <code>same-origin</code> to disallow such access.</li> <li><code>Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy (CORP)</code>: Specifies domains that are permitted to include the current resource. Use <code>same-site</code> to disallow all external origins.</li> <li><code>Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy (COEP)</code>: As for CORP but specifically related to embedding resources on the current page. Use <code>require-corp</code> to only embed resources from origins permitted by the CORP header.</li> </ul> <p>Note that in practice, there will be overlap between these and other security headers and, in many cases, there will be more than one way to get the result you need.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fetch metadata headers</h3> <p>This relatively young set of client-side headers allows the browser to inform the server about application-specific HTTP request attributes. Four headers currently exist:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><code>Sec-Fetch-Site</code>: Specifies the intended relationship between the initiator and target origin</li> <li><code>Sec-Fetch-Mode</code>: Specifies the intended request mode</li> <li><code>Sec-Fetch-User</code>: Specifies if the request was triggered by the user</li> <li><code>Sec-Fetch-Dest</code>: Specifies the intended request destination</li> </ul> <p>When supported by both the server and the browser, these headers give the server additional context on intended application behaviors and business logic to help identify and block suspicious requests.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Related HTTP headers to improve privacy and security</h2> <p>These final items are not strictly HTTP security headers but do provide additional control over data security and privacy.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Referrer-Policy</h3> <p>Controls how much referrer information the browser should reveal to the web server (if any). Typical usage is:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Referrer-Policy: origin-when-cross-origin</code></pre> <p>With this setting, the browser will only reveal full referrer information (including the URL) for same-origin requests. For all other requests, only the origin will be shared.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-quote-info is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>Invicti reports missing <code>Referrer-Policy</code> headers with a <em>Best Practice</em> severity level.</p> </blockquote> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cache-Control</h3> <p>Lets you control caching for specific web pages. Many directives are available, but the most common usage is simply:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Cache-Control: no-store</code></pre> <p>This prevents any caching of the server response, which can be useful for ensuring that confidential data is not retained in any caches. You can use other available directives to fine-tune the desired caching behavior, including expiration time.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Clear-Site-Data</h3> <p>To ensure that confidential information from your application is not stored by the browser after a user logs out, you can set the <code>Clear-Site-Data</code> header:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Clear-Site-Data: "*" </code></pre> <p>This value will clear all browsing data related to the site. The <code>cache</code>, <code>cookies</code>, and <code>storage</code> directives are also available to give you more fine-grained control over what is cleared. Note this header is <a href="https://caniuse.com/?search=Clear-Site-Data" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">not universally supported</a>.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Permissions-Policy (previously Feature-Policy)</h3> <p>Allows you to define permissions for specific browser features and APIs on the current page. It can be used to control application functionality, but the main use case is to restrict access to privacy-related features like microphone, camera, or geolocation APIs. To disallow access to all three of these, specify:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Permissions-Policy: microphone=(), camera=(), geolocation=()</code></pre> <p>Several dozen directives are available—see the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Permissions-Policy" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">Permissions-Policy documentation on MDN</a> for a full list.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Examples of deprecated HTTP security headers</h2> <p>As already mentioned, it was common in the past for dominant browsers to introduce new headers as temporary fixes for specific security issues. As web technologies became more standardized and organized, many of these were deprecated, often after only a few years. While they shouldn’t be used in modern applications, these deprecated headers give a fascinating insight into the history and relentless pace of changes in web technology.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">(Deprecated) X-Frame-Options</h3> <p>The <code>X-Frame-Options</code> header was introduced way back in 2008 in Microsoft Internet Explorer to provide protection against cross-site scripting attacks involving HTML iframes before more standardized headers were adopted. To completely prevent the current page from being loaded into iframes, you would specify:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code> X-Frame-Options: deny</code></pre> <p>Another useful value was <code>x-frame-options: sameorigin</code> to only allow loading into iframes with the same origin. You could also specify <code>allow-from</code> to list specific permitted URLs. This header has been deprecated since the adoption of the <code>frame-ancestors</code> CSP directive to control iframe security.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">(Deprecated) X-XSS-Protection</h3> <p>As the name suggests, the <code>X-XSS-Protection</code> header was introduced to protect against JavaScript injection attacks, i.e. cross-site scripting. The usual syntax was:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code> X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block</code></pre> <p>Created for browsers equipped with XSS filters, this non-standard header was intended as a way to control that filtering functionality. Modern browsers no longer use XSS filtering due to the many possibilities of <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/xss-filter-evasion/" rel="noreferrer">XSS filter evasion</a>, so this header is now deprecated, making CSP directives your main XSS defense.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">(Deprecated) Public-Key-Pins</h3> <p>HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) was introduced in Google Chrome and Firefox to counteract certificate spoofing. HPKP was a complicated mechanism that involved the server presenting clients with cryptographic hashes of valid certificate public keys for future communication. A typical header would be something like:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Public-Key-Pins: pin-sha256="cUPcTAZWKaASuYWhhneDttWpY3oBAkE3h2+soZS7sWs="; max-age=5184000 </code></pre> <p>In practice, public key pinning proved too complicated to use. Worse, if configured incorrectly, the header could completely disable website access for the time specified in the <code>max‑age</code> parameter (two months, in the example above). The header was deprecated in favor of certificate transparency logs and the <code>Expect-CT</code> header—but that one didn’t last long, either…</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">(Deprecated) Expect-CT</h3> <p>With HPKP gone, the recommended way to prevent website certificate spoofing was to use the <code>Expect-CT</code> header to indicate that only new certificates added to <a href="http://www.certificate-transparency.org/" rel="noreferrer">Certificate Transparency</a> logs should be accepted. This proved another dead end, and Mozilla <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Expect-CT" rel="noreferrer">now recommends</a> avoiding the header and removing it wherever possible. A typical header looked something like this:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter"><code>Expect-CT: max-age=86400, enforce, report-uri="https://example.com/report" </code></pre> <p>The <code>enforce</code> directive instructed clients to refuse connections that violate the Certificate Transparency policy. The optional <code>report-uri</code> directive indicated a location for reporting connection failures.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Security headers in action with Sven Morgenroth</h2> <p>It’s one thing to read about security headers, but seeing them in action is gives you a whole new appreciation of how they work (and when they don’t work). Invicti Staff Security Engineer <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/author/svenmorgenroth/" rel="noreferrer">Sven Morgenroth</a> joined Paul Asadoorian on Paul’s Security Weekly #652 to describe and demonstrate various HTTP headers related to security. Watch the full video interview and demo:</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe title="HTTP Security Headers In Action - Sven Morgenroth - PSW #652" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eDauBJUthRo?start=78&feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Keep track of your HTTP security headers with Invicti</h2> <p>HTTP security headers can be an easy way to improve web security and often don’t require changes to the application itself, so it’s always a good idea to use the most current headers. However, because browser vendor support for HTTP headers can change so quickly, it’s hard to keep everything up-to-date, especially if you’re working with hundreds of websites. </p> <p>To help you keep up and stay secure, Invicti provides vulnerability checks that include testing for recommended HTTP security headers and other misconfigurations. Invicti checks if a header is present and correctly configured, and provides clear recommendations to ensure that your web applications always have the best protection.</p> <a class="invicti-block button-block btn btn--primary" href="https://www.invicti.com/get-demo/" target="_self" title="Get a DAST demo to scan for security misconfigurations" id="btn_67b2f3f7b3558" > Start testing for security misconfigurations today </a> <p> </p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide" /> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_67b2f3f7b4351"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What are the main HTTP security headers for improving website security?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>The two most important security headers are Content-Security-Policy (CSP) to define permitted content types and Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS) to enforce HTTPS connections. It’s also common to set X-Content-Type-Options to prevent MIME type sniffing by browsers.<br />  <br /> <a href="https://www.invicti.com/white-papers/whitepaper-http-security-headers/" rel="noreferrer">Read our detailed white paper on HTTP security headers.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How do HTTP security headers improve web application resilience?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>HTTP security headers play a crucial role in web security by mitigating risks associated with common attacks such as cross-site scripting (XSS), frame injection, and clickjacking. When set up correctly, they allow website owners to prevent entire classes of web application attacks already at the configuration level.<br />  <br /> <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/" rel="noreferrer">Learn more about cross-site scripting vulnerabilities and attacks.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How can website owners implement and configure HTTP security headers to improve their web security posture?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>To effectively implement and configure HTTP security headers, both website owners and developers need to understand the place and purpose of each header and apply configurations tailored to their specific security requirements. This involves setting response headers on the web server (though some can also be set in application code) and then regularly testing for header misconfigurations using an automated scanner.<br />  <br /> <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/content-security-policy/" rel="noreferrer">Learn how to set up Content-Security-Policy (CSP) headers and how they work.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <div class="about-the-author"> <div class="about-the-author-media"> <img width="150" height="150" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/05/17095133/zbigniew-banach-150x150.jpg" class="author-profile-image" alt="Zbigniew Banach" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/05/17095133/zbigniew-banach-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/05/17095133/zbigniew-banach.jpg 170w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" loading="lazy" /> <a class="author-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/zbigniew-banach/" target="_blank" title="Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a> </div> <div class="about-the-author-texts"> <h2 class="about-the-author-heading">About the Author</h2> <div class="author-name">Zbigniew Banach <span>- Technical Content Lead & Managing Editor</span> </div> <p>Cybersecurity writer and blog managing editor at Invicti Security. Drawing on years of experience with security, software development, content creation, journalism, and technical translation, he does his best to bring web application security and cybersecurity in general to a wider audience.</p> </div> </div> </footer> </article> </div> </div> <div class="recent-posts normal-vspace"> <div class="container"> <div class="crp_related crp_related_shortcode "><h2>Related Articles</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/getting-started-web-application-security/" class="crp_link post-14121"><figure><img loading="lazy" width="335" height="176" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122528/getting-started-web-application-security.jpg" class="crp_thumb crp_featured" alt="getting-started-web-application-security" title="Complete beginner’s guide to web application security" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122528/getting-started-web-application-security.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122528/getting-started-web-application-security-300x158.jpg 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122528/getting-started-web-application-security-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28122528/getting-started-web-application-security-768x403.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px" /></figure><span class="crp_title">Complete beginner’s guide to web application security</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/introduction-digital-black-market-dark-web/" class="crp_link post-14035"><figure><img loading="lazy" width="352" height="176" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/statics/img/webo/usenet_newsgroup.png" class="crp_thumb crp_first" alt="The Dark Web: Black Market Websites, Script Kiddies, Hacking and more..." title="The Dark Web: Black Market Websites, Script Kiddies, Hacking and more..." /></figure><span class="crp_title">The Dark Web: Black Market Websites, Script Kiddies, Hacking and more...</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/using-secure-software-development-frameworks-to-build-better-software/" class="crp_link post-37185"><figure><img loading="lazy" width="335" height="176" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28120019/NS-General-Cybersecurity-Technical1.png" class="crp_thumb crp_featured" alt="Secure software development: Building better software with secure practices" title="Secure software development: Building better software with secure practices" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28120019/NS-General-Cybersecurity-Technical1.png 1200w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28120019/NS-General-Cybersecurity-Technical1-300x158.png 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28120019/NS-General-Cybersecurity-Technical1-1024x538.png 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/06/28120019/NS-General-Cybersecurity-Technical1-768x403.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px" /></figure><span class="crp_title">Secure software development: Building better software with secure practices</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/what-is-api-security/" class="crp_link post-100784"><figure><img loading="lazy" width="352" height="176" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/06/22154041/blog-image-12.jpg" class="crp_thumb crp_featured" alt="blog-image-12" title="What is API Security? 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