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<li id="toc-The_early_1960s:_Local_bard_music_and_first_western_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_early_1960s:_Local_bard_music_and_first_western_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The early 1960s: Local bard music and first western influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_early_1960s:_Local_bard_music_and_first_western_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_late_1960s_and_1970s:_Formation_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_late_1960s_and_1970s:_Formation_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The late 1960s and 1970s: Formation of the movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_late_1960s_and_1970s:_Formation_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1980s:_Golden_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1980s:_Golden_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The 1980s: Golden era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1980s:_Golden_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Various_music_scenes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various_music_scenes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Various music scenes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Various_music_scenes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punk_music_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk_music_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Punk music movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk_music_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tatars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tatars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>Tatars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tatars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_underground_to_publicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_underground_to_publicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>From underground to publicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_underground_to_publicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1990s:_Post-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1990s:_Post-Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The 1990s: Post-Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1990s:_Post-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_2000s:_Further_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2000s:_Further_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The 2000s: Further development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_2000s:_Further_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_2010s:_Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2010s:_Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The 2010s: Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_2010s:_Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rock_musicians_divided_by_the_Crimean_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_musicians_divided_by_the_Crimean_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Rock musicians divided by the Crimean Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_musicians_divided_by_the_Crimean_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wordplay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wordplay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wordplay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wordplay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rock music in Russia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_ruso" title="Rock ruso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rock ruso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_russe" title="Rock russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rock russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruski_rock" title="Ruski rock – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruski rock" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99" title="רוק רוסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוק רוסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievu_roks" title="Krievu roks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievu roks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_rock" title="Russische rock – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische rock" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk_rock" title="Russisk rock – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russisk rock" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_rock" title="Rus rock – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rus rock" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Русский рок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русский рок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97" title="Рок-музика в Росії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рок-музика в Росії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A%E4%B9%90" title="俄罗斯摇滚乐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄罗斯摇滚乐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2624785#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rock music of Russia and Soviet Union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Rock music in Russia">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Talk:Rock music in Russia">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nashestvie_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nashestvie_2008.jpg/200px-Nashestvie_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nashestvie_2008.jpg/300px-Nashestvie_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nashestvie_2008.jpg/400px-Nashestvie_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nashestvie" title="Nashestvie">Nashestvie</a>, one of the largest Russian <a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">rock festivals</a> that attracts up to 200,000 fans annually</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_pop" title="Russian pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_hip_hop" title="Russian hip hop">Hip hop</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Specific forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Religious music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_liturgical_music" title="Russian liturgical music">Liturgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Traditional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_music" title="Russian folk music">Russian folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumka_(musical_genre)" title="Dumka (musical genre)">Dumka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_romance" title="Russian romance">Romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Popular music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union)" title="Bard (Soviet Union)">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_chanson" title="Russian chanson">Chanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_psytrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark psytrance">Dark psytrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk#Drift_phonk" title="Phonk">Drift phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardbass" title="Hardbass">Hardbass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_rap" title="Hookah rap">Hookah rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietwave" title="Sovietwave">Sovietwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA_music" class="mw-redirect" title="VIA music">VIA</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesnya_goda" title="Pesnya goda">Pesnya Goda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Russia_Music_Awards" title="MTV Russia Music Awards">MTV RMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-One_TV_channel_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="A-One TV channel (Russia)">RAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gramophone_Award" title="Golden Gramophone Award">Golden Gramophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovation_(award)" title="Ovation (award)">Ovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Music_Award" title="Russian National Music Award">Russian National Music Award</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music charts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_Komsomolets" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskovsky Komsomolets">Zvukovaya Dorozhka MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashe_Radio" title="Nashe Radio">Chart Dozen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grushinsky_festival" title="Grushinsky festival">Grushinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashestvie" title="Nashestvie">Nashestvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afisha_Picnic" title="Afisha Picnic">Afisha Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Hills" title="Empty Hills">Empty Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Music festivals in Russia">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nashe_Radio" title="Nashe Radio">Nashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maximum" title="Radio Maximum">Maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRJ_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="NRJ Russia">NRJ</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MTV_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Russia">MTV Russia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muz_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Muz TV">Muz TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-One_TV_channel_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="A-One TV channel (Russia)">A-One</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthem of Russia">Anthem of Russia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_(march)" title="Let's Go (march)">Let's Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_Russia_(song)" title="To Serve Russia (song)">To Serve Russia</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Local forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Republic_of_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Music in the Republic of Adygea">Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Altai" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Altai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Astrakhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bashkortostan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Buryatia" title="Music of Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Chechnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Chechnya (page does not exist)">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Dagestan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Dagestan (page does not exist)">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Evenkia" title="Music of Evenkia">Evenkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Irkutsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kaliningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kalmykia" title="Music of Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Karelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Khakassia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Krasnodar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Krasnodar (page does not exist)">Krasnodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mordovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Mordovia">Mordovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nenetsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Nenetsia">Nenetsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ossetia" title="Music of Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rostov" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Rostov">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_music" title="Russian folk music">Ethnic Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Sakha_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Udmurtia" title="Music in Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Russian music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Russian music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Russian <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> originated in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in the 1960s based on the influence of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> rock music<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union)" title="Bard (Soviet Union)">bard songs</a>, and was developed by both amateur bands and official <a href="/wiki/VIA_(music)" title="VIA (music)">VIA</a>. </p><p>The "golden age" of Russian rock was during the 1980s (especially the era of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>), when the Soviet underground rock bands became able to release their records officially. During this period, "rock clubs" were created, bands like "<a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a>", "<a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Bravo_(band)" title="Bravo (band)">Bravo</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pompilius_(band)" title="Nautilus Pompilius (band)">Nautilus Pompilius</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Chaif" title="Chaif">Chaif</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona" title="Grazhdanskaya Oborona">Grazhdanskaya Oborona</a>" appeared and gained popularity, and already known groups, such as "<a href="/wiki/Mashina_Vremeni" title="Mashina Vremeni">Mashina Vremeni</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>", began to publish albums officially. </p><p>Russian rock's characteristic feature was the emphasis on the lyrics. Due to its lyrical emphasis, it became a symbol of the youth of the Perestroika era. Russian rock of the 20th century is often considered a united cultural movement that has some common musical, aesthetic and ideological features.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, almost all genres of rock music exist in Russia, which is why "Russian rock" has become a more vague concept.<sup id="cite_ref-troitsky1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-troitsky1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the Russian bands perform in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>. </p><p>According to various polls,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most popular Russian rock bands include <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie_(band)" title="Agatha Christie (band)">Agatha Christie</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_early_1960s:_Local_bard_music_and_first_western_influences">The early 1960s: Local bard music and first western influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The early 1960s: Local bard music and first western influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-1960s, <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat</a> groups had formed in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>, at first performing cover versions of foreign hits on home-made equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these groups were "Sokol",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Scythians", "Buffoons" and "Slavs" (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gradsky" title="Alexander Gradsky">Alexander Gradsky</a>'s groups),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Forest Brothers".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, the band <a href="/wiki/Sokol_(Soviet_band)" title="Sokol (Soviet band)">Sokol</a> released the first rock song in Russian, "Gde tot krai?" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">"Где тот край?"</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beat quartet "<a href="/wiki/Bari_Alibasov" title="Bari Alibasov">Integral</a>" performed <a href="/wiki/Jazz_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz music">jazz music</a> and compositions in the style of <a href="/wiki/The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">The Shadows</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Swinging_Blue_Jeans" title="The Swinging Blue Jeans">The Swinging Blue Jeans</a>, and also composed their own twists and rock 'n' rolls.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost every school had its own rock band.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was partly influenced by the ideology of the Western <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Russian rock was partly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Bard_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bard music">bard music</a>, a style referred to as <i>avtorskaya pesnya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">авторская песня</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'author's song'), mostly played on unaccompanied acoustic guitar. It was characterized by a strong emphasis on lyrics that sometimes carried a subversive meaning,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a lively and informal approach to the theme - romance, everyday life, military songs, patriotic songs, satire, irony etc. The most famous performers of the bard song were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Galich_(writer)" title="Alexander Galich (writer)">Alexander Galich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vysotsky" title="Vladimir Vysotsky">Vladimir Vysotsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Western music was either being smuggled across the border or released by <a href="/wiki/Melodiya" title="Melodiya">Melodiya</a> as part of what was essentially state-run media piracy, with <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> taking a firm place in Soviet popular culture, and artists such as <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a> completing a somewhat distorted picture of Western music.<sup id="cite_ref-Рок-Музыка_В_России_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Рок-Музыка_В_России-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_late_1960s_and_1970s:_Formation_of_the_movement">The late 1960s and 1970s: Formation of the movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The late 1960s and 1970s: Formation of the movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>The "forefathers" of 70's Russian rock: <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Makarevich" title="Andrey Makarevich">Andrey Makarevich</a> founded "<a href="/wiki/Mashina_Vremeni" title="Mashina Vremeni">Mashina Vremeni</a>" in 1969...</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarium_2004-12-12_live_in_Mannheim_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aquarium_2004-12-12_live_in_Mannheim_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Aquarium_2004-12-12_live_in_Mannheim_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Aquarium_2004-12-12_live_in_Mannheim_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>...and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Grebenshchikov" title="Boris Grebenshchikov">Boris Grebenshchikov</a> founded "<a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>" in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1960s, the most advanced Russian rockers began experimenting with folk sound.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat music</a> movement developed in the provinces. The first Russian rock and roll magazine "Beat-Echo" was released in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Прощание_с_легендой_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Прощание_с_легендой-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 18, 1966, the first rock festival in the USSR was held in <a href="/wiki/Kamensk-Uralsky" title="Kamensk-Uralsky">Kamensk-Uralsky</a>, Sverdlovsk region.<sup id="cite_ref-Четыре_года_общего_режима_за_песни_Ленина-Маккартни_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Четыре_года_общего_режима_за_песни_Ленина-Маккартни-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fzz_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fzz-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1969, the festival later known as "Woodstock-na-Donu" was held in <a href="/wiki/Rostov-na-Donu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostov-na-Donu">Rostov-na-Donu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-«ВУДСТОК»-на-Дону_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-«ВУДСТОК»-на-Дону-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the musicians of independent bands faced two problems that limited their activities. The first was the unavailability of recording studios (then sole record label, <a href="/wiki/Melodiya" title="Melodiya">Melodiya</a>, would later forge a partnership with international label EMI in the 70s<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-russia-ic.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-ic.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>). The second problem was that after completing higher education, musicians had to make a choice: to leave to work in their specialty or join a professional band - <a href="/wiki/VIA_(music)" title="VIA (music)">VIA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Вокально-инструментальный ансамбль</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Vokal'no-Instrumental'nyy ansambl'</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Vocal-Instrumental Ensemble').<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guitar-driven bands evolved during this time, including Leningrad-based <a href="/wiki/Pojuschie_Gitary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pojuschie Gitary">Pojuschie Gitary</a> and Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Pesnyary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesnyary">Pesnyary</a>. These bands started the VIA movement, and were followed by others, such as <a href="/wiki/Tsvety" title="Tsvety">Tsvety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariel_(Russian_band)" title="Ariel (Russian band)">Ariel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golubye_Gitary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golubye Gitary (page does not exist)">Golubye Gitary</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Голубые гитары">ru</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinyaya_Ptitsa" title="Sinyaya Ptitsa">Sinyaya Ptitsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-russia-ic.com_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-ic.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Рок-Музыка_В_России_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Рок-Музыка_В_России-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Soviet composers — <a href="/wiki/David_Tukhmanov" title="David Tukhmanov">David Tukhmanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yury_Antonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yury Antonov">Yury Antonov</a> — tried to combine the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_estrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet estrada">Soviet estrada</a> with modern musical ideas, including those introduced by Western rock music.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Mashina_Vremeni" title="Mashina Vremeni">Mashina Vremeni</a> in Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a> in Leningrad started as nominally amateur bands and soon became popular, performing underground concerts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Morozov_(Russian_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Morozov (Russian singer)">Yuri Morozov</a> invented a kind of Russian <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a>, using elements of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Russian music">ethnic Russian music</a>. His sound influenced <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>, Aquarium, <a href="/wiki/Chizh_%26_Co" title="Chizh & Co">Chizh & Co</a>, and many others, while he worked with them as a <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineer</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Morozov, as well as "Scythians", "Sadko" and "Tin Soldiers", released the earliest Russian rock recordings through <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a>. </p><p>Another notable artist who started his activity at the same time is <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gradsky" title="Alexander Gradsky">Alexander Gradsky</a>, who fused <a href="/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union)" title="Bard (Soviet Union)">bard</a> music with <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Western rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AGHistory_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGHistory-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As successful composer and singer, he was able to release some of his recordings through <a href="/wiki/Melodiya" title="Melodiya">Melodiya</a> since 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-AGAllmusic_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGAllmusic-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AGOfficial_bio_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGOfficial_bio-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970 and 1971, the first All-Soviet rock festival "Silver Strings" was held.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sal_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971 and 1972, the "Pop Federation" organization was engaged in underground rock concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-Back_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Back-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Power_Engineering_Institute" title="Moscow Power Engineering Institute">Moscow Power Engineering Institute</a> was the most famous venue for rock bands of the 1970s in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1976, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">ESSR</a>) hosted the "Tallinn Youth Songs" Rock Festival, which brought together bands from different republics of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-mak_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mak-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, concert recordings, rather than studio recordings, were mainly distributed, which were rewritten as self-published from one owner of the tape recorder to another.<sup id="cite_ref-uroki_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uroki-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1979, new underground recording studios have emerged (<a href="/wiki/AnTrop" title="AnTrop">AnTrop</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-uroki_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uroki-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverdlovsk_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverdlovsk Studio (page does not exist)">Sverdlovsk Studio</a> etc.). </p><p>For Leningrad, the concept of acoustic kvartirnik (<a href="/wiki/House_concert" title="House concert">house concert</a>) was spread; Moscow bands performed mainly in electricity. "Ruby Attack", "Argonauts", "<a href="/wiki/Mify" title="Mify">Mify</a>", "Successful Acquisition", "Mashina Vremeni", "<a href="/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg_(band)" title="Sankt-Peterburg (band)">Sankt-Peterburg</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Rossiyane", "Vysokosnoe leto", "<a href="/wiki/Autograph_(Russian_band)" title="Autograph (Russian band)">Autograph</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Voskreseniye" title="Voskreseniye">Voskreseniye</a>" were among the main groups of the 1970s underground scene. Most of them were influenced by the styles of <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>. </p><p>Some of the first officially published full-length rock albums were "Russian pictures" VIA "Ariel" (1977) and "Guslar" VIA "Pesnyary" (1979).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Soviet composers of the turn of the 70s - 80s worked in the <a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">rock opera</a> format; the most famous works are "<a href="/wiki/Orpheus_and_Eurydice_(rock_opera)" title="Orpheus and Eurydice (rock opera)">Orpheus and Eurydice</a>" (1975), "The Star and the Death of Joaquin Murieta" (1978), and "<a href="/wiki/Juno_and_Avos_(opera)" title="Juno and Avos (opera)">Juno and Avos</a>" (1981). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1980s:_Golden_era">The 1980s: Golden era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 1980s: Golden era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, an underground scene of rock artists emerged who based their style on a mix of Western rock music (particularly from the 1960s and 1970s, but also, increasingly, on the emerging <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New Wave</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">NWOBHM</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Western <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>) and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bard" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bard">bard</a> traditions. Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Voskreseniye" title="Voskreseniye">Voskreseniye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autograph_(Russian_band)" title="Autograph (Russian band)">Autograph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashina_Vremeni" title="Mashina Vremeni">Mashina Vremeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pompilius_(band)" title="Nautilus Pompilius (band)">Nautilus Pompilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_(Russian_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret (Russian band)">Secret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piknik" class="mw-redirect" title="Piknik">Piknik</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krematorij" title="Krematorij">Krematorij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona" title="Grazhdanskaya Oborona">Grazhdanskaya Oborona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie_(band)" title="Agatha Christie (band)">Agatha Christie</a> became influential in the development of the genre, with subsequent artists influenced by their style.<sup id="cite_ref-Рок-Музыка_В_России_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Рок-Музыка_В_России-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many bands of the 1980s were, in a sense, a group accompanying a songwriter. Often bands were formed around such an author of lyrics (and sometimes music), who was usually considered a "leader" and, just like the band, became widely known. </p><p>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Rock_Festival_(1980)" title="Tbilisi Rock Festival (1980)">Spring Rhythms: Tbilisi-80</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first official <a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">rock festival</a> in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the prize-winners at the festival were rock groups from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltics">Baltics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The "Fiztech—1982" festival actually launched the popularity of new wave.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a lot of amateur bands who signed labor agreements and contracts with various philharmonic societies of the USSR, such as "Mashina Vremeni",<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Zemlyane" title="Zemlyane">Zemlyane</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Autograph",<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Cruise_(band)" title="Cruise (band)">Cruise</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Dialog_(band)" title="Dialog (band)">Dialog</a>", among others, were able to break into professional scene. </p><p>Since the mid-80s Russian rock was also influenced by the Russian art group <a href="/wiki/Mitki" title="Mitki">Mitki</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kino1986leningrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kino1986leningrad.jpg/220px-Kino1986leningrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kino1986leningrad.jpg/330px-Kino1986leningrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kino1986leningrad.jpg/440px-Kino1986leningrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Post-punk band <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a> was one of the most popular in the 1980s Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lyrics of the Soviet rock bands often dealt with the darkest sides of 1980s Soviet life,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> (an infamous song by Nautilus Pompilius contained the lines "<a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a> drinks a double bourbon/Alain Delon doesn't drink eau de cologne" as a sarcastic contrast to the alcoholic father described in the song and an indictment of the escapist attitudes of state-run media) and crime, and often carried a hidden political message.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In consequence, the mainstream Soviet radio and television ignored Soviet rock bands, which often reached audiences only through word of mouth. The monopoly for music publishing in the USSR belonged to <a href="/wiki/Melodiya" title="Melodiya">Melodiya</a>, the Soviet record label owned and operated by the Council of Ministers through the Ministry of Culture. Melodiya had a strict policy against publishing rock music or underground musicians, while promoting <a href="/wiki/VIA_(music)" title="VIA (music)">VIAs</a>, whose members (as well as the composers and writers who worked with them) were members of the Union of Composers. Some rock musicians (<a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shevchuk" title="Yuri Shevchuk">Yuri Shevchuk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Yegor Letov</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many others) had problems with the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> due to their public activities. During the early 1980s, Soviet authorities started to exert heavy pressure on amateur bands, banning underground concerts as a sort of illegal commercial activity and imprisoning some music promoters and sound engineers for earning money from underground concerts. </p><p>Many of the bands from the 1980s remain active and popular among Russian youth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term <i>Russian rock</i> is often used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to refer to the particular sound of these bands.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Various_music_scenes">Various music scenes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Various music scenes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butusov_2005-edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Butusov_2005-edited.jpg/220px-Butusov_2005-edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Butusov_2005-edited.jpg/330px-Butusov_2005-edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Butusov_2005-edited.jpg/440px-Butusov_2005-edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Butusov" title="Vyacheslav Butusov">Vyacheslav Butusov</a>, the front-man of the band <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pompilius_(band)" title="Nautilus Pompilius (band)">Nautilus Pompilius</a>, which helped to launch the <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a> <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new-wave</a> scene.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a> is one of Russia's most popular <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> bands</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early- to mid-1980s, rock clubs were founded in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>). These three cities had their own rock scenes and friendly collaborations between artists were commonplace. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Rock_Club" title="Leningrad Rock Club">Leningrad Rock Club</a>, founded in 1981 and supported by the CPSU, Komsomol, and the city and federal governments, was probably the biggest venue,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> featuring "classic Russian rock" by <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zoopark_(band)" title="Zoopark (band)">Zoopark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piknik" class="mw-redirect" title="Piknik">Piknik</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Televizor" title="Televizor">Televizor</a>, <a href="/wiki/N.E.P." title="N.E.P.">N.E.P.</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also included the nascent Russian art-rock movement, typified by bands such as <a href="/wiki/Auktyon" title="Auktyon">Auktyon</a>. An important figure in the Leningrad Rock scene was <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Sergey Kuryokhin</a>, a well-known piano/keyboard player of different music genres including rock and free-jazz, and leader of his ambitious multimedia project <a href="/wiki/Pop-Mechanics" title="Pop-Mechanics">Pop Mekhanika</a>, was one of the first Soviet underground musicians to release albums in Europe and the United States. </p><p>Bands from Sverdlovsk, such as <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pompilius_(band)" title="Nautilus Pompilius (band)">Nautilus Pompilius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chaif" title="Chaif">Chaif</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie_(band)" title="Agatha Christie (band)">Agatha Christie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Russian_Studies_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russian_Studies-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced more melodic music, making heavy use of keyboards and synthesizers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> rock bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-russia-ic.com1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-ic.com1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mashina_Vremeni" title="Mashina Vremeni">Mashina Vremeni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voskreseniye" title="Voskreseniye">Voskreseniye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Center_(band)" title="Center (band)">Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krematorij" title="Krematorij">Krematorij</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zvuki_Mu" title="Zvuki Mu">Zvuki Mu</a>, were rather different from the others, and sometimes more discreet.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> rock scene began in the 1980s, with songwriters such as <a href="/wiki/Egor_Letov" class="mw-redirect" title="Egor Letov">Egor Letov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona" title="Grazhdanskaya Oborona">Grazhdanskaya Oborona</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kalinov_most" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinov most">Kalinov most</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bashlachev" title="Alexander Bashlachev">Alexander Bashlachev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanka_Dyagileva" title="Yanka Dyagileva">Yanka Dyagileva</a>. Their music varied from simple lo-fi punk to indie rock (sometimes acoustic), and the core of their songs were the lyrics. Many albums were first self-released and distributed among fans via trading, then officially re-released years later. Lyrics were often obscene, and showed that the writers had major problems with the Soviet administration and <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>. A notable act that was not a member of any of the three Rock-Clubs, but nonetheless highly popular, is <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> band <a href="/wiki/Secret_(Russian_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret (Russian band)">Secret</a>. </p><p>At that time, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy-metal</a> scene originated thanks to bands like <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-russia-ic.com1_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-ic.com1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chorny_Kofe" title="Chorny Kofe">Chorny Kofe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_(Russian_band)" title="Master (Russian band)">Master</a> (formed by a few ex-members of Aria).<sup id="cite_ref-russia-ic.com2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-ic.com2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam-metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(band)" title="Gorky Park (band)">Gorky Park</a> achieved high popularity in the west, and was even aired on <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>. </p><p>Russian punk's unique style is generally accepted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be most idealized by <a href="/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona" title="Grazhdanskaya Oborona">Grazhdanskaya Oborona</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Egor_Letov" class="mw-redirect" title="Egor Letov">Egor Letov</a>'s other projects. The music mixes equal parts Western punk and traditional Russian influences, with gritty production and extremely charged and political lyrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Punk_music_movement">Punk music movement</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Punk music movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> punk-rock culture started in the 1980s, mostly as a protest movement against the corruption of the regime and the sense there was "no future". It differed from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> punk culture in that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> did not have an explicit class society, and the society as such was communist; as a result, <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> punk became a protest against the social climate of the time. <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> punks usually wore boots and coats found in military shops.<sup id="cite_ref-rbth_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the UK punk arose partly as a protest against more-established <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock-music</a> genres like <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> all <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> remained in the underground, which made for a certain solidarity between punk-rock fans and other rock fans in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-rusplt.ru_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rusplt.ru-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from the traditional <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> ideology, many Russian punks belong to the <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bolshevik">National Bolshevik</a> movement (with its founder <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Eduard Limonov</a>, being a punk himself in his youth) and <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Yegor Letov</a>, the godfather of Russian punk, linking it to the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-rbth_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rusplt.ru_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rusplt.ru-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yegor Letov is considered <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> the godfather of Russian punk with his band <a href="/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona" title="Grazhdanskaya Oborona">Grazhdanskaya Oborona</a>, which started performing in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-rbth_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> times, the band frequently got in trouble with the authorities, and each of the members wasarrested for their activities at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-PNS_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_2011.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_2011.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_2011.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorsheniov" title="Mikhail Gorsheniov">Mikhail Gorsheniov</a>, the lead singer of <a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">horror punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/Korol_i_Shut" title="Korol i Shut">Korol i Shut</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1980s another band started operating in Russia, reaching a <a href="/wiki/Cult_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult status">cult status</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sektor_Gaza" title="Sektor Gaza">Sektor Gaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They proclaimed themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a> punk rockers", mixing elements from Russian village life with punk music. However, while some called the band "original" and "true folk punk",<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others criticized the band's style. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorsheniov" title="Mikhail Gorsheniov">Mikhail Gorsheniov</a> from <a href="/wiki/Korol_i_Shut" title="Korol i Shut">Korol i Shut</a> said: "<a href="/wiki/Sektor_Gaza" title="Sektor Gaza">Sektor Gaza</a> were never a part of the punk rock wave! They have no idea in music at all".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another cult band formed a few years later was <a href="/wiki/Korol_i_Shut" title="Korol i Shut">Korol i Shut</a>, introducing horror punk, using costumes and lyrics in the form of tales and fables. Through sophisticated texts and themes not usually explored by punk, and through a sophisticated punk sound, <a href="/wiki/Korol_i_Shut" title="Korol i Shut">Korol i Shut</a> achieved the status of one of the most popular bands in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tatars">Tatars</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tatars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Tatar_rock"></span> Traditionally, Tatar rock music has been a <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a> version of rock music in Russia. Therefore, the lyrics and vocals take priority over instrumental sounds. Some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> rock bands were Soviet bands <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saq-Soq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saq-Soq (page does not exist)">Saq-Soq</a> and Bolgar, as well as Başqarma from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, all bands active in the late 1980s. Today, the most popular Tatar rock bands are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alqanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alqanat (page does not exist)">Alqanat</a> (since 2005) from Aqtanış and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xat (page does not exist)">Xat</a> (since 2001) from <a href="/wiki/Sarman" title="Sarman">Sarman</a>. Some other popular bands are KGB, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yar_band&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yar band (page does not exist)">Yar band</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0ls%C3%B6y%C3%A4_B%C3%A4dretdineva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İlsöyä Bädretdineva (page does not exist)">İlsöyä Bädretdineva</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail" class="mw-redirect" title="İsmail">İsmail</a>, rhymes and <a href="/w/index.php?title=116_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="116 (band) (page does not exist)">116</a>. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Pop-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop-rock">pop-rock</a> groups include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaylar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaylar (page does not exist)">Malaylar</a>, Yarda and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataql%C4%B1_Radio_%C5%9E%C3%A4xesl%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataqlı Radio Şäxeslär (page does not exist)">Ataqlı Radio Şäxeslär</a>. Pop singer <a href="/wiki/Alsou" title="Alsou">Alsou</a> has sung, at times, in her native Tatar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_underground_to_publicity">From underground to publicity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From underground to publicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C,_2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29.JPG/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29.JPG/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29.JPG/440px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a>'s vocalist <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kinchev" title="Konstantin Kinchev">Konstantin Kinchev</a> is famous for expressive stage performances.</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 1980s was a period of breakthrough for soviet rock music entering the public eye. Political and social changes in the country were very important for this process. </p><p>The censorship was still present, but not as rigid as it was in the 1970s or early 1980s. It took years for the first Soviet rock bands to enter radio and television programs, tour in major concert halls over the USSR, and to release their albums officially on Melodiya, in direct competition with the VIA groups. </p><p>The rock music situation changed during the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> era. Many Russian rock bands were able to tour and record in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and United States for the first time. As a result, in 1989-1991 the situation was completely different from that of 1985. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Music_Peace_Festival" title="Moscow Music Peace Festival">Moscow Music Peace Festival</a> was held in Moscow featuring western rock artists, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a> in Kremlin,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> produced an album by <a href="/wiki/Zvuki_Mu" title="Zvuki Mu">Zvuki Mu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(Eurythmics)" title="Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)">Dave Stewart</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Eurythmics" title="Eurythmics">Eurythmics</a> fame) produced <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Silence_(Boris_Grebenshchikov_album)" title="Radio Silence (Boris Grebenshchikov album)">Radio Silence</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Grebenshchikov" title="Boris Grebenshchikov">Boris Grebenshchikov</a> for the release in the western world. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Stingray" title="Joanna Stingray">Joanna Stingray</a>'s initiative, in 1986 the <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Wave" title="Red Wave">Red Wave</a></i> compilation was released in the United States. It was a double <a href="/wiki/Split_album" title="Split album">split album</a> with four bands from Leningrad: <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strannye_Igry" title="Strannye Igry">Strannye Igry</a>, with one side of vinyl for each band. This compilation was the first official Russian rock release in the west. Stingray sent copies of the release to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and Gorbachev, with a statement saying that musicians had already done what both presidents could not do diplomatically. <a href="/wiki/Melodiya" title="Melodiya">Melodiya</a>'s reaction was an official release of a record by <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a> in order to create the illusion that recordings of the band were also widely released in the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Television and film also contributed to the breakthrough of Russian rock to the public in the 1980s. New musical television shows, such as <i>Muzykalny Ring</i> (Музыкальный ринг) and <i>Programma A</i> (Программа "А"), invited rock artists for interviews and live shows. In the late 1980s, several films featuring Russian rock musicians as actors were released. These films include <i><a href="/wiki/Needle_(1988_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle (1988 film)">Igla</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Assa_(film)" title="Assa (film)">Assa</a></i> featuring <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi" title="Viktor Tsoi">Viktor Tsoi</a> and music by Aquarium and <i><a href="/wiki/Taxi_Blues" title="Taxi Blues">Taxi Blues</a></i> featuring <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Mamonov" title="Pyotr Mamonov">Pyotr Mamonov</a>. The Canadian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vronsky" title="Peter Vronsky">Peter Vronsky</a> travelled to Moscow and Leningrad in February 1988, and shot a series of music videos with Televizor, Aquarium, Nebo i Zemlya, Zvuki Mu and other bands. The music videos were tied together in the documentary film <i>Russian Rock Underground,</i> which aired on MuchMusic television in Canada and on Italian television.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Estimates of the popularity explosion of Russian rock in that period are ambiguous. In a series of articles devoted to the history of the Soviet Union, "<a href="/wiki/Argumenty_I_Fakty" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumenty I Fakty">Argumenty I Fakty</a>" noted: "Young people plunged headlong into rock, which came out of the underground, which, as recognized by the best musicians of this direction, didn't have a creative agenda at that moment."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1990s:_Post-Soviet_era">The 1990s: Post-Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The 1990s: Post-Soviet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of the 1990s are considered to be the end of the "classic" Russian rock era. The two events that mark its end are the death of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi" title="Viktor Tsoi">Viktor Tsoi</a> in 1990 and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. Nevertheless, the Russian rock sound continued to live, and the new Russian rock sound of the '90s was based on it. Many Soviet rock bands, such as <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pompilius_(band)" title="Nautilus Pompilius (band)">Nautilus Pompilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashina_Vremeni" title="Mashina Vremeni">Mashina Vremeni</a>, were still popular. In 1996 the recording company Moroz started releasing the highly popular series <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legends_of_Russian_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legends of Russian Rock (page does not exist)">Legends of Russian Rock</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuri_Shevchuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Yuri_Shevchuck.jpg/170px-Yuri_Shevchuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Yuri_Shevchuck.jpg/255px-Yuri_Shevchuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Yuri_Shevchuck.jpg/340px-Yuri_Shevchuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>1990s were an important and eventful period in the life and work of <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a> and personally for its leader, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shevchuk" title="Yuri Shevchuk">Yuri Shevchuk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-late 1990s the radio station <a href="/wiki/Nashe_Radio" title="Nashe Radio">Nashe Radio</a> was created to promote Russian rock artists, broadcasting in all major Russian cities. Nashe Radio notably influenced the public's auditory taste, and helped many artists gain popularity. The radio station founded <a href="/wiki/Nashestvie" title="Nashestvie">Nashestvie</a>, the largest open-air rock festival of Russian rock music, performed annually from 1999-2019, and was always headlined with famous rock acts. </p><p>Often aired by Nashe Radio, bands like <a href="/wiki/Splean" title="Splean">Splean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nochniye_Snaiperi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nochniye Snaiperi">Nochniye Snaiperi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smisloviye_Galutzinatzii" class="mw-redirect" title="Smisloviye Galutzinatzii">Smisloviye Galutzinatzii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicherina" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicherina">Chicherina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bi-2" title="Bi-2">Bi-2</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created a refreshed Russian rock sound which adopted many elements from <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(musician)" title="Dolphin (musician)">Dolphin</a> created a mixture between <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapcore">rapcore</a>. </p><p>An eminent representative of the heavy metal music genre was <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a>, which had achieved great recognition and popularity among a wide audience in the 1990s. </p><p>In the late 1990s, numerous <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">pop-punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> bands broke through. <a href="/wiki/Sektor_Gaza" title="Sektor Gaza">Sektor Gaza</a> was first Russian band to use curse words and vulgar short stories in its lyrics. The <a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">horror punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/Korol_i_Shut" title="Korol i Shut">Korol i Shut</a> managed to achieve a cult status and mainstream success using fairy-tale inspired lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable punk artists included <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(Russian_band)" title="Pilot (Russian band)">Pilot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(band)" title="Lumen (band)">Lumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarakany!" title="Tarakany!">Tarakany!</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nogu_Svelo!" title="Nogu Svelo!">Nogu Svelo!</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russian_Studies_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russian_Studies-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them developed an original sound and included involvement of unconventional instruments like <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a> was brought to popularity mainly by the band <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_(band)" title="Leningrad (band)">Leningrad</a>, notable for the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Mat_(Russian_profanity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mat (Russian profanity)">mat</a> (Russian profanity) in its lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">instrumental rock</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Zinchuk" title="Victor Zinchuk">Victor Zinchuk</a> reached international success with his solo career, and with that brought the Russian <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">instrumental rock</a> scene to a bigger audience.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a> was represented by bands such as <a href="/wiki/Masha_i_medvedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masha i medvedi">Masha i medvedi</a>. </p><p>The western <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a> sound was introduced by Ilya Lagoutenko's <a href="/wiki/Mumiy_Troll" title="Mumiy Troll">Mumiy Troll</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who made their records in the UK under the guidance of UK producers. This less lyrically loaded and more energetic style, frequently referred to as <b>rockapops</b>, which was also used by other notable musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Zemfira" title="Zemfira">Zemfira</a>, and became prevalent among the younger public. </p><p>The Russian crime films <i><a href="/wiki/Brother_(1997_film)" title="Brother (1997 film)">Brother</a></i>, with its soundtrack featuring the band <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pompilius_(band)" title="Nautilus Pompilius (band)">Nautilus Pompilius</a>, and its sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Brother_2" title="Brother 2">Brother 2</a></i>, which featured music from various Russian rock artists, brought many young fans to Russian rock.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_2000s:_Further_development">The 2000s: Further development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The 2000s: Further development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BI-2_band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BI-2_band.jpg/220px-BI-2_band.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BI-2_band.jpg/330px-BI-2_band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BI-2_band.jpg/440px-BI-2_band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>After being used in the <a href="/wiki/Brother_2" title="Brother 2">Brother 2</a> soundtrack, <a href="/wiki/Bi-2" title="Bi-2">Bi-2</a> established itself as one of the most popular Russian rock bands.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2000s in Russian rock were marked by both a continuance of the 1990s and something of a comeback of the classic 1980s sound. In the years following the renaissance of Russian cinema and rock, rock in Russia seemed to gain enough ground to differentiate widely through various genres. The 2005 <a href="/wiki/Live_8_concert,_Moscow" title="Live 8 concert, Moscow">Live 8 concert</a> in Moscow featured mainly Russian <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> artists. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a> gained wider popularity at that time. In the mid-2000s, bands like <a href="/wiki/Amatory" title="Amatory">Amatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracktor_Bowling" title="Tracktor Bowling">Tracktor Bowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenouer" title="Grenouer">Grenouer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slot_(band)" title="Slot (band)">Slot</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=5_Diez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5 Diez (page does not exist)">5 Diez</a> were established, and were intensively promoted by the Russian television channel <a href="/wiki/A-One_(TV_channel)" title="A-One (TV channel)">A-One</a>. The channel awarded many of them with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Alternative_Music_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Alternative Music Prize (page does not exist)">Rock Alternative Music Prize</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Alternative_Music_Prize" class="extiw" title="ru:Rock Alternative Music Prize">ru</a>]</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Russian <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> scene continued to develop, with <a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a> bands like <a href="/wiki/Catharsis_(Russian_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharsis (Russian band)">Catharsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">Epidemia</a>, founded in the 1990s, receiving more attention, and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">progressive metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Orgia_Pravednikov" title="Orgia Pravednikov">Orgia Pravednikov</a> rising to prominence. In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Kipelov" title="Valery Kipelov">Valery Kipelov</a> left <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a> and formed the band <a href="/wiki/Kipelov" title="Kipelov">Kipelov</a> with other ex-members of Aria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a> music had a revival following <a href="/wiki/Pelageya" title="Pelageya">Pelageya</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Natalia_O%27Shea" title="Natalia O'Shea">Melnitsa</a>'s rise from underground acts to bands that were played on the radio,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the attention pagan metal bands like <a href="/wiki/Arkona_(band)" title="Arkona (band)">Arkona</a> received. </p><p>Though the Russian <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> scene had existed since the 1970s, it entered the public eye of Russian rock fans in the 2000s, with bands like <a href="/wiki/Little_Tragedies_(rock_group)" title="Little Tragedies (rock group)">Little Tragedies</a><sup id="cite_ref-журнал_Автозвук_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-журнал_Автозвук-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Gourishankar" title="The Gourishankar">The Gourishankar</a> being its most obvious representatives. Since 2001, a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">prog</a>-music festival named <a href="/wiki/InProg" title="InProg">InProg</a> was held almost yearly in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Its popularity constantly grew, and in 2005 it turned from a local <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festival</a> into an international one. The Russian <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">instrumental rock</a> scene, with bands like <a href="/wiki/EXIT_project" class="mw-redirect" title="EXIT project">EXIT project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disen_Gage" title="Disen Gage">Disen Gage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dvar" title="Dvar">Dvar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kostarev_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostarev Group">Kostarev Group</a>, also received more recognition at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-журнал_Автозвук_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-журнал_Автозвук-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_2010s:_Decline">The 2010s: Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The 2010s: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the fact many bands from previous decades are still active, such as <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Splean_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Splean (band)">Splean</a>, due to the lack of new bands gaining significant attention, there is a common view that Russian rock is in decline. Ilya Chert, from the band <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(Russian_band)" title="Pilot (Russian band)">Pilot</a>, said: "I can see the decline of Russian rock. We are going back to the times, when those who are really talented and wise are operating in basements and clubs with the capacity of 50 people, as they don't commercialize themselves and no one commercializes them".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artemy Troitsky, the famous Russian rock critic, wrote an article titled "Rock died a long time ago, but the funeral was impressive", where he brought up the lack of new faces in the Russian rock scene, and accused bands like <a href="/wiki/Mashina_Vremeni" title="Mashina Vremeni">Mashina Vremeni</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garik_Sukachev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garik Sukachev (page does not exist)">Garik Sukachev</a> for "selling out" and not protesting against the current government.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 <a href="/wiki/MTV_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Russia">MTV Russia</a> cancelled the nomination "Best Rock Project", with the resulting headlines being "MTV Recognized the Death of Russian Rock".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2009 to 2013, <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a> hosted a one-day international rock festival in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> — <a href="/wiki/Rock_on_the_Volga" title="Rock on the Volga">Rock on the Volga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rock_musicians_divided_by_the_Crimean_Crisis">Rock musicians divided by the Crimean Crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rock musicians divided by the Crimean Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> in 2014 divided the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> rock community into supporters and opposers of the move.<sup id="cite_ref-newizv.ru_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newizv.ru-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a> leader, and current leader of the band <a href="/wiki/Kipelov" title="Kipelov">Kipelov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Kipelov" title="Valery Kipelov">Valery Kipelov</a>, expressed support of the "annexation", and stated that it should've been done in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medialeaks.ru_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medialeaks.ru-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He performed at music festivals celebrating the event in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kinchev" title="Konstantin Kinchev">Konstantin Kinchev</a> and his band <a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a>, considered to be among the pioneers of Russian rock, expressed support of the move, and cancelled all of his concerts in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinchev had already expressed views supporting the return of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other prominent figures in Russian rock who expressed support of the move included <a href="/wiki/Chaif" title="Chaif">Chaif</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-medialeaks.ru_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medialeaks.ru-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Chicherina" title="Yulia Chicherina">Chicherina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_F._Sklyar" title="Alexander F. Sklyar">Alexander F. Sklyar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-newizv.ru_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newizv.ru-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie_(band)" title="Agatha Christie (band)">Vadim Samoylov</a> (ex-<a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie_(band)" title="Agatha Christie (band)">Agatha Christie</a> member).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Makarevich" title="Andrey Makarevich">Andrey Makarevich</a> was one of the organizers of the <a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">2014 anti-war protests in Russia</a>, and harshly criticized the annexation<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another prominent figure to criticize the annexation was <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shevchuk" title="Yuri Shevchuk">Yuri Shevchuk</a> (<a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singer <a href="/wiki/Zemfira" title="Zemfira">Zemfira</a> expressed her opposition by waving a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian flag">Ukrainian flag</a> while performing on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musicians who didn't criticize the annexation, spoke against war in general, and called for peace between the peoples, were prominent figures such as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Grebenshchikov" title="Boris Grebenshchikov">Boris Grebenshchikov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Butusov" title="Vyacheslav Butusov">Vyacheslav Butusov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pompilius_(band)" title="Nautilus Pompilius (band)">Nautilus Pompilius</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DDT_Caesarea_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DDT_Caesarea_2012.JPG/220px-DDT_Caesarea_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DDT_Caesarea_2012.JPG/330px-DDT_Caesarea_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/DDT_Caesarea_2012.JPG/440px-DDT_Caesarea_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a> is best known for Yuri Shevchuk's symbolist lyrics and feature a strong <a href="/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union)" title="Bard (Soviet Union)">bard music</a> influence</figcaption></figure> <p>Fans of Russian Rock would frequently refer to most of the music on <a href="/wiki/MTV_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Russia">MTV Russia</a> dismissively as "popsa", a dichotomy that appeared in the '80s, when government-controlled radio and TV stations would air only politically harmless music by performers such as <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Kirkorov" title="Philipp Kirkorov">Philipp Kirkorov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lines are still quite clearly drawn, with bands such as <a href="/wiki/Nogu_Svelo!" title="Nogu Svelo!">Nogu Svelo!</a> - who recorded a song with pop-singer Nataliya Vetlitskaya - being an anomaly. </p><p>In contrast to Western rock, Russian rock is often said to have less drive; it is characterized by different rhythms, instruments and more involved lyrics. Unconventional instruments have often been used in addition to the standard electric guitars and drums associated with rock music (very often <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind instruments">wind instruments</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-russia-ic.com2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-ic.com2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another characteristic of Russian Rock is being partly <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a>. Very often, Russian Rock songs, especially those of the classic 80s bands, talk about national themes, and feature elements from <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Morozov_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Morozov (singer)">Yuri Morozov</a> are examples of this.<sup id="cite_ref-russia-ic.com2_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russia-ic.com2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering its poetic roots (<a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union)" title="Bard (Soviet Union)">bard music</a>), lyrics play a far larger role in Russian rock than Western rock. Vocal melody is sometimes eschewed in favor of a more impassioned delivery (<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi" title="Viktor Tsoi">Viktor Tsoi</a>, the lead singer of <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>, pioneered a characteristically strained, monotonous style of singing that has been imitated by many). </p><p>The metaphor of Russia facing both East and West is epitomized by the double-headed Eagle on its coat-of-arms. The Eastern influence in the Russian rock is heard in soundtracks from movies like <i><a href="/wiki/Day_Watch_(film)" title="Day Watch (film)">Day Watch</a>,</i> which has Tamerlane's legend of the Chalk of Destiny at its roots. Russian rock expressively used and integrated elements from both Western and Eastern culture (especially from countries of the USSR). </p><p>Yngvar Bordrewich Steinholt<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8" title="University of Tromsø">University of Tromsø</a>, Norway) has written a PhD thesis in English, printed by The Mass Media Music Scholars Press, titled "Rock in the Reservation" (2004), about the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> Rock Club. It also touched upon the history of rock in Russia and its counter-cultural tendencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wordplay">Wordplay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wordplay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russian, the original meaning of word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:рок">рок</a>" is "fate" or "doom". The word is used almost exclusively in fiction, especially poetry (a more widely used synonym is "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:судьба">судьба</a>"). These correlate with the poetic roots of Russian rock and its attention to "serious" topics. </p><p>The wordplay is used in the song "This is Fate" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Это рок</span>) from <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a>'s debut album <i><a href="/wiki/Mania_Velichia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mania Velichia">Mania Velichia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legends_of_Russian_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legends of Russian Rock (page does not exist)">Legends of Russian Rock</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll_and_the_fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock and roll and the fall of communism">Rock and roll and the fall of communism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/05/15/72439">Добротой по Дурости и Трусости. Артемий Троицкий — о «ДДТ»</a> // <a href="/wiki/Novaya_gazeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Novaya gazeta">НГ</a> — Культура, May 15, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><blockquote><p>Здесь надо понять, что когда мы говорим о русском роке, то имеем в виду целостное стилистически движение, русские тексты и особого рода музыку. // Я введу вас в мир… поп / Троицкий А., Стечкин И. М.: Время, 2006 ISBN 596910096X, 9785969100961 </p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Русская рок-поэзия: текст и контекст : сборник научных трудов / Доманский Ю. Тверской государственный университет, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Двадцатый век. Музыка войны и мира. Материалы международной научной конференции / Власова Е., Зенкин К., Карачевская М. Litres, 2017. ISBN 5040433476, 9785040433476 <blockquote><p>В этих условиях русский рок создал целую инфраструктуру <…>, вполне организованное движение, включавшее в себя клубы, самодеятельные студии звукозаписи, обширную самиздатовскую прессу, <…> фестивали, собиравшие обширную аудиторию…</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Алексеев А. С, А. П. Бурлака, А. Сидоров.</i> Кто есть кто в советском роке — М. : Издательство МП «Останкино», 1991. — 320 с. — 200 000 экз. — ISBN 5-86018-001-2. <blockquote><p>РУССКИЙ РОК, НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ РОК. За неимением лучшего, этим термином обозначают направление в отечественном рок-движении, ориентированное на соединение традиций рок-н-ролла и русского мелоса. </p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-troitsky1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-troitsky1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svoboda.org/a/28175919.html">Артемий Троицкий: «Рок перестал быть режущим предметом»</a> — Радио Свобода, 29 декабря 2016 <blockquote><p>При этом говорить, что они представляют собой сегодня какое-то мощное общественно значимое движение, как это было в 80-е годы, не приходится. Движения нет, но отдельные силы есть, они в достаточной мере разрозненны, но достаточно разнообразны. </p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>С повсеместным распространением интернета, слушатель переориентировался на западные образцы. Волну подхватили молодые музыканты, тут же принявшиеся копировать зарубежные музыкальные тренды — эмо, инди, брит-поп, и пр. Слушать русский рок стало не модно. 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In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salonav.com/arch/2017/09/5-legendarnyx-rok-festivalej-kotorye-potryasli-sssr.htm">5 легендарных рок-фестивалей, которые потрясли СССР</a> In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/opinions/8995149">Дальний берег детства. Песни Давида Тухманова как новая коллективная память</a>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGHistory-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AGHistory_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoffeLaing,_Dave" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yoffe, Mark; Laing, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831063655/http://toastormulch.weebly.com/history-of-soviet-and-russian-rock-music.html">"History of Soviet and Russian Rock Music"</a>. <i>Written for Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of The World: Locations</i>. SOFT POWER. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toastormulch.weebly.com/history-of-soviet-and-russian-rock-music.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website&rft.atitle=Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgradsky.com%2Fg01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pandia.ru/text/79/226/83594.php">Рок «Сейшн», легенды Горького — на сцене Sound Hall</a> In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sal-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sal_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salonav.com/arch/2017/09/5-legendarnyx-rok-festivalej-kotorye-potryasli-sssr.htm">5 легендарных рок-фестивалей, которые потрясли СССР</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Back-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Back_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАртемий_Троицкий2015" class="citation book cs1">Артемий Троицкий (29 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XwvCCAAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&pg=PT78"><i>Back in the USSR</i></a>. Litres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5457770560" title="Special:BookSources/978-5457770560"><bdi>978-5457770560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back+in+the+USSR&rft.pub=Litres&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.isbn=978-5457770560&rft.au=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwvCCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iz.ru/1133233/aleksei-pevchev/muzykanty-khoteli-aplodismentov-i-gonorarov-ne-svergat-vlast">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Музыканты хотели аплодисментов и гонораров, а не свергать власть". Историк и прозаик Владимир Рекшан — о связях русского рока и спецслужб, походе на Смольный и закате прекрасной эпохи"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722065931/https://iz.ru/1133233/aleksei-pevchev/muzykanty-khoteli-aplodismentov-i-gonorarov-ne-svergat-vlast">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%22.+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD+%E2%80%94+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%85+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiz.ru%2F1133233%2Faleksei-pevchev%2Fmuzykanty-khoteli-aplodismentov-i-gonorarov-ne-svergat-vlast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Телепрограмма «По волне моей памяти»: Александр Градский. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kp.ru/daily/26235/3118106/">Александр Градский о "Машине времени: «Вас всех забудут, а эти будут играть»</a>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mak-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mak_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«Было, есть, будет…» А. Макаревич. Эксмо, 2015 г. ISBN 978-5-699-75838-8. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salvemusic.com.ua/mashina-vremeni-biografiya-gruppy/">"Машина времени: Биография группы"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225053339/https://salvemusic.com.ua/mashina-vremeni-biografiya-gruppy/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsalvemusic.com.ua%2Fmashina-vremeni-biografiya-gruppy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvkultura.ru/video/show/brand_id/20882/episode_id/931167/video_id/938482/">"Программа "Острова". Андрей Макаревич"</a>. <i>Tvkultura.ru</i>. Телеканал «Культура» (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929234752/https://tvkultura.ru/video/show/brand_id/20882/episode_id/931167/video_id/938482/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tvkultura.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0+%22%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%22.+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvkultura.ru%2Fvideo%2Fshow%2Fbrand_id%2F20882%2Fepisode_id%2F931167%2Fvideo_id%2F938482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uroki-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uroki_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uroki_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urokiistorii.ru/articles/ja-fokstrot-tanceval-i-tancevat-budu">История советской пиратской музыки: «Я фокстрот танцевал и танцевать буду!»</a>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonkayaigra.ru/content/view/319/71/">«Тонкая игра — Владимир Рекшан. Сорок лет от рождения Легенды. Сентябрь 2009»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315192019/http://www.tonkayaigra.ru/content/view/319/71/">Archived</a> 15 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208091753/https://www.colta.ru/articles/music_modern/5213-bog-rok-n-rolla">Бог Рок-н-Ролла. 65-ЛЕТИЮ ГРАНДИОЗНОГО АЛЕКСАНДРА ГРАДСКОГО ПОСВЯЩАЕТСЯ. ЧЕЛОВЕК, КОТОРЫЙ ХОТЕЛ «УРЫТЬ „БИТЛЗ“», И ЕГО ПАРАДОКСАЛЬНЫЕ «РУССКИЕ ПЕСНИ»</a>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115050350/https://www.colta.ru/articles/music_modern/6461-na-zare">"33 ГОДА И ПЯТЬ ЖИЗНЕЙ ГРУППЫ "АЛЬЯНС" — НЕДООЦЕНЕННЫХ КЛАССИКОВ МОСКОВСКОЙ "НОВОЙ ВОЛНЫ"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colta.ru/articles/music_modern/6461-na-zare">the original</a> on 2021-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=33+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%90+%D0%98+%D0%9F%D0%AF%D0%A2%D0%AC+%D0%96%D0%98%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%99+%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%9F%D0%9F%D0%AB+%22%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%AF%D0%9D%D0%A1%22+%E2%80%94+%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%A6%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%A5+%D0%9A%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%99+%22%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%AB%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colta.ru%2Farticles%2Fmusic_modern%2F6461-na-zare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFА._Кушнир1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">А. Кушнир (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228194107/http://www.rockanet.ru/100/38.phtml">"100 магнитоальбомов советского рока. Юрий Чернавский и Владимир Матецкий. Банановые острова"</a>. <i>Rockanet</i> (in Russian). Леан, Аграф. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockanet.ru/100/38.phtml">the original</a> on 2008-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rockanet&rft.atitle=100+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=1999&rft.au=%D0%90.+%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockanet.ru%2F100%2F38.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627092143/http://h.ua/story/217258/">"Настоящие гении и звёзды музыки с "Банановых островов"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h.ua/story/217258/">the original</a> on 2012-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81+%22%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fh.ua%2Fstory%2F217258%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209065909/https://www.colta.ru/articles/music_modern/17404-zdravstvuy-malchik-bananan">"Здравствуй, мальчик Бананан! "БАНАНОВЫМ ОСТРОВАМ" — САМОЙ "ЧУМОВОЙ" ЗАПИСИ СОВЕТСКОГО РОКА — ИСПОЛНИЛОСЬ 35 ЛЕТ. КАК ЭТОМУ СУМАСБРОДНОМУ АЛЬБОМУ НЕ ДАЛИ СОВЕРШИТЬ РЕВОЛЮЦИЮ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colta.ru/articles/music_modern/17404-zdravstvuy-malchik-bananan">the original</a> on 2022-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%21+%22%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%9C+%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9C%22+%E2%80%94+%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%99+%22%D0%A7%D0%A3%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%99%22+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9A%D0%90+%E2%80%94+%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%AC+35+%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%A2.+%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9A+%D0%AD%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%A3+%D0%A1%D0%A3%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%A3+%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%91%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%A3+%D0%9D%D0%95+%D0%94%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%A8%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%AC+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AE%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colta.ru%2Farticles%2Fmusic_modern%2F17404-zdravstvuy-malchik-bananan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sovr.narod.ru/books/rock_muz_enc/00268.html">Книга «Рок-музыка в СССР. Опыт популярной энциклопедии», 1990</a> // Источник: История советской рок-музыки (СМИ СССР). In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Всесвит: літературно-художній та громадсько-политичний місячник, Випуски 7 — 9. Спілка письменників України, Українське товариство дружби і культурного зв’язку з зарубіжними країнами. — Радянський письменник, 1987. In Ukrainian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">100 знаменитых символов советской эпохи / А. Ю. Хорошевский. — Харьков: Фолио, 2006. — 510 с. — (Серия «100 знаменитых»). — ISBN 966-03-3385-4. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805173230/http://www.avtograf.com.ru/index.php/press/1578">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Программа передач Светланы Сорокиной", 5 канал. Выпуск от 3 сентября 2010"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avtograf.com.ru/index.php/press/1578">the original</a> on 2021-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%22%2C+5+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB.+%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%82+3+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avtograf.com.ru%2Findex.php%2Fpress%2F1578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rockvkadre.ru/istoriya-russkogo-roka-1982-god-festival-v-fiztexe/">ИСТОРИЯ РУССКОГО РОКА.1982 ГОД. ФЕСТИВАЛЬ В ФИЗТЕХЕ.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzen.ru/a/XbWw9LR3vwCsUxm7">«Машина времени» в «Росконцерте»</a>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rock-n-roll.ru/show.php?file=encyclopedia/%C7/%C7%C5%CC%CB%DF%CD%C5%20(2)">История группы «Земляне» глазами андерграундной рок-журналистики / <i>Андрей Бурлака</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/20150924091724/http://www.rock-n-roll.ru/show.php?file=encyclopedia%2F%C7%2F%C7%C5%CC%CB%DF%CD%C5%20%282%29">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Источник: Rock-n-Roll.Ru</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rock-book.ru/russia/avtograf/story.html">История группы "АВТОГРАФ"</a>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kursivom.ru/история-песен-крутится-волчок-гуляка/">История песен «Крутится волчок» (группа КРУИЗ, 1981) и «Гуляка» (группа АЛЬФА, 1983)</a>. In Russian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newizv.ru/news/2007-05-16/69218">Brief biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070921181844/http://www.newizv.ru/news/2007-05-16/69218/">Archived</a> 2007-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shevchuk" title="Yuri Shevchuk">Yuri Shevchuk</a> (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gr-oborona.ru/pub/pub/1056113700.html">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona" title="Grazhdanskaya Oborona">Grazhdanskaya Oborona</a> (in Russian), <i>«Музыкальная Газета»</i>, Minsk, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/380/#r6">"History of Rock Music in Russia :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Rock+Music+in+Russia+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F380%2F%23r6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/380/#r7">"History of Rock Music in Russia :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Rock+Music+in+Russia+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F380%2F%23r7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r1">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r3">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r14">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r6">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r5">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r11">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r10">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russian_Studies-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russian_Studies_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russian_Studies_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clinus.org/kurssit/whoswho.htm">Russian Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080322072925/http://www.clinus.org/kurssit/whoswho.htm">Archived</a> 2008-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russia-ic.com1-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russia-ic.com1_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russia-ic.com1_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r9">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russmus.net/band/67/">"Russmus: Ночные Снайперы/Nochnye Snaypery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russmus%3A+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%2FNochnye+Snaypery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussmus.net%2Fband%2F67%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.last.fm/music/%D0%91%D0%B8-2">"Би-2 — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B8-2+%E2%80%94+Free+listening%2C+videos%2C+concerts%2C+stats+and+photos+at+Last.fm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.last.fm%2Fmusic%2F%25D0%2591%25D0%25B8-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russmus.net/band/63/">"Russmus: Би-2/Bi-2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russmus%3A+%D0%91%D0%B8-2%2FBi-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussmus.net%2Fband%2F63%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r16">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/#r17">"The legends of Russian Rock Music :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zinchuk.ru/zin-eng/Biography-eng.htm">"Victor 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legends+of+Russian+Rock+Music+%3A%3A+Music+%3A%3A+Culture+%26+Arts+%3A%3A+Russia-InfoCentre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-ic.com%2Fculture_art%2Fmusic%2F381%2F%23r15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi//veil//data/zavtra/98/214/72.html">Зоил __ Где Брат Твой?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222002653/http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi/veil/data/zavtra/98/214/72.html">Archived</a> 2007-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moscow Times: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/detail.php?ID=11796">Russian Revival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010070440/http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/detail.php?ID=11796">Archived</a> 2007-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 22.03.2007 by Vladimir Kozlov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-журнал_Автозвук-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-журнал_Автозвук_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-журнал_Автозвук_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avtozvuk.com/az/Az_0404/htm/143-147.htm">журнал "Автозвук"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928201026/http://www.avtozvuk.com/az/Az_0404/htm/143-147.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musecube.org/?p=132874">"Илья Чёрт: Я вижу закат русского рока - Musecube. Территория творческой свободы"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%3A+%D0%AF+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%83+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0+-+Musecube.+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusecube.org%2F%3Fp%3D132874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFТроицкий" class="citation web cs1">Троицкий, Артемий. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.msk.ru/blog/troitskiy/688114-echo/">"Блоги / Артемий Троицкий: Рок умер давно, но похороны прошли пышно"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%2F+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%3A+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C+%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.aulast=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho.msk.ru%2Fblog%2Ftroitskiy%2F688114-echo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vz.ru/culture/2008/10/30/224655.html">"MTV признал, что рок умер"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MTV+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvz.ru%2Fculture%2F2008%2F10%2F30%2F224655.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newizv.ru-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newizv.ru_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newizv.ru_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028083609/http://www.newizv.ru/culture/2014-07-09/204447-ukraina-razdelila-russkij-rok.html">"Украина разделила русский рок — Новые Известия"</a>. 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class="external text" href="http://reproduktor.net/2016/07/gruppa-kipelov-otpravlyaetsya-v-krymskij-tur/">"Группа Кипелов отправляется в тур по Крыму"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freproduktor.net%2F2016%2F07%2Fgruppa-kipelov-otpravlyaetsya-v-krymskij-tur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crimea.ria.ru/society/20150822/1100783190.html">"Чичерина уверена, что еще выступит перед своими фанатами на Украине"</a>. 22 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrimea.ria.ru%2Fsociety%2F20150822%2F1100783190.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://argumenti.ru/culture/n438/340242">"Своих поддерживать и за своих стоять! - Аргументы Недели"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C%21+-+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fargumenti.ru%2Fculture%2Fn438%2F340242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollingstone.ru/music/article/5304.html">"Константин Кинчев за возврат Крыма - журнал Rolling Stone"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0+-+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+Rolling+Stone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.ru%2Fmusic%2Farticle%2F5304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e1.ru/news/print/news_id-402534.html">"Владимир Шахрин о событиях на Украине: "Я в очередной раз не понимаю, каким местом тут Соединённые Штаты Америки? Показать, кто в хате хозяин?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%3A+%22%D0%AF+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8E%2C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%3F+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%2C+%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B8%D0%BD%3F%22&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e1.ru%2Fnews%2Fprint%2Fnews_id-402534.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crimea.ria.ru/krymskayavesna/20160317/1103798084.html">"Чичерина: два года назад поездка в Крым изменила мою жизнь"</a>. 17 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrimea.ria.ru%2Fkrymskayavesna%2F20160317%2F1103798084.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ru.krymr.com/a/26901258.html">"Чичерина, которую СБУ объявила в розыск, даст концерт в Севастополе"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%A3+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%2C+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fru.krymr.com%2Fa%2F26901258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084138/http://tsargrad.tv/news/2016/03/18/aleksandr-skljar-krym-velichajshee-sobytie-v-istorii-rossii">"Александр Скляр: Крым - величайшее событие в истории России"</a>. 18 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsargrad.tv/news/2016/03/18/aleksandr-skljar-krym-velichajshee-sobytie-v-istorii-rossii">the original</a> on 2016-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%3A+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC+-+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsargrad.tv%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2F18%2Faleksandr-skljar-krym-velichajshee-sobytie-v-istorii-rossii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://66.ru/news/society/166626/">"Вадим Самойлов, экс "Агата Кристи": "Одни считают Путина всесильным, другие — что он во всем виноват. И те, и другие ошибаются"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81+%22%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%22%3A+%22%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%2C+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5+%E2%80%94+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82.+%D0%98+%D1%82%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F66.ru%2Fnews%2Fsociety%2F166626%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crimea.mk.ru/articles/2015/07/03/vadim-samoylov-pervyy-raz-v-krymu-agata-kristi-vystupala-s-gaftom-i-yakubovichem.html">"Вадим Самойлов: первый раз в Крыму "Агата Кристи" выступала с Гафтом и Якубовичем"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83+%22%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%22+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrimea.mk.ru%2Farticles%2F2015%2F07%2F03%2Fvadim-samoylov-pervyy-raz-v-krymu-agata-kristi-vystupala-s-gaftom-i-yakubovichem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snob.ru/profile/5134/blog/72731">"Про мерзость"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnob.ru%2Fprofile%2F5134%2Fblog%2F72731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ru.krymr.com/a/26835902.html">"Андрей Макаревич написал песню, высмеивающую аннексию Крыма"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8E%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fru.krymr.com%2Fa%2F26835902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joinfo.ua/sociaty/1162190_Lider-DDT-Yuriy-Shevchuk-viskazalsya-podderzhku.html">"Лидер "ДДТ" Юрий Шевчук высказался в поддержку Украины и раскритиковал политиков"</a>. 24 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80+%22%D0%94%D0%94%D0%A2%22+%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoinfo.ua%2Fsociaty%2F1162190_Lider-DDT-Yuriy-Shevchuk-viskazalsya-podderzhku.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/promoters-drop-russian-rock-star-for-waving-ukrainian-flag-on-stage-47929">"Promoters Drop Russian Rock Star for Waving Ukrainian Flag on Stage"</a>. 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promoters+Drop+Russian+Rock+Star+for+Waving+Ukrainian+Flag+on+Stage&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpromoters-drop-russian-rock-star-for-waving-ukrainian-flag-on-stage-47929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravdaoputine.ru/video-audio/grebenshikov-shevchuk-butusov-leonidov-videoobrashenie-prizyv-k-miru">"Шевчук, Бутусов, Гребенщиков, Леонидов (видео) - призыв к миру - Видео и аудиоматериалы - Сайт Правда о Путине"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%2C+%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%29+-+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2+%D0%BA+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83+-+%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+-+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravdaoputine.ru%2Fvideo-audio%2Fgrebenshikov-shevchuk-butusov-leonidov-videoobrashenie-prizyv-k-miru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ytime.com.ua/ru/17/2007/40/295">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"ВРЕМЯ Z" - журнал для интеллектуальной элиты общества"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%AF+Z%22+-+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ytime.com.ua%2Fru%2F17%2F2007%2F40%2F295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127092900/http://www.hf.uib.no/i/russisk/steinholt/">"Yngvar Bordewich Steinholt's homepage - Yngvar Bordewich Steinholts hjemmeside"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hf.uib.no/i/russisk/steinholt/">the original</a> on 2007-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yngvar+Bordewich+Steinholt%27s+homepage+-+Yngvar+Bordewich+Steinholts+hjemmeside&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hf.uib.no%2Fi%2Frussisk%2Fsteinholt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARock+music+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aria.ru/publications/albums/lyrics/etorock.html">"This is Fate" lyrics</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_music_in_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-russian-rock.com/">Largest and free mp3 archive of different russian rock gentres, oldies and new most important bands. Site in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080322072925/http://www.clinus.org/kurssit/whoswho.htm">List of Russian bands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russmus.net/genre/modern:rock/pop">Russian Music on the Net: Site about Modern Russian music with many Rock bands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/380/">History of Rock Music In Russia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/381/">A list of Russian rock bands who reached a legendary status</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sras.org/library_russian_music">Annotated library of modern Russian music - including Russian rock</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/76/1007652/1007652a1.htm">A quick overview about Russian rock</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianrock.org/">Information about Russian rock history</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_rock" title="Template:World rock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_rock" title="Template talk:World rock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World rock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">Cambodia (1959-1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/BisRock" class="mw-redirect" title="BisRock">Visayas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_rock_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese rock music">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Category: Rock music</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Portal: Rock music</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_rock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Template:Rock music in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Rock music in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie_(band)" title="Agatha Christie (band)">Agatha Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyans_(band)" title="Alyans (band)">Alyans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(Russian_band)" title="Ariel (Russian band)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auktyon" title="Auktyon">Auktyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autograph_(Russian_band)" title="Autograph (Russian band)">Autograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avtomaticheskie_udovletvoriteli" title="Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli">Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakhyt-Compote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakhyt-Compote (page does not exist)">Bakhyt-Compote</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8B%D1%82-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Бахыт-Компот">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_(band)" title="Black Obelisk (band)">Black Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaif" title="Chaif">Chaif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chizh_%26_Co" title="Chizh & Co">Chizh & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorny_Kofe" title="Chorny Kofe">Chorny Kofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(band)" title="Gorky Park (band)">Gorky Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazhdanskaya_Oborona" title="Grazhdanskaya Oborona">Grazhdanskaya Oborona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egor_i_Opizdenevshie" title="Egor i Opizdenevshie">Egor i Opizdenevshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommunizm_(band)" title="Kommunizm (band)">Kommunizm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinov_Most" title="Kalinov Most">Kalinov Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kooperativ_Nishtyak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kooperativ Nishtyak (page does not exist)">Kooperativ Nishtyak</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Кооператив Ништяк">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korol_i_Shut" title="Korol i Shut">Korol i Shut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korrozia_Metalla" title="Korrozia Metalla">Korrozia Metalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Plesen" title="Krasnaya Plesen">Krasnaya Plesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krematorij" title="Krematorij">Krematorij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashina_Vremeni" title="Mashina Vremeni">Mashina Vremeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Shuudan_(band)" title="Mongol Shuudan (band)">Mongol Shuudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Pompilius_(band)" title="Nautilus Pompilius (band)">Nautilus Pompilius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-Piter" title="U-Piter">U-Piter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neschastny_Sluchai" title="Neschastny Sluchai">Neschastny Sluchai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Kopernik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Kopernik (page does not exist)">Nikolay Kopernik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Николай Коперник (группа)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nochnye_Snaipery" title="Nochnye Snaipery">Nochnye Snaipery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogu_Svelo!" title="Nogu Svelo!">Nogu Svelo!</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nol_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nol (band) (page does not exist)">Nol</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Ноль (группа)">ru</a>; <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol" class="extiw" title="fi:Nol">fi</a>; <a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol" class="extiw" title="la:Nol">la</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obyekt_Nasmeshek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obyekt Nasmeshek (page does not exist)">Obyekt Nasmeshek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Объект насмешек">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orgazm_Nostradamusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orgazm Nostradamusa (page does not exist)">Orgazm Nostradamusa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Оргазм Нострадамуса">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piknik" class="mw-redirect" title="Piknik">Piknik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poyushchiye_Gitary" title="Poyushchiye Gitary">Poyushchiye Gitary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purgen_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purgen (band) (page does not exist)">Purgen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Пурген (группа)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondo_(group)" title="Rondo (group)">Rondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sektor_Gaza" title="Sektor Gaza">Sektor Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyslovye_Gallyutsinatsii" title="Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii">Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(Soviet_band)" title="Sokol (Soviet band)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televizor" title="Televizor">Televizor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsvety" title="Tsvety">Tsvety</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urfin_Jus_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urfin Jus (band) (page does not exist)">Urfin Jus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8E%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Урфин Джюс (группа)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemlyane" title="Zemlyane">Zemlyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoopark_(band)" title="Zoopark (band)">Zoopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvuki_Mu" title="Zvuki Mu">Zvuki Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalla_(band)" title="Yalla (band)">Yalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rock clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Rock_Club" title="Leningrad Rock Club">Leningrad Rock Club</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saigon_Cafe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saigon Cafe (page does not exist)">Saigon Cafe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5)" class="extiw" title="ru:Сайгон (кафе)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamchatka_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamchatka Club (page does not exist)">Kamchatka Club</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Камчатка (котельная)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamtam_(rock_club)" title="Tamtam (rock club)">TaMtAm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Rock_Laboratory" title="Moscow Rock Laboratory">Moscow Rock Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverdlovsk_Rock_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverdlovsk Rock Club (page does not exist)">Sverdlovsk Rock Club</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" class="extiw" title="ru:Свердловский рок-клуб">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rock festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodstock-na-Donu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodstock-na-Donu (page does not exist)">Woodstock-na-Donu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Вудсток-на-Дону">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Strings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Strings (page does not exist)">Silver Strings</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C)" class="extiw" title="ru:Серебряные струны (фестиваль)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tallinn_Youth_Songs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tallinn Youth Songs (page does not exist)">Tallinn Youth Songs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Таллинские песни молодёжи">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Rhythms._Tbilisi-80" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Rhythms. Tbilisi-80">Spring Rhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiztekh-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiztekh-82 (page does not exist)">Fiztekh-82</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85_%E2%80%94_1982" class="extiw" title="ru:Физтех — 1982">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lituanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lituanika (page does not exist)">Lituanika</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituanika_(festivalis)" class="extiw" title="lt:Lituanika (festivalis)">lt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock-Panorama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock-Panorama (page does not exist)">Rock-Panorama</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0-86" class="extiw" title="ru:Рок-панорама-86">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thry_Kolery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thry Kolery (page does not exist)">Thry Kolery</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C)" class="extiw" title="be:Тры колеры (фестываль)">be</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernogolovka-87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernogolovka-87 (page does not exist)">Chernogolovka-87</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C)" class="extiw" title="ru:Подмосковные вечера (рок-фестиваль)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podolsk_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podolsk Festival (page does not exist)">Podolsk Festival</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Подольский рок-фестиваль">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monsters_of_Rock_USSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monsters of Rock USSR (page does not exist)">Monsters of Rock USSR</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Монстры рока СССР">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashestvie" title="Nashestvie">Nashestvie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_nad_Volgoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock nad Volgoy (page does not exist)">Rock nad Volgoy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Рок над Волгой">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nashe_Radio" title="Nashe Radio">Nashe Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music" title="Template:Rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music" title="Template talk:Rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by<br />decade of origin<br /><span class="nobold">(sub-subgenres <br />not included)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" 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