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mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matthew Tindal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matthew Tindal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E" title="Тиндал, Мэтью – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тиндал, Мэтью" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English deist author</div> <p> <b>Matthew Tindal</b> (1657 – 16 August 1733) was an eminent <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a> author. His works, highly influential at the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, caused great controversy and challenged the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> consensus of his time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tindal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tindal was baptised on 12 May 1657 at Bere Ferrers in Devon, son of the Reverend John Tindal, who was rector of the parish, and his wife Anne Halse.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his mother, he was a first cousin of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_1st_Lord_Clifford_of_Chudleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford of Chudleigh">Thomas Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford of Chudleigh</a>, and therefore descended from the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_1st_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh" title="Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh">Clifford</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_(judge)" title="John Fortescue (judge)">Fortescue</a> families. </p><p>Tindal studied arts and law at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford" title="Lincoln College, Oxford">Lincoln College, Oxford</a>, under the high churchman <a href="/wiki/George_Hickes_(divine)" title="George Hickes (divine)">George Hickes</a>, Dean of Worcester, and then at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a>; in 1678 he was elected fellow of <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_College" class="mw-redirect" title="All Souls College">All Souls College</a>. In a timely profession of faith, in 1685 he saw "that upon his High Church notions a separation from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Church of Rome</a> could not be justified," and accordingly he joined the latter. But discerning "the absurdities of popery," he returned to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> at Easter 1688.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the early 1690s and his death in 1733, Tindal made major contributions in various areas. As Deputy Judge Advocate of the Fleet he had a large influence on the case law on piracy, such as his contributions to the 1693–1694 trial of <a href="/wiki/John_Golden_(pirate)" title="John Golden (pirate)">John Golden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neo_-_The_Universal_Adversary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neo_-_The_Universal_Adversary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His timely pamphlet on the freedom of the press was hugely influential in the ending of the legal requirement that all publications be licensed before being printed. His book <i>Rights of the Christian Church</i> had an immense impact on church/state relations and on the growth of freethinking. Tindal's <i>Christianity as old as the Creation</i> (1730) was the ultimate statement of the deist understanding of Christianity and was highly influential in England and on the Continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tindal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tindal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His early works were an <i>Essay of Obedience to the Supreme Powers</i> (1694); an <i>Essay on the Power of the Magistrate and the Rights of Mankind in Matters of Religion</i> (1697); and <i>The Liberty of the Press</i> (1698). The first of his two larger works, <i>The Rights of the Christian Church asserted against the Romish and all other priests who claim an independent power over it, pt. i.</i>, appeared anonymously in 1706 (2nd ed., 1706; 3rd, 1707; 4th, 1709). The book was regarded in its day as a forcible defence of the <a href="/wiki/Erastianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Erastianism">Erastian theory</a> of the supremacy of the state over the Church, and at once provoked criticism and abuse. </p><p>After several attempts to proscribe the work had failed, a case against the author, publisher and printer succeeded on 14 December 1707, and another against a bookseller for selling a copy the next day. The prosecution did not prevent the issue of a fourth edition and gave the author the opportunity of issuing <i>A Defence of the Rights of the Christian Church</i>, in two parts (2nd ed., 1709). The book was, by order of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, burned, along with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sacheverell" title="Henry Sacheverell">Sacheverell</a>'s sermon, by the common hangman (1710). It continued to be the subject of denunciation for years, and Tindal believed he was charged by Dr Gibson, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">bishop of London</a>, in a <i>Pastoral Letter</i>, with having undermined religion and promoted atheism and infidelity — a charge to which he replied in the anonymous tract, <i>An Address to the Inhabitants of London and Westminster</i>, a second and larger edition of which appeared in 1730. In this tract he makes a valiant defence of the deists, and anticipates here and there his <i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_as_Old_as_the_Creation"><i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tindal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianity as Old as the Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Christianity as Old as the Creation; or, the Gospel a Republication of the Religion of Nature</i> (London, 1730, 2nd ed., 1731; 3rd, 1732; 4th, 1733), came to be regarded as the "Bible" of deism. It was really only the first part of the whole work, and the second, though written and entrusted in manuscript to a friend, never saw the light. The work evoked many replies, of which the ablest were by <a href="/wiki/James_Foster_(Baptist_minister)" title="James Foster (Baptist minister)">James Foster</a> (1730), <a href="/wiki/John_Conybeare" title="John Conybeare">John Conybeare</a> (1732), <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(Presbyterian)" title="John Leland (Presbyterian)">John Leland</a> (1733) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Bishop Butler</a> (1736). </p><p><i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i> was translated into German by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Lorenz_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Lorenz Schmidt (page does not exist)">J. Lorenz Schmidt</a> (1741), and from it dates the influence of English deism on German theology. Tindal had probably adopted the principles it expounds before he wrote his essay of 1697. He claimed the name of "Christian deist",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="search of text does not show use of term (July 2011)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Matthew_Tindal#Dubious" title="Talk:Matthew Tindal">discuss</a></i>]</sup> holding that true Christianity is identical with the eternal religion of nature. </p><p>Waring states that Tindal's <i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i> (1730) "became, very soon after its publication, the focal center of the deist controversy. Because almost every argument, quotation, and issue raised for decades can be found here, the work is often termed 'the deist's Bible'." </p><p>Unlike the earlier system of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Herbert, Baron Herbert of Cherbury">Lord Herbert of Cherbury</a> which relied on the notion of innate ideas, Tindal's system was based on the <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a> principles of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>. It assumed the traditional deistic antitheses of external and internal, positive and natural, revelations and religions. It starts from the assumptions that true religion must, from the nature of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and things, be eternal, universal, simple and perfect; that this religion can consist of nothing but the simple and universal duties towards God and man, the first consisting in the fulfilment of the second—in other words, the practice of morality. </p><p>The author's moral system, is essentially <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a>. True revealed religion is simply a republication of the religion of nature or reason, and Christianity, if it is the perfect religion, can only be that republication, and must be as old as creation. The special mission of Christianity, therefore, is simply to deliver men from the superstition which had perverted the religion of nature. True Christianity must be a perfectly "reasonable service," reason must be supreme, and the Scriptures as well as all religious doctrines must submit; only those writings can be regarded as divine Scripture which tend to the honour of God and the good of man. </p><p>Tindal's 'deist Bible' redefined the foundation of deist epistemology as knowledge based on experience or human reason. This effectively widened the gap between traditional Christians and what he called "Christian deists" since this new foundation required that revealed truth be validated through human reason. In <i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i>, Tindal articulates many prominent facets of deism that have continued to characterize that belief through subsequent centuries unto the present day: </p> <ul><li>He argues against special revelation: "God designed all Mankind should at all times know, what he wills them to know, believe, profess, and practice; and has given them no other Means for this, but the Use of Reason."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tindal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bere Ferrers Parish Register South West Heritage Trust, Archive 1237A/PR/1/1 A genealogy published in Vol IX of the <i>Literary Anecdotes</i> of <a href="/wiki/John_Nichol_(biographer)" title="John Nichol (biographer)">John Nichol</a> and written by Tindal's nephew, the historian Rev <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tindal" title="Nicolas Tindal">Nicolas Tindal</a>, states that John was the son of Sir John Tyndall of Maplestead Magna, a Master of Chancery who was murdered in 1617. This is clearly mistaken.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neo_-_The_Universal_Adversary-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neo_-_The_Universal_Adversary_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNeocleous2016" class="citation book cs1">Neocleous, Mark (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YGPCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Universal Adversary: Security, Capital and 'The Enemies of All Mankind'<span></span></i></a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317355434" title="Special:BookSources/9781317355434"><bdi>9781317355434</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Adversary%3A+Security%2C+Capital+and+%27The+Enemies+of+All+Mankind%27&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317355434&rft.aulast=Neocleous&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YGPCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+Tindal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tindal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tindal,_Matthew" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tindal, Matthew">Tindal, Matthew</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tindal%2C+Matthew&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+Tindal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stephen, Leslie (1898). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tindal, Matthew"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Tindal,_Matthew">"Tindal, Matthew" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 56. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tindal%2C+Matthew&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+Tindal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Young, B. W. "Tindal, Matthew (bap. 1657, d. 1733)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27462">10.1093/ref:odnb/27462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tindal%2C+Matthew+%28bap.+1657%2C+d.+1733%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27462&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatthew+Tindal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li>Waring, E. Graham (1967). Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book, p. 107.</li> <li>Lalor, Stephen (Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 2006) <i>Matthew Tindal, Freethinker: An Eighteenth-century Assault on Religion</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-7539-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-7539-6">0-8264-7539-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tindal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celestiallands.org/library/christianity_as_old_as_the_creat.htm">Text from <i>Christianity As Old As Creation</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35550642">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2016928724&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073848247">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt7bfxbf4vxnlgf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810561120705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/355686">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124938167.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124938167">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067032613">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6681xj5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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