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Funktio – Wikipedia

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color: var( --color-emphasized, #000000 ); font-size: 95%; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 2em; margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px solid #b6b6b6;"><i>Tämä artikkeli käsittelee termin merkitystä matematiikassa. Ohjelmoinnissa <a href="/wiki/Aliohjelma" title="Aliohjelma">aliohjelmia</a> nimitetään tietyissä tilanteissa funktioksi.</i></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Tiedosto:Function_illustration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Function_illustration.svg/250px-Function_illustration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Function_illustration.svg/375px-Function_illustration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Function_illustration.svg/500px-Function_illustration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Funktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b215af1e965d0595a97ad2b21f7d0cbcf6281303" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.583ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow Y}"></span> liittää jokaiseen joukon <i>X</i> alkioon täsmälleen yhden maalijoukon <i>Y</i> alkion.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Funktio</b> eli <b>kuvaus</b> kertoo <a href="/wiki/Olio_(filosofia)" title="Olio (filosofia)">olioiden</a> välisistä riippuvuussuhteista.<sup id="cite_ref-pyramidi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pyramidi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-h1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formaalisti <b>funktio</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span> joukolta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6aaf5ce10d6add44b973e28fb3d95f37abf3721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\,}"></span> joukkoon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8a72cbbfdbb8b9d0dad053538c330994b308bae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\,}"></span> on sääntö, joka liittää jokaiseen joukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6aaf5ce10d6add44b973e28fb3d95f37abf3721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\,}"></span> alkioon täsmälleen yhden joukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8a72cbbfdbb8b9d0dad053538c330994b308bae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\,}"></span> alkion. Funktiota merkitään yleensä symbolilla <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:A\rightarrow B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:A\rightarrow B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa2fb4d5e9d282ee5442719053c46ad1ad96f2ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:A\rightarrow B}"></span>. </p><p>Funktioon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:A\to B\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:A\to B\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/91fdd8c2b9f2cdf0564fb692464055605fdb7dd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.724ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:A\to B\,}"></span> liittyviä joukkoja kutsutaan <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span>:n <i>lähtö</i>- eli <i>määrittelyjoukoksi</i> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6aaf5ce10d6add44b973e28fb3d95f37abf3721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\,}"></span>) ja <i>maalijoukoksi</i> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8a72cbbfdbb8b9d0dad053538c330994b308bae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\,}"></span>). Jos <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/045cafe35b1e9c9ac889481fd7178d6f59a77fdb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.606ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=B}"></span>, niin sanotaan, että <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> on joukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> funktio. Määrittelyjoukon alkioita kutsutaan usein funktion <i>argumenteiksi</i>. Sitä, että <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span>:n argumenttiin <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27bcc9b2afb295d4234bc294860cd0c63bcad2ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in A}"></span> liittämä arvo on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in B\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in B\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d5dc00018ae8a607b07e83577372a9d724eac1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.341ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in B\ }"></span>, merkitään yleensä <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=f(x)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=f(x)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ceab146b2e6d4d4a3580db2ba2d1d240edcbc080" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.059ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=f(x)\,}"></span>, eli funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span><i> kuva-alkio</i>. Tämän merkinnän otti käyttöön <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> vuonna 1734.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Esimerkiksi asetetaan kuvitellussa tilanteessa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span>:n määrittelyjoukoksi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> nelihenkinen perhe. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> on nyt siis ihminen-tyyppisistä alkioista koostuva <a href="/wiki/Joukko" title="Joukko">joukko</a>, jossa on neljä alkiota. Asetetaan sitten maalijoukoksi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> kaikkien mahdollisten suomalaisten etunimien joukko. Koska jokaiseen ihmiseen voimme liittää jonkin yksikäsitteisen etunimen, niin voimme muodostaa funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> nelihenkisen perheen ja kaikkien etunimien joukon välille. Tämän funktion argumentit ovat perheenjäseniä ja arvot perheenjäsenten etunimet. </p><p>Matematiikassa ja sen sovelluksissa tavallisin funktiotyyppi on sellainen, jossa lähtö- ja maalijoukot ovat lukujoukkoja ja funktion määrittelevä vastaavuus voidaan ilmaista laskutoimituksin. Tällöin on tavallista, joskin muodollisesti epäkorrektia, nimetä funktio määrittelyjoukon yleiseen alkioon kohdistuvan laskutoimituksen osoittavalla kaavalla, esimerkiksi "funktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{2}+1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{2}+1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92a3a8d23f9f8123651e496dcf8490990c65cf9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.387ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{2}+1}"></span>". </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="fi" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sisällys</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Esimerkkejä_yleisestä_määritelmästä"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Esimerkkejä yleisestä määritelmästä</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Tarkka_määritelmä"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Tarkka määritelmä</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Esimerkkejä_eksaktista_määritelmästä"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Esimerkkejä eksaktista määritelmästä</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Funktion_kuvaaja"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Funktion kuvaaja</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Yhdistetty_funktio"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Yhdistetty funktio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Vektorimuuttujan_funktiot_ja_vektoriarvoiset_funktiot"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Vektorimuuttujan funktiot ja vektoriarvoiset funktiot</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Joukkojen_kuvat_ja_alkukuvat"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Joukkojen kuvat ja alkukuvat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Alkeisfunktiot"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Alkeisfunktiot</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Funktion_ydin_ja_kantaja"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Funktion ydin ja kantaja</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Funktiokäsitteen_historiaa"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Funktiokäsitteen historiaa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Funktion_ominaisuuksia"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Funktion ominaisuuksia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Katso_myös"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Katso myös</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Lähteet"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Lähteet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Kirjallisuutta"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Kirjallisuutta</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Aiheesta_muualla"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Aiheesta muualla</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esimerkkejä_yleisestä_määritelmästä"><span id="Esimerkkej.C3.A4_yleisest.C3.A4_m.C3.A4.C3.A4ritelm.C3.A4st.C3.A4"></span>Esimerkkejä yleisestä määritelmästä</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Muokkaa osiota Esimerkkejä yleisestä määritelmästä" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Esimerkkejä yleisestä määritelmästä"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1e3a10a3ad05781f5cf9c2d875a02227e21a8448" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.186ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }"></span>, jolla <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f690285952308aa49e3c6aac892df31cad6d1b06" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.846ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x}"></span>, on funktio <a href="/wiki/Reaaliluku" title="Reaaliluku">reaalilukujen</a> joukossa. Tässä funktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> liittää jokaiseen reaalilukuun luvun itsensä, ks. <a href="/wiki/Identtinen_funktio" class="mw-redirect" title="Identtinen funktio">Identtinen funktio</a>. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bdfd1e16b7f932cdc2716a1b6bbe345089b250cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.023ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }"></span>, jolla <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92746066d0381ea6189ffc725768840f81d83ba3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.737ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}}"></span>. Nyt funktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span> liittää jokaiseen reaalilukuun tämän luvun neliön. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h:\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h:\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eebdffb4c4703928cb571d6209d75def99f4daed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.765ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h:\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }"></span>, jolla <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h(x,y)=x^{2}+y^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h(x,y)=x^{2}+y^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3deae397bf2843918bc5a83fd20e73f64e59b434" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.205ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h(x,y)=x^{2}+y^{2}}"></span>, on kahden muuttujan funktio (ks. alla). Funktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}"></span> liittää jokaiseen reaalilukupariin lukujen neliöiden summan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarkka_määritelmä"><span id="Tarkka_m.C3.A4.C3.A4ritelm.C3.A4"></span>Tarkka määritelmä</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Muokkaa osiota Tarkka määritelmä" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Tarkka määritelmä"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yleensä edellä annettu määritelmä riittää pitkällekin menevissä matematiikan tutkimuksissa ja sovelluksissa. Kuitenkin on tarpeellista joskus määritellä funktio täsmällisemmin kuin lausein ja sanoin. Olkoot jälleen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6aaf5ce10d6add44b973e28fb3d95f37abf3721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\,}"></span> ja <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8a72cbbfdbb8b9d0dad053538c330994b308bae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\,}"></span> joukkoja. Tällöin näiden <a href="/wiki/Karteesinen_tulo" title="Karteesinen tulo">karteesisen tulon</a> osajoukko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\subset A\times B\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>&#x2282;<!-- ⊂ --></mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\subset A\times B\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/597cb7bf0684381523ce361e854c851844b1c39a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.112ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\subset A\times B\,}"></span> on <i>funktio, </i>jos sille pätevät ehdot </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall x\in A\exists y\in B:(x,\,y)\in f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x2200;<!-- ∀ --></mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x2203;<!-- ∃ --></mi> <mi>y</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall x\in A\exists y\in B:(x,\,y)\in f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e56d84738934c0c44af4bb91930653dc6675057d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.031ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall x\in A\exists y\in B:(x,\,y)\in f}"></span></center> <p>ja </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,y)\in f\Leftrightarrow \forall z\neq y:(x,z)\notin f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x21D4;<!-- ⇔ --></mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x2200;<!-- ∀ --></mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo>&#x2260;<!-- ≠ --></mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>&#x2209;<!-- ∉ --></mo> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,y)\in f\Leftrightarrow \forall z\neq y:(x,z)\notin f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73a287d0906e57431a77b2ecb27b1f010c375c5f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.014ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,y)\in f\Leftrightarrow \forall z\neq y:(x,z)\notin f}"></span>.</center> <p>Toisin sanoen pari <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,\,y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,\,y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e7afe5870de593e694568d1c4b0b95c6ac50777" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.716ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,\,y)}"></span> on funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span> alkio, jos ja vain jos jokaisella kuva-alkiosta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c8c233e7cc39fac816991250d86e09b515d02e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.543ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\,}"></span> poikkeavilla alkioilla <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>z</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/624faa61961bd63f364dee3e97dec7dd48694600" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.475ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z\,}"></span> pari <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,\,z)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,\,z)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90d4d0d0666d29f6fa939635ef008d14bb13991a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.648ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,\,z)}"></span> ei ole funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span> alkio. Siispä funktiossa kukin joukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6aaf5ce10d6add44b973e28fb3d95f37abf3721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\,}"></span>alkio esiintyy tarkalleen kerran funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> parin ensimmäisenä alkiona. Funktio on siis erikoistapaus yleisemmistä kaksipaikkaisista <a href="/wiki/Relaatio" title="Relaatio">relaatioista</a>. Eksaktin määritelmän avulla funktiot <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> ja <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span> ovat samat, kun ne ovat sama joukko, eli pätee <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f=g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f=g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/795e79b6da5372a37ba3a36db68e43806232aac3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.493ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f=g}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esimerkkejä_eksaktista_määritelmästä"><span id="Esimerkkej.C3.A4_eksaktista_m.C3.A4.C3.A4ritelm.C3.A4st.C3.A4"></span>Esimerkkejä eksaktista määritelmästä</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Muokkaa osiota Esimerkkejä eksaktista määritelmästä" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Esimerkkejä eksaktista määritelmästä"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Olkoon joukko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=\{1,2\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=\{1,2\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/908d8e94bd40754d0635a5292896b33d9523b83e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.525ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=\{1,2\}}"></span> ja joukko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B=\{1,2,3\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B=\{1,2,3\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0949455e315b303ab1a8732e7f971bd137f4454" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.743ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B=\{1,2,3\}}"></span>. Nyt näiden karteesinen tulo on joukko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\times B=\{(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\times B=\{(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0785c52bc457812f4860ba13a22dfd8611b475cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.949ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\times B=\{(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3)\}}"></span>. </p><p>Funktiot joukossa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\times B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\times B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65f31ae45b0098f06b5d22c38d317eb097a88fa9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.348ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\times B}"></span> ovat osajoukot: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{1}=\{(1,1),(2,1)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{1}=\{(1,1),(2,1)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db4d47bb95263c7c7e9781e01b35dd39ccfdb50b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{1}=\{(1,1),(2,1)\}}"></span> eli <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{1}:A\rightarrow B,F_{1}(x)=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{1}:A\rightarrow B,F_{1}(x)=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0373515d896638f4d2132aac1b847e64d8990fb0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.59ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{1}:A\rightarrow B,F_{1}(x)=1}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{2}=\{(1,1),(2,2)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{2}=\{(1,1),(2,2)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35c56c48fbcaa68944fc0e2d46c675862020bdc6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{2}=\{(1,1),(2,2)\}}"></span> eli <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{2}:A\to B,F_{2}(x)=x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{2}:A\to B,F_{2}(x)=x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1d2f9ed017ea988ba01e718d0ab81244ad4dbee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.757ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{2}:A\to B,F_{2}(x)=x}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{3}=\{(1,1),(2,3)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{3}=\{(1,1),(2,3)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/74131a95bfd39fd0311794d70dae5b342463ae71" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{3}=\{(1,1),(2,3)\}}"></span> eli <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{3}:A\to B,F_{3}(x)=2x-1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{3}:A\to B,F_{3}(x)=2x-1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50576d0a812086674950253662d4fa135134bb48" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.922ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{3}:A\to B,F_{3}(x)=2x-1}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{4}=\{(1,2),(2,1)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{4}=\{(1,2),(2,1)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c57feb7501e36b706452d210f89f7ff0520403d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{4}=\{(1,2),(2,1)\}}"></span> eli <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{4}:A\to B,F_{4}(x)=3-x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{4}:A\to B,F_{4}(x)=3-x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d798707a216f889e9d43746c49acc736d059234" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.76ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{4}:A\to B,F_{4}(x)=3-x}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{5}=\{(1,2),(2,2)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{5}=\{(1,2),(2,2)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de81b05298ce6b64776a6494cce24f7b20ca3ffb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{5}=\{(1,2),(2,2)\}}"></span> eli <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{5}:A\to B,F_{5}(x)=2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{5}:A\to B,F_{5}(x)=2}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/777cc65a979798a3489e6f0070b6a2d4e6436afc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.59ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{5}:A\to B,F_{5}(x)=2}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{6}=\{(1,2),(2,3)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{6}=\{(1,2),(2,3)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4aea47ff167271f2d57582d5a84c467ffe8c5faf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{6}=\{(1,2),(2,3)\}}"></span> eli <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{6}:A\to B,F_{6}(x)=x+1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{6}:A\to B,F_{6}(x)=x+1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6f060312e874df80209063f11b4cb945f634581" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.76ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{6}:A\to B,F_{6}(x)=x+1}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{7}=\{(1,3),(2,3)\}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{7}=\{(1,3),(2,3)\}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a99811137367ddfb8d6dccbf80d2539b934e253f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{7}=\{(1,3),(2,3)\}}"></span> eli <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{7}:A\to B,F_{7}(x)=3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{7}:A\to B,F_{7}(x)=3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64e45718a1c3f6c39c95024bafcada7c8f5cdfa9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.59ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{7}:A\to B,F_{7}(x)=3}"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktion_kuvaaja">Funktion kuvaaja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Muokkaa osiota Funktion kuvaaja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Funktion kuvaaja"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Tiedosto:Function-x.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Function-x.svg/250px-Function-x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Function-x.svg/375px-Function-x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Function-x.svg/500px-Function-x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Funktion f(x)=x kuvaaja</figcaption></figure> <p>Funktiota on yleensä tapana mahdollisuuksien puitteissa kuvata myös visuaalisesti. Tämän mahdollistaa funktion <i>kuvaajan</i> käsite. Täsmällisesti jos <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:A\rightarrow B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:A\rightarrow B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa2fb4d5e9d282ee5442719053c46ad1ad96f2ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:A\rightarrow B}"></span> on funktio, niin sen <b>kuvaaja</b> on karteesisen tulon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\times B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\times B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65f31ae45b0098f06b5d22c38d317eb097a88fa9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.348ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\times B}"></span> osajoukko </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{(x,f(x)):x\in A\}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>:</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{(x,f(x)):x\in A\}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7777ef1e2812c301abe9d8552a1d30757d161712" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.413ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{(x,f(x)):x\in A\}.}"></span></center> <p>Funktion kuvaaja koostuu siis määrittelyjoukon alkion ja vastaavan arvojoukon alkion muodostamista pareista. Funktion kuvaajan määritelmä on identtinen yllä esitetyn funktion eksaktin määritelmän kanssa. </p><p>Esimerkiksi funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} ,f(x)=x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} ,f(x)=x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6798cadf1b43cd778c711eea2041e4bac7450d56" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.066ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} ,f(x)=x}"></span>, kuvaaja on määritelmän mukaan karteesisen tulon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb99f01c438a62e4ac5af8cff4eb402739ed67a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.197ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} }"></span> osajoukko </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{(x,x):x\in \mathbb {R} \}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>:</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{(x,x):x\in \mathbb {R} \}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d57727b4434ed9dfc4512a6918c1f8a676e532a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.26ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{(x,x):x\in \mathbb {R} \}.}"></span></center> <p>Tässä tapauksessa koska joukko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb99f01c438a62e4ac5af8cff4eb402739ed67a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.197ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} }"></span> on tavallinen 2-ulotteinen <a href="/wiki/Euklidinen_avaruus" title="Euklidinen avaruus">euklidinen avaruus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e150115ab9f63023215109595b76686a1ff890fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}"></span>, niin voidaan funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> kuvaajaa hahmottaa visuaalisesti sijoittamalla tasoon kuvaaja-joukon pisteet kuten oheisessa kuvassa näkyy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yhdistetty_funktio">Yhdistetty funktio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Muokkaa osiota Yhdistetty funktio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Yhdistetty funktio"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jos <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:A\to B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:A\to B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20040a52d9391f2fe271f0aaa300bf7887a0c7b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:A\to B}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\subset C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mo>&#x2282;<!-- ⊂ --></mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\subset C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ce2f9e877d4830ab8f6170cdf29ffa1d429cc06" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.629ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\subset C}"></span> ja <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g:C\to D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g:C\to D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a4bd1da2ede08776274431b03126d59f1fd571c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.358ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g:C\to D}"></span>, niin on määriteltävissä funktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h:A\to D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h:A\to D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc73372d2f30f11b6b6b3cf96d4e6fc6a00a1fb4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.558ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h:A\to D}"></span> siten, että <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h(x)=g(f(x))\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h(x)=g(f(x))\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ea241b0f46841f9bff2839c65a0d11b9282bdec7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.306ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h(x)=g(f(x))\,}"></span>. Funktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cecd947e6666832fcc39909b00dbde70caa9cf8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.726ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\,}"></span> on funktioista <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span> ja <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecc456e58b207759836214cb501a1aa1af3be5bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.503ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\,}"></span> <b>yhdistetty funktio</b> ja sitä merkitään <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\circ f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo>&#x2218;<!-- ∘ --></mo> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\circ f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10b5ad4985af48d0fb7efa3c8afa5ad7d42bfc92" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.589ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\circ f}"></span>. Merkintä luetaan "g pallo f". </p><p>Jos esimerkiksi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=B=C=D=\mathbb {R} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=B=C=D=\mathbb {R} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/413a2f0c11f10f70eb6f46f7598fff792e56aa1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:21.657ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=B=C=D=\mathbb {R} \,}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x+2\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x+2\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9ed490876ebc29266a8b98b675dab7028dc15f6e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.236ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x+2\,}"></span> ja <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a485a5f542d7c6b0e449d11389fceb8a23566fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.124ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(x)=x^{2}\,}"></span>, niin <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (f\circ g)(x)=x^{2}+2\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo>&#x2218;<!-- ∘ --></mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (f\circ g)(x)=x^{2}+2\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cbba51e3873ec9b374c19d099dca6c5857f91d06" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.41ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (f\circ g)(x)=x^{2}+2\,}"></span> ja <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (g\circ f)(x)=(x+2)^{2}=x^{2}+4x+4\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo>&#x2218;<!-- ∘ --></mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (g\circ f)(x)=(x+2)^{2}=x^{2}+4x+4\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/060e97eb124fc571b6d007c0c47222f5c3c48a0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.037ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (g\circ f)(x)=(x+2)^{2}=x^{2}+4x+4\,}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vektorimuuttujan_funktiot_ja_vektoriarvoiset_funktiot">Vektorimuuttujan funktiot ja vektoriarvoiset funktiot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Muokkaa osiota Vektorimuuttujan funktiot ja vektoriarvoiset funktiot" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Vektorimuuttujan funktiot ja vektoriarvoiset funktiot"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kun funktion lähtöjoukko on hahmotettavissa useamman joukon <a href="/wiki/Karteesinen_tulo" title="Karteesinen tulo">karteesiseksi tuloksi</a>, on usein tapana puhua <b>usean muuttujan funktiosta</b> tai <b>vektorimuuttujan funktiosta</b>. Jos <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})\in A_{1}\times A_{2}\times \dots \times A_{n}=A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>&#x2026;<!-- … --></mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <mo>&#x22EF;<!-- ⋯ --></mo> <mo>&#x00D7;<!-- × --></mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})\in A_{1}\times A_{2}\times \dots \times A_{n}=A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1242a638057b57fede05d76f80c163f79e69d945" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.248ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})\in A_{1}\times A_{2}\times \dots \times A_{n}=A}"></span>, niin funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:A\to B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:A\to B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20040a52d9391f2fe271f0aaa300bf7887a0c7b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.337ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:A\to B}"></span> alkioon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab34739435d9d9d99cddf4041740b107343b1398" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.717ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\,}"></span> liittämää kuva-alkiota <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78b2b66021c2cac2b5654495678c63ff142952e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.805ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)\,}"></span> merkitään yleensä <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>&#x2026;<!-- … --></mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6c701c4e65fd6b62da604d4651e79fa33f38b52a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.003ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})\,}"></span>. Esimerkiksi ilmanpaine <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4fa5f88a712eb9b03398066a0577fdcf33e02c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.646ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\,}"></span> tietyssä paikassa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,y,z)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,y,z)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c95076d93d11e04e9605954265296e6c36fc88c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.838ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,y,z)\,}"></span> ja tietyllä hetkellä on neljän muuttujan (kolme paikkakoordinaattia ja aika) reaaliarvoinen funktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(x,y,z,t)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(x,y,z,t)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd59710e7c220dea0610b5f0deb503ef74a7489f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.97ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(x,y,z,t)\,}"></span>. Tutumpi esimerkki on yhteenlaskufunktio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +:\mathbb {R} ^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mo>:</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +:\mathbb {R} ^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96c21df4b88f3b223c79fcd45392c55e08797a93" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.77ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +:\mathbb {R} ^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }"></span>: lukuparin <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,\,y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,\,y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e7afe5870de593e694568d1c4b0b95c6ac50777" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.716ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,\,y)}"></span> yksikäsitteinen kuva-alkio <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +(x,y)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +(x,y)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e47edc6f342061601fb9ee87fb5ba79106583e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +(x,y)}"></span> on lukujen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> ja <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}"></span> summa, ja sitä merkitään yksinkertaisemmin <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x+y\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x+y\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/994db4f49f3ca61d21e19cc47b7ea978c0732428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.713ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x+y\,}"></span> (ks. <a href="/wiki/Laskutoimitus" title="Laskutoimitus">Laskutoimitus</a>). </p><p><br /> Vastaavasti funktion palauttama arvo voi olla usean joukon karteesisen tulon alkio. Tällöin on tapana puhua <b>vektoriarvoisesta funktiosta</b>. Esimerkiksi joen virtaussuunta tasokartalla ja nopeus (kaksi arvoa) voidaan ilmoittaa joen suulta mitatun etäisyyden funktiona <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,P]\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,P]\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/972f7614e02edc64bdd5610c97def3f8574b7b14" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.582ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,P]\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{2}}"></span>, missä <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P&gt;0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P&gt;0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd713165b8911d1e29aabe51e8ed093fa4b349ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.006ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P&gt;0}"></span> on jokin vakio . Erityisesti fysiikassa vektoriarvoisen funktion sijasta puhutaan yleensä <i>vektorikentästä</i>. Esimerkiksi sähkökenttää voi kuvata funktio, joka liittää tiettyyn paikka- ja aika-avaruuden pisteeseen kentän suunnan, eli kyseessä on kuvaus <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{4}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{4}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cfd525d46592e1109424a562015f786de5457897" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.294ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{4}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3}}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joukkojen_kuvat_ja_alkukuvat">Joukkojen kuvat ja alkukuvat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Muokkaa osiota Joukkojen kuvat ja alkukuvat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Joukkojen kuvat ja alkukuvat"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Olkoon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b215af1e965d0595a97ad2b21f7d0cbcf6281303" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.583ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow Y}"></span> funktio eli kuvaus. </p> <ul><li>Joukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\subset X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>&#x2282;<!-- ⊂ --></mo> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\subset X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/826569be03f873b81cdc6f12637ef5520c369d21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.822ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\subset X}"></span> <b>kuvajoukko</b> eli <b>kuva</b> kuvauksessa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span> on joukko</li></ul> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(A)=\{f(x)\in Y:x\in A\}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(A)=\{f(x)\in Y:x\in A\}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b2ee735adf7e4db062819b3217692025dcac358b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.783ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(A)=\{f(x)\in Y:x\in A\}.}"></span></center> <p>Toisinaan kuvajoukkoa merkitään ilman sulkeita: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(A)=fA\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(A)=fA\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4cb6c93a9d14438b2abf1b085f858c5015f1f2e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.338ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(A)=fA\,}"></span>. Funktion kuvajoukko on siis maalijoukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9e3deb85bd2bfe306da34e635f7bfb2926daf8e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.16ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y\,}"></span> osajoukko ja se koostuu niistä <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9e3deb85bd2bfe306da34e635f7bfb2926daf8e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.16ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y\,}"></span>:n kuva-alkioista, joille määrittelyjoukon osajoukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6aaf5ce10d6add44b973e28fb3d95f37abf3721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\,}"></span> alkiot kuvautuvat kuvauksessa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span>. Jos asetamme osajoukoksi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6aaf5ce10d6add44b973e28fb3d95f37abf3721" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.13ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\,}"></span> koko määrittelyjoukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7028e89b7722d12ec0ea8780f26a9912456b63f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.367ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\,}"></span>, ei välttämättä vastaava kuvajoukko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b884e2d65b3356219702968b6751485fb8f38570" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)}"></span> ole koko maalijoukko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span>. Esimerkiksi funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85e6e186aabef9e51814bbce62e625dc67e825f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.186ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/189198b0aa5037bd10e5f2b111c061d867fee3c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.287ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}"></span>, määrittelyjoukon kuva <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\mathbb {R} )=[0,+\infty [}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x221E;<!-- ∞ --></mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\mathbb {R} )=[0,+\infty [}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a91744de6efccafca1fad04984e2ae4fe35ec22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.486ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\mathbb {R} )=[0,+\infty [}"></span>, joka on maalijoukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }"></span> aito osajoukko. </p> <ul><li>Joukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\subset Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mo>&#x2282;<!-- ⊂ --></mo> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\subset Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e7921e1b64009c92cbcb5193f70f3358d9183c10" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\subset Y}"></span> <b>alkukuva</b> kuvauksessa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span> on joukko</li></ul> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{-1}(B)=\{x\in X:f(x)\in B\}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{-1}(B)=\{x\in X:f(x)\in B\}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63d25af758e343d957c2a1ad46edc9e8e932ab37" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.407ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{-1}(B)=\{x\in X:f(x)\in B\}.}"></span></center> <p>Funktion alkukuva on siis määrittelyjoukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7028e89b7722d12ec0ea8780f26a9912456b63f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.367ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\,}"></span> osajoukko ja se koostuu niistä <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7028e89b7722d12ec0ea8780f26a9912456b63f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.367ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\,}"></span>:n alkioista, jotka kuvautuvat joukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8a72cbbfdbb8b9d0dad053538c330994b308bae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\,}"></span> alkioille kuvauksessa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span>. Yksittäisen alkion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y\in Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y\in Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cee1c0ec36a82f33f5e3d7434d5667881b4ec323" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y\in Y}"></span> alkukuva on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\{y\})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\{y\})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cffb74fc953d74a716bf92fd13bba68a9ad8647a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.943ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\{y\})}"></span>. Jos asetetaan osajoukoksi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8a72cbbfdbb8b9d0dad053538c330994b308bae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B\,}"></span> koko maalijoukko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9e3deb85bd2bfe306da34e635f7bfb2926daf8e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.16ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y\,}"></span>, niin vastaava alkukuva on koko määrittelyjoukko. Koko määrittelyjoukko voi kuitenkin olla jonkin maalijoukon aidon osajoukon alkukuva. Esimerkiksi funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85e6e186aabef9e51814bbce62e625dc67e825f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.186ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/189198b0aa5037bd10e5f2b111c061d867fee3c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.287ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}"></span>, maalijoukon osajoukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,+\infty [}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x221E;<!-- ∞ --></mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,+\infty [}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/207d226525287a9b2ebb3ba52c61454a0df207b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.622ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,+\infty [}"></span> alkukuva on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }"></span> eli koko määrittelyjoukko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alkeisfunktiot">Alkeisfunktiot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Muokkaa osiota Alkeisfunktiot" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Alkeisfunktiot"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matematiikassa ja sen sovelluksissa tavallisimpia reaalimuuttujan <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab34739435d9d9d99cddf4041740b107343b1398" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.717ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\,}"></span> funktioita kutsutaan <b><a href="/wiki/Alkeisfunktio" title="Alkeisfunktio">alkeisfunktioiksi</a></b>. Alkeisfunktioita ovat ensinnäkin <a href="/wiki/Polynomi" title="Polynomi">polynomit</a> eli funktiot, jotka määritellään muuttujasta ja vakioista yhteen- ja kertolaskun avulla muodostetuilla laskulausekkeilla. Polynomifunktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4fa5f88a712eb9b03398066a0577fdcf33e02c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.646ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\,}"></span> yleinen muoto on </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p(x)=a_{n}x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mo>&#x22EF;<!-- ⋯ --></mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p(x)=a_{n}x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6879edc8de2f3c2cc2324dc811d61916731c512" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:42.32ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p(x)=a_{n}x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}.}"></span></center> <p>Polynomifunktioiden erikoistapauksia ovat <b>vakiofunktiot</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=c\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=c\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4a27aa5cbd02e8469633e2d7c9581704cf0b984" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.91ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=c\,}"></span>, missä <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8573e7d95140b0d4068258d8162e189563baee6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.394ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\,}"></span> on jokin vakio, ja <b>identtinen (reaalimuuttujan) funktio</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da255cc9a1dc2e0eedeee4bdfb6025f7c308952d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.233ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x\,}"></span>. <b>Rationaalifunktiot</b> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f08ce4d4c86c5b43f36c8435fb598da6471047c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.436ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\,}"></span> määritellään lausekkein, joissa voi esiintyä yhteen- ja kertolaskun lisäksi myös jakolaskuja. Rationaalifunktion laskulauseke voidaan aina saattaa muotoon </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(x)={\frac {a_{n}x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}}{b_{m}x^{m}+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+\cdots +b_{1}x+b_{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mo>&#x22EF;<!-- ⋯ --></mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mo>&#x22EF;<!-- ⋯ --></mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(x)={\frac {a_{n}x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}}{b_{m}x^{m}+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+\cdots +b_{1}x+b_{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c00dfdc6d6f4a799786db2a84e1ed9d64e52f90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.196ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(x)={\frac {a_{n}x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{1}x+a_{0}}{b_{m}x^{m}+b_{m-1}x^{m-1}+\cdots +b_{1}x+b_{0}}}}"></span></center> <p>eli kahden polynomifunktion osamaaräksi. Koska nimittäjä voi olla nolla, rationaalifunktion määrittelyjoukko ei yleensä voi olla koko reaalilukujen joukko. Kun funktion lausekkeen muodostamisessa saa käyttää myös juurenottoja, funktio on <b><a href="/wiki/Algebrallinen_funktio" title="Algebrallinen funktio">algebrallinen funktio</a></b>. </p><p>Algebrallisten funktioiden lisäksi alkeisfunktioihin luetaan <a href="/wiki/Eksponenttifunktio" title="Eksponenttifunktio">eksponenttifunktiot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logaritmifunktio" class="mw-redirect" title="Logaritmifunktio">logaritmifunktiot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigonometrinen_funktio" title="Trigonometrinen funktio">trigonometriset funktiot</a> käänteisfunktioineen ja kaikki näistä yhdistämällä muodostetut funktiot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktion_ydin_ja_kantaja">Funktion ydin ja kantaja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Muokkaa osiota Funktion ydin ja kantaja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Funktion ydin ja kantaja"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebrassa</a> voidaan funktioille lisäksi määritellä <i>ytimen</i> käsite, joka on osoittautunut esimerkiksi isomorfisuuden tutkimisessa hyödylliseksi välineeksi. </p><p>Olkoon seuraavassa <i>G</i> ja <i>G´</i> <a href="/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4_(algebra)" title="Ryhmä (algebra)">ryhmiä</a> ja <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:G\rightarrow G'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>&#x2032;</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:G\rightarrow G'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/817553c9b5796720b0e50ea5930c3f9aa7d36a39" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:G\rightarrow G&#039;}"></span> jokin funktio. </p> <ul><li>Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba5397b34cab7d96daac496a937b0c0fa076dff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.666ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\,}"></span> <b>ydin</b> on joukko</li></ul> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Ker}}(f)=\{x\in G:f(x)=0_{G'}\},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>Ker</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>&#x2208;<!-- ∈ --></mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>&#x2032;</mo> </msup> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{Ker}}(f)=\{x\in G:f(x)=0_{G'}\},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eaf687f643e2aa03cc51f04c4acf336bcba12414" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.578ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{Ker}}(f)=\{x\in G:f(x)=0_{G&#039;}\},}"></span></center> <p>missä merkintä <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0_{G'}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>&#x2032;</mo> </msup> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0_{G'}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4dc2148587208acb06277ed508de3a597c4dc3e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.605ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0_{G&#039;}\,}"></span> tarkoittaa arvojoukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mo>&#x2032;</mo> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b446324069d48c90d1198393e2ef59e561861357" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.899ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G&#039;\,}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Neutraalialkio" title="Neutraalialkio">nolla-alkiota</a>. Toisin sanoen funktion ydin koostuu niistä määrittelyjoukon alkioista, jotka kuvautuvat nolla-alkiolle. Funktion ydin on siis erityisesti nolla-alkion muodostaman yksiön alkukuva. Esimerkiksi funktion <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85e6e186aabef9e51814bbce62e625dc67e825f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.186ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R} }"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/189198b0aa5037bd10e5f2b111c061d867fee3c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.287ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}\,}"></span>, ydin koostuu pelkästä luvusta 0 sillä <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)=0\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)=0\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c6cba9b98bcd542293bac65cd3e1acd5241d569" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.066ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)=0\,}"></span> jos ja vain jos <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41dfd404b94b20856e246e74091140d601931838" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.978ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0\,}"></span>. </p><p>Erityisesti <a href="/wiki/Funktionaalianalyysi" title="Funktionaalianalyysi">funktionaalianalyysissä</a> hyödyllinen käsite on <b>funktion kantaja</b>. Jos funktion määrittelyjoukko on <a href="/wiki/Topologinen_avaruus" title="Topologinen avaruus">topologinen avaruus</a> ja arvojoukko on reaali- tai kompleksilukujen joukko, funktion kantaja on joukon <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">&#x2216;<!-- ∖ --></mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90f9b0c9787340e70257e89a8f5a232b7052a21b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.823ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\})}"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> </mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">&#x2216;<!-- ∖ --></mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/898d85195afdc30b3d1933da5f09984e4ef47208" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.823ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{-1}(\mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\})}"></span>) <b>sulkeuma</b> eli pienin kyseisen joukon sisältävä suljettu joukko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktiokäsitteen_historiaa"><span id="Funktiok.C3.A4sitteen_historiaa"></span>Funktiokäsitteen historiaa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Muokkaa osiota Funktiokäsitteen historiaa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Funktiokäsitteen historiaa"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanan <i>funktio</i> etymologia perustuu latinan verbiin <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/fi:fungor" class="extiw" title="wikt:fi:fungor"><i>fungi</i></a>, 'tehdä, <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/fi:toimia" class="extiw" title="wikt:fi:toimia">toimia</a>, toimittaa'. Sanaa sen matemaattisessa merkityksessä käytti ensimmäisenä saksalainen <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz">G. W. Leibniz</a> vuonna 1694. Sveitsiläinen <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a> käytti vuonna 1718 merkintää <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi x\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>&#x03D5;<!-- ϕ --></mi> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi x\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b52a1b576955a692c16b97a9f8d97475f33057e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.102ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi x\,}"></span>. Merkintää <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78b2b66021c2cac2b5654495678c63ff142952e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.805ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)\,}"></span> käyttivät ensi kerran ranskalainen <i>Alexis Claude Clairaut</i> (1713–1765) ja sveitsiläinen <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a> vuonna 1734. Funktiolla ymmärrettiin pitkään laskulausekkeen tulosta, mutta jo Eulerilla esiintyy ajatus funktiosta minä hyvänsä lukujen välisenä yhteytenä. Saksalainen <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet" title="Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet">Dirichlet</a> esitti vuonna 1837 olennaisesti nykyisen funktion määritelmän, joka ei sido funktiota lukujen laskutoimituksiin. </p><p>Erityisesti <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin Louis Cauchy">Cauchyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" title="Bernhard Riemann">Riemannin</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Weierstrassin</a> havainnot kompleksilukumuuttujan kompleksilukuarvoisista funktioista synnyttivät 1800-luvulla <a href="/wiki/Funktioteoria" title="Funktioteoria">funktioteoriaksi</a> kutsutun matematiikan osa-alueen. Sen tutkimus on ollut elinvoimaista Suomessa 1900-luvulla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktion_ominaisuuksia">Funktion ominaisuuksia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Muokkaa osiota Funktion ominaisuuksia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Funktion ominaisuuksia"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Funktiolle on määritelty paljon erilaisia ominaisuuksia: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affiinikuvaus" title="Affiinikuvaus">affiinisuus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijektio" title="Bijektio">bijektiivisyys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivoituvuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivoituvuus">derivoituvuus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injektio" title="Injektio">injektiivisyys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integroituvuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Integroituvuus">integroituvuus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatkuva_funktio" title="Jatkuva funktio">jatkuvuus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konveksi_funktio" title="Konveksi funktio">konveksisuus ja konkaavisuus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineaarikuvaus" title="Lineaarikuvaus">lineaarisuus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjektio" title="Surjektio">surjektiivisuus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrinen_funktio" title="Symmetrinen funktio">symmetrisyys</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Katso_myös"><span id="Katso_my.C3.B6s"></span>Katso myös</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Muokkaa osiota Katso myös" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Katso myös"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derivaatta" title="Derivaatta">Derivaatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integraali" title="Integraali">Integraali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4nteisfunktio" title="Käänteisfunktio">Käänteisfunktio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matemaattinen_optimointi" title="Matemaattinen optimointi">Matemaattinen optimointi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osittaisfunktio" title="Osittaisfunktio">Osittaisfunktio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynomi" title="Polynomi">Polynomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonometrinen_funktio" title="Trigonometrinen funktio">Trigonometrinen funktio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lähteet"><span id="L.C3.A4hteet"></span>Lähteet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Muokkaa osiota Lähteet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Lähteet"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="viitteet-malline" class="viitteet-malline" style="list-style-type:decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pyramidi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pyramidi_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Pekka Kontkanen, Riitta Liira, Kerkko Luosto, Juha Nurmi, Riikka Nurmiainen, Anja Ronkainen ja Sisko Savolainen:&#32;<i>Pyramidi 1</i>, s. 115.&#32;&#32;Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, 2010.&#32;&#32;<a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/978-951-26-5134-4" title="Toiminnot:Kirjalähteet/978-951-26-5134-4">ISBN&#160;978-951-26-5134-4</a>&#32;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-h1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Häsä, Jokke; Rämö, Johanna:&#32;<i>Johdatus abstraktiin algebraan</i>, s. 18–19.&#32;&#32;Helsinki&#58;&#32;&#32;Gaudeamus, 2015.&#32;&#32;<a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/978-952-495-361-0" title="Toiminnot:Kirjalähteet/978-952-495-361-0">ISBN&#160;978-952-495-361-0</a>&#32;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Euler/">Leonhard Euler - Biography</a>&#32;<i>Maths History</i>. Viitattu 5.12.2021.&#32;<span style="font-size: 0.95em;">(englanniksi)</span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjallisuutta">Kirjallisuutta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Muokkaa osiota Kirjallisuutta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Kirjallisuutta"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Häsä, Jokke; Rämö, Johanna:&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Johdatus_abstraktiin_algebraan" class="mw-redirect" title="Johdatus abstraktiin algebraan">Johdatus abstraktiin algebraan</a></i>.&#32;&#32;Helsinki&#58;&#32;&#32;Gaudeamus, 2015.&#32;&#32;<a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/978-952-495-361-0" title="Toiminnot:Kirjalähteet/978-952-495-361-0">ISBN&#160;978-952-495-361-0</a>&#32;</span></li> <li><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Merikoski, Jorma; Virtanen, Ari; Koivisto, Pertti:&#32;<i>Diskreetti matematiikka I</i>.&#32;&#32;Tampere&#58;&#32;&#32;Tampereen yliopisto, 2001 (1993).&#32;&#32;<a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/951-44-3604-0" title="Toiminnot:Kirjalähteet/951-44-3604-0">ISBN&#160;951-44-3604-0</a>&#32;</span></li> <li><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite">Pitkäranta, Juhani:&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mycourses.aalto.fi/pluginfile.php/123037/mod_resource/content/2/calculusfennicus.pdf">Calculus Fennicus – TKK:n 1. lukuvuoden laaja matematiikka (2000–2013)</a>&#32;<small>(pdf)</small>&#32;Helsinki&#58;&#32;&#32;Avoimet oppimateriaalit ry. <a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/9789527010129" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-952-7010-12-9</a> <a href="/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/9789527010" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-952-7010</a>-6 (pdf).</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aiheesta_muualla">Aiheesta muualla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Muokkaa osiota Aiheesta muualla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muokkaa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Funktio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Muokkaa osion lähdekoodia: Aiheesta muualla"><span>muokkaa wikitekstiä</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Kuvia tai muita tiedostoja aiheesta <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Functions_(mathematics)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Functions (mathematics)">Funktio</a></b> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Etusivu" class="extiw" title="commons:Etusivu">Wikimedia Commonsissa</a></li></ul> <p><i style="display:none; 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mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" > <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Muissa hankkeissa</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Functions_(mathematics)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11348" title="Linkki yhdistettyyn keskustietovaraston kohteeseen [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-kohde</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Muilla kielillä</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funksie" title="Funksie — afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Funksie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik) — sveitsinsaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Funktion (Mathematik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsinsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%A2" title="አስረካቢ — amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አስረካቢ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funktio" title="Funktio — inarinsaame" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Funktio" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inarinsaame" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دالة — arabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci%C3%B3n_matematica" title="Función matematica — aragonia" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Función matematica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci%C3%B3n_matem%C3%A1tica" title="Función matemática — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Función matemática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funksiya_(riyaziyyat)" title="Funksiya (riyaziyyat) — azeri" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Funksiya (riyaziyyat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungsi_(matematika)" title="Fungsi (matematika) — indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fungsi (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungsi" title="Fungsi — malaiji" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fungsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95_(%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4)" title="অপেক্ষক (গণিত) — bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপেক্ষক (গণিত)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2m-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Hâm-sò͘ — min nan -kiina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hâm-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan -kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функция (математика) — baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Функция (математика)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функцыя (матэматыка) — valkovenäjä" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Функцыя (матэматыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valkovenäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функцыя (матэматыка) — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Функцыя (матэматыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4)" title="फंक्शन (गणित) — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फंक्शन (गणित)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcija_(matematika)" title="Funkcija (matematika) — bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Funkcija (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Функция — bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Функция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci%C3%B3" title="Funció — katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Funció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функци (математика) — tšuvassi" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Функци (математика)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkce_(matematika)" title="Funkce (matematika) — tšekki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Funkce (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšekki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murimo_(Masvomhu)" title="Murimo (Masvomhu) — šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Murimo (Masvomhu)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffwythiant" title="Ffwythiant — kymri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffwythiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kymri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funktion_(matematik)" title="Funktion (matematik) — tanska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Funktion (matematik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="tanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دالة — marokonarabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دالة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokonarabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik) — saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Funktion (Mathematik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funktsioon_(matemaatika)" title="Funktsioon (matemaatika) — viro" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Funktsioon (matemaatika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="viro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Συνάρτηση — kreikka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνάρτηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreikka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics) — englanti" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Function (mathematics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci%C3%B3n_(matem%C3%A1tica)" title="Función (matemática) — espanja" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Función (matemática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcio_(matematiko)" title="Funkcio (matematiko) — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Funkcio (matematiko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funtzio_(matematika)" title="Funtzio (matematika) — baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Funtzio (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="تابع — persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تابع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function" title="Function — fidžinhindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Function" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fidžinhindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funksj%C3%B3n" title="Funksjón — fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Funksjón" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonction_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Fonction (mathématiques) — ranska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fonction (mathématiques)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ranska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feidhm_(matamaitic)" title="Feidhm (matamaitic) — iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feidhm (matamaitic)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci%C3%B3n" title="Función — galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Función" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="函數 — gan-kiina" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="函數" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan-kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Функция — kalmukki" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Функция" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmukki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" title="함수 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="함수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1)" title="Ֆունկցիա (մաթեմատիկա) — armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆունկցիա (մաթեմատիկա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="फलन — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcija_(matematika)" title="Funkcija (matematika) — kroatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Funkcija (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funciono" title="Funciono — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Funciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematica)" title="Function (mathematica) — interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Function (mathematica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_(st%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Fall (stærðfræði) — islanti" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fall (stærðfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funzione_(matematica)" title="Funzione (matematica) — italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Funzione (matematica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="פונקציה — heprea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונקציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heprea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9lab%C9%A9m" title="Kɩlabɩm — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩlabɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="ფუნქცია (მათემატიკა) — georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფუნქცია (მათემატიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функция (математика) — kazakki" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Функция (математика)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonksyon_(mat%C3%A9matik)" title="Fonksyon (matématik) — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fonksyon (matématik)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2_(%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94)" title="ຕຳລາ (ຄະນິດສາດ) — lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕຳລາ (ຄະນິດສາດ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functio" title="Functio — latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Functio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcija" title="Funkcija — latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Funkcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funktioun_(Mathematik)" title="Funktioun (Mathematik) — luxemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Funktioun (Mathematik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcija_(matematika)" title="Funkcija (matematika) — liettua" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Funkcija (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="liettua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fancu" title="fancu — lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fancu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonzion_(matematega)" title="Fonzion (matematega) — lombardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fonzion (matematega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCggv%C3%A9ny_(matematika)" title="Függvény (matematika) — unkari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Függvény (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="unkari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функција (математика) — makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Функција (математика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫങ്ഷൻ — malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫങ്ഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funzjonijiet_(matematika)" title="Funzjonijiet (matematika) — malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Funzjonijiet (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4)" title="फल (गणित) — marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फल (गणित)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Функц (математик) — mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Функц (математик)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဖန်ရှင် — burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖန်ရှင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakacaka_(fika)" title="Cakacaka (fika) — fidži" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Cakacaka (fika)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidži" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functie_(wiskunde)" title="Functie (wiskunde) — hollanti" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Functie (wiskunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="関数 (数学) — japani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="関数 (数学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funksion" title="Funksion — pohjoisfriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Funksion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="pohjoisfriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funksjon_(matematikk)" title="Funksjon (matematikk) — norjan bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Funksjon (matematikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norjan bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematisk_funksjon" title="Matematisk funksjon — norjan nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matematisk funksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norjan nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplicacion_(matematicas)" title="Aplicacion (matematicas) — oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aplicacion (matematicas)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warroomii_(faankishinii)" title="Warroomii (faankishinii) — oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Warroomii (faankishinii)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funksiya_(matematika)" title="Funksiya (matematika) — uzbekki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Funksiya (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC)" title="ਫੰਕਸ਼ਨ (ਹਿਸਾਬ) — pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੰਕਸ਼ਨ (ਹਿਸਾਬ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86" title="فنکشن — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فنکشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongshan_(matimatix)" title="Fongshan (matimatix) — jamaikankreolienglanti" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fongshan (matimatix)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikankreolienglanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonsion" title="Fonsion — piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fonsion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbillen_(Mathematik)" title="Afbillen (Mathematik) — alasaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Afbillen (Mathematik)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alasaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcja" title="Funkcja — puola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Funkcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="puola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(matem%C3%A1tica)" title="Função (matemática) — portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Função (matemática)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie" title="Funcție — romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Funcție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinraysuyu" title="Kinraysuyu — ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kinraysuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функция (математика) — venäjä" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Функция (математика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="venäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D,_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Функция. Функция чэрчитэ, суолталарын түмсээнэ — jakuutti" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Функция. Функция чэрчитэ, суолталарын түмсээнэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuutti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics) — skotti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Function (mathematics)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funksioni" title="Funksioni — albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Funksioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funzioni_(matim%C3%A0tica)" title="Funzioni (matimàtica) — sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funzioni (matimàtica)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics) — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Function (mathematics)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zobrazenie_(matematika)" title="Zobrazenie (matematika) — slovakki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zobrazenie (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcija_(matematika)" title="Funkcija (matematika) — sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Funkcija (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcyjo" title="Funkcyjo — sleesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Funkcyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sleesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaqada_(xisaabta)" title="Shaqada (xisaabta) — somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shaqada (xisaabta)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="فانکشن (ماتماتیک) — soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فانکشن (ماتماتیک)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функција (математика) — serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Функција (математика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcija" title="Funkcija — serbokroaatti" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Funkcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaatti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungsi_(matematika)" title="Fungsi (matematika) — sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fungsi (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funktion" title="Funktion — ruotsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Funktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ruotsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punsiyon_(matematika)" title="Punsiyon (matematika) — tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punsiyon (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சார்பு — tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tas%C9%A3ent_(tusnakt)" title="Tasɣent (tusnakt) — kabyyli" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasɣent (tusnakt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyyli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функция (математика) — tataari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Функция (математика)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C)" title="ฟังก์ชัน (คณิตศาสตร์) — thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟังก์ชัน (คณิตศาสตร์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0m_s%E1%BB%91" title="Hàm số — vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hàm số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonksiyon" title="Fonksiyon — turkki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fonksiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функция (математика) — udmurtti" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Функция (математика)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Функція (математика) — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Функція (математика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_(%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تفاعل (ریاضیات) — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تفاعل (ریاضیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%87%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="فۇنكسىيە — uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فۇنكسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkcii_(matematik)" title="Funkcii (matematik) — vepsä" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Funkcii (matematik)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84" title="映射 — klassinen kiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="映射" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassinen kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funsiyon_(matematika)" title="Funsiyon (matematika) — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Funsiyon (matematika)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="函数 — wu-kiina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="函数" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פונקציע — jiddiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פונקציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="函數 — kantoninkiina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="函數" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoninkiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkc%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Funkcėjė — samogiitti" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Funkcėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogiitti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="函数 — kiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="函数" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C_(%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C)" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ (ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ) — vakioitu tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ (ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ)" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="vakioitu tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11348#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muokkaa kieltenvälisiä linkkejä" class="wbc-editpage">Muokkaa linkkejä</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sivua on viimeksi muutettu 12. marraskuuta 2024 kello 16.01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teksti on saatavilla <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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