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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_civil_engineer_to_classical_liberal_economist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_civil_engineer_to_classical_liberal_economist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>From civil engineer to classical liberal economist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_civil_engineer_to_classical_liberal_economist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_and_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_and_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Economics and sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_and_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascism_and_power_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascism_and_power_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fascism and power distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascism_and_power_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economic concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pareto_theory_of_maximum_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pareto_theory_of_maximum_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pareto theory of maximum economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pareto_theory_of_maximum_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vilfredo Pareto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فيلفريدو باريتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلفريدو باريتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B" title="ভিলফ্রেদো পারেতো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিলফ্রেদো পারেতো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вільфрэда Парэта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільфрэда Парэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вільфрэда Парэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вільфрэда Парэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вилфредо Парето – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилфредо Парето" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Βιλφρέντο Παρέτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιλφρέντο Παρέτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ویلفردو پارتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلفردو پارتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%8F%84_%ED%8C%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%86%A0" title="빌프레도 파레토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌프레도 파레토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B8_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Վիլֆրեդո Պարետո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլֆրեդո Պարետո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="विलफ्रेडो परेटो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलफ्रेडो परेटो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95" title="וילפרדו פארטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילפרדו פארטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ვილფრედო პარეტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილფრედო პარეტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вильфредо Парето – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вильфредо Парето" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Парето, Вильфредо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парето, Вильфредо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredus_Pareto" title="Vilfredus Pareto – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vilfredus Pareto" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ვილფრედო პარეტო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვილფრედო პარეტო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فيلفريدو باريتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلفريدو باريتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вильфредо Парето – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вильфредо Парето" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဗွီးလ်ဖရက်ဒို ပါရိတို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗွီးလ်ဖရက်ဒို ပါရိတို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ヴィルフレド・パレート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルフレド・パレート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_Vilfredo" title="Pareto Vilfredo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pareto Vilfredo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Парето, Вильфредо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парето, Вильфредо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вилфредо Парето – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилфредо Парето" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Вільфредо Парето – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільфредо Парето" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vilfredo Pareto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%AF%E6%89%98" title="维尔弗雷多·帕累托 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维尔弗雷多·帕累托" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%AF%E6%89%98" title="维尔弗雷多·帕累托 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维尔弗雷多·帕累托" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11031#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vilfredo_Pareto" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian polymath (1848–1923)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Vilfredo Pareto</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilfredo_Pareto_1870s2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vilfredo_Pareto_1870s2.jpg/220px-Vilfredo_Pareto_1870s2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vilfredo_Pareto_1870s2.jpg/330px-Vilfredo_Pareto_1870s2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Vilfredo_Pareto_1870s2.jpg/440px-Vilfredo_Pareto_1870s2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1435" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pareto in the 1870s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Wilfried Fritz Pareto</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1848-07-15</span>)</span>15 July 1848<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Paris, <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 August 1923<span style="display:none">(1923-08-19)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ligny" title="Céligny">Céligny</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Italian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin" title="Polytechnic University of Turin">Polytechnic University of Turin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Molinari</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rothbard_2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maffeo_Pantaleoni" title="Maffeo Pantaleoni">Pantaleoni</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rothbard_2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rothbard_2006_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rothbard_2006_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circulation_of_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulation of elite">Circulation of elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelimity" title="Ophelimity">Ophelimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareto analysis">Pareto analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_chart" title="Pareto chart">Pareto chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_distribution" title="Pareto distribution">Pareto distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_index" title="Pareto index">Pareto index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_interpolation" title="Pareto interpolation">Pareto interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_priority_index" title="Pareto priority index">Pareto priority index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_principle" title="Pareto principle">Pareto principle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mind_and_Society" title="The Mind and Society">The Mind and Society</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilfredo_Pareto_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vilfredo_Pareto_signature.png/150px-Vilfredo_Pareto_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vilfredo_Pareto_signature.png/225px-Vilfredo_Pareto_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Vilfredo_Pareto_signature.png/300px-Vilfredo_Pareto_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born <b>Wilfried Fritz Pareto</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, whose areas of interest included <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a> and in the analysis of individuals' choices, and was one of the minds behind the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne School</a> of economics. He was also responsible for popularising the use of the term <i>elite</i> in social analysis. He has been described as "one of the last <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> scholars. Trained in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, he became a polymath whose genius radiated into nearly all other major fields of knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a> and helped develop the field of <a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a>. He was also the first to claim that income follows a <a href="/wiki/Pareto_distribution" title="Pareto distribution">Pareto distribution</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</a> probability distribution. The <a href="/wiki/Pareto_principle" title="Pareto principle">Pareto principle</a> was named after him, and it was built on his observations that 80% of the wealth in Italy belonged to about 20% of the population. He also contributed to the fields of mathematics and sociology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pareto was born of an exiled noble <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> family on 15 July 1848 in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wife_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wife-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the centre of the popular revolutions of that year. His father, Raffaele Pareto (1812–1882), was an Italian civil engineer and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Ligurian</a> marquis who had left Italy much as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and other Italian nationalists had.<sup id="cite_ref-Amoroso_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amoroso-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Marie Metenier, was a French woman. Enthusiastic about the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">revolutions of 1848 in the German states</a>, his parents named him Wilfried Fritz, which became Vilfredo Federico upon his family's move back to Italy in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his childhood, Pareto lived in a <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> environment, receiving a high standard of education, attending the newly created <i>Istituto Tecnico Leardi</i> where <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Pio_Rosellini" title="Ferdinando Pio Rosellini">Ferdinando Pio Rosellini</a> was his mathematics professor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869, he earned a doctorate in engineering from what is now the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Turin" title="Polytechnic University of Turin">Polytechnic University of Turin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Amoroso_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amoroso-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then known as the Technical School for Engineers, with a dissertation entitled "The Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium in Solid Bodies". His later interest in equilibrium analysis in <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_equilibrium" title="Social equilibrium">sociology</a> can be traced back to this dissertation. Pareto was among the contributors to the Rome-based magazine <i><a href="/wiki/La_Ronda_(magazine)" title="La Ronda (magazine)">La Ronda</a></i> between 1919 and 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_civil_engineer_to_classical_liberal_economist">From civil engineer to classical liberal economist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From civil engineer to classical liberal economist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some years after graduation, Pareto worked as a <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a>, first for the state-owned Italian Railway Company and later in private industry. He was manager of the Iron Works of San Giovanni Valdarno and later general manager of Italian Iron Works.<sup id="cite_ref-Amoroso_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amoroso-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not begin serious work in economics until his mid-forties. He started his career as a fiery advocate of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, besetting the most ardent British liberals with his attacks on any form of government intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>. In 1886, he became a lecturer on <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>. His stay in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> was marked by political activity, much of it fueled by his own frustrations with government regulators. In 1889, after the death of his parents, Pareto changed his lifestyle, quitting his job and marrying a Russian woman, Alessandrina Bakunina.<sup id="cite_ref-wife_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wife-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_and_sociology">Economics and sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economics and sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1893, Pareto succeeded <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a> to the chair of Political Economy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a> in Switzerland where he remained for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Amoroso_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amoroso-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published there in 1896–1897 a textbook containing the <a href="/wiki/Pareto_distribution" title="Pareto distribution">Pareto distribution</a> of how wealth is distributed, which he believed was a constant "through any human society, in any age, or country".<sup id="cite_ref-Amoroso_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amoroso-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, he made the famous observation that twenty per cent of the population owned eighty per cent of the property in Italy, later generalised by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Juran" title="Joseph M. Juran">Joseph M. Juran</a> into the Pareto principle, also termed the <a href="/wiki/80%E2%80%9320_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="80–20 rule">80–20 rule</a>. Pareto maintained cordial personal relationships with individual <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> but always thought their economic ideas were severely flawed. He later became suspicious of their motives and denounced socialist leaders as an "aristocracy of brigands" who threatened to despoil the country and criticized the government of the Italian statesman <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> for not taking a tougher stance against worker strikes. Growing unrest among labour in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> led him to the anti-socialist and anti-democratic camp.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> in his last years is a matter of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-RenatoCirillo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RenatoCirillo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pareto's relationship with scientific sociology in the age of the foundation is grafted in a paradigmatic way at the moment in which he, starting from the political economy, criticizes <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> as a totalizing and metaphysical system devoid of a rigorous logical-experimental method. In this sense we can read the fate of the Paretian production within a history of the social sciences that continues to show its peculiarity and interest for its contributions in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of Pareto is also part of the multidisciplinary research of a scientific model that privileges sociology as a critique of cumulative models of knowledge as well as a discipline tending to the affirmation of relational models of science.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1889, Pareto married Alessandrina <a href="/wiki/Bakunin_family" title="Bakunin family">Bakunina</a>, a Russian woman. She left him in 1902 for a young servant. Twenty years later in 1923, he married Jeanne Regis, a French woman, just before his death in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, on 19 August 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-wife_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wife-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology">Sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pareto's later years were spent in collecting the material for his best-known work, <i>Trattato di sociologia generale</i> (1916) (<i>The Mind and Society</i>, published in 1935). His final work was <i>Compendio di sociologia generale</i> (1920). In his <i>Trattato di Sociologia Generale</i> (1916, rev. French trans. 1917), published in English by <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace">Harcourt, Brace</a>, in a four-volume edition edited by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Livingston" title="Arthur Livingston">Arthur Livingston</a> under the title <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mind_and_Society" title="The Mind and Society">The Mind and Society</a></i> (1935), Pareto developed the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Circulation_of_elites" title="Circulation of elites">circulation of elites</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">social cycle theory</a> in sociology. He is famous for saying "history is a graveyard of aristocracies".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pareto might have turned to sociology for an understanding of why his mathematical economic theories did not always predict actions of individuals in practice, in the belief that unforeseen or uncontrollable social factors intervened. His sociology holds that much social action is nonlogical and that much personal action is designed to give spurious logicality to non-rational actions. We are driven, he taught, by certain "residues" and by "derivations" from these residues. The more important of these have to do with conservatism and risk-taking, and human history is the story of the alternate dominance of these sentiments in the ruling elite, which comes into power strong in conservatism but gradually changes over to the philosophy of the "foxes" or speculators. A catastrophe results, with a return to conservatism; the "lion" mentality follows. This cycle might be broken by the use of force, says Pareto, but the elite becomes weak and humanitarian and shrinks from violence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among those who introduced Pareto's sociology to the United States were <a href="/wiki/George_C._Homans" title="George C. Homans">George C. Homans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Joseph_Henderson" title="Lawrence Joseph Henderson">Lawrence Joseph Henderson</a> at Harvard, and Paretian ideas gained considerable influence, especially on Harvard sociologist <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a>, who developed a systems approach to society and economics that argues the <i>status quo</i> is usually functional.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_DeVoto" title="Bernard DeVoto">Bernard DeVoto</a> played an important role in introducing Pareto's ideas to these Cambridge intellectuals and other Americans in the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a>, in his biography of DeVoto, recounts these developments and says this about the often misunderstood distinction between "residues" and "derivations". He wrote: "Basic to Pareto's method is the analysis of society through its non-rational 'residues,' which are persistent and unquestioned social habits, beliefs, and assumptions, and its 'derivations,' which are the explanations, justifications, and rationalizations we make of them. One of the commonest errors of social thinkers is to assume rationality and logic in social attitudes and structures; another is to confuse residues and derivations."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fascism_and_power_distribution">Fascism and power distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fascism and power distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renato Cirillo wrote that Pareto had frequently been considered a predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> as a result of his support for the movement when it began. Cirillo disagreed with this interpretation, suggesting that Pareto was critical of fascism in his private letters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pareto argued that democracy was an illusion and that a ruling class always emerged and enriched itself. For him, the key question was how actively the rulers ruled. For this reason, he called for a drastic reduction of the state and welcomed <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s rule as a transition to this minimal state so as to liberate the perceived pure economic forces.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a young student, Mussolini had attended some of Pareto's lectures at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a> in 1904. It has been argued that Mussolini's move away from socialism towards a form of <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a> may be attributed to Pareto's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-musso_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musso-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau">Franz Borkenau</a>, a biographer, argued that Mussolini followed Pareto's policy ideas during the beginning of his tenure as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> dubbed Pareto the "theoretician of totalitarianism";<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Cirillo, there is no evidence in Popper's published work that he read Pareto in any detail before repeating what was then a common but dubious judgement in anti-fascist circles.<sup id="cite_ref-RenatoCirillo_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RenatoCirillo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_concepts">Economic concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pareto_theory_of_maximum_economics">Pareto theory of maximum economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pareto theory of maximum economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pareto turned his interest to economic matters, and he became an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, finding himself in conflict with the Italian government. His writings reflected the ideas of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a> that economics is essentially a mathematical and natural science.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried to sketch economics in analogy to mechanics, explicitly linking pure (and applied) economics to pure (and applied) mechanics,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presenting a concordance table relating the two sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pareto was a leader of the "<a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne School</a>" and represents the second generation of the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical Revolution">Neoclassical Revolution</a>. His "tastes-and-obstacles" approach to <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">general equilibrium theory</a> was resurrected during the great "Paretian Revival" of the 1930s and has influenced theoretical economics since.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Manual of Political Economy</i> (1906) the focus is on equilibrium in terms of solutions to individual problems of "objectives and constraints". He used the indifference curve of Edgeworth (1881) extensively, for the theory of the consumer and, another great novelty, in his theory of the producer. He gave the first presentation of the trade-off box now known as the "Edgeworth-Bowley" box.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pareto was the first to realize that cardinal utility could be dispensed with, and economic equilibrium thought of in terms of ordinal utility,<sup id="cite_ref-Aspers_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aspers-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, it was not necessary to know how much a person valued this or that, only that he preferred X of this to Y of that. Utility was a preference-ordering. With this, Pareto not only inaugurated modern microeconomics but he also attacked the alliance of economics and utilitarian philosophy, which calls for the greatest good for the greatest number; Pareto said <i>good</i> cannot be measured. He replaced it with the notion of Pareto-optimality, the idea that a system is enjoying maximum economic satisfaction when no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off. Pareto optimality is widely used in welfare economics and game theory. A standard theorem is that a perfectly competitive market creates distributions of wealth that are Pareto optimal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts">Concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some economic concepts still in use in the 21st century are based on Pareto’s work. The <a href="/wiki/Pareto_chart" title="Pareto chart">Pareto chart</a> is a special type of <a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">histogram</a>, used to view the causes of a problem in order of severity from largest to smallest. It is a statistical tool that graphically demonstrates the Pareto principle or the 80–20 rule. The Pareto principle concerns the distribution of income, while the <a href="/wiki/Pareto_distribution" title="Pareto distribution">Pareto distribution</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</a> used, among other things, as a mathematical realization of Pareto's law, and <a href="/wiki/Ophelimity" title="Ophelimity">Ophelimity</a> is a measure of purely economic satisfaction. The <a href="/wiki/Pareto_index" title="Pareto index">Pareto index</a> is a measure of the inequality of income distribution. Pareto argued that in all countries and times the distribution of income and wealth is highly skewed, with a few holding most of the wealth. He argued that all observed societies follow a regular logarithmic pattern:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ N=Ax^{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ N=Ax^{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f2d2fae8756110d739d23e16ff0b57605f3e7701" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.491ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ N=Ax^{m}}"></span> where N is the number of people with wealth higher than x, and A and m are constants. Over the years, Pareto's law proved remarkably close to observed data, with economists typically finding it plausible according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. The Pareto efficiency is generally not very discriminating while the concept of potential Pareto-efficiency, also known as Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, is more discriminating and is widely used in economics. A common criticism outside of economics is that it relies on subjective preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference">Oxford Reference</a></i>, the Pareto principle can be controversial in <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">welfare economics</a> since its assumptions are empirically questionable, may embody value-judgements, and tend to favour the <i>status quo</i>. As a result of its silence on the initial distribution of resources, most sociologists are also critical of Paretian welfare economics.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pareto,_Vilfredo_%E2%80%93_Compendio_di_sociologia_generale,_1920_%E2%80%93_BEIC_15668284.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pareto%2C_Vilfredo_%E2%80%93_Compendio_di_sociologia_generale%2C_1920_%E2%80%93_BEIC_15668284.jpg/220px-Pareto%2C_Vilfredo_%E2%80%93_Compendio_di_sociologia_generale%2C_1920_%E2%80%93_BEIC_15668284.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pareto%2C_Vilfredo_%E2%80%93_Compendio_di_sociologia_generale%2C_1920_%E2%80%93_BEIC_15668284.jpg/330px-Pareto%2C_Vilfredo_%E2%80%93_Compendio_di_sociologia_generale%2C_1920_%E2%80%93_BEIC_15668284.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pareto%2C_Vilfredo_%E2%80%93_Compendio_di_sociologia_generale%2C_1920_%E2%80%93_BEIC_15668284.jpg/440px-Pareto%2C_Vilfredo_%E2%80%93_Compendio_di_sociologia_generale%2C_1920_%E2%80%93_BEIC_15668284.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><i>Compendio di sociologia generale</i>, 1920</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Cours d'Économie Politique Professé a l'Université de Lausanne</i> (in French), 1896–97. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407212541/http://www.institutcoppet.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Cours-d%C3%A9conomie-politique-Tome-I-Vilfredo-Pareto.pdf">Vol. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128205541/http://www.institutcoppet.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Cours-d%C3%A9conomie-politique-Tome-II-Vilfredo-Pareto.pdf">Vol. II</a>)</li> <li><i>Les Systèmes Socialistes</i> (in French), 1902. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LesSystmesSocialistesPareto/page/n5/mode/2up">Vol. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.286973">Vol. II</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/it:Manuale_di_economia_politica_con_una_introduzione_alla_scienza_sociale" class="extiw" title="s:it:Manuale di economia politica con una introduzione alla scienza sociale">Manuale di economia politica con una introduzione alla scienza sociale</a></i> (in Italian), 1906.</li> <li><i>Trattato di sociologia generale</i> (in Italian), G. Barbéra, Florence, 1916. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ParetoTrattatoDiSociologiaGeneraleVol1">Vol. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ParetoTrattatoDiSociologiaGeneraleVol2/page/n1/mode/2up">Vol. II</a>) <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=15668284"><i>Compendio di sociologia generale</i></a> (in Italian). Florence: Barbèra. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendio+di+sociologia+generale&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Barb%C3%A8ra&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D15668284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Abridgement" title="Abridgement">Abridgement</a> of <i>Trattato di sociologia generale</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gabriel_Montgomery" title="Bo Gabriel Montgomery">Bo Gabriel Montgomery</a>. <i>Politique financière d'aujourd'hui, principalement en considération de la situation financière et économique en Suisse</i>. Attinger Frères, 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fattieteorie00pare/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Fatti e teorie</i></a> (in Italian), 1920. (Collection of previously published articles with an original epilogue)</li> <li><i>Trasformazione della democrazia</i> (in Italian), 1921. (Collection of previously published articles with an original appendix)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mind_and_Society" title="The Mind and Society">The Mind and Society</a></i>. Translated by Bongiorno, Andrew; Livingston, Arthur. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+and+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Company&rft.date=1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span> (translation of <i>Trattato di sociologia generale</i>). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mindsocietytratt01pare#page/n9/mode/2up">Vol. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMindAndSocietyVolIii">Vol. II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.166857">Vol. III</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mindsocietytratt04pare#page/n7/mode/2up">Vol. IV</a>) <ul><li><i>Compendium of General Sociology</i>, University of Minnesota Press, 1980 (abridgement of <i>The Mind and Society</i>; translation of <i>Compendio di sociologia generale</i>).</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sociological Writings</i>, Praeger, 1966 (translations of excerpts from major works).</li> <li><i>Manual of Political Economy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_M._Kelley" title="Augustus M. Kelley">Augustus M. Kelley</a>, 1971 (translation of 1927 French edition of <i>Manuale di economia politica con una introduzione alla scienza sociale</i>).</li> <li><i>The Transformation of Democracy</i>, Transaction Books, 1984 (translation of <i>Trasformazione della democrazia</i>).</li> <li><i>The Rise and Fall of Elites: An Application of Theoretical Sociology</i>, Transaction Publishers, 1991 (translation of essay <i>Un applicazione di teorie sociologiche</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/parliamentaryrg00paregoog#page/n103/mode/2up">"The Parliamentary Régime in Italy,"</a> <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, Vol. VIII, Ginn & Company, 1893.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1821012">"The New Theories of Economics,"</a> <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>, Vol. 5, No. 4, September 1897.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/livingage2884090bostuoft#page/446/mode/2up">"An Italian View,"</a> <i>The Living Age</i>, November 1922.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Gaetano Mosca</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Nye1977" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Nye (1977). <i>The Anti-Democratic Sources of Elite Theory: Pareto, Mosca, Michels</i>. Sage. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anti-Democratic+Sources+of+Elite+Theory%3A+Pareto%2C+Mosca%2C+Michels&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Robert+A.+Nye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._J._Chambliss2013" class="citation book cs1">J. J. Chambliss, ed. (2013). <i>Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Education%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard_2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_2006_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_2006_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_2006_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_2006_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray</a> (2006). "After Mill: Bastiat and the French laissez-faire tradition". <i><a href="/wiki/An_Austrian_Perspective_on_the_History_of_Economic_Thought" title="An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought">An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought</a></i>. Vol. Classical economics. Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. <span class="nowrap">456–</span>457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=After+Mill%3A+Bastiat+and+the+French+laissez-faire+tradition&rft.btitle=An+Austrian+Perspective+on+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E456-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Duncan Mitchell. <i>A Hundred Years of Sociology.</i> Transaction Publishers, 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGPeRMntkDcC&pg=PA115">p. 115.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780202366647" title="Special:BookSources/9780202366647">9780202366647</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoccara2010" class="citation book cs1">Boccara, Nino (9 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=boUorPmcbKMC&dq=Wilfried+Fritz+Pareto&pg=PA372"><i>Modeling Complex Systems</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6562-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-6562-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modeling+Complex+Systems&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6562-2&rft.aulast=Boccara&rft.aufirst=Nino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DboUorPmcbKMC%26dq%3DWilfried%2BFritz%2BPareto%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodMcLure1999" class="citation book cs1">Wood, John Cunningham; McLure, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NvDpEX_QRAwC&pg=PA188"><i>Vilfredo Pareto: Critical Assessments of Leading Economists</i></a>. Vol. III. London New York: Routledge. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18499-1"><bdi>978-0-415-18499-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vilfredo+Pareto%3A+Critical+Assessments+of+Leading+Economists&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18499-1&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=John+Cunningham&rft.au=McLure%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNvDpEX_QRAwC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wife-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wife_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wife_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wife_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204438/http://statprob.com/encyclopedia/VilfredoFederigoSamasoPARETO.html">"The Encyclopedia Sponsored by Statistics and Probability Societies"</a>. StatProb. 19 August 1923. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statprob.com/encyclopedia/VilfredoFederigoSamasoPARETO.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>among a menagerie of cats that he and his French lover kept [in their villa;] the local divorce laws prevented him from divorcing his wife and remarrying until just a few months prior to his death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Sponsored+by+Statistics+and+Probability+Societies&rft.pub=StatProb&rft.date=1923-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatprob.com%2Fencyclopedia%2FVilfredoFederigoSamasoPARETO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amoroso-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amoroso_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amoroso_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amoroso_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amoroso_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amoroso_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoroso1938" class="citation journal cs1">Amoroso, Luigi (January 1938). "Vilfredo Pareto". <i>Econometrica</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1910081">10.2307/1910081</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1910081">1910081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=Vilfredo+Pareto&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1938-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1910081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1910081%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Amoroso&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Suntum2005" class="citation book cs1">van Suntum, Ulrich (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ulrichvansuntumi00sunt"><i>The Invisible Hand</i></a></span>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ulrichvansuntumi00sunt/page/n40">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-20497-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-20497-0"><bdi>3-540-20497-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Hand&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-540-20497-0&rft.aulast=van+Suntum&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fulrichvansuntumi00sunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacalone-Monaco1966" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giacalone-Monaco, Tommaso (1966). "Ricerche intorno alla giovinezza di Vilfredo Pareto". <i>Giornale degli Economisti e Annali di Economia</i> (in Italian). <b>25</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-0097">0017-0097</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23239355">23239355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Giornale+degli+Economisti+e+Annali+di+Economia&rft.atitle=Ricerche+intorno+alla+giovinezza+di+Vilfredo+Pareto&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23239355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0017-0097&rft.aulast=Giacalone-Monaco&rft.aufirst=Tommaso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimone_Germini2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simone Germini (31 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imalpensanti.it/2013/05/riviste-letterarie-del-novecento-la-ronda/">"Riviste letterarie del Novecento – La Ronda"</a>. <i>iMalpensanti</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iMalpensanti&rft.atitle=Riviste+letterarie+del+Novecento+%E2%80%93+La+Ronda&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft.au=Simone+Germini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimalpensanti.it%2F2013%2F05%2Friviste-letterarie-del-novecento-la-ronda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy,_Richard1990" class="citation journal cs1">Bellamy, Richard (1990). "From Ethical to Economic Liberalism – The Sociology of Pareto's Politics". <i>Economy and Society</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">431–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085149000000016">10.1080/03085149000000016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economy+and+Society&rft.atitle=From+Ethical+to+Economic+Liberalism+%E2%80%93+The+Sociology+of+Pareto%27s+Politics&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085149000000016&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RenatoCirillo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RenatoCirillo_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RenatoCirillo_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirillo1983" class="citation journal cs1">Cirillo, Renato (1983). "Was Vilfredo Pareto really a 'precursor' of fascism?". <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1983.tb01708.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.1983.tb01708.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3486644">3486644</a>. <q>Vilfredo Pareto has been labelled a fascist and 'a precursor of fascism' largely because he welcomed the advent of fascism in Italy and was honoured by the new regime. Some have seen in his sociological works the foundations of fascism. This is not correct: Even fascist writers did not find much merit in these works, and definitely condemned his economic theories. As a political thinker, he remained a radical libertarian till the end and continued to express serious reservations about fascism, and to voice opposition to its basic policies. This is evident from his correspondence with his close friends. There are strong reasons to believe that, had he lived long enough, Pareto would have revolted against fascism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Was+Vilfredo+Pareto+really+a+%27precursor%27+of+fascism%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1983.tb01708.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3486644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cirillo&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1986" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Stuart L. (1986). "The four Paretos of Raymond Aron". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709815">10.2307/2709815</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709815">2709815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+four+Paretos+of+Raymond+Aron&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Stuart+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Busino, <i>Sugli studi paretiani all'alba del XXI secolo</i> in <i>Omaggio a Vilfredo Pareto</i>, <i>Numero monografico in memoria di Giorgio Sola</i> a cura di Stefano Monti Bragadin, "Storia Politica Società", Quaderni di Scienze Umane, anno IX, n. 15, giugno-dicembre 2009, p. 1 e sg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guglielmo Rinzivillo, <i>Vilfredo Pareto e i modelli interdisciplinari nella scienza,</i> "Sociologia", A. XXIX, n. 1, New Series, 1995, pp. 2017–2222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guglielmo Rinzivillo, <i>Una epistemologia senza storia</i>, Rome, New Culture, 2013, pp. 13–29, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6812-222-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6812-222-5">978-88-6812-222-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossides, Daniel W. (1998) <i>Social Theory: Its Origins, History, and Contemporary Relevance</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 203. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1882289501" title="Special:BookSources/1882289501">1882289501</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aron, Raymond. (1967) <i>Main Currents in Sociological Thought: Durkheim, Pareto, Weber – Vol. 2</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/100306508">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504091005/http://www.questia.com/read/100306508">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Main-Currents-Sociological-Thought-Durkheim/dp/0765804360/">excerpt and text search</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homans, George C., and Charles P. Curtis Jr. (1934) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/80982212"><i>An Introduction to Pareto: His Sociology</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504091017/http://www.questia.com/read/80982212">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace Stegner, <i>The Uneasy Chair: A Biography of Bernard DeVoto</i> (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirillo1983" class="citation journal cs1">Cirillo, Renato (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1983.tb01708.x">"Was Vilfredo Pareto Really a 'Precursor' of Fascism?"</a>. <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1983.tb01708.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.1983.tb01708.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Was+Vilfredo+Pareto+Really+a+%27Precursor%27+of+Fascism%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1983.tb01708.x&rft.aulast=Cirillo&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1983.tb01708.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellAnthony_Wright1999" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger; Anthony Wright (1999). <i>Contemporary Political Ideologies</i>. London: Continuum. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082645173X" title="Special:BookSources/082645173X"><bdi>082645173X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Ideologies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=082645173X&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Anthony+Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musso-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-musso_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_ScalaGentile2016" class="citation book cs1">Di Scala, Spencer M.; Gentile, Emilio, eds. (2016). <i>Mussolini 1883–1915: Triumph and Transformation of a Revolutionary Socialist</i>. USA: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-53486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-53486-6"><bdi>978-1-137-53486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+1883%E2%80%931915%3A+Triumph+and+Transformation+of+a+Revolutionary+Socialist&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-53486-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorkenau1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau">Borkenau, Franz</a> (1936). <i>Pareto</i>. 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Paris: Giard & Brière. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuel+d%E2%80%99%C3%A9conomie+politique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Giard+%26+Bri%C3%A8re&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Pareto&rft.aufirst=Vilfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareto1897" class="citation book cs1">Pareto, Vilfredo (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fp-0148-2/page/12/mode/2up"><i>Cours d’économie politique professé à l’Université de Lausanne</i></a>. Vol. 2. Lausanne: F. 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"How Well Do We Know Pareto Optimality?". <i>The Journal of Economic Education</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">172–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00220485.1991.10844705">10.1080/00220485.1991.10844705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1182422">1182422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+Education&rft.atitle=How+Well+Do+We+Know+Pareto+Optimality%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00220485.1991.10844705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1182422%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mathur&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngham2024" class="citation web cs1">Ingham, Sean (9 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/money/Pareto-optimality">"Pareto-optimality"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Pareto+principle&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100306260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, L.L., Book Review of <i>"Politique financière d'aujourd'hui"</i> in "Economic Journal", June 1922.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amoroso, Luigi. <i>"Vilfredo Pareto,"</i> Econometrica, Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1938.</li> <li>Bruno, G. (1987). "Pareto, Vilfredo" <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, v. 5, pp. 799–804.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan, James</a> (2008). "Italian Fiscal Theorists". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>Italian Economic Theorists</i></a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">258–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n156">10.4135/9781412965811.n156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italian+Economic+Theorists&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n156&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Busino, Giovanni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ress.revues.org/730"><i>The Signification of Vilfredo Pareto’s Sociology,</i></a> Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales, XXXVIII, 2000.</li> <li>Eisermann, G.(2001). "Pareto, Vilfredo (1848–1923)", <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences">International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</a></i>, pp. 11048–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919114136/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-2BX&_rdoc=111&_hierId=151000072&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000072&_fmt=summary&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=148&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e1c6152199127c6e49da0b4fab6216d2">Abstract.</a></li> <li>Femia, Joseph V. <i>Pareto and Political Theory</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observedwww.amazon.com/Pareto-Political-Routledge-Studies-Thought/dp/0415288134/">excerpt and text search</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Kirman, A. P. (1987). "Pareto as an economist" <i>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</i>, v. 5, pp. 804–08.</li> <li>Livingston, Arthur. <i>"Vilfredo Pareto: A Biographical Portrait,"</i> The Saturday Review, 25 May 1935.</li> <li>Millikan, Max. <i>"Pareto's Sociology,"</i> Econometrica, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1936.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Osipova_(sociologist)" title="Elena Osipova (sociologist)">Osipova, Elena</a>; Translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A. (Oxon) (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AHistoryOfClassicalSociology_573/Kon_History_of_Classical_Sociology#page/n183/mode/2up"><i>"The Sociological System of Vilfredo Pareto"</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kon" title="Igor Kon">Igor Kon</a> (ed.) A History of Classical Sociology Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a> pp. 312–36</li> <li>Palda, Filip (2011) <i>Pareto's Republic and the New Science of Peace</i> 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.paretorepublic.com">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127013934/http://www.paretorepublic.com/">Archived</a> 27 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> chapters online. Published by Cooper-Wolfling. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9877880-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9877880-0-9">978-0-9877880-0-9</a></li> <li>Parsons, Talcott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/structureofsocia00pars#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Structure of Social Action,</i></a> The Free Press, 1949.</li> <li>Tarascio, Vincent J. (1968) <i>Pareto's Methodological Approach to Economics: A Study in the History of Some Scientific Aspects of Economic Thought</i> 1968 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/98701469">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504090954/http://www.questia.com/read/98701469">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Forte F., Silvestri P., Pareto's sociological maximum of the utility of the community and the theory of the elites, in J. G. Backhaus (ed.), Essentials of Fiscal Sociology. Conceptions of an Encyclopedia, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2013, pp. 231–65.</li> <li>Della Pelle, P., ed., Introduction to K. Marx, Le Capital par V. Pareto, critical edition with the Italian text opposite, Aracne, Canterano, 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareto1935" class="citation book cs1">Pareto, Vilfredo (1935). <i>The Mind and Society [Trattato di sociologia generale]</i>. Harcourt, Brace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+and+Society+%5BTrattato+di+sociologia+generale%5D&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Pareto&rft.aufirst=Vilfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vilfredo_Pareto" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vilfredo_Pareto" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global-fintech.blogspot.com/2015/12/pareto-definition.html">The Two Biggest Ideas of Vilfredo Pareto in Economics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011217191159/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/pareto.htm">Further information from New School University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715071241/http://www.bolenderinitiatives.com/sociology/vilfredo-pareto-1848-1923">Review materials for studying Vilfredo Pareto</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Pareto.html">"Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vilfredo+Pareto+%281848%E2%80%931923%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2Fbios%2FPareto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVilfredo+Pareto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jkalb.freeshell.org/misc/pareto.html">Vilfredo Pareto: A Concise Overview of His Life, Works, and Philosophy, by Fr. James Thornton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/38645">Works by Vilfredo Pareto</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pareto%2C%20Vilfredo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Vilfredo%20Pareto%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pareto%2C%20Vilfredo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vilfredo%20Pareto%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pareto%2C%20V%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Vilfredo%20Pareto%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pareto%2C%20Vilfredo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Vilfredo%20Pareto%22%29%20OR%20%28%221848-1923%22%20AND%20Pareto%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Vilfredo Pareto</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/profiles/pareto.htm#profileworkslist">More complete list of works</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/The_Mind_and_Society" title="The Mind and Society">The Mind and Society</a></i> (1916)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Circulation_of_elites" title="Circulation of elites">Circulation of elites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ophelimity" title="Ophelimity">Ophelimity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pareto_principle" title="Pareto principle">Pareto principle</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11031#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11031#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11031#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108624561">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2475156">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31392/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8rcgQKkYCjMxjx7DDv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118591711">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018804">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000086266&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000086267&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1127319">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/59049">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068472587">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90056351">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000070467&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000133962&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000057068">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=128573">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201845659">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cgqbh10m92qm">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580957405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/83862">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007276073205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507787806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14779650">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01018067?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:pareto.vilfredo">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/305058">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/942226">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="PARETO, Vilfredo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/vilfredo-pareto_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118591711.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118591711">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027058115">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041419">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6902p5w">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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