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<span>Escape lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_aids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_aids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Escape aids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape_aids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">MI9</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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hreflang="da" data-title="MI9" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI9" title="MI9 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MI9" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI9" title="MI9 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MI9" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI9" title="MI9 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MI9" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Department of British military intelligence (historical)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MI-9_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="MI-9 (disambiguation)">MI-9 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>MI9</b>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a> Section 9, was a secret department of the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> between 1939 and 1945. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> it had two principal tasks: assisting in the escape of <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs) held by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>; and helping Allied military personnel, especially downed airmen, evade capture after they were shot down or trapped behind enemy lines in Axis-occupied countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, about 35,000 Allied military personnel, many helped by MI9, escaped POW camps or evaded capture and made their way to Allied or neutral countries after being trapped behind enemy lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley1979Appendix_I:_Statistical_Summary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley1979Appendix_I:_Statistical_Summary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best-known activity of MI9 was creating and supporting <a href="/wiki/Escape_and_evasion_lines_(World_War_II)" title="Escape and evasion lines (World War II)">escape and evasion lines</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, which helped 5,000 downed British, American and other Allied airmen evade capture and return to duty. The usual routes of escape from occupied Europe were either south to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> or to southern France and then over the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> to neutral <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossiter_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossiter-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MI9 trained Allied soldiers and airmen in tactics for evading and escaping and helped prisoners of war to escape by establishing clandestine communications and providing escape devices to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry20204_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry20204-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MI9 officially came into being on 23 December 1939, led by Major (later Brigadier) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Crockatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Crockatt (page does not exist)">Norman Crockatt</a>, formerly of The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots" title="Royal Scots">Royal Scots</a> (The Royal Regiment). In December 1941, a sub-section of MI9 became a separate department, <a href="/wiki/MI19" title="MI19">MI19</a>. At first MI9 was located in Room 424 of the <a href="/wiki/Metropole_Hotel,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropole Hotel, London">Metropole Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Avenue" title="Northumberland Avenue">Northumberland Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. With limited space at the Metropole, a floor was also taken at the requisitioned <a href="/wiki/Great_Central_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Central Hotel">Great Central Hotel</a>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Marylebone_station" title="Marylebone station">Marylebone station</a>, where World War II prison-camp escapees were debriefed and questioned about their journey home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry20205–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry20205–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a German bomb caused slight damage to the Metropole Hotel in September 1940, Crockatt moved MI9 to a large country house, <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Park" title="Wilton Park">Wilton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield" title="Beaconsfield">Beaconsfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197942–43_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197942–43-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MI9 initially received little financial support and was understaffed due to power struggles and personality clashes with <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>, the "oldest and grandest" of the British secret services. The assistant-head of MI6 was <a href="/wiki/Claude_Dansey" title="Claude Dansey">Claude Dansey</a>, known as ACSS. Dansey maintained on behalf of MI6 considerable control over MI9, especially not wishing the upstart secret services such as MI9, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE), and the <a href="/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive" title="Political Warfare Executive">Political Warfare Executive</a> (PWE) to compete or interfere with the intelligence gathering function of MI6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197956–58_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197956–58-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two posthumously well-known sections of MI9 are Intelligence School 9, section d, known as IS9(d) or "Room 900," and "Q." Room 900 was staffed by <a href="/wiki/James_Langley" title="James Langley">James Langley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (code named "Saturday") who joined MI9 in 1941 and 1942 respectively. Both were soldiers who had escaped from German captivity. Langley and Neave were concerned with creating and supporting escape and evasion lines in Europe. "Q," staffed by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hutton" title="Christopher Hutton">Christopher Hutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fraser-Smith" title="Charles Fraser-Smith">Charles Fraser-Smith</a>, was charged with inventing devices to aid soldiers to evade or escape capture. "Q" was made famous in fiction by the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> movies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry20201–2,_7–12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry20201–2,_7–12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neave_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neave-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape_lines">Escape lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Escape lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_routes_used_by_escape_lines_to_help_downed_airmen_escape_Nazi-occupied_Europe,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_routes_used_by_escape_lines_to_help_downed_airmen_escape_Nazi-occupied_Europe%2C.jpg/220px-The_routes_used_by_escape_lines_to_help_downed_airmen_escape_Nazi-occupied_Europe%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_routes_used_by_escape_lines_to_help_downed_airmen_escape_Nazi-occupied_Europe%2C.jpg/330px-The_routes_used_by_escape_lines_to_help_downed_airmen_escape_Nazi-occupied_Europe%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_routes_used_by_escape_lines_to_help_downed_airmen_escape_Nazi-occupied_Europe%2C.jpg/440px-The_routes_used_by_escape_lines_to_help_downed_airmen_escape_Nazi-occupied_Europe%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The routes used by the escape lines to smuggle airmen out of occupied western Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Escape lines for Allied soldiers and airmen stranded behind enemy lines were created after the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a> in June 1940. Most of the British soldiers left behind were captured or surrendered, but about 1,000 soldiers stranded in France declined to surrender, evaded capture by the Germans, and eventually made their way back to Britain with the help of escape lines. Initially, escape lines were created and financed by the citizenry of France and Belgium who opposed the German occupation of their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197951–52_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197951–52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the stranded soldiers made their way to <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, theoretically independent but a puppet state of Nazi Germany. Residents of Marseille created the <a href="/wiki/Pat_O%27Leary_Line" title="Pat O'Leary Line">Pat O'Leary Line</a> to help the British soldiers in Marseilles escape to neutral Spain, either by boat or by crossing the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> on foot. In July 1940, MI9 sent a young man named <a href="/wiki/Donald_Darling" title="Donald Darling">Donald Darling</a> (code named "Sunday") to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> to help the fledging Pat line exfiltrate soldiers from France to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeave197061–62_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeave197061–62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nazi-occupied Belgium, Belgians created the <a href="/wiki/Comet_Line" title="Comet Line">Comet Line</a>. MI9 became aware of Comet in September 1941 when a young woman, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_de_Jongh" title="Andrée de Jongh">Andrée de Jongh</a>, appeared unknown and unannounced at the British Consulate in <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> with a British soldier in tow who she had guided through German-occupied France all the way from Belgium. She promised to bring more soldiers if MI9 paid the Comet Line's expenses. A British diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Creswell" title="Michael Creswell">Michael Creswell</a> (code named "Monday"), became the chief contact of the Comet Line in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry202079–82_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry202079–82-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darling headed MI9 operations in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working for the escape lines was arguably the most dangerous resistance activity in Europe and about one-half of the "helpers" (as they were called) were women, mostly young, who could travel with less difficulty and were less suspicious to the Germans than men.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossiter198624_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiter198624-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Comet line initially rejected all MI9 assistance and advice except reimbursement for expenses ($200 to $300 in 1942 U.S. dollars for each airman or soldier delivered to Spain). The Pat Line also received financial assistance from MI9 and beginning in April 1942 accepted wireless operators sent to France by MI9 to improve communications between Marseilles and MI9 headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry202060_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry202060-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeave1970127_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeave1970127-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Allied bombing of occupied Europe increased in 1942, the emphasis of the escape lines turned to rescuing and exfiltrating airmen who had been shot down or crashed in Nazi-controlled territory. The Germans succeeded in mostly destroying the Pat line and weakening the Comet line and additional lines were created, sometimes at the initiative of MI9. MI9 created the <a href="/wiki/Shelburne_Escape_Line" title="Shelburne Escape Line">Shelburne Escape Line</a> which exfiltrated downed airmen by boat from the coast of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> to England and in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Marathon_(World_War_II)" title="Operation Marathon (World War II)">Operation Marathon</a> set up a secret camp to shelter downed airmen in a remote forest until they could be rescued by Allied forces after the successful <a href="/wiki/Normandy_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy invasion">Normandy invasion</a> of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1940, Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Clarke" title="Dudley Clarke">Dudley Clarke</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Commander-in-Chief, Middle East</a>, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a>. Clarke's main role was to manage military deception in the region. As cover for this secret mission, he was also assigned the job of managing MI9's presence in the Middle East. After Clarke set up his <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Headquarters_%27A%27_Force" title="Advanced Headquarters 'A' Force">'A' Force</a> deception department this cover was extended to the entire office; and for a while 'A' Force represented MI9 in the region until later in the war when the two became separate once again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley1979_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape_aids">Escape aids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Escape aids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/MI9" title="Special:EditPage/MI9">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>MI9 manufactured various escape aids that they sent to <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a>. Many of them were based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hutton" title="Christopher Hutton">Christopher Hutton</a>. Hutton proved so popular that he built himself a secret underground bunker in the middle of a field where he could work in peace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hutton made compasses that were hidden inside pens or tunic buttons. He used left-hand threads so that, if the Germans discovered them and the searcher tried to screw them open, they would just tighten. He printed <a href="/wiki/Escape_and_evasion_map" title="Escape and evasion map">maps on silk</a>, so they would not rustle, and disguised them as handkerchiefs, hiding them inside canned goods. For aircrew he designed special boots with detachable leggings that could quickly be converted to look like civilian shoes, and hollow heels that contained packets of dried food. A magnetised razor blade would indicate north if placed on water. Some of the spare uniforms that were sent to prisoners could be easily converted into civilian suits. Officer prisoners inside <a href="/wiki/Colditz_Castle" title="Colditz Castle">Colditz Castle</a> requested and received a complete floor plan of the castle. </p><p>Hutton also designed an escaper's knife: a strong blade, a screwdriver, three saws, a <a href="/wiki/Lock_picking" title="Lock picking">lockpick</a>, a forcing tool and a wire cutter. </p><p>MI9 used the services of former magician <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Maskelyne" title="Jasper Maskelyne">Jasper Maskelyne</a> to design hiding places for escape aids including tools hidden in <a href="/wiki/Cricket_bat" title="Cricket bat">cricket bats</a> and baseball bats, maps concealed in playing cards and actual money in board-games. Notably were maps hidden in Monopoly boards, and real money hidden in the piles of Monopoly money.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forged German identity cards, ration coupons and travel warrants were also smuggled into POW camps by MI9. </p><p>MI9 sent the tools in parcels in the name of various, usually nonexistent, <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charity</a> organizations. They did not use <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> parcels lest they violate the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> and to avoid the guards restricting access to them. MI9 relied upon their parcels either not being searched by the Germans or ensuring that the prisoners (warned by a secret message) could remove the contraband before they were searched. In time the German guards learned to expect and find the escape aids. </p><p>The British games manufacturer Jaques of London were commissioned by MI9 to produce a variety of games (from board games to sports) which contained numerous escape and evasion devices. These included travel and full sized chess sets, with contraband inside the wooden boards, the boxes or the chess pieces themselves, table tennis, tennis, badminton racquets containing money, maps and miniature compasses, dart boards filled with escape devices and tools, <a href="/wiki/Shove_ha%27penny" title="Shove ha'penny">shove halfpenny</a> boards, hollowed and filled with escape aids, and larger boxed games containing even more contraband. It was not until X-Ray machines were deployed at German POW<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> camps, that the German authorities began to capture significant amounts of escape material. </p><p>In southern China the MI9 unit <a href="/wiki/British_Army_Aid_Group" title="British Army Aid Group">British Army Aid Group</a> helped POWs in Japanese camps escape to China during World War II. The group was closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Regiment" title="Hong Kong Chinese Regiment">Hong Kong Chinese Regiment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_War">Post War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959 <a href="/wiki/23_Special_Air_Service_Regiment_(Reserve)" title="23 Special Air Service Regiment (Reserve)">23 Special Air Service Regiment (Reserve)</a> was formed by re-naming of the Reserve Reconnaissance Unit, successors to MI9.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(British_politician)" title="Peter Baker (British politician)">Peter Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bentine" title="Michael Bentine">Michael Bentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Butterworth" title="Peter Butterworth">Peter Butterworth</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Darling" title="Donald Darling">Donald Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fraser-Smith" title="Charles Fraser-Smith">Charles Fraser-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hutton" title="Christopher Hutton">Christopher Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Langley" title="James Langley">James Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lindell" title="Mary Lindell">Mary Lindell</a>. agent in France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trix_Terwindt" title="Trix Terwindt">Trix Terwindt</a>, Dutch agent</li></ul> <p>The Staff of MI9 (At Wilton Park. Beaconsfield, Bucks. February 1940) </p> <ul><li>Lt. Col. N.R. Crockatt (GSO1)</li> <li>Lt. Cdr. P.W. Rhodes R.N.</li> <li>Capt. C Clayton-Hutton (I.O.)</li> <li>Capt. H.B.A. de Bruyne (I.O.)</li> <li>Capt. L. Winterbottom</li> <li>Flt. Lt. A.J. Evans</li> <li>Major C.M. Rait (GSO3)</li> <li>Major V.R. Isham (GSO2)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_Aid_Group" title="British Army Aid Group">British Army Aid Group</a> – military unit<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Line" title="Comet Line">Comet Line</a> – World War II Belgian Resistance organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Potier" title="Edgard Potier">Edgard Potier</a> – Belgian airforce officer (1903-1944)<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_and_evasion_lines_(World_War_II)" title="Escape and evasion lines (World War II)">Escape and evasion lines (World War II)</a> – WW II network helping downed airmen to evade capture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI_High" class="mw-redirect" title="MI High">MI High</a> – British children's TV series<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="MI numbers">MI numbers</a> – Department of the War Office (1873–1964)<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIS-X" title="MIS-X">MIS-X</a> – United States equivalent of the UK's MI9, the US equivalent of MI9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_O%27Leary_Line" title="Pat O'Leary Line">Pat O'Leary Line</a> – Resistance organization in France during World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_Escape_Line" title="Shelburne Escape Line">Shelburne Escape Line</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fry-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fry_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFry2020" class="citation book cs1">Fry, Helen (2020). <i>MI9</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300233209" title="Special:BookSources/9780300233209"><bdi>9780300233209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MI9&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780300233209&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley1979Appendix_I:_Statistical_Summary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley1979Appendix_I:_Statistical_Summary_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootLangley1979">Foot & Langley 1979</a>, Appendix I: Statistical Summary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossiter-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rossiter_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiter1986" class="citation book cs1">Rossiter, Margaret L. (1986). <i>Women In the Resistance</i>. New York: Praeger. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0030053382" title="Special:BookSources/0030053382"><bdi>0030053382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+In+the+Resistance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0030053382&rft.aulast=Rossiter&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry20204-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry20204_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFry2020">Fry 2020</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry20205–7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry20205–7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFry2020">Fry 2020</a>, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197942–43-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197942–43_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootLangley1979">Foot & Langley 1979</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197956–58-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197956–58_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootLangley1979">Foot & Langley 1979</a>, pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry20201–2,_7–12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry20201–2,_7–12_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFry2020">Fry 2020</a>, pp. 1–2, 7–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neave-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neave_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeave1970" class="citation book cs1">Neave, Airey (1970). <i>The Escape Room</i>. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Escape+Room&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Doubleday+and+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Neave&rft.aufirst=Airey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span>. Originally titled <i>Saturday at MI9.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197951–52-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley197951–52_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootLangley1979">Foot & Langley 1979</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeave197061–62-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeave197061–62_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeave1970">Neave 1970</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry202079–82-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry202079–82_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFry2020">Fry 2020</a>, pp. 79–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1985" class="citation book cs1">Long, Helen (1985). <i>Safe Houses are Dangerous</i>. London: William Kimber. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0718305515" title="Special:BookSources/0718305515"><bdi>0718305515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+Houses+are+Dangerous&rft.place=London&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=William+Kimber&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0718305515&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2017" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Lynn (2017). <i>Last Hope Island</i>. New York: Random House. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812997354" title="Special:BookSources/9780812997354"><bdi>9780812997354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Hope+Island&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780812997354&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiter198624-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossiter198624_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossiter1986">Rossiter 1986</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry202060-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry202060_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFry2020">Fry 2020</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeave1970127-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeave1970127_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeave1970">Neave 1970</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootLangley1979-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootLangley1979_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootLangley1979">Foot & Langley 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavier2013" class="citation book cs1">Cavier, Tom (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IYkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT85"><i>Where the Hell Have You Been? - Monty, Italy and One Man's Incredible Escape</i></a>. Short Books. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780720982" title="Special:BookSources/9781780720982"><bdi>9781780720982</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Hell+Have+You+Been%3F+-+Monty%2C+Italy+and+One+Man%27s+Incredible+Escape&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Short+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781780720982&rft.aulast=Cavier&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IYkAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2015" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Barbara (2015). <i>Great escapes: The Story of MI9's Second World War Escape and Evasion Maps</i>. Glasgow: Times Books. pp. 85–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780008141301" title="Special:BookSources/9780008141301"><bdi>9780008141301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+escapes%3A+The+Story+of+MI9%27s+Second+World+War+Escape+and+Evasion+Maps&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=85-113&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780008141301&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroom2015" class="citation book cs1">Froom, Phil (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schifferbooks.com/evasion-and-escape-devices-produced-by-mi9-mis-x-and-soe-in-world-war-ii-5811.html"><i>Evasion and Escape devices produced by MI9, MIS-X and SOE in World War II</i></a>. Schiffer Publishing. pp. 72, 82, 277–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764348396" title="Special:BookSources/9780764348396"><bdi>9780764348396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evasion+and+Escape+devices+produced+by+MI9%2C+MIS-X+and+SOE+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=72%2C+82%2C+277-290&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780764348396&rft.aulast=Froom&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schifferbooks.com%2Fevasion-and-escape-devices-produced-by-mi9-mis-x-and-soe-in-world-war-ii-5811.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/SAS">"Special Air Service | National Army Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Air+Service+%26%23124%3B+National+Army+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2FSAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Sillito2024" class="citation news cs1">David Sillito (6 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-68209738">"Carry On films: The star who helped World War II prisoners escape"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Carry+On+films%3A+The+star+who+helped+World+War+II+prisoners+escape&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft.au=David+Sillito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-68209738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFootLangley1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, M. R. D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Langley" title="James Langley">Langley, J. M.</a> (24 May 1979). <i>MI9 Escape and Evasion 1939–1945</i>. The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-30086-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-30086-6"><bdi>0-370-30086-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MI9+Escape+and+Evasion+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1979-05-24&rft.isbn=0-370-30086-6&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+D.&rft.au=Langley%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt,_Thaddeus2004" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Thaddeus (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deceiversalliedm00holt"><i>The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War</i></a></span>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5042-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5042-7"><bdi>0-7432-5042-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deceivers%3A+Allied+Military+Deception+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-5042-7&rft.au=Holt%2C+Thaddeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeceiversalliedm00holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin,_Nicholas2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rankin" title="Nicholas Rankin">Rankin, Nicholas</a> (1 October 2008). <i>Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception, 1914–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22195-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22195-0"><bdi>978-0-571-22195-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Wizards%3A+The+British+Genius+for+Deception%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22195-0&rft.au=Rankin%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI9" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MI9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119022105/http://www.arcre.com/archive/mi9/mi9history">MI9 Historical Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mi9-is9.com/">A Husband's Most Secret War in MI9 IS9</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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(NCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">National Ballistics Intelligence Service</a> (NBIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fraud_Intelligence_Bureau" title="National Fraud Intelligence Bureau">National Fraud Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Specialist_Operations" title="Specialist Operations">Specialist Operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Command" title="Counter Terrorism Command">Counter Terrorism Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counter_Terrorism_Policing_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="National Counter Terrorism Policing Network">National Counter Terrorism Policing Network</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Foreign<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">Defence Intelligence</a> (DI) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Training_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Intelligence Training Group">Joint Intelligence Training Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Intelligence Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Support_Group" title="Joint Support Group">Joint Support Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade">1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">RAF Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Commando_Information_Exploitation_Group" title="30 Commando Information Exploitation Group">30 Commando Information Exploitation Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">National Cyber Security Centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence<br />assessment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Organisation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Organisation (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Organisation</a> (JIO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Analysis_Centre" title="Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre">Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre</a> (JTAC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy and<br />Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Committee</a> (JIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Council (United Kingdom)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Adviser (United Kingdom)">National Security Adviser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Security_and_Counter-Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism">Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chiefs of Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Command_(United_Kingdom)" title="Strategic Command (United Kingdom)">Strategic Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Intelligence_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Intelligence Account">Single Intelligence Account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Strategy_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Security Strategy (United Kingdom)">National Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Review and<br />Oversight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament" title="Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament">Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Reviewer_of_Terrorism_Legislation" title="Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation">Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner" title="Investigatory Powers Commissioner">Investigatory Powers Commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MI1" title="MI1">MI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI2" title="MI2">MI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI3" title="MI3">MI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI4" title="MI4">MI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI7" title="MI7">MI7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI8" title="MI8">MI8</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MI9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI10" title="MI10">MI10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI11" title="MI11">MI11</a></li> <li>MI12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI14" title="MI14">MI14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI15" title="MI15">MI15</a></li> <li>MI16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI17" title="MI17">MI17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI19" title="MI19">MI19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Department_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Department (United Kingdom)">Naval Intelligence Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)">Naval Intelligence Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Room_40" title="Room 40">Room 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._30_Commando" title="No. 30 Commando">No. 30 Commando</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Wireless_Service" title="Diplomatic Wireless Service">Diplomatic Wireless Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_Combined_Bureau" title="Far East Combined Bureau">Far East Combined Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Research_Unit" title="Force Research Unit">Force Research Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Reconnaissance_Unit" title="Special Reconnaissance Unit">Special Reconnaissance Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Reaction_Force" title="Military Reaction Force">Military Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allied_military_deception_in_World_War_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allied_Military_Deception_in_World_War_II" title="Template:Allied Military Deception in World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allied_Military_Deception_in_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Allied Military Deception in World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allied_Military_Deception_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allied Military Deception in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allied_military_deception_in_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_deception#World_War_II" title="Military deception">military deception</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception planning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Headquarters_%27A%27_Force" title="Advanced Headquarters 'A' Force">'A' Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Clarke" title="Dudley Clarke">Dudley Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Jones_(British_Army_officer)" title="Victor Jones (British Army officer)">Victor Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/London_Controlling_Section" title="London Controlling Section">London Controlling Section</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bevan_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Bevan (British Army officer)">John Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley" title="Dennis Wheatley">Dennis Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wingate" title="Ronald Wingate">Ronald Wingate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ops_(B)" title="Ops (B)">Ops (B)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Wild" title="Noel Wild">Noel Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fleetwood-Hesketh" title="Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh">Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ops_(B)_staff" title="List of Ops (B) staff">List of Ops (B) staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=D_Division_(Second_World_War)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D Division (Second World War) (page does not exist)">D Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Peter Fleming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_military_deception" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet military deception">Soviet military deception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camouflage#Second_World_War" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Ayrton" title="Tony Ayrton">Tony Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh Cott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Proud" title="Peter Proud">Peter Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sykes_(artist)" title="Steven Sykes (artist)">Steven Sykes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Army" title="Ghost Army">Ghost Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Dalton_Porter" title="Louis Dalton Porter">Louis Dalton Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Kelly" title="Ellsworth Kelly">Ellsworth Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Slepian" title="David Slepian">David Slepian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blass" title="Bill Blass">Bill Blass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Kane" title="Art Kane">Art Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vander_Sluis" title="George Vander Sluis">George Vander Sluis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Townsend" title="Ernest Townsend">Ernest Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Maskelyne" title="Jasper Maskelyne">Jasper Maskelyne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_camoufleurs#Second_World_War" title="List of camoufleurs">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/R_Force" title="R Force">R Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Strangeways" title="David Strangeways">David Strangeways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Beach_Jumpers" title="Beach Jumpers">Beach Jumpers</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decoys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradummy" title="Paradummy">Paradummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starfish_site" title="Starfish site">Starfish site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twenty Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil_Masterman" title="John Cecil Masterman">John Cecil Masterman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Double agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Jebsen" title="Johnny Jebsen">Johnny Jebsen</a> (Artist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pujol_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Juan Pujol García">Juan Pujol García</a> (Garbo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Czerniawski" title="Roman Czerniawski">Roman Czerniawski</a> (Brutus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Grosjean" title="Roger Grosjean">Roger Grosjean</a> (Fido)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Günther Schütz">Günther Schütz</a> (Rainbow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Owens" title="Arthur Owens">Arthur Owens</a> (Snow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Caroli" title="Gösta Caroli">Gösta Caroli</a> (Summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulf_Schmidt" title="Wulf Schmidt">Wulf Schmidt</a> (Tate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Sergueiew" title="Nathalie Sergueiew">Nathalie Sergueiew</a> (Treasure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dušan Popov">Dušan Popov</a> (Tricycle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Janowski" title="Werner von Janowski">Werner von Janowski</a> (Watchdog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Chapman" title="Eddie Chapman">Eddie Chapman</a> (Zig-Zag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Jakobs" title="Josef Jakobs">Josef Jakobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutt_and_Jeff_(spies)" title="Mutt and Jeff (spies)">Mutt and Jeff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_deception_formations_in_World_War_II" title="List of Allied deception formations in World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_deception_formations_of_World_War_II" title="United States Army deception formations of World War II">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_deception_formations_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="British deception formations in World War II">British</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Copperhead" title="Operation Copperhead">Copperhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">D-Day naval deceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ferdinand" title="Operation Ferdinand">Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Graffham" title="Operation Graffham">Graffham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ironside" title="Operation Ironside">Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Quicksilver_(deception_plan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Quicksilver (deception plan)">Quicksilver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zeppelin_(deception_plan)" title="Operation Zeppelin (deception plan)">Zeppelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Accumulator" title="Operation Accumulator">Accumulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barclay" title="Operation Barclay">Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram">Bertram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Boardman" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Boardman">Boardman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cascade" title="Operation Cascade">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chettyford" title="Operation Chettyford">Chettyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cockade" title="Operation Cockade">Cockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Forfar" title="Operation Forfar">Forfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardboiled" title="Operation Hardboiled">Hardboiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Mincemeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pastel" title="Operation Pastel">Pastel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scherhorn" title="Operation Scherhorn">Scherhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Span" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Span">Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Waterfall" title="Operation Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodyguard_of_Lies" title="Bodyguard of Lies">Bodyguard of Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War#Intelligence" title="History of the Second World War"><i>British Intelligence in the Second World War</i> (Vol. 5)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deceivers:_Allied_Military_Deception_in_the_Second_World_War" title="The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War">The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2570501#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2570501#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2570501#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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