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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rangschikking atomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rangschikking_atomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faseaanduiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faseaanduiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Faseaanduiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faseaanduiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemische_formules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemische_formules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemische formules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemische_formules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moleculen_in_een_kristal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moleculen_in_een_kristal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Moleculen in een kristal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moleculen_in_een_kristal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Beschikbaar in 17 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summenformel" title="Summenformel – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Summenformel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="আণবিক সংকেত – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আণবিক সংকেত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summenformel" title="Summenformel – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Summenformel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formula" title="Molecular formula – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Molecular formula" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resuma_formulo" title="Resuma formulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Resuma formulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_molecular" title="Fórmula molecular – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fórmula molecular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulivalem" title="Molekulivalem – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molekulivalem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formule_brute" title="Formule brute – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Formule brute" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulska_formula" title="Molekulska formula – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Molekulska formula" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2mil_molekil%C3%A8" title="Fòmil molekilè – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fòmil molekilè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_molecolare" title="Formula molecolare – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formula molecolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Брутто-формула – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Брутто-формула" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_molecular" title="Fórmula molecular – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fórmula molecular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекулярная формула – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молекулярная формула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A1rny_vzorec" title="Sumárny vzorec – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sumárny vzorec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summaformel" title="Summaformel – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Summaformel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%8F" title="分子式 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="分子式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Een <b>molecuulformule</b> is de <a href="/wiki/Chemische_formule" title="Chemische formule">scheikundige formule</a> die aangeeft uit welke <a href="/wiki/Chemisch_element" title="Chemisch element">elementen</a> een moleculaire stof is opgebouwd. Een <a href="/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul">molecuul</a> is het kleinste <a href="/wiki/Deeltje" title="Deeltje">deeltje</a> van een willekeurige, moleculaire <a href="/wiki/Stof_(scheikunde)" title="Stof (scheikunde)">stof</a>. De verschillende soorten samenstellende <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atomen</a> van een gegeven molecuul worden ieder met een <a href="/wiki/Chemisch_symbool" title="Chemisch symbool">chemisch symbool</a> aangegeven, in de vorm van een of twee (soms drie) letters. De aantallen atomen worden weergegeven in de <i>index</i>: de cijfers in het <a href="/wiki/Subscript" title="Subscript">subscript</a>. </p><p>De systematische, chemische formules zijn door de Zweedse chemicus <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> ontwikkeld. Welke letter in een chemische formule met welk element correspondeert, is in de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_chemische_elementen" title="Lijst van chemische elementen">lijst van chemische elementen</a> terug te vinden. </p><p>Molecuulformules worden bijvoorbeeld gebruikt om <a href="/wiki/Zuur-basereactie" title="Zuur-basereactie">zuur-basereacties</a> tussen twee stoffen weer te geven. Zo mogelijk, wordt in de molecuulformule de onderlinge ordening van de atomen in een molecuul weergegeven. Bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, met de molecuulformule <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5OH}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>OH</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5OH}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/beda955e523ebfcb09bd12d0c97778de6b2cc5f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.081ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5OH}}}"></span>, waaruit blijkt dat er een <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylgroep" title="Hydroxylgroep">hydroxylgroep</a> in het molecuul voorkomt. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isomeer" title="Isomeer">Isomeren</a> zijn moleculaire stoffen met dezelfde molecuulformule, maar een verschillende ruimtelijke rangschikking van de atomen, en daardoor met verschillende chemische eigenschappen. Een molecuulformule kan zulke verschillen in structuur niet weergeven. Daarvoor is een grafische weergave nodig: de <a href="/wiki/Structuurformule" title="Structuurformule">structuurformule</a>. Structuurformules worden vooral in de <a href="/wiki/Organische_chemie" title="Organische chemie">organische chemie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Kristallografie" title="Kristallografie">kristallografie</a> gebruikt. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rangschikking_atomen">Rangschikking atomen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Rangschikking atomen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Rangschikking atomen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Chloroethane-full.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chloroethane-full.png/260px-Chloroethane-full.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chloroethane-full.png/390px-Chloroethane-full.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chloroethane-full.png/520px-Chloroethane-full.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Structuurformule van chloorethaan, <br /> de molecuulformule is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5Cl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5Cl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c793b1034e2c8fa9856f307c85078b0427dd6af4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.855ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5Cl}}}"></span></figcaption></figure> <p>De algemene regel is dat de elementen in een molecuulformule worden weergegeven in volgorde van hun <a href="/wiki/Atoomnummer" title="Atoomnummer">atoomnummer</a>, maar hier bestaan in de praktijk talloze uitzonderingen op. In de <a href="/wiki/Organische_chemie" title="Organische chemie">organische chemie</a> plaatst men de <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1d9d54ac7efbd4af9e1672752d407f7c3881414" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}"></span> vooraan, gevolgd door het <a href="/wiki/Waterstof_(element)" title="Waterstof (element)">waterstof</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/651c6a42285fecf133dd3f1671440f813e2ecd6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"></span>. Het element zuurstof <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6850dbf8d49a365094b7b20815b0023ce890dfd0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O}}}"></span> moet altijd achteraan. De metalen moeten ook eerder komen dan de niet-metalen. De overige elementen komen dan in de volgorde van het periodiek systeem van elementen. </p> <dl><dt>Voorbeeld</dt> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5Cl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5Cl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c793b1034e2c8fa9856f307c85078b0427dd6af4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.855ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5Cl}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Een molecuul <a href="/wiki/Chloorethaan" title="Chloorethaan">chloorethaan</a>: de twee koolstofatomen vormen de hoofdstructuur en de vijf waterstofatomen samen met het <a href="/wiki/Chloor_(element)" title="Chloor (element)">chloor</a> zijn hieraan gekoppeld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faseaanduiding">Faseaanduiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Faseaanduiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Faseaanduiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met behulp van de faseaanduidingen (s) = <i>solid</i> = vaste stof, (l) = <i>liquid</i> = vloeistof, (g) = gas en (aq) = <i>aqua</i> = water achter de molecuulformule kan de <a href="/wiki/Fase_(stof)" title="Fase (stof)">fase</a> van een stof worden aangeduid. </p> <dl><dt>Voorbeeld</dt> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {N2O4(g)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {N2O4(g)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/184b6747c3346fc755cdc7080eb22e3096cb6f1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.631ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {N2O4(g)}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Een molecuul <a href="/wiki/Distikstoftetraoxide" title="Distikstoftetraoxide">distikstoftetraoxide</a>: twee stikstofatomen met vier zuurstofatomen in een gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemische_formules">Chemische formules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Chemische formules" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Chemische formules"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Si-OCage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Si-OCage.svg/260px-Si-OCage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Si-OCage.svg/390px-Si-OCage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Si-OCage.svg/520px-Si-OCage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Rooster van siliciumdioxide</figcaption></figure> <p>Behalve de molecuulformule zijn er verschillende andere <a href="/wiki/Chemische_formule" title="Chemische formule">chemische formules</a>, waarmee <a href="/wiki/Chemische_binding" title="Chemische binding">gebonden atomen</a> worden weergegeven, de: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structuurformule" title="Structuurformule">structuurformule</a>, grafische chemische formule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verhoudingsformule" title="Verhoudingsformule">verhoudingsformule</a>: bij stoffen die niet uit moleculen bestaan, dus bij stoffen waarbij het <a href="/wiki/Kristalstructuur" title="Kristalstructuur">kristalrooster</a> niet uit moleculen, maar uit <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atomen</a> is opgebouwd</li></ul> <dl><dd>De indices van de verhoudingsformule zijn de indices van de chemische formule gedeeld door hun grootste gemeenschappelijke deler. <a href="/wiki/Natriumchloride" title="Natriumchloride">Natriumchloride</a> NaCl en <a href="/wiki/Siliciumdioxide" title="Siliciumdioxide">siliciumdioxide</a> SiO<sub>2</sub> zijn er twee voorbeelden van.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutoformule" title="Brutoformule">brutoformule</a>, waarbij de elementen in een molecuul in de volgorde koolstof <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1d9d54ac7efbd4af9e1672752d407f7c3881414" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C}}}"></span>, waterstof <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/651c6a42285fecf133dd3f1671440f813e2ecd6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H}}}"></span> en verder alfabetisch worden gerangschikt. De brutoformule is dus vereenvoudigd ten opzichte van de molecuulformule.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moleculen_in_een_kristal">Moleculen in een kristal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Moleculen in een kristal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Moleculen in een kristal"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De kristallijne structuur van een <a href="/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof">vaste stof</a> hangt in de eerste plaats af van de <a href="/wiki/Chemische_binding" title="Chemische binding">chemische binding</a> die de betreffende stof kenmerkt. Zo zijn er de <a href="/wiki/Covalente_binding" title="Covalente binding">covalente</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Ionaire_binding" title="Ionaire binding">ionaire</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Metaalbinding" title="Metaalbinding">metaalbinding</a>, maar de <a href="/wiki/Kristalstructuur" title="Kristalstructuur">roosterordening</a> van een kristallijne stof kan <a href="/wiki/Faseovergang" title="Faseovergang">veranderen</a> door wijzigingen van <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> en <a href="/wiki/Druk_(grootheid)" title="Druk (grootheid)">druk</a>. Twee kristallijne stoffen kunnen dezelfde molecuulformule en dezelfde rangschikking van atomen binnen het <a href="/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul">molecuul</a> hebben, maar een andere <a href="/wiki/Habitus_(kristal)" title="Habitus (kristal)">kristalvorm</a> of een ander <a href="/wiki/Kristalstelsel" title="Kristalstelsel">kristalstelsel</a>. Het kan ook dat de ene stof <a href="/wiki/Amorf_(materie)" title="Amorf (materie)">amorf</a> is, maar de andere kristallijn. De twee stoffen zijn ondanks dat zij in beide gevallen dezelfde molecuulformule hebben verschillend en worden <a href="/wiki/Polymorf_(kristallografie)" title="Polymorf (kristallografie)">polymorf</a> genoemd. </p><p>Een molecuul kan behalve alleen uit atomen ook uit een molecuul bestaan, dat zelf ook alleen uit atomen bestaat, maar waar andere moleculen een <a href="/wiki/Samengestelde_stof" title="Samengestelde stof">verbinding</a> mee hebben gemaakt. Dat is het geval bij een <a href="/wiki/Hydraat" title="Hydraat">gehydrateerd</a> molecuul, waarbij een enkel ander molecuul een verbinding met moleculen <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> heeft gemaakt. Het mineraal <a href="/wiki/Gottardiiet" title="Gottardiiet">gottardiiet</a> met molecuulformule Na<sub>3</sub>Mg<sub>3</sub>Ca<sub>5</sub>Al<sub>19</sub>Si<sub>117</sub>O<sub>272</sub>·93(H<sub>2</sub>O) is het <a href="/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal">mineraal</a> dat voor zover bekend het meest is gehydrateerd. Daar komen behalve de genoemde atomen ook nog <a href="/wiki/Tectosilicaat" title="Tectosilicaat">tectosilicaationen</a> in voor. De moleculen water in een dergelijke verbinding worden <a href="/wiki/Kristalwater" title="Kristalwater">kristalwater</a> genoemd. Het aantal watermoleculen in een gehydrateerd molecuul van een mineraal ligt meestal veel lager dan bij gottardiiet. </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&oldid=67811820">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molecuulformule&oldid=67811820</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Chemische_formules_en_nomenclatuur" title="Categorie:Chemische formules en nomenclatuur">Chemische formules en nomenclatuur</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_een_verouderd_formaat_van_de_chem-tags_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die een verouderd formaat van de chem-tags gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die een verouderd formaat van de chem-tags gebruiken</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 12 jul 2024 om 21:12.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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