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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Planarization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetrahedral_molecules_with_no_central_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetrahedral_molecules_with_no_central_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tetrahedral molecules with no central atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetrahedral_molecules_with_no_central_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometria_molecular_tetra%C3%A8drica" title="Geometria molecular tetraèdrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geometria molecular tetraèdrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraedrick%C3%A1_molekulov%C3%A1_geometrie" title="Tetraedrická molekulová geometrie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tetraedrická molekulová geometrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molekyl%C3%A6r_geometri" title="Tetrahedral molekylær geometri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tetrahedral molekylær geometri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometr%C3%ADa_molecular_tetra%C3%A9drica" title="Geometría molecular tetraédrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geometría molecular tetraédrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%DB%8C" title="هندسه مولکولی چهاروجهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هندسه مولکولی چهاروجهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" 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href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="चतुष्फलकीय अणु ज्यामिति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चतुष्फलकीय अणु ज्यामिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometri_molekul_tetrahedron" title="Geometri molekul tetrahedron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geometri molekul tetrahedron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra%C3%ABdrische_moleculaire_geometrie" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:275px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Tetrahedral molecular geometry</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png/220px-Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png/330px-Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png/440px-Tetrahedral-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Examples</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH<sub>4</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate"><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">Point group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_symmetry" title="Tetrahedral symmetry">T<sub>d</sub></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">Coordination number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bond angle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">≈ 109.5°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">μ (Polarity)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In a <b>tetrahedral molecular geometry</b>, a central <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> is located at the center with four <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituents</a> that are located at the corners of a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bond_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond angle">bond angles</a> are <a href="/wiki/Arccosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arccosine">arccos</a>(−<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span>) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Group_14_hydride" title="Group 14 hydride">its heavier analogues</a>. Methane and other perfectly symmetrical tetrahedral molecules belong to <a href="/wiki/Point_group" title="Point group">point group</a> <i>T<sub>d</sub></i>, but most tetrahedral molecules have <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron#Isometries_of_irregular_tetrahedra" title="Tetrahedron">lower symmetry</a>. Tetrahedral molecules can be <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tetrahedral_bond_angle">Tetrahedral bond angle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tetrahedral bond angle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrahedral_angle_computation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tetrahedral_angle_computation.svg/220px-Tetrahedral_angle_computation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tetrahedral_angle_computation.svg/330px-Tetrahedral_angle_computation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tetrahedral_angle_computation.svg/440px-Tetrahedral_angle_computation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Computation with the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrahedral_angle_calculation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tetrahedral_angle_calculation.svg/216px-Tetrahedral_angle_calculation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tetrahedral_angle_calculation.svg/324px-Tetrahedral_angle_calculation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tetrahedral_angle_calculation.svg/432px-Tetrahedral_angle_calculation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption> Calculating bond angles of a symmetrical tetrahedral molecule using a <a href="/wiki/Dot_product" title="Dot product">dot product</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The bond angle for a symmetric tetrahedral molecule such as CH<sub>4</sub> may be calculated using the <a href="/wiki/Dot_product" title="Dot product">dot product</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)" title="Vector (mathematics and physics)">vectors</a>. As shown in the diagram at left, the molecule can be inscribed in a cube with the tetravalent atom (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>) at the cube centre which is the origin of coordinates, O. The four monovalent atoms (e.g. hydrogens) are at four corners of the cube (A, B, C, D) chosen so that no two atoms are at adjacent corners linked by only one cube edge. </p><p> If the edge length of the cube is chosen as 2 units, then the two bonds OA and OB correspond to the vectors <span class="texhtml"><b>a</b> = (1, –1, 1)</span> and <span class="texhtml"><b>b</b> = (1, 1, –1)</span>, and the bond angle <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">θ</span> is the angle between these two vectors. This angle may be calculated from the dot product of the two vectors, defined as <span class="texhtml"><b>a</b> ⋅ <b>b</b> = ‖<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em;"><b>a</b></span>‖ ‖<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em;"><b>b</b></span>‖ cos <i>θ</i></span> where <span class="texhtml">‖<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em;"><b>a</b></span>‖</span> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector#Length" title="Euclidean vector">length</a> of vector <b>a</b>. As shown in the diagram, the dot product here is –1 and the length of each vector is <span class="texhtml"><span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">3</span></span></span>, so that <span class="texhtml">cos <i>θ</i> = –<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span></span> and the tetrahedral bond angle <span class="texhtml"><i>θ</i> = <a href="/wiki/Arccosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arccosine">arccos</a>(–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span>) ≃ 109.47°</span>.</p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>An alternative proof using <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> is shown in the diagram at right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_group_chemistry">Main group chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Main group chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch4-structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ch4-structure.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>The tetrahedral molecule methane (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Aside from virtually all saturated organic compounds, most compounds of Si, Ge, and Sn are tetrahedral. Often tetrahedral molecules feature multiple bonding to the outer ligands, as in <a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">xenon tetroxide</a> (XeO<sub>4</sub>), the <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> ion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>−</span><span>4</span></span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> ion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> ion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>3−</span><span>4</span></span></span>). <a href="/wiki/Thiazyl_trifluoride" title="Thiazyl trifluoride">Thiazyl trifluoride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">SNF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) is tetrahedral, featuring a sulfur-to-nitrogen triple bond.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other molecules have a tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom; for example <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) with the nitrogen atom surrounded by three hydrogens and one <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pair</a>. However the usual classification considers only the bonded atoms and not the lone pair, so that ammonia is actually considered as <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry">pyramidal</a>. The H–N–H angles are 107°, contracted from 109.5°. This difference is attributed to the influence of the lone pair which exerts a greater repulsive influence than a bonded atom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_metal_chemistry">Transition metal chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transition metal chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Again the geometry is widespread, particularly so for complexes where the metal has d<sup>0</sup> or d<sup>10</sup> configuration. Illustrative examples include <a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)" title="Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)">tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">Pd[P(C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>]<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>), <a href="/wiki/Nickel_carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel carbonyl">nickel carbonyl</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">Ni(CO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">titanium tetrachloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">TiCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>). Many complexes with incompletely filled d-shells are often tetrahedral, e.g. the tetrahalides of iron(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_structure">Water structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the gas phase, a single water molecule has an oxygen atom surrounded by two hydrogens and two lone pairs, and the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> geometry is simply described as <a href="/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry" title="Bent molecular geometry">bent</a> without considering the nonbonding lone pairs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, in liquid water or in ice, the lone pairs form <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> with neighboring water molecules. The most common arrangement of hydrogen atoms around an oxygen is tetrahedral with two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to oxygen and two attached by hydrogen bonds. Since the hydrogen bonds vary in length many of these water molecules are not symmetrical and form transient irregular tetrahedra between their four associated hydrogen atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bitetrahedral_structures">Bitetrahedral structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bitetrahedral structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png/220px-Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png/330px-Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png/440px-Gallium-trichloride-from-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Bitetrahedral structure adopted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Br<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Aluminium_tribromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium tribromide">aluminium tribromide</a>") and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">Ga<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Gallium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium trichloride">gallium trichloride</a>")</figcaption></figure> <p>Many compounds and complexes adopt bitetrahedral structures. In this motif, the two tetrahedra share a common edge. The inorganic polymer <a href="/wiki/Silicon_disulfide" title="Silicon disulfide">silicon disulfide</a> features an infinite chain of edge-shared tetrahedra. In a completely saturated hydrocarbon system, bitetrahedral molecule C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>6</sub> has been proposed as a candidate for the molecule with the shortest possible <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_bond" title="Carbon–carbon bond">carbon-carbon single bond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exceptions_and_distortions">Exceptions and distortions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exceptions and distortions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inversion of tetrahedra occurs widely in organic and main group chemistry. The <a href="/wiki/Walden_inversion" title="Walden inversion">Walden inversion</a> illustrates the stereochemical consequences of inversion at carbon. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen inversion">Nitrogen inversion</a> in ammonia also entails transient formation of planar <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inverted_tetrahedral_geometry">Inverted tetrahedral geometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inverted tetrahedral geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geometrical constraints in a molecule can cause a severe distortion of idealized tetrahedral geometry. In compounds featuring "inverted" tetrahedral geometry at a carbon atom, all four groups attached to this carbon are on one side of a plane.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carbon atom lies at or near the apex of a square <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(geometry)" title="Pyramid (geometry)">pyramid</a> with the other four groups at the corners.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenny_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenny-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewars_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewars-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Invertedcarbon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Inverted carbon"><img alt="Inverted carbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Invertedcarbon.png/200px-Invertedcarbon.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Invertedcarbon.png/300px-Invertedcarbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Invertedcarbon.png/400px-Invertedcarbon.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="293" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>The simplest examples of organic molecules displaying inverted tetrahedral geometry are the smallest <a href="/wiki/Propellane" title="Propellane">propellanes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/1.1.1-Propellane" title="1.1.1-Propellane">[1.1.1]propellane</a>; or more generally the <a href="/wiki/Paddlane" title="Paddlane">paddlanes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pyramidane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramidane">pyramidane</a> ([3.3.3.3]fenestrane).<sup id="cite_ref-Kenny_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenny-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewars_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewars-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such molecules are typically <a href="/wiki/Strain_(chemistry)" title="Strain (chemistry)">strained</a>, resulting in increased reactivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planarization">Planarization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Planarization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tetrahedron can also be distorted by increasing the angle between two of the bonds. In the extreme case, flattening results. For carbon this phenomenon can be observed in a class of compounds called the <a href="/wiki/Fenestrane" title="Fenestrane">fenestranes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetrahedral_molecules_with_no_central_atom">Tetrahedral molecules with no central atom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tetrahedral molecules with no central atom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few molecules have a tetrahedral geometry with no central atom. An inorganic example is <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#White_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">tetraphosphorus</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) which has four phosphorus atoms at the vertices of a tetrahedron and each bonded to the other three. An organic example is <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedrane" title="Tetrahedrane">tetrahedrane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) with four carbon atoms each bonded to one hydrogen and the other three carbons. In this case the theoretical C−C−C bond angle is just 60° (in practice the angle will be larger due to <a href="/wiki/Bent_bond" title="Bent bond">bent bonds</a>), representing a large degree of strain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AXE_method" class="mw-redirect" title="AXE method">AXE method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">Orbital hybridisation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlger" class="citation web cs1">Alger, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003122307/http://maze5.net/?page_id=367">"Angle Between 2 Legs of a Tetrahedron"</a>. 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(1998). "Pyramidane: an <i>ab initio</i> study of the C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub> potential energy surface". <i>Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM</i>. <b>423</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0166-1280%2897%2900118-8">10.1016/S0166-1280(97)00118-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Structure%3A+THEOCHEM&rft.atitle=Pyramidane%3A+an+ab+initio+study+of+the+C%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E+potential+energy+surface&rft.volume=423&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0166-1280%2897%2900118-8&rft.aulast=Lewars&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATetrahedral+molecular+geometry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/P04395.html">paddlanes</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.P04395">10.1351/goldbook.P04395</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050514080630/http://www.up.ac.za/academic/chem/mol_geom/tetrahed.htm">Examples of Tetrahedral molecules</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F97/Chapter9/4BP.html">Animated Tetrahedral Visual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216023711/http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/204tetrahedral.html">Elmhurst College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/j.p.goss/symmetry/Molecules_l3d.html">Interactive molecular examples for point groups</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3dchem.com/">3D Chem</a> – Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523113736/http://www.iumsc.indiana.edu/">IUMSC</a> – Indiana University Molecular Structure Center]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214131457/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Chemistry/Miscellenous/Helpfile/ComplexIons/tetrahedral/tetrahedral.htm">Complex ion geometry: tetrahedral</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120023822/http://chemlab.truman.edu/CHEM121Labs/MolecularModeling1.htm">Molecular Modeling</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecular_geometries" title="Template:Molecular geometries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecular_geometries" title="Template talk:Molecular geometries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecular_geometries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecular geometries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecular_geometry353" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">Coordination number</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_molecular_geometry" title="Linear molecular geometry">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry" title="Bent molecular geometry">Bent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_planar_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal planar molecular geometry">Trigonal planar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry">Trigonal pyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-shaped_molecular_geometry" title="T-shaped molecular geometry">T-shaped</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tetrahedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seesaw_molecular_geometry" title="Seesaw molecular geometry">Seesaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_planar_molecular_geometry" title="Square planar molecular geometry">Square planar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_bipyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry">Trigonal bipyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Square pyramidal molecular geometry">Square pyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagonal_planar_molecular_geometry" title="Pentagonal planar molecular geometry">Pentagonal planar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">Octahedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">Trigonal prismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagonal_pyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Pentagonal pyramidal molecular geometry">Pentagonal pyramidal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagonal_bipyramidal_molecular_geometry" title="Pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry">Pentagonal bipyramidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capped_octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Capped octahedral molecular geometry">Capped octahedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capped_trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">Capped trigonal prismatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_antiprismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Square antiprismatic molecular geometry">Square antiprismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Dodecahedral molecular geometry">Dodecahedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicapped_trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">Bicapped trigonal prismatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination number 9</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricapped_trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry">Tricapped trigonal prismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capped_square_antiprismatic_molecular_geometry" title="Capped square antiprismatic molecular geometry">Capped square antiprismatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Molecular_geometry" title="Category:Molecular geometry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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