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id="toc-Investigative_books:_1980s_and_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later investigations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_investigations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later investigations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraq_and_Abu_Ghraib" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_and_Abu_Ghraib"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Iraq and Abu Ghraib </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_and_Abu_Ghraib-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria_and_chemical_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria_and_chemical_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Syria and chemical attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria_and_chemical_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Killing of Osama bin Laden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nord_Stream_pipeline_and_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nord_Stream_pipeline_and_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Nord Stream pipeline and Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nord_Stream_pipeline_and_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other statements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_statements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other statements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speeches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speeches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Speeches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speeches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Seth_Rich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Seth_Rich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Murder of Seth Rich </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Seth_Rich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pat_Nixon_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pat_Nixon_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Pat Nixon abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pat_Nixon_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_anonymous_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_anonymous_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Use of anonymous sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_anonymous_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="سيمور هيرش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيمور هيرش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="سیمور هرش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیمور هرش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%88" title="Сеймур Хэрш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сеймур Хэрш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%88" title="Сиймор Хърш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сиймор Хърш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="سیمور هرش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیمور هرش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B7" title="Սեյմուր Միրոն Հերշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեյմուր Միրոն Հերշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9" title="סימור הרש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימור הרש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="سيمور هيرش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيمور هيرش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="シーモア・ハーシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シーモア・ハーシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Херш, Сеймур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Херш, Сеймур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seymour Hersh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88" title="Сеймур Герш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сеймур Герш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="سیمور ہرش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیمور ہرش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%91%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E4%BB%80" title="西摩·赫什 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西摩·赫什" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q435792#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">American investigative journalist (born 1937)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Seymour Hersh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seymour_Hersh_(3413572451)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Seymour_Hersh_%283413572451%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Seymour_Hersh_%283413572451%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Seymour_Hersh_%283413572451%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Seymour_Hersh_%283413572451%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Seymour_Hersh_%283413572451%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Seymour_Hersh_%283413572451%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="626" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Hersh in 2009</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Seymour Myron Hersh</div> (1937-04-08) April 8, 1937 (age 87) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Sy Hersh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Journalist, writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Elizabeth Sarah Klein</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1964)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Polk_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="George Polk Award">George Polk Award</a> (1969, 1973, 1974, 1981, 2004) <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> (1970) <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a> (1983) <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="National Magazine Award">National Magazine Award</a> (2004, 2005)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seymourhersh.substack.com">seymourhersh.substack.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Seymour Myron Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is an American <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigative journalist">investigative journalist</a> and political writer. He gained recognition in 1969 for exposing the <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">cover-up</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, for which he received the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting</a>. During the 1970s, Hersh covered the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, also reporting on the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">secret U.S. bombing of Cambodia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>'s (CIA) <a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">program of domestic spying</a>. In 2004, he detailed the U.S. military's <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">torture and abuse of prisoners at Abu Ghraib</a> in Iraq for <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Hersh has won five <a href="/wiki/George_Polk_Awards" title="George Polk Awards">George Polk Awards</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards" title="National Magazine Awards">National Magazine Awards</a>. He is the author of 11 books, including The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (1983), an account of the career of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> which won the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award" title="National Book Critics Circle Award">National Book Critics Circle Award</a>. In 2013, Hersh's reporting alleged that <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian rebel forces</a>, rather than the government, had <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">attacked civilians with sarin gas at Ghouta</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, and in 2015, he presented an alternative account of the U.S. special forces raid in Pakistan which <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killed Osama bin Laden</a>, both times attracting controversy and criticism. In 2023, Hersh alleged that the U.S. and Norway had <a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">sabotaged the Nord Stream pipelines</a>, again stirring controversy. He is known for his use of <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous source">anonymous sources</a>, for which his later stories in particular have been criticized. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Hersh was born in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, on April 8, 1937, to Isador and Dorothy Hersh (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">née</a> Margolis), <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>-speaking Jews who had immigrated to the U.S. in the 1920s from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, respectively. Isador's original surname was Hershowitz, which he had changed upon becoming a citizen in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013273–274-2">[2]</a> As a teenager, Seymour helped run the family's <a href="/wiki/Dry-cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-cleaning">dry cleaning</a> shop on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>. Hersh graduated from <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Academy_High_School" title="Hyde Park Academy High School">Hyde Park High School</a> in 1954, then attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="University of Illinois Chicago">University of Illinois Chicago</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, where he graduated with a history degree in 1958. He worked as a <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> salesman before being admitted to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> in 1959, but was expelled during his first year due to poor grades.<a href="#cite_note-Muckracker-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspaper_career">Newspaper career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Newspaper career">edit</a>]</div> After briefly working at a <a href="/wiki/Walgreens" title="Walgreens">Walgreens</a> drug store, Hersh began his career in 1959 with a seven-month stint at the <a href="/wiki/City_News_Bureau_of_Chicago" title="City News Bureau of Chicago">City News Bureau of Chicago</a>, first as a <a href="/wiki/Copyboy" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyboy">copyboy</a> and later as a crime reporter.<a href="#cite_note-Muckracker-3">[3]</a> In 1960, he enlisted as an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Army reservist</a>, and spent three months in <a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">basic training</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> in Kansas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201354–55-4">[4]</a> After returning to Chicago, in 1961 Hersh launched the Evergreen Dispatch, a short-lived weekly newspaper for the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Park,_Illinois" title="Evergreen Park, Illinois">Evergreen Park</a>. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre, South Dakota</a>, in 1962 to work as a correspondent for <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a> (UPI), reporting on the <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Legislature" title="South Dakota Legislature">state legislature</a> and writing a series of articles on the <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Sioux" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Sioux">Oglala Sioux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201356–60-5">[5]</a> In 1963, Hersh moved back to Chicago to work for the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (AP), and in 1965 he was transferred to its <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, bureau to report on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Pentagon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> While in Washington, he befriended famed investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">I. F. Stone</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">muckraking</a> newsletter I. F. Stone's Weekly served as an inspiration. Hersh began to develop his investigative methods, often walking out of regimented press briefings at the Pentagon to interview high-ranking officers in their lunch halls.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> In 1966, Hersh reported on the intensifying <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War</a>, writing series of articles on <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">draft reform</a>, the shortage of qualified pilots, and on the U.S. bombing of civilian targets in <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, revealed by New York Times correspondent <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Salisbury" title="Harrison Salisbury">Harrison Salisbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201372–80-6">[6]</a> In 1967, Hersh became part of the AP's first special investigative unit.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> After his editors diminished a piece he wrote on the U.S.'s secretive <a href="/wiki/United_States_chemical_weapons_program" title="United States chemical weapons program">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">biological weapons programs</a>, he quit and became a <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancer</a>. Hersh wrote six articles in national magazines in 1967 (two for <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>, two for <a href="/wiki/Ramparts_(magazine)" title="Ramparts (magazine)">Ramparts</a>, and two for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>) in which he detailed the government's growing stockpiles of the weapons and its co-operation with universities and corporations, as well as the secret adoption of a first-use policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201388–94-7">[7]</a> The research formed the basis for his first book, Chemical and Biological Warfare: America's Hidden Arsenal (1968), and the topic was highlighted that year by the <a href="/wiki/Dugway_sheep_incident" title="Dugway sheep incident">Dugway sheep incident</a>, in which an aerial test of <a href="/wiki/VX_nerve_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="VX nerve agent">VX nerve agent</a> at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dugway_Proving_Ground" title="Dugway Proving Ground">Dugway Proving Ground</a> in Utah inadvertently killed more than 6,000 sheep owned by local ranchers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201388–94-7">[7]</a> The event and Hersh's reporting led to public hearings and international pressure, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a>'s decision to <a href="/wiki/Statement_on_Chemical_and_Biological_Defense_Policies_and_Programs" title="Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs">end the U.S. biological weapons program</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013118–124-8">[8]</a> In the first three months of 1968, Hersh served as the press secretary for anti–<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> candidate Senator <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> in his campaign in the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>. After resigning before the Wisconsin primary, he returned to journalism as a freelance reporter on Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201398–115-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="My_Lai_massacre">My Lai massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: My Lai massacre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Lai_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/My_Lai_massacre.jpg/220px-My_Lai_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/My_Lai_massacre.jpg/330px-My_Lai_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/My_Lai_massacre.jpg/440px-My_Lai_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption>Dead civilians after the massacre in a photo by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Haeberle" title="Ronald L. Haeberle">Ronald L. Haeberle</a></figcaption></figure> In 1969, Hersh reported on the <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a>, the murder of between 347 and 504 unarmed Vietnamese civilians (almost all women, children, and elderly men) by U.S. soldiers in a village on March 16, 1968. The initial information about the massacre was provided by whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ridenhour" title="Ronald Ridenhour">Ronald Ridenhour</a>, who investigated while serving as a soldier in the United States <a href="/wiki/11th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_States)" title="11th Infantry Brigade (United States)">11th Infantry Brigade</a> in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> On October 22, 1969, Hersh received a tip from <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cowan" title="Geoffrey Cowan">Geoffrey Cowan</a>, a columnist for <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a> with a military source, about a soldier being held at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> for allegedly killing 75 civilians in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. After speaking with a Pentagon contact and Fort Benning's public relations office, Hersh found an AP story from September 7 that identified the soldier as Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/William_Calley" title="William Calley">William Calley</a>. He next found Calley's lawyer, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Latimer" title="George W. Latimer">George W. Latimer</a>, who met with him in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City, Utah</a>, and showed him a document which revealed Calley was charged with killing 109 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi20131–9-11">[11]</a> Hersh traveled to Fort Benning on November 11, where he quickly gained the confidence of Calley's roommates and eventually Calley himself, whom he interviewed that night. Hersh's first article on the massacre, a cautious and conservative piece which was approved with Latimer, was initially rejected by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a> magazines. Hersh next approached the anti-war <a href="/wiki/Dispatch_News_Service" title="Dispatch News Service">Dispatch News Service</a> run by his friend <a href="/wiki/David_Obst" title="David Obst">David Obst</a>, which sold the story to 35 national papers. On November 13, the story appeared in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a>, among others. Initial reaction was muted, with the press focusing on <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam">a massive anti-war demonstration in Washington</a> on November 15.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi20139–19-12">[12]</a> Follow-up articles by other reporters revealed that the Army's investigation had been prompted by a letter on March 29 from Ronald Ridenhour, a <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Vietnam veteran</a> who had interviewed soldiers who knew of the killings. After traveling to California and visiting Ridenhour, who gave him their personal information, Hersh traveled across the country to interview the soldiers. This revealed that eyewitnesses had been told not to talk to anyone, and that the actual death count was in the hundreds. On November 20, Dispatch syndicated Hersh's second article, which was internationally published. On the same day, photos of the massacre by Army photographer <a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Haeberle" title="Ronald L. Haeberle">Ronald L. Haeberle</a> were published in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Plain-Dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland Plain-Dealer">Cleveland Plain Dealer</a>, causing outrage among members of Congress and the public. The reporting was now being followed by The New York Times and the Post, and was covered on the <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC</a> national nightly news.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201320–24-13">[13]</a> Hersh next interviewed Paul Meadlo, a soldier who admitted that he had killed dozens of civilians on the orders of Calley. Meadlo's mother told Hersh that she "sent them a good boy and they made him a murderer". Hersh's third article was syndicated by Dispatch on November 25, and that night an interview with Meadlo by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a> on the CBS News program <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> was broadcast on national television. The White House acknowledged the massacre for the first time the next day, and the Army appointed General <a href="/wiki/William_R._Peers" title="William R. Peers">William R. Peers</a> to head an official commission investigating it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201324–33-14">[14]</a> Hersh proceeded to visit 50 witnesses over the next three months, 35 of whom agreed to talk. His fourth article, syndicated on December 2, revealed random killings of civilians in the days before the massacre; a fifth article was published weeks later. Ten pages of Haeberle's photos were printed in Life magazine on December 5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201333–34-15">[15]</a> Hersh's reporting garnered him national fame, and encouraged the growing opposition to the war in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201339–44-16">[16]</a> However, he was also attacked by some in the press and government, who questioned his work and motivations. An <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> column in the Times by <a href="/wiki/James_Reston" title="James Reston">James Reston</a> asked: "Whatever happened in the massacre, should it be reported by press, radio and television, since clearly reporting the murder of civilians by American soldiers helps the enemy, divides the people of this country, and damages the ideal of America in the world?" South Carolina Republican Representative <a href="/wiki/Albert_Watson_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="Albert Watson (South Carolina politician)">Albert Watson</a> said, "this is no time to cast aspersions on our fighting men, the President and ourselves for that matter, as some members of the national news media and a few demagogues are doing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201330–32-17">[17]</a> The reveal of the massacre changed American media coverage of the war, which was restrained and had limited independence from official sources in its reporting before 1967; after the exposure of the My Lai massacre, major newspapers began reporting on other U.S. atrocities in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201339–44-16">[16]</a> For his coverage, Hersh won the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting</a> and numerous other awards, including his first <a href="/wiki/George_Polk_Awards" title="George Polk Awards">George Polk Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201339–44-16">[16]</a> He later wrote in a note to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Loomis" title="Robert Loomis">Robert Loomis</a>, the editor of his 1970 book-length account of the massacre, My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Some will claim that I have attempted to exploit some dumb, out of service, overly talkative G.I.s. But few men are exposed to charges of murder ... it is not a "naming names and telling all affair". In fact, one of the strengths is that discriminating readers will know how much more I know—and did not tell. I'm convinced that to give the name and hometown of a G.I. who committed rape and murder that day, or one who beheaded an infant, would not further the aim of the book. It is an exposé, but not of the men of Charlie Company. Something much more significant is being put to light. ... Both the killer and the killed are victims in Vietnam; the peasant who is shot down for no reason and the G.I. who is taught, or comes to believe, that a Vietnamese life somehow has less meaning than his wife's, or his sister's, or his mother's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersh2018135-18">[18]</a></blockquote> On March 14, 1970, the Peers Commission submitted to the Army its secret report on the massacre, containing more than 20,000 pages of testimony from 400 witnesses. One of Hersh's sources leaked the testimony to him over the course of a year; it revealed that at least 347 civilians were killed, over twice as many as the Army had publicly conceded. The leak formed the basis for two articles by Hersh for The New Yorker magazine in 1972, which alleged that officers had destroyed documents on the massacre, as well as his 1972 book Cover-Up: The Army's Secret Investigation of the Massacre at My Lai 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201335–38-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The New York Times">edit</a>]</div> In April 1972, Hersh was hired by The New York Times as an investigative journalist at the paper's Washington bureau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013132-20">[20]</a> After the June 17 break-in at the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> headquarters in Washington and the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, the Times sought to catch up with the reporting of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, who broke several stories in 1972 linking the break-in to the Nixon campaign. Together with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rugaber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Rugaber (page does not exist)">Walter Rugaber</a>, Hersh produced extensive reporting for the Times on the unfolding scandal; a key article by him published on January 14, 1973, revealed that <a href="/wiki/Hush_money" title="Hush money">hush money</a> payments were still being made to the burglars, which shifted the press's focus from the break-in itself to its cover-up. During 1973, Hersh wrote more than 40 articles on Watergate, most printed on page one; his reveals included the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>'s failure to investigate political operative <a href="/wiki/Donald_Segretti" title="Donald Segretti">Donald Segretti</a>, despite knowing of his activities, and leaks from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> testimonies of former Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John Mitchell</a> and burglar <a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr." title="James W. McCord Jr.">James McCord</a>, the latter of which revealed that the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Committee to Re-Elect the President</a> had made the payments. <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a>, Nixon's counsel, later said that while it had been the Post's articles in 1972 that had encouraged prosecutors, "the most devastating pieces that strike awfully close to home" were Hersh's in 1973 and 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013144–156-21">[21]</a> Hersh contributed to the revelations around <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a>, the secret U.S. bombing of neutral <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> in 1969–1970. On June 11, 1972, an article by Hersh alleged that General <a href="/wiki/John_D._Lavelle" title="John D. Lavelle">John D. Lavelle</a>, who had recently been relieved as commander of the Air Force in Southeast Asia, was ousted because he had ordered repeated, unauthorized bombings of North Vietnam. The ensuing "Lavelle affair" led to <a href="/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Armed Services Committee">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> hearings in September 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013132–143-22">[22]</a> After reading Hersh's articles on the affair, Major Hal Knight, who had supervised radar crews in Vietnam, realized that the Senate "was unaware of what had taken place while I was out there", and in early 1973 wrote a letter to the committee that confessed his role in the cover-up of Operation Menu, in which he recorded fake bombing coordinates and burned his orders. Hersh learned of Knight's letter after exposing a different scandal on May 17, 1973, in which Nixon and National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> had authorized wiretaps of employees of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> after early bombings of Cambodia were exposed in the Times in May 1969. Hersh interviewed Knight and detailed the cover-up of Menu in an article on July 15, 1973, one day before the start of Knight's public testimony. On July 16, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> admitted that the Air Force had flown 3,630 raids over Cambodia in 14 months, dropping more than 100,000 tons of bombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013160–164-23">[23]</a> Hersh continued to investigate who had ordered the cover-up; in a rare telephone interview, Kissinger stated Nixon had "neither ordered nor was aware of any falsification". On July 31, former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General <a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Earle Wheeler</a> admitted that Nixon had ordered him to falsify records. Nixon's impeachment on this basis was proposed that day by Representative <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Robert Drinan</a>, and it was considered as an article alongside the Watergate cover-up during the House debate on <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Nixon's articles of impeachment</a> in July 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013164–168-24">[24]</a> In early 1974, Hersh planned to publish a story on "Project Jennifer" (later revealed to be codenamed <a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a>), a covert <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> operation that partially recovered the sunken <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-129_(1960)" title="Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)">Soviet submarine K-129</a> from the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> with a purpose-built vessel, the <a href="/wiki/Glomar_Explorer" title="Glomar Explorer">Glomar Explorer</a>. The ship, which was falsely presented as a underwater mineral mining vessel, was built by a company owned by magnate <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a>. After a discussion with CIA director <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a>, Hersh promised not to publish the story while the operation was still active, in order to avoid triggering a potential <a href="/wiki/International_incident" title="International incident">international incident</a>. The Times eventually published Hersh's article on March 19, 1975, with an added five-paragraph explanation of the publishing history and one-year delay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013201–210-25">[25]</a> On September 8, 1974, an article by Hersh revealed that the CIA, with the approval of Kissinger, had spent $8 million to influence unions, political parties, and media in Chile in order to destabilize the government of socialist <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>, who was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">September 11, 1973, coup d'état</a> that brought to power a military dictatorship under General <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>. Hersh followed up the story over the next two months, with 27 articles in total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013169–172-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On December 22, 1974, Hersh exposed <a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a>, a massive CIA program of domestic wiretapping and infiltration of anti-war groups during the Nixon administration, which was conducted in direct violation of the agency's charter. Hersh reported that dossiers had been compiled on at least 10,000 American citizens, including congressmen; the government eventually conceded the figure was closer to 300,000. He wrote 34 more articles on the story over the next months; they prompted the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Commission">Rockefeller Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>, which investigated covert CIA operations and led to reforms of the agency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013189–193-28">[28]</a> Hersh's exposure of CHAOS was the earliest reporting to reveal contents of the CIA's "<a href="/wiki/Family_Jewels_(Central_Intelligence_Agency)" title="Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)">Family Jewels</a>" list of its own illegal activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013200-29">[29]</a> Hersh soon felt "double-crossed" after learning of a January 16, 1975, meeting between the paper's top editors (including executive editor <a href="/wiki/A._M._Rosenthal" title="A. M. Rosenthal">A. M. Rosenthal</a>) and President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, in which the president mentioned <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_by_the_CIA" title="Human rights violations by the CIA">CIA political assassinations</a>—a comment which he subsequently asked to be struck from the record; the editors later agreed not to tell Hersh about the disclosure. Hersh thereafter decided to move away from reporting on the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersh2018224–225-30">[30]</a> On May 25, 1975, Hersh revealed that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> was using <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> to collect intelligence inside the three-mile protected coastal zone of the Soviet Union in a spy program codenamed "Holystone", which had continued for at least 15 years. It was later revealed that <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, one of Ford's top aides and later <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s vice president, proposed that the FBI search the home of Hersh and his sources in order to halt his reporting on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013214-31">[31]</a> In 1976, Hersh moved with his family to New York, where his wife was to attend medical school. He began working on larger projects; the first was a four-part investigation produced with <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gerth" title="Jeff Gerth">Jeff Gerth</a>, initially appearing on June 27, 1976, into the activities of <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Korshak" title="Sidney Korshak">Sidney Korshak</a>, a lawyer and "<a href="/wiki/Fixer_(person)" title="Fixer (person)">fixer</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Outfit" title="Chicago Outfit">Chicago Mafia</a>, union leaders, and Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013215–223-32">[32]</a> On July 24, 1977, the Times published the first entry in a three-part investigation by Hersh and Gerth into financial impropriety at <a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_Industries" title="Gulf and Western Industries">Gulf and Western Industries</a>, one of the country's largest <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerates</a>; it was followed by two civil lawsuits by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a>. The Times management was ambivalent about Hersh's new focus (he later stated that the paper "wasn't nearly as happy when we went after business wrongdoing as when we were kicking around some slob in government"), and he left the job in 1979 to start writing a book on Henry Kissinger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013224–233-33">[33]</a> In 1981, an article by Hersh in The New York Times Magazine described how former CIA agents <a href="/wiki/Edwin_P._Wilson" title="Edwin P. Wilson">Edwin Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Terpil" title="Frank Terpil">Frank Terpil</a> had worked with <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, the leader of Libya, to illegally export explosives and train his troops for terrorism. Hersh reported that the CIA had given the pair tacit approval to oversee the sale of American technology. The story was followed up by Gerth at the Times through 1982, prompting reforms at the agency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013236–240-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigative_books:_1980s_and_1990s">Investigative books: 1980s and 1990s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Investigative books: 1980s and 1990s">edit</a>]</div> Hersh's 1983 book The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, which involved four years of exhaustive work and more than 1,000 interviews, was a best-seller and won him the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Nonfiction" title="National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction">National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> The 698-page book contained 41 chapters, including 13 devoted to Kissinger's role in Vietnam and the bombing of Cambodia;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013248–252-35">[35]</a> other topics included his role in the Chilean coup, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, domestic wiretapping, and the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a>, as well as Hersh's criticism of his former Times colleagues, such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Frankel" title="Max Frankel">Max Frankel</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Reston" title="James Reston">James Reston</a>, for their proximity to him.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> One much-discussed allegation was that Kissinger, originally an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968 Republican Party presidential primaries</a> before his defeat to Nixon, had offered Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> damaging material on Nixon before going to the Nixon campaign with secret information he had gathered from the Vietnam War's <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris peace negotiations</a>. The book also alleges that Kissinger alerted Nixon to <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">President Johnson</a>'s October 31, 1968, bombing halt 12 hours in advance, securing his position in the administration. The book is noted for its density of information and prosecutorial tone,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013248–252-35">[35]</a> and it has been credited with preventing Kissinger from returning to a government position during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013253–257-36">[36]</a> While writing the book, Hersh revisited his previous reporting on <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Korry" title="Edward M. Korry">Edward M. Korry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to Chile">U.S. ambassador to Chile</a> from 1967 to 1971. In 1974, Hersh had reported in the Times that Korry had known of the CIA's efforts to foment a coup. Korry, who had reacted to the claim with furious denial, demanded a front-page retraction in exchange for documents Hersh wanted for his book. The retraction, which <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> called the "longest correction ever published", appeared on February 9, 1981. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kornbluh" title="Peter Kornbluh">Peter Kornbluh</a>, Chile expert at the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>, later judged based on declassified documents that Korry was unaware of CIA involvement.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> Also in the book was the claim that former Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> had been paid $20,000 per year by the CIA during the Johnson and Nixon administrations. Desai filed a $50 million libel lawsuit against Hersh; when it went to trial in 1989, Desai, then 93, was too ill to attend, but Kissinger appeared and testified that Desai had not worked in any capacity for the CIA. A Chicago jury ruled in favor of Hersh, finding it had not been proved that Hersh had intended to write falsehoods or that he had shown reckless disregard for the truth, either of which must be proven in a libel suit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013258–260-37">[37]</a> In August 1983, a 17,500-word article by Hersh in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> magazine alleged that former President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, whom he interviewed in the story, had struck a secret deal prior to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Nixon's resignation</a>, brokered by Nixon's chief of staff General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a>, which gave him the presidency in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">his subsequent pardon of Nixon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013260–263-38">[38]</a> Hersh worked on and narrated the 1985 PBS <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a> documentary "Buying the Bomb", which reported on a Pakistani businessman who had attempted to smuggle <a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">krytron</a> devices which could be used as nuclear bomb triggers out of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013260–263-38">[38]</a> On June 12, 1986, an article by Hersh in the Times revealed that U.S.-backed dictator of Panama <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a> was a key figure in weapons and narcotics trafficking. The article was the first in a "political landslide" of allegations against Noriega; in 1989, <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">the U.S. invaded Panama</a> and captured him, taking him to the U.S. to stand trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013269–271-39">[39]</a> Hersh spent much of the decade writing two critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful books.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> In his 1986 title The Target Is Destroyed, Hersh examined the 1983 shootdown of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a> by the Soviet Union. He reported that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> knew almost immediately that the Soviets believed that they had shot down a military plane, and that the U.S. misrepresented the situation to portray the Soviets as deliberate murderers of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Samson_Option_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Samson Option (book)">The Samson Option</a> (1991), Hersh chronicled the history of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel" title="Nuclear weapons and Israel">Israel's nuclear weapon program</a>, arguing that a nuclear capability was sought from the state's founding, and that it was achieved under a U.S. policy of feigned ignorance and indirect assistance. Hersh also wrote that Israel received aid from the U.S. in the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> through "nuclear blackmail" (Israel's threat to use the weapons against its Arab enemies).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Another major allegation was that the intelligence passed to Israel by convicted American spy <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pollard" title="Jonathan Pollard">Jonathan Pollard</a> had been shared with the Soviet Union by former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, who denied the charge. Another allegation was that British media magnate <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maxwell" title="Robert Maxwell">Robert Maxwell</a> was an informant for <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>, Israel's national intelligence agency; Maxwell filed a defamation lawsuit against Hersh, but died in a drowning incident two weeks after the book was published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013278–283-42">[42]</a> Hersh's 1997 best-seller <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Camelot" title="The Dark Side of Camelot">The Dark Side of Camelot</a>, about the political career of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, was controversial and heavily criticized. Shortly before publication, it emerged in the press that Hersh had removed claims at the last minute which were based on <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">forged documents provided to him by fraudster Lex Cusack</a>, including a fake <a href="/wiki/Hush_money" title="Hush money">hush money</a> contract between Kennedy and <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>. An article about the controversy in The Washington Post said: "The strange and twisted saga of the JFK file is part cautionary tale, part slapstick farce, a story of deception and self-delusion in the service of commerce and journalism". Hersh and a one-time co-author had received a $800,000 advance for the project.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> Other aspects of the book also came under criticism, including its prying into Kennedy's alleged sexual escapades based on interviews with his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> guards, and its claim that Kennedy used <a href="/wiki/Judith_Exner" title="Judith Exner">Judith Exner</a> as a courier to deliver cash to mobster <a href="/wiki/Sam_Giancana" title="Sam Giancana">Sam Giancana</a>, made by a source who later recanted it before the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_Records_Review_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination Records Review Board">Assassination Records Review Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> In 1998, Hersh published Against All Enemies: Gulf War Syndrome: The War Between America's Ailing Veterans and Their Government, about <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a>. He estimated that 15 percent of returning American troops were afflicted with the chronic and multi-symptomatic disorder, and challenged the government claim that they were suffering from <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">war fatigue</a>, as opposed to the effects of a chemical or biological weapon. He suggested the smoke from the destruction of a weapon depot that stored <a href="/wiki/Nerve_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve gas">nerve gas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khamisiyah" title="Khamisiyah">Khamisiyah</a> in Iraq, to which more than 100,000 soldiers were exposed, as a possible cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013306–308-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_investigations">Later investigations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later investigations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seymour_Hersh_in_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Seymour_Hersh_in_Cairo.jpg/220px-Seymour_Hersh_in_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Seymour_Hersh_in_Cairo.jpg/330px-Seymour_Hersh_in_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Seymour_Hersh_in_Cairo.jpg/440px-Seymour_Hersh_in_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Hersh in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> Starting in 1993, Hersh became a regular contributor to The New Yorker magazine, edited by <a href="/wiki/Tina_Brown" title="Tina Brown">Tina Brown</a> until 1998 and <a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a> thereafter. A piece by him in 1993 alleged that <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and nuclear weapons">Pakistan had developed nuclear weapons</a> with the consent of the Reagan and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. W. Bush administration">Bush administrations</a>, using restricted, high-tech materials purchased in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> In May 2000, a 25,000-word article by Hersh titled "Overwhelming Force", the longest piece in the magazine since 1993, detailed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rumaila" title="Battle of Rumaila">Battle of Rumaila</a>, an alleged massacre of retreating and surrendering Iraqi troops by soldiers under General <a href="/wiki/Barry_McCaffrey" title="Barry McCaffrey">Barry McCaffrey</a> on the "<a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Death" title="Highway of Death">Highway of Death</a>" in the final days of the 1990–1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. He had received tips on the incident, which had been investigated and dismissed by the U.S. Army, from other officers while investigating McCaffrey's role in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian drug war</a>. Hersh performed six months of research for the article, and interviewed 300 people, including soldiers who had witnessed the killings; he alleged that McCaffrey had deceived his superiors and disregarded cease-fire orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013308–316-44">[44]</a> In July 2001, the magazine published Hersh's investigation of <a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a>'s illegal multibillion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Commodity_swap" title="Commodity swap">oil swap</a> deal between Kazakhstan and Iran in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013318-45">[45]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks</a>, Hersh turned his focus to U.S. policy in the Middle East and the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>". In The New Yorker, he reported on U.S. intelligence failures surrounding 9/11; on the corruption of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Saudi royal family</a> and its alleged financial support for <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>; and on the potential instability of the Pakistani nuclear arsenal, including an article alleging that the Pentagon was planning a covert operation inside Pakistan to disarm the weapons.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> President Bush told Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> that Hersh was "a liar".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013323-46">[46]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">U.S. invasion of Afghanistan</a>, Hersh reported that a <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">Predator drone</a> had followed a convoy carrying Taliban leader <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>, but that delayed approval for a missile strike had allowed him to escape; that a failed Army <a href="/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">Delta Force</a> raid on Omar's compound in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> had led to an escape in which 12 soldiers were injured; and that <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_airlift" title="Kunduz airlift">a U.S.-backed airlift of Pakistani officers from Kunduz</a> in Afghanistan had inadvertently carried Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters. Hersh later reported on the government's flawed prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Moussaoui" title="Zacarias Moussaoui">Zacarias Moussaoui</a>, on the U.S.'s aggressive assassination efforts against al-Qaeda members, and on business <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflicts of interest</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Perle" title="Richard Perle">Richard Perle</a>, chairman of the Pentagon's advisory <a href="/wiki/Defense_Policy_Board_Advisory_Committee" title="Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee">Defense Policy Board</a>, which led to his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013318–327-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_and_Abu_Ghraib">Iraq and Abu Ghraib</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iraq and Abu Ghraib">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg/220px-AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg/330px-AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg/440px-AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The infamous photo of a hooded Iraqi prisoner from Hersh's first article on the abuse, "Torture at Abu Ghraib"</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003, Hersh disputed the Bush administration's erroneous claims about <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s alleged stockpile of <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> and ties to terrorism, which had been used to justify the invasion. He reported that the claim that Iraq had received nuclear materials from Niger was <a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">based on forged documents</a>, that the Pentagon's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans" title="Office of Special Plans">Office of Special Plans</a> had provided dubious intelligence to the White House on Iraq's weapons capacity, and that the Bush administration had pressured the intelligence community to violate its "<a href="/wiki/Stovepiping" title="Stovepiping">stovepiping</a>" rule, which allowed only vetted and confirmed information to rise up the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013318–327-47">[47]</a> On April 30, 2004, Hersh published the first of three articles in The New Yorker which detailed the U.S. military's <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">torture and abuse of detainees at Abu Ghraib prison</a> near Baghdad. The story, titled "Torture at Abu Ghraib", was accompanied by a now-infamous photo of an Iraqi prisoner standing on a box and wearing a black pointed hood, his hands spread out and attached to electrodes. A short piece with the photo and others had appeared two days earlier on the CBS News program <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes_II" title="60 Minutes II">60 Minutes II</a>, in anticipation of Hersh's article.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013330–335-48">[48]</a> He described these photos: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In one, Private <a href="/wiki/Lynndie_England" title="Lynndie England">[Lynndie] England</a>, a cigarette dangling from her mouth, is giving a jaunty thumbs-up sign and pointing at the genitals of a young Iraqi, who is naked except for a sandbag over his head, as he masturbates. Three other hooded and naked Iraqi prisoners are shown, hands reflexively crossed over their genitals. ... In another, England stands arm in arm with Specialist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Graner" title="Charles Graner">[Charles] Graner</a>; both are grinning and giving the thumbs-up behind a cluster of perhaps seven naked Iraqis, knees bent, piled clumsily on top of each other in a pyramid. ... Yet another photograph shows a kneeling, naked, unhooded male prisoner ... posed to make it appear that he is performing oral sex on another male prisoner, who is naked and hooded.<a href="#cite_note-Torture_at_Abu_Ghraib-49">[49]</a></blockquote> Hersh had obtained <a href="/wiki/Taguba_Report" title="Taguba Report">a secret 53-page report</a> from an internal Army investigation headed by General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Taguba" title="Antonio Taguba">Antonio Taguba</a>, which had been submitted on March 3. It detailed more of the abuses, including pouring cold water and liquid from broken <a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">chemical lights</a> on naked detainees, beatings with a broom stick and a chair, threatening males with rape, allowing guards to stitch wounds from a beating, sodomizing a detainee with a chemical light and a broom stick, and using military dogs to intimidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013330–335-48">[48]</a> The article also alleged that military intelligence teams, which included CIA officers and "interrogation specialists" from <a href="/wiki/Private_military_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Private military contractor">private contractors</a>, had directed the abuse at the prison.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In two articles in May 2004, "Chain of Command" and "The Gray Zone", Hersh alleged that the abuse stemmed from a top-secret <a href="/wiki/Special_access_program" title="Special access program">special access program</a> (SAP) authorized by Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> during the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, which provided blanket approval for killings, kidnappings, and interrogations (at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a>) of "high-value" targets. He alleged that the SAP was extended to Iraq's military prisons in 2003 to gather intelligence on <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">the growing insurgency</a>, with Rumsfeld and <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security">Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cambone" title="Stephen Cambone">Stephen Cambone</a> also extending its methods of physical coercion and sexual humiliation, under the name "<a href="/wiki/Copper_Green" title="Copper Green">Copper Green</a>".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In a rare statement responding directly to the allegations, Pentagon spokesman <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Di_Rita" title="Lawrence Di Rita">Lawrence Di Rita</a> said that they were "outlandish, conspiratorial, and filled with error and anonymous conjecture", and that they reflected "the fevered insights of those with little, if any, connection to the activities in the Department of Defense"; he added that: "With these false claims, the Magazine and the reporter have made themselves part of the story."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> As the scandal grew and calls for Rumsfeld to resign mounted, he privately offered to step down, which Bush rejected. Later stories by other reporters revealed the <a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> had advised the Pentagon and the CIA on the legality of "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>". As after Hersh's reporting on the My Lai massacre, he garnered national and international attention and won multiple awards, including his fifth <a href="/wiki/George_Polk_Awards" title="George Polk Awards">George Polk Award</a>. A book compiling and building upon his post-9/11 reporting for The New Yorker, titled Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib, was published later in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013335–338-53">[53]</a> In July 2005, an article by Hersh alleged that the U.S. had covertly intervened in favor of <a href="/wiki/Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election</a>, in an "off the books" campaign conducted by retired CIA officers and non-government personnel, and with funds "not necessarily" appropriated by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> In a January 2005 article for The New Yorker titled "The Coming Wars", Hersh wrote that the next U.S. target in the Middle East was Iran, and alleged that covert U.S. reconnaissance missions, including a <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> task force, had infiltrated the country to gather intelligence on nuclear, chemical, and missile sites since mid-2004.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In April 2006, an article by Hersh titled "The Iran Plans" alleged that the Bush administration was accelerating military planning for an attack on Iran, and that the Pentagon had presented the White House the option of using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bunker_buster" title="Nuclear bunker buster">bunker-buster</a> nuclear weapons on the country's underground <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a> sites; he further alleged that the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> later sought to drop this option, which had been resisted by White House officials. The article also alleged that U.S. troops were infiltrating Iran to establish contact with anti-government minority groups, and that <a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">carrier-based aircraft</a> were flying simulated nuclear bombing runs.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Hersh wrote several more pieces on this alleged plan in the next two years, including a July 2006 article on how senior commanders were challenging Bush's plan for a major bombing campaign, articles in November 2006 and March 2007 on the plan's re-focusing on targets in Iran aiding Iraqi militants, and an October 2007 article on planned "surgical" strikes on Iranian <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a> training camps and supply depots.<a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a> In an August 2006 article, Hersh alleged that the U.S. was involved in the planning of Israel's attacks on <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a> as a "prelude" to the U.S. bombing of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In his March 2007 article, titled "The Redirection", he alleged that the U.S. and Saudi Arabia were covertly supporting <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> extremist groups to combat the influence of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> Iran and Syria, and that the Lebanese government of <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Siniora" title="Fouad Siniora">Fouad Siniora</a> was using its U.S. backing to supply weapons to <a href="/wiki/Osbat_al-Ansar" title="Osbat al-Ansar">Osbat al-Ansar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a>, militant groups in <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Palestinian refugee camps</a>, to develop a counter-balance to Shiite-backed Hezbollah. In May 2007, Lebanon launched an attack on Fatah al-Islam, which it accused of having ties to the Syrian government, starting <a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">a severe domestic conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a> In a June 2008 article titled "Preparing the Battlefield", Hersh alleged that Congress had secretly appropriated $400 million for a major escalation of covert operations against Iran in late 2007, following a request from President Bush. The request allegedly "focused on undermining <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iran's nuclear ambitions</a> and trying to undermine the government through <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a>", and included new activities such as the funding of opposition groups in the south and east of the country.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The article also alleged that Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, after <a href="/wiki/2008_U.S.%E2%80%93Iranian_naval_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 U.S.–Iranian naval dispute">a January 2008 incident in the Strait of Hormuz</a> in which a U.S. warship had nearly fired on Iranian boats, had held a meeting on how to create a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> for a war; Hersh later said in an interview that one of the options discussed and rejected was a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> operation involving <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">Navy SEALs</a>, who would pose as Iranian patrols and start a firefight with U.S. ships.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Hersh later began writing a book on Cheney in 2011, on which he spent four years before dropping amid a crackdown on leaks, instead writing his 2018 memoir Reporter.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Hersh alleged in a May 2011 article titled "Iran And the Bomb" that the U.S. lacked conclusive evidence that Iran was developing nuclear weapons, citing a still-classified <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">National Intelligence Estimate</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a> earlier that year. The summary of the 2007 estimate, which had been released publicly, had found "with high confidence" that Iran had halted its weapons program in late 2003 after the invasion of Iraq; Hersh alleged that the 2011 estimate found that this program had been aimed at Iraq (which Iran had believed to be developing a nuclear weapon), not Israel or the U.S., and that no new evidence had changed the 2007 assessment, despite expanded covert surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In a November 2011 article after the release of a report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA) on possible military dimensions of Iran's nuclear program, Hersh disputed that the findings were new or transformative, arguing that there remained "no definitive evidence" of a weapons program, and calling the report a "political document" in an interview.<a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a> In an April 2012 article, Hersh alleged that the U.S. trained members of the Iranian dissident group <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">Mujahideen-e-Khalq</a> (MEK), listed as a "foreign terrorist organization" by the State Department, at a site in Nevada from 2005 to 2007, and had provided intelligence for its <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">assassinations of nuclear scientists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria_and_chemical_attacks">Syria and chemical attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syria and chemical attacks">edit</a>]</div> In the early weeks of the Iraq War in 2003, Hersh traveled to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in Syria and interviewed President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, whom he interviewed several more times in following years, the latest in early 2010; he also interviewed <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prospect-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a> In February 2008, an article by Hersh questioned the Israeli and American claims that a Syrian facility <a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">bombed by Israel in September 2007</a> was an under-construction nuclear reactor;<a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a> a later report by the IAEA in 2011 found it was "very likely" that it was a secret reactor.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> An article by Hersh in April 2009, citing his email correspondence with Assad, suggested that Syria was eager for peace with Israel over the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, as well as negotiations with the U.S. over <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">its withdrawal from Iraq</a> and Syria's support for <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>. Hersh concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> had a chance for diplomacy with Syria and perhaps Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a> On December 8, 2013, an article by Hersh titled "Whose sarin?", published in the <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a> (LRB), alleged that the Obama administration had "cherry-picked intelligence" on the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">August 21, 2013, sarin attack at Ghouta</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War</a>, which had killed hundreds of civilians, in order to attribute the attack to Assad's government and justify a military strike.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The article, which had been rejected by The New Yorker and The Washington Post,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> alleged that U.S. intelligence had found by June 2013 that <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra</a>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>, was also capable of producing and deploying sarin gas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-67">[67]</a> The article cited munitions expert <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Postol" title="Theodore Postol">Theodore Postol</a>, who judged that the rockets used in the attack were improvised, and that their estimated range of 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) was inconsistent with a proposed flight path from a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> base 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-:4-67">[67]</a> In a second article published in the LRB in April 2014, titled "The Red Line and the Rat Line", Hersh alleged that the attack was conducted by al-Nusra with the aid of the Turkish government of <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> in a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> operation aimed at drawing the U.S. into the war against Assad. It described an alleged supply chain operation, organized by the CIA and the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> with funding from Saudi Arabia and Qatar, which transported weapons to the Syrian rebels from Libya via southern Turkey between early 2012 and the <a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">September 2012 attack on the U.S. consulate and CIA annex at Benghazi</a>. Hersh alleged that Turkey's <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">National Intelligence Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a> had proceeded to instruct al-Nusra on producing and deploying sarin, and that the planned U.S. strike was averted after British intelligence found that samples of sarin from Ghouta did not match batches from Syria's arsenal.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A report from an investigation by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) concluded that sarin had been used at Ghouta, but did not assign responsibility for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Blogger <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Higgins" title="Eliot Higgins">Eliot Higgins</a> and chemical weapons expert Dan Kaszeta disputed some of the claims in the articles with <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source intelligence</a>, writing that the "improvised" rockets had been used by the Syrian Army as early as November 2012, and that the front lines on the day of the attack were just 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) from the impact sites, within Postol's estimated range. They also criticized the claim of al-Nusra responsibility, citing the high difficulty and expense of producing sarin, and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamine">hexamine</a> in the Ghouta samples, an additive which Syria later declared part of its chemical weapons program.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins_Kaszeta_2014-71">[71]</a> In a December 2015 article in the LRB titled "Military to Military", Hersh alleged that the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, after discovering by mid-2013 that Turkey was aiding al-Nusra and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (ISIS) and that the moderate rebels were no longer viable, had sabotaged Obama's support for the rebels by sending U.S. intelligence to the militaries of Germany, Russia, and Israel, on the understanding it would be forwarded to Assad. In exchange for this support, aimed at defeating ISIS, Hersh alleged that the Joint Chiefs had required that Assad "restrain" <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> from attacking Israel, restart negotiations with Israel over the Golan Heights, agree to accept Russian advisers, and hold elections after the war. This alleged alliance ended in September 2015 upon the retirement of its architect, chairman General <a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Martin Dempsey</a>. Max Fisher of <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> criticized the narrative, citing reporting that Syria and Russia were primarily bombing anti-ISIS rebels instead of ISIS, and Dempsey's prominent public support for sending more arms to the rebels, over which he had clashed with Obama.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On June 25, 2017, the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> published Hersh's article "Trump's Red Line", which had been rejected by the LRB.<a href="#cite_note-Prospect-63">[63]</a> It alleged that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">April 4, 2017, attack at Khan Shaykhun</a> was not a sarin attack, but a conventional bombing conducted with Russian intelligence that struck a regional headquarters building with "fertilisers, disinfectants and other goods" in its basement, which created "effects similar to those of sarin".<a href="#cite_note-Prospect-63">[63]</a> The article further alleged that the <a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">April 7 missile strike on Shayrat Airbase</a>, ordered by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">President Trump</a>, was conducted despite U.S. intelligence affirming a conventional bombing.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Higgins again criticized Hersh's claims, writing for <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> that they were inconsistent with Syrian and Russian descriptions of the target and satellite images of the impact sites, as well as findings of sarin and hexamine in samples retrieved by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A later investigation by <a href="/wiki/OPCW-UN_Joint_Investigative_Mechanism" title="OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism">a joint UN–OPCW panel</a> found that the attack was a sarin bombing by the Syrian Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Killing of Osama bin Laden">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden#Alternative_accounts" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden § Alternative accounts</a></div> In a September 2013 interview, Hersh commented that the U.S.'s account of the May 2, 2011, raid in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, which <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killed Osama bin Laden</a> was "one big lie, not one word of it is true". He stated that both the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> and Pakistan had lied about the event, and that American media outlets were reluctant to challenge the administration, saying: "It's pathetic, they are more than obsequious, they are afraid to pick on this guy [Obama]".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Hersh later said that his sources told him that the official story was false days after the raid, but that The New Yorker had rejected his article pitches.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> On May 10, 2015, a 10,000-word article by Hersh detailing an alternative account of the raid, titled "The Killing of Osama bin Laden", was published in the <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. The official account was that bin Laden had been located through interrogation of detainees and surveillance of his courier, that Pakistan was unaware of the operation, and that he was killed only when he did not surrender; Hersh reported that bin Laden had been captured and held as a prisoner of Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI) since 2006, that his location was revealed to the CIA by a former Pakistani intelligence officer in 2010, that top Pakistani military officials knew about the operation, and that bin Laden had been assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The article alleged Pakistan had kept bin Laden, with financial support from Saudi Arabia, as leverage against <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, and that it agreed to give him up in exchange for increased U.S. military aid and a "freer hand in Afghanistan".<a href="#cite_note-:6-81">[81]</a> Further allegations were that bin Laden's DNA had been collected by a Pakistani Army doctor, not by <a href="/wiki/Shakil_Afridi" title="Shakil Afridi">Shakil Afridi</a> in a fake vaccination drive by the CIA; that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">Navy SEALs</a> met no resistance at the compound, and were escorted by an ISI officer; that bin Laden's body was torn apart by rifle fire; and that pieces of his corpse were tossed out over the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains on the flight back to <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, rather than being <a href="/wiki/Burial_at_sea" title="Burial at sea">buried at sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-82">[82]</a> A book compiling the article and Hersh's pieces on Syria for the magazine, The Killing of Osama bin Laden, was published in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Hersh's article was heavily criticized by other reporters.<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-84">[84]</a> The narrative was similar to a little-known August 2011 post by national security blogger <a href="/wiki/Raelynn_Hillhouse" title="Raelynn Hillhouse">R.J. Hillhouse</a>, who called Hersh's article "either plagiarism or unoriginal", though she speculated they used different sources;<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Hersh denied having read her work.<a href="#cite_note-:3-84">[84]</a> Max Fisher of <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> accused Hersh's story of "internal contradictions" and "troubling inconsistencies" in a long article, questioning among other claims that the U.S. and Pakistan had struck a secret deal, as U.S. military aid had fallen and relations had deteriorated in following years.<a href="#cite_note-:6-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Peter Bergen</a> of <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, who visited the compound after the raid, disputed that the only shots fired were those that killed bin Laden, writing that he had seen evidence of an extended firefight.<a href="#cite_note-:9-82">[82]</a> Both journalists, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Shafer" title="Jack Shafer">Jack Shafer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Kirchick" title="James Kirchick">James Kirchick</a> at <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> criticized Hersh's sources: an unnamed "retired senior [U.S.] intelligence official", "two longtime consultants to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations Command</a>", and retired Pakistani General <a href="/wiki/Asad_Durrani" title="Asad Durrani">Asad Durrani</a>, who headed the ISI from 1990 to 1992, with Fisher writing that this was "worryingly little evidence for a story that accuses hundreds of people across three governments of staging a massive international hoax that has gone on for years".<a href="#cite_note-:6-81">[81]</a> Fisher also questioned that Pakistan had insisted on an elaborate raid over simpler and lower-risk methods, asking why bin Laden was not killed and his body handed over, or killed in a staged U.S. drone strike.<a href="#cite_note-:6-81">[81]</a> Hersh's article stated that a drone strike was the raid's original cover story before one of the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a> helicopters crashed and was demolished, which was impossible to hide.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Some details in Hersh's article were corroborated by <a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Gall" title="Carlotta Gall">Carlotta Gall</a> of The New York Times, who reported that she had previously been told by a "high-level member" of the ISI that Pakistan had been hiding bin Laden and that an ISI brigadier had informed the CIA of his location;<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> also corroborated the claim of a retired ISI officer who had tipped off the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Pakistani news outlets alleged the tipster was Brigadier Usman Khalid, who died in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:7-92">[92]</a> In an article in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a>, Trevor Timm, executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a>, praised an article by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Watkins" title="Ali Watkins">Ali Watkins</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-92">[92]</a> as one of the few that identified the tipster development as discrediting the CIA's claim that its torture of detainees had revealed the identity of bin Laden's courier, which had previously been challenged by <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">the December 2014 report on torture</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Intelligence Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nord_Stream_pipeline_and_Ukraine">Nord Stream pipeline and Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nord Stream pipeline and Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> On February 8, 2023, in a newsletter article titled "How America Took Out The Nord Stream Pipeline", Hersh alleged that the <a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">September 26, 2022, sabotage of the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines</a>, which had carried <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> from Russia to Germany through the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, was carried out by the U.S. in a top-secret CIA operation ordered by President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, with collaboration from Norway. The self-published post, which relied on one anonymous source "with direct knowledge of the operational planning", alleged that U.S. Navy divers operating from a Norwegian ship, using <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/BALTOPS#BALTOPS_2022_(51st)" title="BALTOPS">BALTOPS 22</a> exercise in June 2022 as cover, had planted <a href="/wiki/C-4_(explosive)" title="C-4 (explosive)">C-4</a> mines which were later remotely detonated by a <a href="/wiki/Sonar_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonar buoy">sonar buoy</a> dropped from a Norwegian plane. The alleged motive was reducing Russian economic influence in Europe and cutting off a major source of state revenue; <a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a> was not yet operational, but would have doubled the gas supply of <a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_1" title="Nord Stream 1">Nord Stream 1</a>. Hersh cited statements against the pipeline made by Biden and his foreign policy team as support, including Biden's warning in February 2022, before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, that: "If Russia invades ... there will no longer be a Nord Stream 2. We will bring an end to it."<a href="#cite_note-:10-94">[94]</a> The party responsible for the attack, which rendered three of the four pipelines inoperable, was not widely known at the time of Hersh's report. Western countries had not formally accused Russia, though some officials suggested it was responsible;<a href="#cite_note-:10-94">[94]</a> Germany, Denmark, and Sweden had each opened investigations into the attack. Russia had accused the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and later the U.S., and disputed the idea it would destroy the pipelines, which it owned a large stake in through <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-95">[95]</a> Kelly Vlahos, a senior advisor at the <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Institute_for_Responsible_Statecraft" title="Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft">Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft</a>, described the U.S. mainstream media response to Hersh's post as a "total blackout", and wrote that his reporting "should have opened the floodgates of journalistic inquiry".<a href="#cite_note-:12-96">[96]</a> The post received widespread attention in <a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">independent media</a> and European mainstream media, including in Germany; the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> held its first debate on the bombing on February 10, in which members from <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) and <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Die Linke</a> cited Hersh and called on the executive branch to release the results of its investigation, which it had said would be kept secret.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In Russia, Hersh's report was picked up by the state-owned media agencies <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a> and <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> At a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> meeting on February 21, Russia's representative <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Nebenzya" title="Vasily Nebenzya">Vasily Nebenzya</a> cited Hersh and called for an independent UN investigation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[99]</a> Some of the post's claims were criticized by writers using <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In a post, blogger Oliver Alexander disputed the claim that the U.S. divers operated from a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Alta-class_minesweeper" title="Alta-class minesweeper">Alta-class minesweeper</a>, as no ships of the class had taken part in BALTOPS 22; he noted the participation of the Hinnøy, a member of the similar <a href="/wiki/Oks%C3%B8y-class_mine_hunter" title="Oksøy-class mine hunter">Oksøy mine hunter class</a>, but wrote that <a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_system" title="Automatic identification system">AIS</a> data from the ship showed that it had passed several kilometers from the sites at its closest, without slowing down. He wrote that <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Dependent_Surveillance%E2%80%93Broadcast" title="Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast">ADS-B</a> records did not show the alleged "seemingly routine flight" by a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">P-8 Poseidon</a> in the hours before the explosions, and questioned the claim that <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">NATO Secretary General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> had co-operated with U.S. intelligence since the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, as Stoltenberg was 16 years old in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-:14-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Hersh replied that the open-source location data could have been manipulated by spoofing or disabling transponders.<a href="#cite_note-:13-103">[103]</a> Alexander later wrote that satellite images showed the Hinnøy sailing in formation at six locations, matching AIS data.<a href="#cite_note-:14-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In March 2023, the New York Times reported that new intelligence suggested a "pro-Ukrainian group" was responsible for the attack,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> and the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> reported that German police found it was carried out by six people of unclear nationality diving from a yacht rented from a Ukrainian-owned Polish company.<a href="#cite_note-:13-103">[103]</a> In a second post, Hersh alleged that this account was a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> fabrication created by the CIA and fed to U.S. and German outlets.<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[99]</a> In an April 2023 article, Hersh alleged that figures in the Ukrainian government of <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> had embezzled at least $400 million of U.S. aid to the country, intended for the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, by buying discount diesel from Russia, citing an alleged analysis produced by the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_statements">Other statements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other statements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speeches">Speeches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Speeches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seymour_Hersh-IPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seymour_Hersh-IPS.jpg/220px-Seymour_Hersh-IPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seymour_Hersh-IPS.jpg/330px-Seymour_Hersh-IPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seymour_Hersh-IPS.jpg/440px-Seymour_Hersh-IPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Hersh speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Policy_Studies" title="Institute for Policy Studies">Institute for Policy Studies</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> In a 2005 interview with <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a> magazine, Hersh made a distinction between the strict standards of accuracy observed in his print reporting and the leeway he allowed himself in speeches, in which he spoke informally about stories still being worked on, or changed information to protect his sources: "Sometimes I change events, dates, and places in a certain way to protect people. ... I can't fudge what I write. But I can certainly fudge what I say."<a href="#cite_note-New_York-107">[107]</a> In a July 2004 speech to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ghraib scandal">Abu Ghraib scandal</a>, Hersh alleged that there existed video tapes of young boys being sexually assaulted at the prison, in which their "shrieking" could be heard.<a href="#cite_note-New_York-107">[107]</a> In his book Chain of Command, however, he clarified that a lawyer in the case had told him about a prisoner witness statement which described the alleged rape of a boy by a foreign contract employee who worked as an interpreter, as a woman was taking pictures. Hersh later stated: "I actually didn't quite say what I wanted to say correctly. ... It wasn't that inaccurate, but it was misstated. The next thing I know, it was all over the blogs."<a href="#cite_note-New_York-107">[107]</a> In a March 2009 speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, Hersh alleged that the Bush administration had authorized the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Special_Operations_Command" title="Joint Special Operations Command">Joint Special Operations Command</a> (JSOC) to locate and kill targets in a program which reported only to Vice President Cheney, outside of the chain of command, in what Hersh described as an "executive assassination ring".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In a January 2011 speech in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar, Hersh alleged that General <a href="/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal" title="Stanley A. McChrystal">Stanley A. McChrystal</a>, head of the JSOC from 2003 to 2008, and his successor Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_H._McRaven" title="William H. McRaven">William H. McRaven</a> were "members, or at least supporters" of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Knights of Malta</a>, a Catholic lay religious order, and that many JSOC officers were members of the Catholic institution <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a>; McChrystal denied the allegation. Hersh further alleged that some military leaders viewed the U.S. wars in the Middle East as a "crusade", in which they were protecting Christians from Muslims "[as] in the 13th century".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Seth_Rich">Murder of Seth Rich</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Murder of Seth Rich">edit</a>]</div> In a January 2017 phone conversation about the 2016 murder of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> staffer <a href="/wiki/Seth_Rich" class="mw-redirect" title="Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a>, Hersh told <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> commentator <a href="/wiki/Ed_Butowsky" title="Ed Butowsky">Ed Butowsky</a> that he had heard about an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> report which found that Rich had tried to sell emails to <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> prior to his death. Although cautioned by Hersh that the information may not be true, Butowsky forwarded the taped call to the Rich family, who were encouraged to hire a <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigator</a> quoted in a later-retracted Fox News article on the alleged FBI report.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Hersh later said that he had relayed "gossip", and that he was <a href="/wiki/Fishing_expedition" title="Fishing expedition">fishing for information</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pat_Nixon_abuse">Pat Nixon abuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pat Nixon abuse">edit</a>]</div> In his 2018 autobiography Reporter, Hersh wrote that he had heard in 1974 that <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a>, wife of former president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, had been treated in an emergency room in California after her husband had hit her, and that former Nixon aide <a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a> told him of two previous incidents in which Nixon struck her. Hersh chose not to report on the alleged abuse because he considered it part of Nixon's private life, a decision which he later regretted.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHersh2018202–203-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_anonymous_sources">Use of anonymous sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use of anonymous sources">edit</a>]</div> Hersh's reporting is well-known for its use of anonymous sources, which his biographer Robert Miraldi described as his "trademark".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201316-116">[116]</a> While working as a Pentagon correspondent for the AP, he developed many anonymous top- and mid-level military sources, leading Pentagon officials to deride the fact that he "broke every rule of bureaucratic journalism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201377-117">[117]</a> His AP colleague <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pyle_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Pyle (journalist) (page does not exist)">Richard Pyle</a> later observed that "people were somewhat annoyed that he had no or few names in so many of his stories".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201380-118">[118]</a> Hersh's articles on the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, like those of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a>, made extensive use of unnamed sources, including deep inside the White House, Justice Department, and Congress. Hersh's New York Times editor <a href="/wiki/A._M._Rosenthal" title="A. M. Rosenthal">A. M. Rosenthal</a> warned him to halt his practice of "ascribing long, colorful pejorative comments in direct quotes to anonymous officials".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013153–156-119">[119]</a> After Hersh's articles on CIA involvement in <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">the Chilean coup</a>, largely based on unnamed CIA sources, Rosenthal praised his work but again warned about sources: "It's our obligation to be extremely careful, restrained and judicious. Using them puzzles the reader at the best, and raises questions about the credibility of the story at the worst."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013194-120">[120]</a> Hersh's conservative critics frequently accused him of a left-wing bias in his reporting on the <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mỹ Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a> and later stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi201332-121">[121]</a> Hersh responded that: "I don't go around getting my stories from nice old Lefties or the <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weathermen</a> ... I get them from good old-fashioned constitutionalists. I learned a long time ago that you can't go around making judgments on the basis of people's politics. The essential thing is: Do they have integrity or not?"<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, in response to Hersh's 1983 book The Price of Power, accused him of including "inference piled on assumption, third-hand hearsay accepted as fact, the self-serving accounts of disgruntled adversaries elevated to gospel, the 'impressions' of people several times removed from the scene."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013243-122">[122]</a> Hersh's 1986 book The Target Is Destroyed was especially noted for its anonymous sources, with Hersh admitting that: "This is a book whose key allegations hinge on unnamed sources ... mysterious 'government officials' and 'intelligence analysts'.",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013268-123">[123]</a> and his 1991 book The Samson Option was similar, with journalist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Emerson" title="Steven Emerson">Steven Emerson</a> writing in a review that it relied on Hersh's mere reputation: "If anyone else wrote this book, it would have never seen the light of day".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013280-124">[124]</a> Hersh's 1997 book The Dark Side of Camelot used very few unnamed sources, but its <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">document hoax</a> controversy and dubious claims drew the criticism of many in the media, with Kennedy biographer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> calling him "the most gullible investigative reporter perhaps in American history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013300–301-125">[125]</a> Hersh's articles for The New Yorker, like his previous articles at the Times under Rosenthal, were reviewed by an active editor (<a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a>) and a team of fact-checkers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013312-126">[126]</a> In a 2003 interview with the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a>, Remnick stated that he knew the identity of all of Hersh's sources: "I know every single source that is in his pieces ... Every 'retired intelligence officer', every general with reason to know, and all those phrases that one has to use, alas, by necessity, I say, 'Who is it? What's his interest?' We talk it through."<a href="#cite_note-Avenger-1">[1]</a> Hersh's reporting on the Middle East after 9/11 drew renewed criticism of his unnamed sources; journalist <a href="/wiki/Amir_Taheri" title="Amir Taheri">Amir Taheri</a> wrote in a review of Hersh's 2004 book Chain of Command that: "Hersh uses the method of medieval scholastics: first choose your belief, then seek proofs. ... By my count Hersh has anonymous sources inside 30 foreign governments and virtually every department of the U.S. government."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Remnick defended Hersh, arguing that unnamed sources were needed in intelligence reporting due to the risk taken by sources, who faced dismissal or prosecution. Hersh said of his reporting of the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>" that: "[T]he only way you measure my stories in any reasonable way is to say that I've been writing an alternative history of the war. And the question is: Is it basically right? And I think overwhelmingly it's right."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013324-128">[128]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/William_Arkin" title="William Arkin">William Arkin</a>, who worked with Hersh in the 1990s, responded to critics of Hersh's errors that: "He can get every fact wrong but get the story correct."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013342-129">[129]</a> Hersh's reporting outside of The New Yorker has been criticized for allegedly being subjected to less editorial review and fact-checking. Hersh stated that his 2013 article on the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a>, published in the <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a> (LRB), had been rejected because "[Remnick] didn't feel it was strong enough". In 2015, he stated that the LRB had used a former fact-checker from The New Yorker for his article on the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing of Osama bin Laden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-84">[84]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Kirchick" title="James Kirchick">James Kirchick</a> criticized Hersh's later reporting for uncritically treating information provided to him by "cranks", which he wrote were attracted to Hersh because he shared a "conspiratorial" view of the world where "dark, shadowy" forces ruled. Hersh replied that: "There's zero value in taking just the line of government agencies and official spokespeople ... So that makes you reliant on people who have agendas, as all sources usually do, and it attracts people who believe in conspiracies. A lot of intelligence work is finding connections, a bit of an occupational hazard."<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> Criticism of Hersh and his sources was renewed after his 2017 article on the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> after LRB editor <a href="/wiki/Mary-Kay_Wilmers" title="Mary-Kay Wilmers">Mary-Kay Wilmers</a> told him she "didn't want to be accused of being too pro-Russian and too pro-Syria",<a href="#cite_note-Prospect-63">[63]</a> and Hersh's 2023 post on the <a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">Nord Stream sabotage</a>, which was self-published on <a href="/wiki/Substack" title="Substack">Substack</a> and relied on a single anonymous source.<a href="#cite_note-:1-99">[99]</a> Later in 2023, after Hersh cited an alleged U.S. official describing Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> as a "poor waif in his underwear", a translation of an <a href="/wiki/Idiomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiomatic">idiomatic</a> Russian expression and not otherwise common in English, some commentators speculated that Hersh's source had in fact been Russian-speaking.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Hersh married Elizabeth Sarah Klein, a doctor, in 1964. They have three children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiraldi2013351-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> Hersh's journalism and publishing awards include the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> in 1970, five <a href="/wiki/George_Polk_Awards" title="George Polk Awards">George Polk Awards</a> (making him that award's most honored laureate as of 2004),<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-132">[132]</a> two <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards" title="National Magazine Awards">National Magazine Awards</a>, and more than a dozen other prizes for investigative reporting: <ul><li>1969: George Polk Special Award<a href="#cite_note-Polk-133">[133]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worth_Bingham_Prize" title="Worth Bingham Prize">Worth Bingham Prize</a> for Investigative Journalism,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> for reporting on the <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mỹ Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dispatch_News_Service" title="Dispatch News Service">Dispatch News Service</a>)</li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Chi_Award" title="Sigma Delta Chi Award">Sigma Delta Chi Distinguished Service Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EIU-136">[136]</a> for reporting on the My Lai massacre</li> <li>1973: George Polk Award for Investigative Reporting<a href="#cite_note-Polk-133">[133]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Howard_Awards" title="Scripps Howard Awards">Scripps-Howard Public Service Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EIU-136">[136]</a> for reporting on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a> (The New York Times)</li> <li>1974: George Polk Award for National Reporting, for reporting on <a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a> (The New York Times)<a href="#cite_note-Polk-133">[133]</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Hillman_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillman Prize">Hillman Prize</a> for Newspaper Reporting, for reporting on Operation CHAOS<a href="#cite_note-Hillman-137">[137]</a></li> <li>1981: George Polk Award for National Reporting (with <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gerth" title="Jeff Gerth">Jeff Gerth</a> and Philip Taubman)<a href="#cite_note-Polk-133">[133]</a> and Sigma Delta Chi Award,<a href="#cite_note-EIU-136">[136]</a> for reporting on arms sales to Libya by former CIA agents (The New York Times)</li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award_for_Nonfiction" title="National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction">National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Book_Prize" title="Los Angeles Times Book Prize">Los Angeles Times Book Prize</a> for Biography,<a href="#cite_note-NPF-139">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investigative_Reporters_%26_Editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigative Reporters & Editors">Investigative Reporters & Editors</a> Award,<a href="#cite_note-NPF-139">[139]</a> for The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House</li> <li>1984: Hillman Prize for Book Reporting, for The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House<a href="#cite_note-Hillman-137">[137]</a></li> <li>1992: Investigative Reporters & Editors Award, for <a href="/wiki/The_Samson_Option:_Israel%27s_Nuclear_Arsenal_and_American_Foreign_Policy" title="The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy">The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy</a><a href="#cite_note-NPF-139">[139]</a></li> <li>2004: National Magazine Award for Public Interest, for articles on the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> in the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>);<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-132">[132]</a> George Polk Award for Magazine Reporting,<a href="#cite_note-Polk-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Press_Club_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Press Club Award">Overseas Press Club Joe and Laurie Dine Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Foundation" title="National Press Foundation">National Press Foundation</a> Kiplinger Distinguished Contributions to Journalism Award,<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Letelier-Moffitt_Human_Rights_Award" title="Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award">Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and <a href="/wiki/LennonOno_Grant_for_Peace" title="LennonOno Grant for Peace">LennonOno Grant for Peace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> for reporting on the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib</a> (The New Yorker); <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="George Orwell Award">George Orwell Award</a> for both stories<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li>2005: National Magazine Award for Public Interest, for reporting on the prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib;<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Ridenhour_Prizes" title="The Ridenhour Prizes">Ridenhour Courage Prize</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Journalists" title="International Center for Journalists">International Center for Journalists</a> Founders Award for Excellence in Journalism<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Adams_Award" title="Sam Adams Award">Sam Adams Award</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHersh1968" class="citation book cs1">Hersh, Seymour M. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalbiologic00hers">Chemical and Biological Warfare: America's Hidden Arsenal</a>. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-63150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-63150-2"><bdi>978-0-261-63150-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+and+Biological+Warfare%3A+America%27s+Hidden+Arsenal&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-261-63150-2&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalbiologic00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1970" class="citation book cs1">——— (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mylai4reportonth00hers">My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-43737-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-43737-8"><bdi>978-0-394-43737-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Lai+4%3A+A+Report+on+the+Massacre+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-394-43737-8&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmylai4reportonth00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1972" class="citation book cs1">——— (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coverupthearmyss00hers">Cover-Up: The Army's Secret Investigation of the Massacre at My Lai 4</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47460-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47460-1"><bdi>978-0-394-47460-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cover-Up%3A+The+Army%27s+Secret+Investigation+of+the+Massacre+at+My+Lai+4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-394-47460-1&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoverupthearmyss00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1983" class="citation book cs1">——— (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priceofpower00hers">The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Summit_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Books">Summit Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44760-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44760-1"><bdi>978-0-671-44760-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Power%3A+Kissinger+in+the+Nixon+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44760-1&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpriceofpower00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1986" class="citation book cs1">——— (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thetargetisdestr00hers">The Target Is Destroyed: What Really Happened to Flight 007 and What America Knew About It</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-54261-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-54261-4"><bdi>978-0-394-54261-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Target+Is+Destroyed%3A+What+Really+Happened+to+Flight+007+and+What+America+Knew+About+It&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-394-54261-4&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthetargetisdestr00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1991" class="citation book cs1">——— (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Sampson_Option">The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57006-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57006-8"><bdi>978-0-394-57006-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samson+Option%3A+Israel%27s+Nuclear+Arsenal+and+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-394-57006-8&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSampson_Option&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1997" class="citation book cs1">——— (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darksideofcamelo00hers">The Dark Side of Camelot</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown & Company">Little, Brown & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-35955-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-35955-9"><bdi>978-0-316-35955-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Camelot&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-316-35955-9&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarksideofcamelo00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1998" class="citation book cs1">——— (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againstallenemie00hers">Against All Enemies: Gulf War Syndrome: The War Between America's Ailing Veterans and Their Government</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-42748-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-42748-9"><bdi>978-0-345-42748-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+All+Enemies%3A+Gulf+War+Syndrome%3A+The+War+Between+America%27s+Ailing+Veterans+and+Their+Government&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-345-42748-9&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagainstallenemie00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh2004" class="citation book cs1">——— (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chainofcommandroher00hers">Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019591-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019591-5"><bdi>978-0-06-019591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chain+of+Command%3A+The+Road+from+9%2F11+to+Abu+Ghraib&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019591-5&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchainofcommandroher00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh2016" class="citation book cs1">——— (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killingofosamabi0000hers">The Killing of Osama Bin Laden</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-436-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-436-2"><bdi>978-1-78478-436-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+of+Osama+Bin+Laden&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78478-436-2&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillingofosamabi0000hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh2018" class="citation book cs1">——— (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportermemoir0000seym">Reporter: A Memoir</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26395-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26395-7"><bdi>978-0-307-26395-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reporter%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26395-7&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportermemoir0000seym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulitzer.org/article/i-sent-them-good-boy-and-they-made-him-murderer">Articles on the My Lai massacre (St. Louis Post-Dispatch; November 13, 20, and 25, 1969)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/contributors/seymour-m-hersh">Collected articles for The New Yorker (1971–2015)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/seymour-hersh/">Collected articles for The Atlantic (1982–1994)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/seymour-m-hersh">Collected articles for the London Review of Books (2013–2019)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Avenger-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avenger_1-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, Scott (July–August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228214929/http://www.cjr.org/issues/2003/4/hersh-sherman.asp">"The avenger: Sy Hersh, then and now"</a>. 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National Press Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212222319/https://nationalpress.org/award-winner/seymour-hersh/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seymour+Hersh&rft.pub=National+Press+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpress.org%2Faward-winner%2Fseymour-hersh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opcofamerica.org/opc-awards-contest-rules/archive-award/">"Awards Recipients"</a>. Overseas Press Club of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054012/https://opcofamerica.org/opc-awards-contest-rules/archive-award/">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awards+Recipients&rft.pub=Overseas+Press+Club+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopcofamerica.org%2Fopc-awards-contest-rules%2Farchive-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ips-dc.org/about/letelier-moffitt-human-rights-awards/">"Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Awards"</a>. Institute for Policy Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421214136/https://ips-dc.org/about/letelier-moffitt-human-rights-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letelier-Moffitt+Human+Rights+Awards&rft.pub=Institute+for+Policy+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fips-dc.org%2Fabout%2Fletelier-moffitt-human-rights-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.triblive.com/news/ono-awards-peace-grants/">"Ono awards peace grants"</a>. Associated Press. September 19, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331213710/https://archive.triblive.com/news/ono-awards-peace-grants/">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ono+awards+peace+grants&rft.date=2004-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.triblive.com%2Fnews%2Fono-awards-peace-grants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncte.org/awards/george-orwell-award/">"George Orwell Award"</a>. National Council of Teachers of English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205004459/https://ncte.org/awards/george-orwell-award/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Orwell+Award&rft.pub=National+Council+of+Teachers+of+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncte.org%2Fawards%2Fgeorge-orwell-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ridenhour.org/courage-prize/">"Courage Prize"</a>. The Ridenhour Prizes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314190922/https://www.ridenhour.org/courage-prize/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ridenhour+Prizes&rft.atitle=Courage+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ridenhour.org%2Fcourage-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoog2009" class="citation web cs1">Boog, Jason (June 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adweek.com/galleycat/seymour-hersh-wins-founders-award-for-excellence-in-journalism/10496">"Seymour Hersh Wins Founders Award for Excellence in Journalism"</a>. GalleyCat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302070105/https://www.adweek.com/galleycat/seymour-hersh-wins-founders-award-for-excellence-in-journalism/10496">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GalleyCat&rft.atitle=Seymour+Hersh+Wins+Founders+Award+for+Excellence+in+Journalism&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fgalleycat%2Fseymour-hersh-wins-founders-award-for-excellence-in-journalism%2F10496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samadamsaward.ch/seymour-hersh/">"Seymour Hersh"</a>. Sam Adams Associates for Integrity in Intelligence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228074612/https://samadamsaward.ch/seymour-hersh/">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seymour+Hersh&rft.pub=Sam+Adams+Associates+for+Integrity+in+Intelligence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamadamsaward.ch%2Fseymour-hersh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiraldi2013" class="citation book cs1">Miraldi, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seymourhershscoo0000mira">Seymour Hersh: Scoop Artist</a>. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-475-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-475-1"><bdi>978-1-61234-475-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seymour+Hersh%3A+Scoop+Artist&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-475-1&rft.aulast=Miraldi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseymourhershscoo0000mira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeymour+Hersh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Hersh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Seymour_Hersh" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seymourhersh.substack.com/">Seymour Hersh's newsletter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seymourhersh.substack.com/p/how-america-took-out-the-nord-stream">"How America Took Out the Nord Stream Pipeline"</a>, Substack, February 8, 2023</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1260735/">Seymour Hersh</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2721">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%20Myron%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hersh%2C%20S%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Seymour%20Myron%20Hersh%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Seymour%20M%2E%20Hersh%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20M%2E%20Hersh%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Seymour%20Hersh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Seymour%20Myron%20Hersh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Seymour%20M%2E%20Hersh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20M%2E%20Hersh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20Myron%20Hersh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%20Myron%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hersh%2C%20S%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hersh%2C%20S%2E%20Myron%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Seymour%20Hersh%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Seymour%20Myron%20Hersh%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Seymour%20M%2E%20Hersh%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20M%2E%20Hersh%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Seymour%20Hersh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Seymour%20Myron%20Hersh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Seymour%20M%2E%20Hersh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20M%2E%20Hersh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%20Myron%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%20M%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Seymour%20Hersh%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hersh%2C%20Seymour%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Seymour Hersh</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_International_Reporting" title="Template:PulitzerPrize International Reporting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_International_Reporting" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize International Reporting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_International_Reporting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize International Reporting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_International_Reporting" title="Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting">Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Previously the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting – International from 1942–1947</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1942–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Edmund_Allen" title="Laurence Edmund Allen">Laurence Edmund Allen</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Wolfert" title="Ira Wolfert">Ira Wolfert</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Luce" title="Daniel De Luce">Daniel De Luce</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Watson" title="Mark S. Watson">Mark S. Watson</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Bigart" title="Homer Bigart">Homer Bigart</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Gilmore" title="Eddy Gilmore">Eddy Gilmore</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Ward" title="Paul W. Ward">Paul W. Ward</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Day" title="Price Day">Price Day</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Stevens (page does not exist)">Edmund Stevens</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyes_Beech" title="Keyes Beech">Keyes Beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer_Bigart" title="Homer Bigart">Homer Bigart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Higgins" title="Marguerite Higgins">Marguerite Higgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relman_Morin" title="Relman Morin">Relman Morin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Sparks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Sparks (page does not exist)">Fred Sparks</a> & <a href="/wiki/Don_Whitehead" title="Don Whitehead">Don Whitehead</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_M._Hightower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John M. Hightower (page does not exist)">John M. Hightower</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austin_Wehrwein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austin Wehrwein (page does not exist)">Austin Wehrwein</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_G._Lucas" title="Jim G. Lucas">Jim G. Lucas</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Salisbury" title="Harrison Salisbury">Harrison E. Salisbury</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst_Jr." title="William Randolph Hearst Jr.">William Randolph Hearst Jr.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Kingsbury-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Kingsbury-Smith (page does not exist)">J. Kingsbury-Smith</a> & <a href="/wiki/Frank_Conniff_(journalist)" title="Frank Conniff (journalist)">Frank Conniff</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Jones_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Jones (journalist) (page does not exist)">Russell Jones</a> (1957)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Martin_(reporter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Martin (reporter) (page does not exist)">Joseph Martin</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Santora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Santora (page does not exist)">Philip Santora</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._Rosenthal" title="A. M. Rosenthal">A. M. Rosenthal</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Heinzerling" title="Lynn Heinzerling">Lynn Heinzerling</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Hendrix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hal Hendrix (page does not exist)">Hal Hendrix</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm W. Browne</a> & <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Livingston" title="Joseph Livingston">J. A. Livingston</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arnett" title="Peter Arnett">Peter Arnett</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(editor)" title="John Hughes (editor)">R. John Hughes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Friendly" title="Alfred Friendly">Alfred Friendly</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tuohy" title="William Tuohy">William Tuohy</a> (1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seymour M. Hersh</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hoagland" title="Jim Hoagland">Jimmie Lee Hoagland</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Kann" title="Peter R. Kann">Peter R. Kann</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frankel" title="Max Frankel">Max Frankel</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedrick_Smith" title="Hedrick Smith">Hedrick Smith</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mullen_(journalist)" title="William Mullen (journalist)">William Mullen</a> (1975 shared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovie_Carter" title="Ovie Carter">Ovie Carter</a> (1975 shared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Schanberg" title="Sydney Schanberg">Sydney H. Schanberg</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamm" title="Henry Kamm">Henry Kamm</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ben_Cramer" title="Richard Ben Cramer">Richard Ben Cramer</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Brinkley" title="Joel Brinkley">Joel Brinkley</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jay_Mather" title="Jay Mather">Jay Mather</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Christian" title="Shirley Christian">Shirley Christian</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Darnton" title="John Darnton">John Darnton</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a> & <a href="/wiki/Loren_Jenkins" title="Loren Jenkins">Loren Jenkins</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Elliott_House" title="Karen Elliott House">Karen Elliott House</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Friedman" title="Joshua Friedman">Joshua Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bell_(journalist)" title="Dennis Bell (journalist)">Dennis Bell</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ozier_Muhammad" title="Ozier Muhammad">Ozier Muhammad</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_M._Simons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis M. Simons">Lewis M. Simons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Carey" title="Pete Carey">Pete Carey</a> & <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Ellison" title="Katherine Ellison">Katherine Ellison</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parks_(reporter)" title="Michael Parks (reporter)">Michael Parks</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keller" title="Bill Keller">Bill Keller</a> & <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Frankel" title="Glenn Frankel">Glenn Frankel</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kristof" title="Nicholas Kristof">Nicholas D. Kristof</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_WuDunn" title="Sheryl WuDunn">Sheryl WuDunn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryle_Murphy" title="Caryle Murphy">Caryle Murphy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Serge_Schmemann" title="Serge Schmemann">Serge Schmemann</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Sloyan" title="Patrick J. Sloyan">Patrick J. Sloyan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Burns" title="John Fisher Burns">John F. Burns</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roy_Gutman" title="Roy Gutman">Roy Gutman</a> (1993)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fritz" title="Mark Fritz">Mark Fritz</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Rohde" title="David S. Rohde">David Rohde</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Burns" title="John Fisher Burns">John F. Burns</a> (1997)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (1998)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schoofs" title="Mark Schoofs">Mark Schoofs</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Denis_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Denis Johnson">Ian Denis Johnson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Paul_Salopek" title="Paul Salopek">Paul Salopek</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Bearak" title="Barry Bearak">Barry Bearak</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Sullivan_(journalist)" title="Kevin Sullivan (journalist)">Kevin Sullivan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jordan_(journalist)" title="Mary Jordan (journalist)">Mary Jordan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shadid" title="Anthony Shadid">Anthony Shadid</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Murphy_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Murphy (journalist)">Kim Murphy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dele_Olojede" title="Dele Olojede">Dele Olojede</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(journalist)" title="Joseph Kahn (journalist)">Joseph Kahn</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jim_Yardley" title="Jim Yardley">Jim Yardley</a> (2006)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fainaru" title="Steve Fainaru">Steve Fainaru</a> (2008)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shadid" title="Anthony Shadid">Anthony Shadid</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Levy" title="Clifford J. Levy">Clifford J. Levy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Barry_(journalist)" title="Ellen Barry (journalist)">Ellen Barry</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Gettleman" title="Jeffrey Gettleman">Jeffrey Gettleman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Barboza" title="David Barboza">David Barboza</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Szep" title="Jason Szep">Jason Szep</a> & <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marshall_(Asia_journalist)" title="Andrew Marshall (Asia journalist)">Andrew R. C. Marshall</a> (2014)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alissa_J._Rubin" title="Alissa J. Rubin">Alissa J. Rubin</a> (2016)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Baldwin" title="Clare Baldwin">Clare Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marshall_(Asia_journalist)" title="Andrew Marshall (Asia journalist)">Andrew R.C. Marshall</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mogato" title="Manuel Mogato">Manuel Mogato</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Michael_(journalist)" title="Maggie Michael (journalist)">Maggie Michael</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maad_al-Zikry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maad al-Zikry (page does not exist)">Maad al-Zikry</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nariman_El-Mofty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nariman El-Mofty (page does not exist)">Nariman El-Mofty</a> (2019)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> including <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> (2019)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha_Rajagopalan" title="Megha Rajagopalan">Megha Rajagopalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alison_Killing" title="Alison Killing">Alison Killing</a> & <a href="/wiki/Christo_Buschek" title="Christo Buschek">Christo Buschek</a> (2021)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> including <a href="/wiki/Azmat_Khan" title="Azmat Khan">Azmat Khan</a> (2022)</li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Orwell_Award124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orwell_Award_recipients" title="Template:Orwell Award recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orwell_Award_recipients" title="Template talk:Orwell Award recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orwell_Award_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orwell Award recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Orwell_Award124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Orwell_Award" title="Orwell Award">Orwell Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Wise_(journalist)" title="David Wise (journalist)">David Wise</a></li> <li>1976: Hugh Rank</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pincus" title="Walter Pincus">Walter Pincus</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Sissela_Bok" title="Sissela Bok">Sissela Bok</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a></li> <li>1980: Sheila Harty</li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Bolinger" title="Dwight Bolinger">Dwight Bolinger</a></li> <li>1982: Stephen Hilgartner, Richard C. Bell, and <a href="/wiki/Rory_O%27Connor_(filmmaker)" title="Rory O'Connor (filmmaker)">Rory O'Connor</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Haig_Bosmajian" title="Haig Bosmajian">Haig Bosmajian</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Koppel" title="Ted Koppel">Ted Koppel</a></li> <li>1985: Torben Vestergaard and Kim Schroder</li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Barlett" title="Donald L. Barlett">Donald Barlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_B._Steele" title="James B. Steele">James B. Steele</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li>1990: Charlotte Baecher, <a href="/wiki/Consumers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers Union">Consumers Union</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/David_A._Kessler" title="David A. Kessler">David A. Kessler</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Barlett" title="Donald L. Barlett">Donald L. Barlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_B._Steele" title="James B. Steele">James Steele</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Alterman" title="Eric Alterman">Eric Alterman</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Garry_Trudeau" title="Garry Trudeau">Garry Trudeau</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Lies_of_Our_Times" title="Lies of Our Times">Lies of Our Times</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/William_D._Lutz" title="William D. Lutz">William D. Lutz</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Gertrude Himmelfarb</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Schor" title="Juliet Schor">Juliet Schor</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Adams" title="Scott Adams">Scott Adams</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Solomon" title="Norman Solomon">Norman Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Alfie_Kohn" title="Alfie Kohn">Alfie Kohn</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Rampton" title="Sheldon Rampton">Sheldon Rampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stauber" title="John Stauber">John Stauber</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Press" title="Bill Press">Bill Press</a></li> <li>2004: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seymour Hersh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a> cast</li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Steven_H._Miles" title="Steven H. Miles">Steven H. Miles</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Gup" title="Ted Gup">Ted Gup</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Savage_(author)" title="Charlie Savage (author)">Charlie Savage</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan</a></li> <li>2011: F.S. Michaels</li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zuckerman" title="Peter Zuckerman">Peter Zuckerman</a> and Amanda Padoan</li> <li>2013: Paul L. Thomas</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></li> <li>2015: Anthony Cody</li> <li>2016: David Greenberg</li> <li>2017: Richard Sobel</li> <li>2018: Katie Watson</li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Lynch" title="Michael P. Lynch">Michael P. Lynch</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/April_Baker-Bell" title="April Baker-Bell">April Baker-Bell</a></li> <li>2021: Kristin Kobes Du Mez</li> <li>2022: David Chrisinger</li> <li>2023: Kisha Porcher and Shamaine Bertrand</li> <li>2024: Jessica Lander</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_English" title="National Council of Teachers of English">National Council of Teachers of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Sam_Adams_Award36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laureates_of_the_Sam_Adams_Award" title="Template:Laureates of the Sam Adams Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laureates_of_the_Sam_Adams_Award" title="Template talk:Laureates of the Sam Adams Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laureates_of_the_Sam_Adams_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laureates of the Sam Adams Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sam_Adams_Award36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Sam_Adams_Award" title="Sam Adams Award">Sam Adams Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Gun" title="Katharine Gun">Katharine Gun</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Sibel_Edmonds" title="Sibel Edmonds">Sibel Edmonds</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Craig_Murray" title="Craig Murray">Craig Murray</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Provance" title="Samuel Provance">Samuel Provance</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilkie" title="Andrew Wilkie">Andrew Wilkie</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Grevil" title="Frank Grevil">Frank Grevil</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wilkerson" title="Lawrence Wilkerson">Larry Wilkerson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Drake" title="Thomas A. Drake">Thomas A. Drake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesselyn_Radack" title="Jesselyn Radack">Jesselyn Radack</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fingar" title="Thomas Fingar">Thomas Fingar</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/William_Binney_(intelligence_official)" title="William Binney (intelligence official)">William Binney</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/John_Kiriakou" title="John Kiriakou">John Kiriakou</a></li> <li>2017: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seymour Hersh</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Kwiatkowski" title="Karen Kwiatkowski">Karen Kwiatkowski</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Alexander_Sterling" title="Jeffrey Alexander Sterling">Jeffrey Sterling</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Machon" title="Annie Machon">Annie Machon</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hale" title="Daniel Hale">Daniel Hale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q435792#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q435792#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q435792#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110230633">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27080110">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9787/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRdPGQrJ6yMcRwCFcgKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/12948265X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50029508">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120287074">France</a></li><li><a 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href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200503549">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582324805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007279628805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058542600006706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01068939?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/12948265X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028455118">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582575">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hb9hrd">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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