CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c6a6e20c85831e',cH: 'f6ZBrhapQQfW1AnrQpDmVzaAq.ygxEXcKuWb604m4Hg-1741314427-1.2.1.1-FbDOjFSekbOtxuPzcO1auH8pJR9b3Pc36grFnSchdp3b4MEDFlMlEGGw9kNw.X6c',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=inverted%20u-shaped%20hypothesis&__cf_chl_tk=slh5BuXeF_n9A2_y_dR0ekKrcVC3XRksTteA2gHdDZ8-1741314427-1.0.1.1-FhVCkl1.48rQd2lBH8UeSFd4wykRVhCOsQfmfTjLOXs",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741314427',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=inverted%20u-shaped%20hypothesis&__cf_chl_f_tk=slh5BuXeF_n9A2_y_dR0ekKrcVC3XRksTteA2gHdDZ8-1741314427-1.0.1.1-FhVCkl1.48rQd2lBH8UeSFd4wykRVhCOsQfmfTjLOXs",md: "3KkgbQbvKPk0aIm_yjcFEO1l2JL0dBH_ji.xQLUmdFY-1741314427-1.2.1.1-Cxk0ME5bGyXNS_cONYnLbhZQvKH1MHYO62JkisTy17mvTKkPIewYvmKZFiN6HIHPawmutwnRId2hvRIjtliKPeAV5m2XnwYdru78UMs5LM_foeD4LxeoS1sYJnWX73W6CsVHJFHBKV1GQTURvrGbV.qD4D6eJXUI8kaEuNmzOwYEgn2j97ko99UFIkXedz4f7eeSMGmcCTiosG1PKk8HwVaZbm5L41flsExqfs9OSLVEQ_qQcSRm.Vc4t7_0aIW_wPMD3yf5ObX3ft7BMZR9za3c0LthOg5K2l9TnrF8xwXa1XkZDBQLm0INrbk86A64EKXz465l1SnCarbK40y9seFtxC.OL8D_a4wtLvq475q.6Q9gvvvijGLPB1cFkwM4Rv_98cEUSUVYH_SBiWr2xB60rKvzJ9jnh0s5IU9NUz4Xi2gsQF6qMeyIFBUXgJzCA7QRfFP1ZZh_VBPATbani46TNIGYamYHCKxTUWinvWBb0N2o3bNR.ivUOQmpZNnFUPvOQfEi84K_GHbS5MCaJxeJBy1vhazN5qM55rZR.QlgQfpcLyvQOAsGvx30lv3ihbLdoR347yxHumrL5Xk4hSZ.01GlBFpYoQ7Vw8apxZeJwEhSW9j2J0aan5PhtiOF5zs0mdop13OdbQ_lGE962E_QUwM7yC8kmgrrmfFxGZNvpW7qB_zwffmJfzuUx3eHfmRsead0mKiM2RWeCUQtF4BMbLhc60t3LU1wiRbN51v4QVNvNUiCew9mhQk73rWGCZjQtXY9HAGbEQet8xNL0tSYflkRt3qJOlKz9Mh2Qefb.X1TaM_pFr8qnA7sd0kY_vr2uVYQdF_BLixOLQuhd4iBe0DATbx504IXuPDlLo8LrHNm8qy5WsRdzuCPdnRLnP8gZSFd1n5uqoUXof5ZgJTX1ryaneHC00X_2kBUMYFKmdl80_F0USiDkX9ApTrHwvFOYkOJQTz0X7.ppOihvc8g0dg0fMSBVqQkzpFyY7mgss2rQFkpuz23VMn8dHwwSe2qbDjBY5CJmrHG9WNA0qfX4bcIySwH.QKhmQKHztCU5.t.ti6qBt3i8CFCEj.yjNwSybyt3cfNAgGAjDWpn9FABQ9vWPkCy4hW_3HcvfaQhxGA.CJ81bUczWXgmoJc0e9KtrRf6qZrfTpmQGPmratXIfmkmvXFxUhwa_dFouJKhvaJd8ZlVG.FCgcfqGF8se7CG367t6QRVZ0TL6yCPf7s7CRUzLXt_e9ZxLwB7RuX5t.l8RlVA90bMVc9jZSxjmURolfApysmuOH2bRQa2TIYJnIv.5QCbmSggTl9WMmHwuSiEF4jXbQ0ueeDhGkC",mdrd: "s5ptUiaci_tFuwExKsLptXpA_RnSH_QuFOKDxHAamJc-1741314427-1.2.1.1-BL.gGr.QcsfyQgOecipxWljKJt3PmNMd_TEFfssPk9KOctMawLo8vK0UQdtuFJttD6msnxdDp.TVz.p30jyjjo7KR9R.WXEAbx6aLJHC78GcDUvWPlmh83aGE.V_fR1N5M9ngg208oW9tCGCI80ohNlaN4AqD88g7WFR9nCcj.DKCBRnca0IqsXDIsF673rRh2anWRQ2wxKVr6kePHlzgMG345.9pQIXgIXtxDMtjo6.Rrs8sqKTMX5UUdjRPA4rVAaGV1fU8_J2UVU4I6p7A1xxEmyIiX8LQYF_GZJ8SYT9MwsOZnWjBZ8FpY49tgce50WKFXfCpAFrW4AuLZ5E3xch.dHt1uKVgTozcaPlu4rCTknLkmfR4D8FD9GzHegz8cEMrXZxPLRrVdSuNzjzJKyj2EHDIfWK2aK1N3YdatJq1rsToWSZm0.DLOF19ytbhwr952xolRYgoU.My0bL1mlaxWgy8IBCn7gK5D_gfkhJSm6N6Jt79kmdT3o9P3xJER16ykkMK2jazDCRCnerfBMPRn0P3cvtm.UD6JOTG3x64jWZZM.YF6jbXNevm2oGwVeL4PT1.MTXQHoZHreDbed3QBBerOLWFzZmMyyVd90zZJs.tasaiGTvIomMaKpQHERl53vMg76JNdZty36tNZ66pk5xBDvvQNc9cifyKU0DrDcqlalnX0zUYPz6zfNyZ4_1uS6Px9mRo2Sb9OxXX7dG6nZ2y0NNQw0kLy4PIwxeLWQ55Nx0cvdy73uU2FEgP68Rh7sjsCL8KqW05v_Mr9pHs3LiovBaatBJ38.E9zT86lp7k1adoBrwXGECetdznjaR3OZVMEmZw_QpczyDbTMNdYe80kLZkpHm5tUocvseY_P1HPsuWufF231Kn3m_vDqIPga0ZeHZjgsaKcNHXoTyMKz8lX4HtO7DDR3P6Z99eONPsXkGi.DhozpLEKCrbVtLZF6uuHmCWqA3nuNL6VpySQ70DhXg_7BrcAt88vbprzvdWAraVm.P0_acGMSaobLPYazNeiV8Es61xRfH0dFWxP4SlppNsY12snsd8YGR4_halWsV10i0vvmeTVRk.Bjx1KpHPDhySgIt6a7BhlOOwx4GHEJ_DiaCHzxv40si4QMVzkkakyU1dVz_0gz.kqhDf9Ny1BJoHrHKN5kyRq7Z.o_TVXjhWViNYQGqjiuOPOmvRgO6Av6zsxvWF8SI.JsHwk56G4CCDp.tt_gEeUSkinELhaO.HdXqw4aA1aKG3ey5sGr0erCkscyQybekxtPyg8S.B0ld1lGJ1MoKLj9uypih19LXJFCcebHL3DcMrxxIkip2sYODTWh3a4LzkDiRir86YNx58OM.3YRDBhw.e76OV371aaf4JOQDERVJC4GNxbT3Ef.HmwBIjXaLqDpMqQBscerktJJW3Loz9JNHjN1CFr11uWIJGZzh6JhaOwWHbdxOK2fiOTCTuHQmqHZGJiMca6XzweDPEFBY_ouOtN5_idpyfwa9I9.JA8BcanutEn_i1lqxGCUk8r5QHazDDxTjAWVtydrVwYI7qJ1FeGLC2QCCY3odnjHxns3zQvwyhuruHCzerT1ooODBcvFw82UcjmgZ38PayH7EtTcliDfOadxzryVkfMFLpvcubUSqQ1FNLH1wlmP4Mbu65_fmVMd8b4SDirm27vdBPYTQXHxkqxnj8W5MgZLLtKQSQbGsBUgqF7zjAfZk0n3Sz5s0AA8UO.tQ45KgC2h3TpumtqIHQClCVTGfk1B7v6LbLpD2ZHAxFteBk3IcsSSEmmLUzHgPK6o74OzRgDm3sAktqFytgZ1VTUN6EJSdjE2MlzLEBuaCqQD8SfKsnc2t3su6TkU0IFhAwYQK5J7f7P96Z.CBfy5KrOnJzKFdCEnuBz0awSx.XVbWx5POfW8v5zlSYv7mclqgJGkPdWry_q5dJQI4CC9ZRCyJufYqBK3iubzZRU4yO93QBu14FLkj"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c6a6e20c85831e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=inverted%20u-shaped%20hypothesis&__cf_chl_rt_tk=slh5BuXeF_n9A2_y_dR0ekKrcVC3XRksTteA2gHdDZ8-1741314427-1.0.1.1-FhVCkl1.48rQd2lBH8UeSFd4wykRVhCOsQfmfTjLOXs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>