CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91347e5d6ba2fe01',cH: '74c5rsTvZQVV.G1ZUjvqs3WeHvMq8hT0_p1ciWikbw4-1739781846-1.2.1.1-8GL5ImUVonFNjEcCRK5_DNSezOj3p3ORvIBHVKpK5yToslcAMMCZ.wiyAEPSOJra',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=orientalism&__cf_chl_tk=ucXrr4V4mHz9khQ9hWDKXFXhXmJsYWlMeiFx.1eKtI0-1739781846-1.0.1.1-9m1c146oUGbOqZn_I9jYUE52KPE7wuzaUlJIJh.rSA0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739781846',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=orientalism&__cf_chl_f_tk=ucXrr4V4mHz9khQ9hWDKXFXhXmJsYWlMeiFx.1eKtI0-1739781846-1.0.1.1-9m1c146oUGbOqZn_I9jYUE52KPE7wuzaUlJIJh.rSA0",md: "x7UOyP.2SoG5JvJcSyjh4.J.TAkgdagSsykbBnDAw64-1739781846-1.2.1.1-.6D8Ug6z8iXwhVxWZV9H7XOUc27C6AznPUmJTkCWVisBhOLjtAsD_C9tVHDr2zgfpinrOjTOM6msasbEVwVRxUlStMZjblO7RUGIhGKDVgsCFM05DVuxmHAn2ah0yxrRbeJ3uYVvBK1NNusuqJJH9RJDG2WeKnK107LztodIsM3n3_bIKj1Fe2MA33uQljWEwGKIotznpg8BrZMUF9pHeAcRJe0C9nN4cES35KvvlaOdOlz0qMUuFcUx3kIk1ozL9_2bxpDpPC.0Q3Ulklq1e3aqF0Y.U6kNIyhBp76x1A3OL0jvKIgb7SZgCS5kRs69yTLPPkSvYeRkpUG1R8fyLN.ZnG4CyNrvlAW1r6_SECEy2_k5JGvAWwV4b_Df6nyLF7ZWs8wSYH0LI_7ANzu307C6kUrEgGuDH_wGtYYyKdJwKypPio6ANokyKRubXyOPSU9wEJiOPxkX9X3vqCycQ5oeGYshcxf1O1oGIrsy7VNWvzCqKBk.zb.3XICAF3jwvq6zhjJlsTfDZC..ByGUWfIq0k0cyuNY5EqgXetM3fvIOX4bk09h_EZImgJw0r7wcIUfQuhpbC4htlSG3W.3168w95NniT2obYEqK1I1HZg2Jw8Aj5Msw9UCYBFjTkcd8uFlJdiBsnG9OXcDLVnpRXflTQmxq_0gb2rgZjvbBP.mO7ACAM7InCTloFXMuQzYYo4mJDfdZ9XNJ4Lzhm3BkrI3VT0cnpOWyi3ZppLZDjdH9kdGPJKsvoAyZsfkpDgL3sfQhXoDqsKBJLOqKHZLKevAE736Q3fGk7nrsee_TSzzxw1fMy6XV5emEkH2atU1.O1tpWrn3U3WcM4R0ucg9PpB08LYUe20zM9wIDMT1hAZTulm52k4aG89q4l93FyqJ97a8h5Xq9mLB82ziTpCRB0Av3ZB90ioMQZ.V0BFOawd.gQQ2_2rji_MeICvsz8EMLcBD5.nt0EKA8OCOVvkAcC_tSENEs4WDBIYYb5TP_O8Xr7l7RkuqtxEzcPNlk.u5AqinNfeU9z8JaHVZzGXLZLwLK7QcCtw7MJxpdW.9PhHzZVzQUtbggazN0rFgvAiy8qLSOglf_.bAAQ.NwMhE.WqMzcWvT7K.YpTYa18c8tJX1jRTR4w5rOCujZb.0Z5P.FNiYD8QPSsUD4DZLXJxhpIa7pH_WTHml.HnANuTRKNc7pys79.KSr1BhsCIbn5amgUc5WMWB4e8lv23uaWQMfBqpb3sKNB959Vknosu1VBfkNIXmJXA8DJ6qcIazaTFwgCao.8Vx87iw0ZzcnEK6X3xlYE2ytc.6yXLXPsa2oqM7Ew5qa1r6sad5_dBF1KcQRl30RRmC_0ndc1AfzbRMo96o7DxjVV_Lp9QJbfvXQdGj6OJNtwtZJf_TR3z.HnghEwDrd3jZZMebSKrB.49GXTh40P4mPr_bOKU7.PzKSn6lEV7_TynCJtT6vhfuWOg9o_Ecabv4C4hTHrDDxB8Mn6AJbMR6M8F.4wuQPDp36vIdJ24_QujKTXbv7SZCSwXb47ojQQxbtbiXCQe7_p4X3dNzY2insAIgGippZ_mOHDPlQZHZ9Yodtzcv444eHQs2pFz2amNvmA5rinwS3B6D3l8pRcVdPa.61JIBwyWAbFrXyvOGz5zlcLzTlNY83I17x294AJa5YRZkeX_TdZNMqqS8ABZlIaj_pcyMLxk2t8Jv5e9QFkkZtWwi7w5qrT7.kKuvvctxlY8sCjGZB5pl8.VxgkvPJcFwq5Y.sLxVsjHKBRJpV2JePQcar0jTvSJps412xceGwKyDEOpX17jmPHz_uHZgwWKACcLYUQq56gT6ozpD41Y7l.LbKs8FkEmHUbRPslabxueiGsJ0m4_o9fX9WVdy4dWYDL5EVjlfhshRQXBPFD_pE7SOqfoLt7JoRVQ4wPPEfAln5kvkXAqw",mdrd: "IN_OTSIcGJb3pWBEwvHdTjeu4TBkuJTvNV.HMXEIoVQ-1739781846-1.2.1.1-d8DmlBAhz5U..ohGg5tMmfgpTjNRxO9KSgocmbq0xAxszghTBUhGGNHHh_Iq94DnMtKW18E8LIj5fKQqaJsY8IkZvE1nZ22wHSWAgZ6fEoWNxfLD6UueB5miISDGpBhUIiOzK2xssfwCgfcAGC6Ql5oX5gr3dleXqN3CTjMYbYAwjBf.Jxx.KXmFkI8xWOBiAWmk83t7m4Kr5ZBu6Q42ScWgPW4KhhHYlC3IRhXNtg7KLPZfZUqddbMc4UFGefq8F3L3Hd2Xl8nFaF8rDFQHA6O8dstOFfZW0MoyDVQ5PU273006pJzqFExlCE.bltq6vfH283tzz36aVf3jxrBcdpvfVS4ycl9ZKbqL9Z6fc753XhvyveiXlKqKR5WCGUH7mLmgcEYeZzO42qg_fOmKFjDT_iwoj.kd1B88lBuxSUtbthQkH.kvBszZlCYzzHMddy.Lg68twwBT.10OEO_xr_DcN2R0iQtvlAoT37lxiIOePwpz51Ny4DnOsTZtIWX5AOVtgSuVrbdlx95njSbPjUmBqXJwJI1UMC0vDIzgnbH4jGTAI59Pg.bv3.qWQBFEp1k596HyHwKCqx4Uy5gzeHfVZdN0lcVW5RcM5GRLE42NTrKWMND8yl_kPTK47gqbfsDxBlFM8.7PHyxwb65NoxZDx0IgIZ.CftMOiOFic8YgrOj80ecDjG7ldA72K013Hst1FdJGcf0pGV19lFcq2rcOa3EVF7MSKmfpbWmxQzX1CSvkxo9mqjRggYa6kUjc89E_7RsjWUXTEbjJxBIt1ulXsuR5ufwdBm4y_gBdNSr4RQjk_Mq.duIlpA8eP8ZWNWIXsisHWXW2pNQm5uOwuJKxyztg4qVpKttAkcrGwUh2LJ.H94W4c1DygGDgCClFNJewLkcJf3KgvLRSlgWr3CbmsyIjHpXppcH1Oyzmq2qcOQBeavoVpgYWW5aHrkr10G0wPEWUWUUybh1aggydWGEtwC3cZEFPQpX5ZcKN8IlRZNydv77SJkCQKeOUoQNixDk6m7XdwLDL6zWE0Qr7iL93ZD7K62uYq5hYu1GEYFdpexYbLRM5LYCikwcW.45Wa7LKptUlayfB1049of39lvPCHnYk5D9QZgO8LRBAknG6RBEJfupKIyfgS45TSxFT82uppr_1vL9pDc6UOv0SflcPxW9aUiq.e6bWTnuhoVbAtSupu7H0SaS_kzln6lC0aTjMu7.hTw7cFDn9tTH96ZloIzqQhzIVANlO0YiEim.3DMi6Se9yjUn6tLA6Jc_i62ayzobdhokFtyS5mS23keOdsGgDGzcFUwl0RlRIb8ZVmn.pa91wsRtD8Hg260rarPH_Np7LftwtVQTUsQvzcR50YOkyHj4NAb43mPHfpq28JDLdWDpKUz7jxkBheYm0eLeozxLNrL83dl9njwKb5xipGwphdrPs_p0eJocC7kXVe9K.XUB_zTtG1Rr5tVavLjjqzVrqq1jv2H7hPd40uLAfXUDVBjDj.oB6ExvqcRfJfw2TvfzAeNAoYWSIMo9Wp8qPRyvyyJPzWsYcDhNdmSJZp05UL1AsPTIgWxq22Jio8Prw4kF2M.QOIzw3XaI_RKwLduN0bDGncDCG9NYCtSPZHBIE_5htQW6Y59CGvR3dOUAJWRewljFDm_7sTXG7WYy31EaktbrJhZ3hmFis9xlGFpdBfqbHSMwfhT2vUtSpDFwL83eLCOAWJ2jgpy91z83FyD9aNNXMYnFNLx4I9KFs3tQKY1jwpF_gh95Z6W2w8XrQX.KcU1bjAskudRSmNQ1V0VJeac2XGAHZUxrPPHiJj8_CAr_gpz2bC1H7y5Qc0I2BKx.xc5iGmqBqoRpN0kbsn2DmKzzvKALc9VmDFUDtc04vsFHs3DevwtIB5Fg4wDREeWbPtrVEMeelMUQCo.l.gHS_ZD5CQHN4e1sWmvnhjlF3myrYXEARUPMcATLLXobveumnwhvkyk9iXMLA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91347e5d6ba2fe01';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=orientalism&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ucXrr4V4mHz9khQ9hWDKXFXhXmJsYWlMeiFx.1eKtI0-1739781846-1.0.1.1-9m1c146oUGbOqZn_I9jYUE52KPE7wuzaUlJIJh.rSA0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>