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<div class="cdc-mobile-menu-footer"> <a href="/youth-violence/site.html"> <span> View All </span> <span>Youth Violence Prevention</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cdc-header-mobile__faux-title" aria-hidden="true"> </div> </div> <div class="cdc-mobile-navbar"> <div class="cdc-mobile-navbar__paging"> </div> <div class="cdc-mobile-navbar__links" tabindex="-1"> <a data-post-id="43" href="/youth-violence/about/index.html" tabindex="0"> About Youth Violence </a> <a data-post-id="46" href="/youth-violence/risk-factors/index.html" tabindex="0"> Risk and Protective Factors </a> <a data-post-id="51" href="/youth-violence/prevention/index.html" tabindex="0"> Prevention </a> <a data-post-id="352" href="/youth-violence/data-research/school-associatedviolentdeathstudy/index.html" tabindex="0"> School-Associated Violent Death Study </a> <a data-post-id="48" href="/youth-violence/communication-resources/index.html" tabindex="0"> Resources </a> <a data-post-id="178" href="/youth-violence/programs/index.html" tabindex="0"> Program </a> <a class="view-all" href="/youth-violence/site.html"> View All </a> </div> </div> </header> <main class="container cdc-main" role="main" aria-label="Main Content Area"> <section class="cdc-page-title-bar cdc-page-offset noindex"> <time class="cdc-page-title-bar__item cdc-page-title-bar__item--date" datetime="2024-10-28 04:00:00"> October 28, 2024 </time> </section> <div class="cdc-page-title cdc-page-offset syndicate"> <h1>Bullying</h1> </div> <div id="content" class="cdc-page-content cdc-page-offset syndicate container"> <div class="cdc-dfe-body "> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__top "> <div class="dfe-section dfe-section--page-summary summary-list" data-section="cdc_behavioral_basics_page_summary"> <div class="dfe-section__header"> <h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-pgw13bcb5t">Key points</h2> </div> <div class="dfe-section__content"> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Bullying is a type of violence experienced by youth and it can happen in person and through technology.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Bullying is widespread in the United States and causes harm to youth.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Preventing bullying involves teaching kids safe ways to stand up against it and enhancing their interpersonal skills, like empathy and conflict management.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="dfe-section__nav hide" id="dfe-section__nav"> <div class="dfe-section__nav__header" id="dfe-section__nav__header"> </div> <div class="dfe-section__nav-links" id="dfe-section__nav-links"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dfe-section__image" id="page-summary-image"> <figure class="dfe-image dfe-image__large"><div class="image-container fluid aspect-ratio-16-9 stretch"><img src="/youth-violence/media/images/2024/09/Sad-high-school-student-feeling-lonely-in-a-hallway.jpg" alt="Sad female high school student standing alone in the hallway" title="Sad-high-school-student"></div></figure> </div> <div id="nav-buttons"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__center "> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_behavioral_basics_over"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_behavioral_basics_over-what-is-bullying" name="What%20is%20bullying?" title="What is bullying?"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-fpmlc--1fy">What is bullying?</h2> <p>CDC defines bullying as any unwanted aggressive behavior(s) by another youth or group of youths, who are not siblings or current dating partners. It involves an observed or perceived power imbalance, and is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated. </p> <p>Bullying may inflict harm or distress on the victim including physical, psychological, social, or educational harm.<span class="cdc-references-cite"><a class="cdc-references-cite__link" href="#cdcreference_1" aria-label="Reference link 1">1</a></span> Common types of bullying include:</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1"><strong>Physical </strong>such as hitting, kicking, and tripping.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><strong>Verbal </strong>including name-calling and teasing.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><strong>Relational or social </strong>such as spreading rumors and leaving out of the group.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><strong>Damage to victim's property.</strong><ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Bullying can also occur through technology, called electronic bullying or cyberbullying.<span class="cdc-references-cite"><a class="cdc-references-cite__link" href="#cdcreference_1" aria-label="Reference link 1">1</a></span> A young person can be a perpetrator, a victim, or both (also known as a "bully/victim").</p> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_behavioral_basics_quick"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_behavioral_basics_quick-quick-facts-and-stats" name="Quick%20facts%20and%20stats" title="Quick facts and stats"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-bjvqnn6rng">Quick facts and stats</h2> <p>Bullying is an <a href="/aces/about/index.html">adverse childhood experience</a> that is widespread in the United States. Bullying harms all youth involved including those who are bullied, those who bully others, and bystanders who witness it.</p> <p>Bullying is common. About one in five high school students reported being bullied on school property in the past year. More than one in six high school students reported being bullied electronically in the past year including through texting and social media.<span class="cdc-references-cite"><a class="cdc-references-cite__link" href="#cdcreference_2" aria-label="Reference link 2">2</a></span></p> <p>Some youth experience bullying more than others. Female students were more likely than male students to experience bullying, both on school property and electronically. LGBTQ+ students were more likely than cisgender and heterosexual students to experience bullying, both on school property and electronically. </p> <p>Additionally, Asian students and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander students were less likely than Hispanic, White, and Multiracial students to be bullied at school. Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander students were less likely than students from most other racial and ethnic groups to be electronically bullied.<span class="cdc-references-cite"><a class="cdc-references-cite__link" href="#cdcreference_2" aria-label="Reference link 2">2</a></span></p> <p>Bullying is a frequent discipline problem. A national survey found that 28% of middle schools, 15% of high schools, and 10% of elementary schools reported the occurrence of bullying at school at least once a week. About 37% of middle schools reported the occurrence of cyberbullying at least once a week, followed by 25% of high schools and 6% of elementary schools.<span class="cdc-references-cite"><a class="cdc-references-cite__link" href="#cdcreference_3" aria-label="Reference link 3">3</a></span></p> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_behavioral_basics_warning_signs"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_behavioral_basics_warning_signs-warning-signs" name="Warning%20signs" title="Warning signs"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-wydez91jav">Warning signs</h2> <p>Not all children who are bullied show warning signs, but <a href="https://www.stopbullying.gov/" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">StopBullying.gov<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a> suggests being aware of these common signs:</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Unexplained injuries.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Lost or destroyed clothing, books, electronics, or jewelry.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Frequent headaches or stomachaches, feeling sick, or faking illness.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Difficulty sleeping or frequent nightmares.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Declining grades, loss of interest in schoolwork, or not wanting to go to school.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_behavioral_basics_outcomes"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_behavioral_basics_outcomes-outcomes" name="Outcomes" title="Outcomes"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-yujmdmsr6a">Outcomes</h2> <p>Bullying can result in physical injury, social and emotional distress, self-harm, and even death. It also increases the risk for depression, anxiety, sleep difficulties, lower academic achievement, and dropping out of school. </p> <p>Youth who bully others are at increased risk for substance misuse, academic problems, and experiencing violence later in adolescence and adulthood.<span class="cdc-references-cite"><a class="cdc-references-cite__link" href="#cdcreference_4" aria-label="Reference link 4">4</a></span> Youth who bully others and are bullied themselves suffer the most serious consequences and are at greater risk for mental health and behavioral problems.</p> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_behavioral_basics_prevention"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_behavioral_basics_prevention-prevention" name="Prevention" title="Prevention"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-lrswj_erm6">Prevention</h2> <p>We all have a role to play in preventing bullying. Youth and adults play important roles in preventing violence and creating safe communities where young people can thrive.</p> <p>A bystander (someone who witnesses bullying, either in person or online) can make a positive impact by becoming an upstander. An upstander is someone who sees what happens and intervenes, interrupts, or speaks up to stop the bullying. Learn more about becoming an <a href="https://www.stopbullying.gov/prevention/bystanders-to-bullying" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">upstander<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a> and take action against bullying.</p> <div class="dfe-block dfe-block--cdcmodule cdc_ref_youtube dfe-block--width-standard"><div class="dfe-block__inner"> <div class="cdc-youtube-embed" data-yt-id="64LNwrd0fHg"> <iframe src="//www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/64LNwrd0fHg?autohide=0&enablejsapi=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&origin=https://www.cdc.gov?autohide=0&enablejsapi=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&origin=https://www.cdc.gov&wmode=opaque?enablejsapi=1" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" title=""></iframe> <noscript> <div class="noscript"> <a href="//www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/64LNwrd0fHg?autohide=0&enablejsapi=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&origin=https://www.cdc.gov?autohide=0&enablejsapi=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0&origin=https://www.cdc.gov&wmode=opaque?enablejsapi=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"></a> </div> </noscript> </div> </div></div><p>Parents, school staff, and other caring adults can:</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1">Help kids understand bullying and how to stand up to it safely.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Keep the lines of communication open by checking in with kids often and listening to them.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Encourage kids to do what they love so they can build confidence and make friends.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1">Model how to treat others with kindness and respect.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="dfe-block dfe-block--keep_reading"><b>See Also:</b> <a href="https://www.stopbullying.gov/prevention/how-to-prevent-bullying" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">Stopbullying.gov: How to prevent bullying<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a></div><p>Additionally, school-based programs that strengthen youths' interpersonal and emotional skills, including empathy, conflict management, and teamwork, can reduce bullying. Explore example program <a href="/youth-violence/about/about-bullying.html#cdc_behavioral_basics_resources-resources" class="ce-selection">resources</a>. </p> <p>All young people deserve to grow up safely and thrive. We can all be upstanders and help stop bullying in our communities. </p> </div> <div class="dfe-section" data-section="cdc_behavioral_basics_resources"> <a class="onThisPageAnchor" id="cdc_behavioral_basics_resources-resources" name="Resources" title="Resources"></a><h2 class="editor-block--title" id="heading-dkbyry_834">Resources</h2> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://www.stopbullying.gov/" class="ce-selection tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">StopBullying.gov<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>: StopBullying.gov provides information on bullying, cyberbullying, who is at risk, and how you can prevent and respond to bullying. Information is also available in Spanish at <a href="https://espanol.stopbullying.gov/" class="ce-selection tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">Espanol.StopBullying.gov<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="/parenting-teens/about/index.html">Essentials for Parenting Teens</a>: This is a free resource for parents and caregivers of youth aged 11 and 17, offering guidance on building positive parent-teen relationships.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://snapshot2024.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/index.htm" class="ce-selection">Division of Adolescent and School Health (DASH)</a>: CDC's DASH works to promote environments where youth can gain health knowledge and skills, establish healthy behaviors, and connect to health services.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Examples of some effective school-based skill-building programs:</p> <ul class="nested-list"> <li class="level-1"><a href="/intimate-partner-violence/php/datingmatters/index.html">Dating Matters®</a>: This is a comprehensive prevention model developed by CDC that teaches 11–14-year-olds how to have healthy, safe relationships both now and in the future.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://www.interventioncentral.org/behavioral-interventions/schoolwide-classroommgmt/good-behavior-game" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="org">Good Behavior Game<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>: This is an approach to the management of classroom behaviors that rewards children for displaying appropriate on-task behaviors during instructional time.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://pathsprogram.com/" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="com">Promoting Alternative THinking Strategies®<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>: This is a classroom-based social emotional learning program for elementary school students to reduce aggression and behavior problems.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://www.lifeskillstraining.com/" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="com">Life Skills® Training<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>: This is a classroom-based universal prevention program designed to prevent adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use, as well as violence.<ul> </ul> </li> <li class="level-1"><a href="https://www.positiveaction.net/" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="net">Positive Action<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>: This is a school-based program that promotes life skills and character development with additional program components for teachers, families, and communities.<ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="cdc-dfe-body__right page-right-rail"> <aside class="page-right-rail__static noindex" role="complementary"> <div class="on-this-page " data-sid=""> <h2 class="on-this-page__heading"> On This Page </h2> <div class="card-body"> <ul> <li><a href="#cdc_behavioral_basics_over-what-is-bullying">What is bullying?</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_behavioral_basics_quick-quick-facts-and-stats">Quick facts and stats</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_behavioral_basics_warning_signs-warning-signs">Warning signs</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_behavioral_basics_outcomes-outcomes">Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_behavioral_basics_prevention-prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="#cdc_behavioral_basics_resources-resources">Resources</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </aside> <aside class="page-right-rail__dynamic noindex" role="complementary"> <div data-related-nav></div> </aside> </div> </div> <div data-journey-next></div> <section class="container page-mobile-bar"> <time class="page-mobile-bar__item page-mobile-bar__item--date" datetime="2024-10-28 00:00:00"> October 28, 2024 </time> </section> <div class="page-content-sources noindex"> <div class="page-content-sources__header"> <a data-action="summary" class="collapsed" href="#content-sources" role="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="content-sources" data-cs-toggle="">Sources</a> <a data-action="print" href="#print" class="d-none d-md-block" aria-label="print this page" onclick="window.print()">Print</a> <a 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id="content-sources" class="page-content-sources__body accordion-collapse collapse"> <div class="callout callout-content-source" role="status"> <div class="callout-heading">Content Source:</div> <a class="cdc-block-link" href="/injury/index.html">National Center for Injury Prevention and Control</a> </div> <div class="page-content-sources__section page-content-sources__section--references"><label for="page_references">References</label><ol id="page_references"><li id="cdcreference_1">Gladden RM, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Hamburger ME, Lumpkin CD. Bullying surveillance among youths: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta, GA; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education; 2013. Available from <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying-definitionsfinal-a.pdf." target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying-definitionsfinal-a.pdf.</a></li> <li id="cdcreference_2">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention <em>Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends Report: 2013–2023 </em>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2024.</li> <li id="cdcreference_3">Burr, R., Kemp, J., and Wang, K. (2024). Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings From the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2021–22 (NCES 2024-043). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Available from <a href="https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2024/2024043.pdf" class="tp-link-policy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="gov">https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2024043<span aria-label=" pdf icon" role="img" class="sr-only"></span><span class="cdc-link-icon cdc-link-icon--pdf" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>.</li> <li id="cdcreference_4">Farrington D, Baldry A. Individual risk factors for school bullying. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 2010; 2(1):4-16. Available from <a href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.5042/jacpr.2010.0001/full/html" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="com">https://doi.org/10.5042/jacpr.2010.0001<span class="visually-hidden sr-only" aria-label=" external icon" role="img"></span><span class="cdc-icon-external cdc-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" alt="external icon"></span></a>.</li></ol></div> </div> </div> <section class="container related-pages related-pages__mobile"> <div data-related-nav-mobile></div> </section> </div> </main> <section class="site-footer container noindex"> <div class="row cdc-footer__inner"> <div class="col-lg-3 site-footer__heading"> <h2> <a href=""> <span class="cdc-footer__super-title" aria-label="Youth Violence Prevention"> <a href="/youth-violence/about/index.html"> Youth Violence Prevention </a> <i class="cdc-icon cdc-fa-light cdc-fa-angle-right"></i> </span> </a> </h2> <p>Youth violence affects thousands of young people each day, and in turn, their families, schools, and communities. 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