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works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="أنطوانيت براون بلاكويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطوانيت براون بلاكويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Blackwell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antoinette Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Blackwell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antoinette Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Blackwell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antoinette Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="آنتوانت براون بلک‌ول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتوانت براون بلک‌ول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Blackwell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antoinette Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Անտուանետ Բրաուն Բլեքուել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտուանետ Բրաուն Բլեքուել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="אנטואנט בראון בלאקוול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטואנט בראון בלאקוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ანტუანეტა ბრაუნ ბლეკველი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტუანეტა ბრაუნ ბლეკველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD" title="ആന്റോനെറ്റ് ബ്രൗൺ ബ്ലാക്ക്വെൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്റോനെറ്റ് ബ്രൗൺ ബ്ലാക്ക്വെൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="انطوانيت براون بلاكويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انطوانيت براون بلاكويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%90%D9%BC_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84" title="انټوینېټ براون بلک‌وېل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انټوینېټ براون بلک‌وېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Браун Блэкуэлл, Антуанетта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Браун Блэкуэлл, Антуанетта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Антуанетта Блеквелл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антуанетта Блеквелл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q549506#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Antoinette Brown Blackwell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell.jpg/220px-Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell.jpg/330px-Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell.jpg/440px-Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Blackwell, c. 1900</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Antoinette Louisa Brown</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1825-05-20</span>)</span>May 20, 1825<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Henrietta,_New_York" title="Henrietta, New York">Henrietta, New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 5, 1921<span style="display:none">(1921-11-05)</span> (aged 96)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Antoinette Blackwell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">First woman American ordained minister, Women's rights</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Charles_Blackwell" title="Samuel Charles Blackwell">Samuel Charles Blackwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antoinette Louisa Brown</b>, later <b>Antoinette Brown Blackwell</b> (May 20, 1825 – November 5, 1921), was the first woman to be ordained as a mainstream Protestant minister in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. She was a well-versed public speaker on the paramount issues of her time and distinguished herself from her contemporaries with her use of religious faith in her efforts to expand <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackwell_childhood_home_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 2-story house with a stone facade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blackwell_childhood_home_1.jpg/220px-Blackwell_childhood_home_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blackwell_childhood_home_1.jpg/330px-Blackwell_childhood_home_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Blackwell_childhood_home_1.jpg/440px-Blackwell_childhood_home_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Antoinette Louisa Brown's childhood home, located at 1099 Pinnacle Road in Henrietta, NY.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brown was born the youngest of seven in <a href="/wiki/Henrietta,_New_York" title="Henrietta, New York">Henrietta, New York</a>, to Joseph Brown and Abby Morse. Brown was recognized as highly intelligent as early as three years old. The preaching of evangelist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a> from nearby <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a> led Brown's family to join the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After daring to inject a prayer into her family's religious observance, Brown was accepted into the church before the age of nine. Shortly after becoming a member of the congregation, she began to preach during Sunday meetings. In 1841 at the age of 16, after completing her requisite early schooling at Monroe County Academy, Brown taught school herself. She did not intend to spend her life teaching and so she set her sights on a degree in theology from Oberlin College and a career in the pulpit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoinette_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Antoinette_Brown.jpg/220px-Antoinette_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Antoinette_Brown.jpg/330px-Antoinette_Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Antoinette_Brown.jpg/440px-Antoinette_Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Brown before she married.</figcaption></figure> <p>For four years, Antoinette taught school and saved enough money to cover the cost of her tuition at <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> in Ohio. Supported by her parents, who believed not only in equal education for men and women, but also for blacks, she enrolled at Oberlin College in 1846. At the college, she completed the literary course and received her literary degree in 1847,<sup id="cite_ref-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prescribed course for women students. She spent her vacations in teaching and in the study of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek language">Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847, after graduating with her <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, she <a href="/wiki/Lobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbyist">lobbied</a> the college for admission to the college's theological course with its emphasis on Congregationalist ministry. The administration, opposed to the idea of a woman engaging in any kind of formal theological learning and training, eventually capitulated but with a specific set of pre-conditions: Antoinette may enroll in the courses, but she was not to receive formal recognition. Despite the stipulations made regarding her participation in the theology course, Antoinette was a prolific writer and charismatic public speaker. Her exegesis on the writings of the Apostle Paul was published in the <i>Oberlin Quarterly Review</i>. It is there, from a brief excerpt, that her understanding of what may now be popularly called feminist theology, takes shape as she writes: "Paul meant only to warn against 'excesses, irregularities, and unwarrantable liberties' in public worship.'"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She insisted that the Bible and its various pronouncements about women were for a specific span of time and certainly not applicable to the 19th century. Even though women were not asked to do public speaking during this time Antoinette was asked to speak in Ohio and New York to speak about anti-slavery and on women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1860, Brown returned to Oberlin College to deliver a lecture entitled "Men and Women." Testament to Brown's oratory skills appeared in a student letter which noted, "it was an excellent lecture."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_and_Ordination">Abolition and Ordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abolition and Ordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Without a preaching license following graduation, Brown decided to pause her ministerial ambitions to write for Frederick Douglass' abolitionist paper, <i><a href="/wiki/North_Star_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Star (newspaper)">The North Star</a></i>. She spoke in 1850 at the first <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a>, giving a speech that was well received and served as the beginning of a speaking tour in which she would address issues such as abolition, temperance, and women's rights. Brown spoke at many of the subsequent annual National Women's Rights Conventions. </p><p>Brown was eventually given a license to preach by the Congregational Church in 1851 and then offered a position as Minister of a Congregationalist church in <a href="/wiki/South_Butler,_New_York" title="South Butler, New York">South Butler, New York</a> in 1852. She temporarily suspended her vast speaking engagements, writing to her friend (and later sister-in-law) <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> that she had lectured eighteen times in almost as many days, and was ordained by a socially radical Methodist minister named Luther Lee, a passionate and vocal advocate of women's right to theological education and leadership. At her ordination, Lee delivered a sermon testifying to Antoinette's suitability as a preacher and her calling from God: "If God and mental and moral culture have not already qualified her," he said to the crowd assembled for the occasion, "we cannot, by anything we may do by way of ordaining or setting her apart ... All we are here to do ... is ... to subscribe our testimony to the fact, that in our belief, our sister in Christ, Antoinette L. Brown, is one of the ministers of the New Covenant, authorized, qualified, and called by God to preach the gospel of his Son Jesus Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month after her ordination Brown traveled as a delegate to the World's Temperance Convention in New York City, where despite representing two temperance organizations, she was denied a chance to speak by the organizers. In the words of Carol Lasser and Marlene Deahl Merrill, Brown again "faced the difficulties of combining essentially conservative causes with women's right's work" at the Temperance Conference <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a crossroads in her life, in 1854, Blackwell wrote, "I [find] that the whole groundwork of my faith has dropped away from me."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tension manifested itself within her, and after a year she decided to leave South Butler; and unfortunately, even Luther Lee's unqualified support of Antoinette was not enough to provide her with a sustainable lifestyle there. The Boston Investigator reported her departure with the headline: "REV. ANTOINETTE BROWN, more recently Rev. Mrs. Blackwell, seems to have made a failure in her first pastorate."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She did not fail the pastorate due to her gender, but rather a growing insecurity of belief in the orthodoxy of the Congregational ministry, compounded with a lack of sustainable resources for her work.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1857, she returned to her work as an orator and reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights"><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span>Women's rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Women's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following her separation from the ministry, she focused increasingly on women's rights issues. While many women's rights activists opposed religion on the basis that it served to oppress women, Blackwell was steadfast in her belief that women's active participation in religion could serve to further their status in society. Unlike many of her peers, she cared more about improving women's status in society than for suffrage. She believed that the inherent differences between men and women limited men's effectiveness in representing women in politics; thus suffrage would have little positive impact for women unless it was coupled with tangible leadership opportunities. Brown also diverged in opinion from other reformers with her opposition to divorce as a means of easing women's marital restrictions. </p><p>Antoinette left for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to do charity work in the slums and to lecture and raise money for the people who lived there. On her way to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, she stopped in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a> to attend the first National Woman's Rights Convention. This convention influenced her so much that she decided to become an independent speaker. She traveled throughout <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> in places like <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> to speak on Woman's Rights, Anti-Slavery and Temperance. She sometimes even spoke in church sermons when she had the chance.<sup id="cite_ref-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to her own prospect of marriage, Brown believed that it was best to remain single because single women experienced greater levels of independence than married women. Upon meeting <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Charles_Blackwell" title="Samuel Charles Blackwell">Samuel Blackwell</a>, her opinions began to waver in favor of marriage. The two married on January 24, 1856,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they had seven children, two dying in infancy. </p><p>Blackwell continued her career until domestic responsibilities and her disagreement with many aspects of the women's rights movement caused her to discontinue lecturing. Writing became her new outlet for asserting social change for women; in her works she encouraged women to seek out masculine professions and men to share in household duties, yet she retained the belief that women's primary role was care of the home and family. Inspired by yet critical of the writings of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, who she considered to be the most influential men of her day,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackwell published several works in the fields of theology, science and philosophy. She believed both Darwin and Spencer employed a tainted version of the scientific method, one that embraced a solely masculine vantage point.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackwell instead asserted that in order to understand women in society, women themselves ought to conduct the study of women, which Blackwell termed the "science of Feminine Humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps her most notable work was published in 1875, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sexes_Throughout_Nature" title="The Sexes Throughout Nature">The Sexes Throughout Nature</a></i>, in which she presented a quasi-scientific theory arguing that the sexes are different but equal by way of natural evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She knew she would be considered presumptuous for criticizing evolutionary theory, but wrote that "However great the disadvantages under which we [women] are placed, these will never be lessened by waiting."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin had written a letter to her in 1869, thanking her for a copy of her book, <i>Studies in General Science</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also wrote a novel, <i>The Island Neighbors</i>, in 1871, and a collection of poetry, <i>Sea Drift</i>, in 1902. </p><p>In 1860, at the last National Woman's Rights Convention held before the outbreak of the Civil War, Antoinette engaged in the heated debate about divorce with her colleagues and contemporaries, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She was opposed to an easy divorce arguing, "the married partner can not annul his obligations to the other… All divorce is naturally and morally impossible." Antoinette, a staunch abolitionist and suffragist, contrary to the hopes of her friends and fellow suffragists, supported the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution</a>, which did not include the right of free women to vote. In 1869, during the controversy over the amendment, she and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a> separated from other preeminent women's rights activists to form the <a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a> as a counterweight to Anthony's <a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a>. </p><p>In 1873, Blackwell founded the Association for the Advancement of Women in an attempt to address women's issues that similar organizations ignored. She was elected president of the New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association in 1891 and helped found the American Purity Association. She also lectured on behalf of the poor of New York City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoinette_Blackwell_(1894).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Antoinette_Blackwell_%281894%29.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Antoinette Blackwell (1894)</figcaption></figure> <p>Oberlin College awarded Brown an honorary Master's and Doctoral degrees in 1878 and 1908, respectively. </p><p>In 1878, she returned to organized religion, becoming a Unitarian. She applied to the <a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">American Unitarian Association</a> and was recognized as a minister. She spoke in Unitarian churches and resumed her lecture touring.<sup id="cite_ref-UUA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, Brown attended the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Religions">Parliament of Religions</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exposition">Columbian Exposition</a> in Chicago. There, she said, "Women are needed in the pulpit as imperatively and for the same reason that they are needed in the world—because they are women. Women have become—or when the ingrained habit of unconscious imitation has been superseded, they will become—indispensable to the religious evolution of the human race."<sup id="cite_ref-UUA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell.jpg/220px-Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell.jpg/330px-Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Antoinette Brown Blackwell pictured in her later years</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1903, she helped found the Unitarian Society of Elizabeth, New Jersey, serving as its minister.<sup id="cite_ref-UUA_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914, she celebrated her eighty-ninth birthday planting trees in her private forest in <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, at age 95, she was the only surviving participant of the 1850 Women's Rights Convention that took place in Worcester, Massachusetts, to see the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution</a>, which gave women the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-UUA_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She voted for <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> in the 1920 presidential election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antoinette Brown Blackwell died November 5, 1921, at the age of 96 in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a>. </p><p>Her <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell_Childhood_Home" title="Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home">childhood home</a> was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> at its 10th General Synod began awarding the Antoinette Brown Awards to ordained UCC women who "exemplify the contributions that women can make through ordained ministry, have provided outstanding ministry in a parish or other church-related institutions, including women in specialized ministry, and have a sensitivity concerning the challenges and possibilities of women in ministry and advocacy on behalf of all women in the church."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Antoinette Brown Blackwell was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Studies in General Science</i>. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son, 1869.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sexes_Throughout_Nature" title="The Sexes Throughout Nature">The Sexes Throughout Nature</a></i>. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son, 1875.</li> <li><i>The Physical Basis of Immortality</i>. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son, 1876.</li> <li><i>The Philosophy of Individuality</i>. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son, 1893.</li> <li><i>The Making of the Universe</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: The Gorham press, 1914.</li> <li><i>The Social Side of Mind and Action</i>. New York: The Neale Publishing Company, 1915.</li> <li><i>The Island Neighbors</i>. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871. (Novel)</li> <li><i>Sea Drift</i>. New York: J.T. White & Co., 1902. (Poetry)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Louisa_Brown_Blackwell_Childhood_Home" title="Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home">Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Brown" title="Olympia Brown">Olympia Brown</a>, a follower of Blackwell's who became the first woman ordained by her denomination at large</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">Ordination of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_organizations" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park#Votes_For_Women_History_Trail" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Votes For Women History Trail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackwell,_antoinette_louisa_brown_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00064.html">"Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown"</a>. American National Biography Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackwell%2C+Antoinette+Louisa+Brown&rft.pub=American+National+Biography+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F15%2F15-00064.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appletons-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-appletons_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Blackwell,_Antoinette_Louisa_Brown">"Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blackwell%2C+Antoinette+Louisa+Brown&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Hill Lindley. You Have Stept Out of Your Place (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996), 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling1984" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, Dorothy, ed. (1984). <i>We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century</i>. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+Your+Sisters%3A+Black+Women+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindley, 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Lasser and Marlene Merrill, Friends and Sisters: Letters between Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Cazden, Antoinette Brown Blackwell (New York: The Feminist Press, 1983) 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boston Investigator, "Rev. Antoinette Brown, more recently Rev. Mrs. Blackwell, seems to have made a failure in her first pastorate," col. C, May 6, 1857, 19th Century US Newspapers via Gale Group, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://infotrac.galegroup.com/">http://infotrac.galegroup.com/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZink-Sawyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Zink-Sawyer, Beverly Ann (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pe8WI35E1YoC&pg=PA134"><i>From Preachers to Suffragists: Woman's Rights and Religious Conviction in the Lives of Three Nineteenth-century American Clergywomen</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22615-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Preachers+to+Suffragists%3A+Woman%27s+Rights+and+Religious+Conviction+in+the+Lives+of+Three+Nineteenth-century+American+Clergywomen&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22615-2&rft.aulast=Zink-Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpe8WI35E1YoC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssidesWilkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George D.; Wilkins, Margaret Z. (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52V_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT453"><i>Christians in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Routledge. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54557-6"><bdi>978-1-317-54557-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54557-6&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Margaret+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52V_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lasser, 1987, 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1875" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blackwell, Antoinette</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031174372#page/n239/mode/2up/search/living"><i>The Sexes Throughout Nature</i></a>. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexes+Throughout+Nature&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924031174372%23page%2Fn239%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fliving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimberly A. Hamlin, From Eve to Evolution: Darwin, Science, and Women's Rights in Gilded Age America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimberly A. Hamlin, From Eve to Evolution: Darwin, Science, and Women's Rights in Gilded Age America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 62-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Howard Brown, ed., Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States (Boston: James H. Lamb Co., 1900), 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1875" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blackwell, Antoinette</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031174372#page/n239/mode/2up/search/living"><i>The Sexes Throughout Nature</i></a>. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexes+Throughout+Nature&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924031174372%23page%2Fn239%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fliving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin,_Charles1869" class="citation web cs1">Darwin, Charles (November 8, 1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-6976">"Letter 6976"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+6976&rft.pub=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.date=1869-11-08&rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fentry-6976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UUA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UUA_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UUA_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UUA_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UUA_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2003" class="citation web cs1">Macdonald, JoAnn (December 17, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709212823/http://uudb.org/articles/antoinettebrownblackwell.html">"Antoinette Brown Blackwell"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uudb.org/articles/antoinettebrownblackwell.html">the original</a> on July 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Unitarian+%26+Universalist+Biography&rft.atitle=Antoinette+Brown+Blackwell&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=JoAnn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuudb.org%2Farticles%2Fantoinettebrownblackwell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandria_Gazette1914" class="citation web cs1">Alexandria Gazette (22 May 1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1914-05-22/ed-1/seq-1/print/image_681x648_from_4155%2C5980_to_6292%2C8015/">"misc"</a>. <i>Chronicling America</i>. Alexandria Gazette<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicling+America&rft.atitle=misc&rft.date=1914-05-22&rft.au=Alexandria+Gazette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1914-05-22%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2Fprint%2Fimage_681x648_from_4155%252C5980_to_6292%252C8015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. March 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822234859/http://www.ucc.org/women/abawards.html">"Antoinette Brown Awards"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.org/women/abawards.html">the original</a> on 2013-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antoinette+Brown+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.org%2Fwomen%2Fabawards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/antoinette-blackwell/">National Women's Hall of Fame, Antoinette Blackwell</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown</i>. Vol. 29, in <i>The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography</i>, 129. New York: James T. White & Co., 1941.</li> <li><i>Brown Blackwell, Antoinette</i>. Vol. 3, in <i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_History" title="Women in World History">Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopaedia</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Commire" title="Anne Commire">Anne Commire</a>, 126–131. Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications, 1999.</li> <li>Burckel, Nicholas C. "Oberlin College." In <i>Handbook of American Women's History</i>, edited by Angela M. Howard and Frances M. Kavenik, 407. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000.</li> <li>Cazden, Elizabeth. <i>Antoinette Brown Blackwell: A Biography</i>. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1983.</li> <li>Kerr, Andrea Moore. "Blackwell, Antoinette (Brown) (1825–1921)." In <i>Handbook of American Women's History</i>, edited by Angela M. Howard and Frances M. Kavenik, 72. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000.</li> <li>Lasser, Carol; Merrill, Marlene Deahl, editors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-PBLMFX1DcC"><i>Friends and Sisters: Letters between Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, 1846-93</i></a>. University of Illinois Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01396-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01396-4">0-252-01396-4</a></li> <li>Lasser, Carol. <i>Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown</i>. Vol. 2, in <i>American National Biography</i>, edited by John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, 890–892. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Lindley, Susan Hill. <i>You Have Stept Out of Your Place</i>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25799-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25799-6">978-0-664-25799-6</a></li> <li><i>Women's Rights</i>. Vol. 6, in <i>Encyclopaedia of American History: The Development of the Industrial United States</i>, edited by Gary B. Nash, 316–318. New York: Facts on File, 2003.</li> <li>"The Women's Rights Movement." In <i>Political and Historical Encyclopaedia of Women</i>, edited by Christine Faure, 292–294. New York: Routledge, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Blackwell, Antoinette Brown. In </i>Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers,<i> edited by Helen Rapaport, ABC-CLIO, 1st edition, 2001.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Antoinette Brown Blackwell</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antoinette_Blackwell" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Antoinette Blackwell">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549506" class="extiw" title="d:Q549506">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010220140827/http://winningthevote.org/ABBlackwell.html">Biographical information of Antoinette Brown Blackwell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021003170800/http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=19">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></li> <li>Oberlin College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/OYTT-images/NettyBlackwell.html"><i>Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825-1921)</i></a></li> <li>Harvard University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905085458/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/UIA%20Online/95blackwellab.html"><i>Unitarianism in America: Antoinette Brown Blackwell</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell,_Antoinette_Louisa_Brown" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Blackwell%2C%20Antoinette%20Louisa%20Brown%2C%201825-1921%22%20AND%20%28creator%3A%22Blackwell%2C%20Antoinette%20Louisa%20Brown%2C%201825-1921%22%29"><i>Works</i></a>. Internet Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Antoinette+Louisa+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3Dcreator%253A%2522Blackwell%252C%2520Antoinette%2520Louisa%2520Brown%252C%25201825-1921%2522%2520AND%2520%2528creator%253A%2522Blackwell%252C%2520Antoinette%2520Louisa%2520Brown%252C%25201825-1921%2522%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoinette+Brown+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00051">Blackwell Family Papers, 1784-1944.</a> <a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_Library" title="Schlesinger Library">Schlesinger Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcliffe Institute">Radcliffe Institute</a>, Harvard University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549506#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008121887X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42741758">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/88468/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8HRm7gYTv9Px7B83YT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123281172">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82032500">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16766347c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16766347c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01202076">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35019119">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2006329837&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007432124005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03008858?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/793473">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085509469">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569989">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61p8q7w">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63j3q4w">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&oldid=1254816421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell&oldid=1254816421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1825_births" title="Category:1825 births">1825 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