Venus Figurine - World History Encyclopedia

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ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Venus_Figurine/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6865.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Venus_Figurine/" data-pin-description="The term Venus figurine is used to describe the more than 200 small statuettes of voluptuous female figures that have been found at Upper Paleolithic sites across Europe and some parts of Asia. “When paleoanthropologists refer to figurines as Venuses, [they] usually do so with air quotes” (von Petzinger..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Jessica Liew" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-jessicamliew.jpg" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/jessicamliew/" rel="author" title="User Page: Jessica Liew">Jessica Liew</a> <br/> published on 10 July 2017 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-16176/venus-paleolithique/" class="translation_link " rel="alternate">French</a></div> </div> <style> .audio-player-wrapper * { font-size: 14px !important; } .audio-player-wrapper .summary-wrapper { display: none; } .audio_player #play-btn-wrap svg { color: #222; margin-left: -18px; } #amplift-outer-wrapper { height: 60px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; top: -4px; left: -9px; margin-bottom: 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ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/6865/the-venus-of-willendorf/" title="The Venus of Willendorf"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6865.jpg.webp?v=1717770633-1717770639 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6865.jpg.webp?v=1717770633-1717770639 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6865.jpg?v=1717770633-1717770639 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6865.jpg?v=1717770633-1717770639 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6865.jpg?v=1717770633-1717770639" width="300" height="445" alt="The Venus of Willendorf (by Oke, CC BY-SA)" title="The Venus of Willendorf (by Oke, CC BY-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">The Venus of Willendorf</div><div class="figauthor">Oke (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6865/the-venus-of-willendorf/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6865/the-venus-of-willendorf/","caption":"The Venus of Willendorf is a limestone statuette likely carved between 24,000 and 22,000 years ago, in the Upper Paleolithic, making it one of the oldest pieces of art in the world. The faceless, voluptuous, female figure is considered typical of this type of prehistoric art, though surviving examples are rare. The 11.1 cm figurine would easily fit in the palm of the hand, allowing for easy transport by the nomadic peoples of Ice Age Europe and a possible indication that it may have been used in some sort of fertility ritual. It was found in Willendorf, Austria, in 1908 and can be viewed at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6865.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Oke - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Oke"},"creditText":"Oke / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-06-07T14:30:39+0000","datePublished":"2017-07-07T13:52:17+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"The Venus of Willendorf","height":682,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wien_NHM_Venus_von_Willendorf.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6865/the-venus-of-willendorf/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6865/the-venus-of-willendorf/","width":461} </script> <p>The term <dfn><a href="/venus/">Venus</a> Figurine</dfn> is used to describe the more than 200 small statuettes of voluptuous female figures that have been found at Upper <a href="/Paleolithic/">Paleolithic</a> sites across <a href="/europe/">Europe</a> and some parts of Asia. “When paleoanthropologists refer to figurines as Venuses, [they] usually do so with air quotes” (von Petzinger, 95), because Venus figurines pre-date myths about the goddess Venus by thousands of years. The name is derived, in part, from theories that associate these figurines with fertility and sexuality, two traits associated with the <a href="/disambiguation/Roman/">Roman</a> goddess. </p> <h3>CHARACTERISTICS</h3> <p>The so-called Venus figurines date from between about 40,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE. They are generally quite small with sizes typically ranging from 2.5 cm to 10.2 cm though a few examples as large as 24 cm have been found. The most common material used to carve these statuettes is mammoth tusk, but teeth, antlers, bone, and stone were also used. A very small number of sites produced clay figurines, which are among the earliest known examples of ceramic art. The figures are usually voluptuous female nudes. Some of their features, such as their breasts, hips, stomachs and pubic areas, are greatly exaggerated while other characteristics are absent or downplayed. It is quite common for the figurines to be faceless with poorly defined arms and legs and a silhouette that is tapered at the top and bottom. The carvings often lack defined hands and feet. Given that the creators of these carvings were separated by 30,000 years and hundreds of kilometers, it is remarkable that so many of them share the same traits.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">THE MOST COMMON MATERIAL USED TO CARVE VENUS FIGURINES IS MAMMOTH TUSK.</div> <h3>IMPORTANT FINDS </h3> <p>While the majority of Venus figurines conform to these voluptuous characteristics, individual finds show that there is some diversity in terms of their materials and construction. They are also quite diverse in terms of their location. They have been found at sites all over Europe and as far afield as Siberia. Most have been found at prehistoric settlement sites, both inside caves and at open-air locations. While extremely rare, some figurines have been found in <a href="/burial/">burial</a> places. </p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <p>The oldest known Venus, the Venus of Hohle Fels, was found in a cave of the same name in Schelklingen, Germany and is believed to be between 35,000 and 40,000 years old. It is carved from wooly mammoth ivory. In place of a head, the Venus of Hohle Fels has a loop, which suggests it may have been worn as a pendant. Many Venuses have perforations that suggest they may have been worn as jewelry. </p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_mobile_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>One of the best known Venus figurines is the Venus of Willendorf who is named for the location where she was found in Austria. The Willendorf Venus is around 25,000 years old. She was carved from limestone, another commonly used material. </p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6866"> <a href="/image/6866/the-venus-of-laussel/" title="The Venus of Laussel" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6866.jpg.webp?v=1640473202 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6866.jpg.webp?v=1640473202 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6866.jpg?v=1640473202 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6866.jpg?v=1640473202 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6866.jpg?v=1640473202" alt="The Venus of Laussel" class="in_text_image" width="363" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">The Venus of Laussel</div><div class="figauthor">120 (CC BY)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6866/the-venus-of-laussel/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6866/the-venus-of-laussel/","caption":"The Venus of Laussel, carved between 20,000 and 18,000 years ago, is a rare example of a pre-historic bas-relief. Her faceless, voluptuous figure is characteristic of the Venus figurines produced throughout Ice Age Europe. Many scholars believe that these female figures were used in fertility rituals or as representations of goddesses of fertility. In the case of the Venus of Laussel, they believe the thirteen lines carved into the upturned horn that she is holding may be associated with lunar and menstrual cycles. Her other hand rests upon her belly, over her womb, and her image was once tinted with red ochre, two other aspects of this piece that suggest fertility symbolism. The Venus of Laussel is now part of the collection of the Bordeaux Museum in France.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6866.jpg","copyrightNotice":"120 - CC BY - This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"120"},"creditText":"120 / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-11-30T13:11:18+0000","datePublished":"2017-07-07T13:50:55+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"The Venus of Laussel","height":600,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6866/the-venus-of-laussel/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6866/the-venus-of-laussel/","width":435} </script> </p> <p>The Venus of Laussel is also carved from limestone and shares many of the traits of a Venus figurine while remaining unique in terms of prehistoric art. Found in France and believed to be between 18,000 and 20,000 years old, this Venus is a rare example of a prehistoric bas-relief. Like many of these figures, the Laussel Venus was once covered in red ochre, an aspect that suggests a connection with menstruation and fertility. Traces of this ochre are still visible to the naked eye. She is holding a curved horn inscribed with 13 lines that may represent lunar or menstrual cycles. </p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p>Equally unique are the ceramic Venuses at Dolni Vestonice in the Czech Republic and Vela Spila in Croatia. They are the oldest examples of kiln-fired clay artifacts yet known. At Dolni Vestonice, they developed a mixture of clay and ground bone that often produced a self-glazing finish in the kiln, causing many of the figures found at this site to have an unusual, shiny, black appearance. The Black Venus of Dolni Vestonice is the most well-known example of a figurine made with this material. While fairly unique in terms of her colour and material, the Black Venus shares the curvaceous appearance of her counterparts found throughout Eurasia. </p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6867"> <a href="/image/6867/black-venus-of-dolni-vestonice/" title="Black Venus of Dolni Vestonice" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6867.jpg.webp?v=1640473202 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6867.jpg.webp?v=1640473202 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6867.jpg?v=1640473202 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6867.jpg?v=1640473202 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6867.jpg?v=1640473202" alt="Black Venus of Dolni Vestonice" class="in_text_image" width="253" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Black Venus of Dolni Vestonice</div><div class="figauthor">Don Hitchcock (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6867/black-venus-of-dolni-vestonice/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6867/black-venus-of-dolni-vestonice/","caption":"One of the oldest known examples of ceramic in the world, the Black Venus was found at the pre-historic site of Dolni Vestonice in Moravia, Czech Republic in 1925 CE. The figure is thought to have been sculpted between 29,000 and 25,000 years ago. Its faceless, voluptuous figure is typical of the Venus figurines of Ice Age Europe, but the material used to make it is rare. It gets its unique black colour from the combination of ground bone and clay used to make it. This material produced a self-glazing, black finish in the kiln and can be seen on many of the other ceramic pieces found at the same site. The original figurine is rarely on public display, but it is part of the collection of the Moravian Museum's Anthropos Pavilion in Brno, Czech Republic.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6867.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Don Hitchcock - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Don Hitchcock"},"creditText":"Don Hitchcock / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-11-30T13:11:18+0000","datePublished":"2017-07-07T13:48:09+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Black Venus of Dolni Vestonice","height":3938,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://donsmaps.com/dolnivenus.html"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6867/black-venus-of-dolni-vestonice/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6867/black-venus-of-dolni-vestonice/","width":1991} </script> </p> <h3>THEORIES ABOUT THEIR PURPOSES</h3> <p>What intrigues many scholars is the voluptuous nature of these figurines. They were produced at a time when the average woman would have been lean and muscular. For this reason, many researchers theorize that these figures were not portraits of real <a href="/disambiguation/women/">women</a>, but religious icons. Their small size, which suggests that the figures may have been held in the hands during rituals, further supports this theory. Certainly, their diminutive dimensions made it easier for our nomadic ancestors to transport these potentially sacred objects from place to place. </p> <p>As the features that are exaggerated and emphasized in most of the carvings (large breasts, ample hips, protruding stomachs) are associated with fertile and pregnant women, it is possible that these female figures served as fertility symbols. Some scholars have also posited that these figurines, which often appear pregnant, may depict a mother goddess or a deity associated with childbearing. Those figurines that contain apertures that would have allowed them to be strung, like the Venus of Hohle Fels, may have been worn as amulets to protect women during pregnancy and childbirth. Some Venuses were once anointed with red ochre while others were decorated with symbols that may be associated with lunar cycles; both of these aspects suggest a connection to menstruation and fertility as well. </p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer innerwrapper worldhistory_content_dynamic"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6346"> <a href="/image/6346/venus-of-hohle-fels/" title="Venus of Hohle Fels" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6346.jpg.webp?v=1717770888-1717770896 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6346.jpg.webp?v=1717770888-1717770896 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6346.jpg?v=1717770888-1717770896 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6346.jpg?v=1717770888-1717770896 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6346.jpg?v=1717770888-1717770896" alt="Venus of Hohle Fels" class="in_text_image" width="334" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Venus of Hohle Fels</div><div class="figauthor">Thilo Parg (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6346/venus-of-hohle-fels/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6346/venus-of-hohle-fels/","caption":"Venus from Hohle Fels, carved from mammoth ivory in the Late- or Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian period and discovered near Schelklingen, Germany. It has been dated to c. 40,000 to c. 35,000 years old.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6346.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Thilo Parg - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Thilo Parg"},"creditText":"Thilo Parg / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-06-07T14:34:56+0000","datePublished":"2017-02-10T15:54:41+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Venus of Hohle Fels","height":2500,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Original_Venus_vom_Hohlefels_20150118.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6346/venus-of-hohle-fels/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6346/venus-of-hohle-fels/","width":1667} </script> </p> <p>While the theory that Venus figurines were carved as fertility symbols or religious objects is the most commonly accepted hypothesis, many other theories have been advanced to explain the proliferation of these carvings. It has been suggested that they are dolls or portraits. Other researchers believe they may represent ideal beauty standards or serve as a kind of Paleolithic pornography. Given the vast range of time and geographic space over which these figurines were produced, it is possible that they may have had multiple meanings and served multiple purposes. In reality, we do not have enough evidence to conclusively determine which, if any, of these theories, is accurate. Like most cultural items from the Upper Paleolithic era, their true meaning may never be known.</p> <p>Ultimately, in terms of <a href="/collection/240/paleolithic-art/">Paleolithic art</a>, Venus figurines are rare. In fact, images of humans of any kind are quite uncommon and show up much later in the timeline of prehistoric art. Humans began creating art about 80,000 years ago, but images of humans only show up between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. At sites where multiple figurines have been found, it is rare for Venus-style statuettes to compose the majority. An equal number of animal subjects are often present, and many of the human figures are male or of ambiguous gender. Amongst all the art created by our prehistoric ancestors, images of animals were by far the most commonplace, which suggests that to early modern humans, our species was not the most dominant or important living creature on earth.</p> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ENAZqOoOVaI?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="Nude Woman (Venus of Willendorf), c. 28,000-25,000 B.C.E."></iframe></div></div></p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Ice_Age+Paleolithic+Prehistoric_Art+Stone_Age+Stone_Age_Art+Stone_Age_Tools+Venus_Figurine+Woolly_Mammoth" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__ee6b1df41be937393a5786f72be88651"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/venus-figurines-european-paleolithic-era-001548?nopaging=1" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="Holloway, A. The Venus Figurines of the European Paleolithic Era">Holloway, A. The Venus Figurines of the European Paleolithic Era</a><span class="accessed_date">, accessed 10 Jul 2017.</span></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__d3506980ebdd795498e3dda0640df9ec"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/howartmadetheworld/episodes/human/" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="Spivey, N. How Art Made the World: Venus of Willendorf">Spivey, N. How Art Made the World: Venus of Willendorf</a><span class="accessed_date">, accessed 10 Jul 2017.</span></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__a76a522fe63da6784c5016f128ac9ad2"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1476785503/" rel="sponsored">von Petzinger, G. <i>The First Signs.</i> Atria Books, 2017, 93-96, 100-102,.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=jessicamliew" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/jessicamliew/" rel="nofollow" title="Jessica Liew"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-jessicamliew.jpg?v=1498924944" width="100" height="100" alt="Jessica Liew" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/jessicamliew/" rel="author" title="Jessica Liew">Jessica Liew</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Jessica Liew is a high school Social Studies teacher with over a decade of teaching experience. Her favourite course to teach is Comparative Cultures 12, which focuses on the study of prehistoric and ancient societies. </div> <div class="sm_links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/fr/1-16176/venus-paleolithique/" class="translation_link outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. 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