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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meriam_Mìr_and_its_neighbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meriam_Mìr_and_its_neighbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Meriam Mìr and its neighbours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meriam_Mìr_and_its_neighbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_loans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_loans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recent loans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_loans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sign language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Meriam language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_meryam_mir" title="Idioma meryam mir – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma meryam mir" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriami_keel" title="Meriami keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meriami keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_meryam_mir" title="Idioma meryam mir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma meryam mir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam" title="Meriam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Meriam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Meriam" title="Pagsasao a Meriam – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Meriam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="מרים (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרים (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimeriam" title="Kimeriam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimeriam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Meriam" title="Lenga Meriam – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Meriam" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_meriam" title="Język meriam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język meriam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Мириам (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мириам (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam_mirin_kieli" title="Meriam mirin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meriam mirin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Meriam (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Meriam (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q788174#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trans-Fly language of the Australian Torres Strait Islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Miriam_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriam language (Nigeria)">Miriam language (Nigeria)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Meriam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Eastern Torres Strait</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;"><i>Meriam Mir</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Murray Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Meriam_people" title="Meriam people">Meriam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">217 (2016 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Meriam</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ulk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ulk">ulk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/meri1244">meri1244</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/Y3">Y3</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2548">Meriam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=20-OD(A-a)">20-OD(A-a)</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Meriam Mir is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/220px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/330px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/440px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="5682" /></a><figcaption>Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_“2021_Census_-_Cultural_Diversity,_2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_“2021_Census_-_Cultural_Diversity,_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Meriam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Meriam_Mir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam Mir language">Meriam Mir</a>: <i lang="ulk">Meriam Mìr</i>; also <i>Miriam, Meryam, Mer, Mir, Miriam-Mir</i>, etc. and <i>Eastern, Isten, Esten</i> and <i>Able Able</i>) or the <b>Eastern Torres Strait language</b> is the language of the people of the small islands of <i>Mer</i> (<a href="/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Murray Island</a>), <i>Waier</i> and <i>Dauar</i>, <i>Erub</i> (<a href="/wiki/Darnley_Island_(Queensland)" title="Darnley Island (Queensland)">Darnley Island</a>), and <i>Ugar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Stephens_Island_(Torres_Strait)" title="Stephens Island (Torres Strait)">Stephens Island</a>) in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia. In the Western Torres Strait language, <a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a>, it is called <i>Mœyam</i> or <i>Mœyamau Ya</i>. It is the only <a href="/wiki/Papuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan language">Papuan language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> territory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meriam was classified in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly family</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a> Phylum by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Stephen Wurm</a>, who however felt that these have retained remnants of pre-Trans–New Guinea languages; this is followed by <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (2005). In 2005 <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Malcolm Ross</a> concluded that the Eastern Trans-Fly languages were not part of the Trans–New Guinea phylum. <a href="/wiki/R._M._W._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="R. M. W. Dixon">R. M. W. Dixon</a> (2002) regards claims of a relationship between the Fly River languages and Meriam as unproven, though what he bases his claim on is not clear, as Meriam Mir has a high cognacy rate with its sister languages, and a certain amount of mutual intelligibility is claimed by Meriam speakers. Mitchell finds that Meriam Mìr has 78% cognates with its sister Trans-Fly Papuan languages, the remaining vocabulary being mainly of Australian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such Trans-Fly cognates include personal pronouns, and verbal and nominal morphology. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Percentages of Australian, Papuan and Austronesian content <br /> <i>(2) = number of items; Mitchell, Holman et al. 40-word list </i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source</th> <th>WCL</th> <th>MM </th></tr> <tr> <td>Australian</td> <td>22.5% (9)</td> <td>5% (2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Papuan</td> <td>22.5% (9)</td> <td>62.5% (25) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Derivations/Compounds</td> <td>20% (8)</td> <td>17.5% (7) <br /> [common to Eastern Trans-Fly 15% (6)] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austronesian</td> <td>12.5% (5)</td> <td>2.5% (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>More than one possible origin</td> <td>15% (6)</td> <td>17.5% (7) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unclassifiable</td> <td>32.5% (13)</td> <td>20% (8) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 Australian census</a>, 217 speakers were recorded,<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up slightly on the previous (2011) census, which recorded 186.<sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hymns_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hymns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a push to preserve the language in <a href="/wiki/North_Queensland" title="North Queensland">North Queensland</a>. A group of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a> region, where there are only four fluent speakers left, are practising and teaching traditional <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> sung in Meriam Mir in an effort to help more people to learn the language and pass it down. It is hoped that a program to teach the hymns will be introduced into schools.<sup id="cite_ref-hymns_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hymns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meriam_Mìr_and_its_neighbours"><span id="Meriam_M.C3.ACr_and_its_neighbours"></span>Meriam Mìr and its neighbours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meriam Mìr and its neighbours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meriam has around 40 percent of its vocabulary in common with its unrelated Western Torres Strait neighbour <a href="/wiki/Kala_Lagaw_Ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kala Lagaw Ya">Kala Lagaw Ya</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Australian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian language">Australian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shared words cover a wide range of semantic domains (body parts, kin, human classification, language, mythology, ceremony, artefacts, topography, natural elements, marine life, qualities, locations, directions and time), though not verbs. This latter strengthens arguments about genetic diversity, however there is still much to suggest mutual influence. The common vocabulary range from "exact cognates" to words that appear related, but have undergone semantic changes, as in the following selected from a list of 250 items (Mitchell 1995) (where exact "cognates" number 62 (24.8%), partial "cognates" 26 (10%) and "cognates" with semantic differentiation number 34 (13.7%), [122 "cognates" in total, 48.8%]): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Exact "cognates" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>WCL</th> <th>MM</th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>dhangal(a)</td> <td>deger</td> <td>"dugong" </td></tr> <tr> <td>bal</td> <td>bar</td> <td>"across/crooked" </td></tr> <tr> <td>gamu</td> <td>gem</td> <td>"body" </td></tr> <tr> <td>riidh(a)</td> <td>lid</td> <td>"bone, leaf rib" </td></tr> <tr> <td>saamu</td> <td>sam</td> <td>"cassowary" </td></tr> <tr> <td>thawal(a)</td> <td>tawer</td> <td>"coast" </td></tr> <tr> <td>gabu</td> <td>geb</td> <td>"cold(ness)" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ùmai</td> <td>omái</td> <td>"dog" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ngœnakap(u)</td> <td>nerkep</td> <td>"heart" </td></tr> <tr> <td>naigay(i)</td> <td>naiger</td> <td>"north/north-east" </td></tr> <tr> <td>wathai</td> <td>watwet</td> <td>"dry" </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>partial "cognates" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>WCL</th> <th>meaning</th> <th>MM</th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>dhang(a) <br /> KLY dhaanga</td> <td>"edge, tooth"</td> <td>deg</td> <td>"edge, side" </td></tr> <tr> <td>wati</td> <td>"bad, evil"</td> <td>wìt</td> <td>"wrong doing" </td></tr> <tr> <td>mùdh(a) <br /> KLY mùùdha</td> <td>"shelter, backyard, shaded place, haven"</td> <td>mùd</td> <td>"shade" </td></tr> <tr> <td>gœiga <br /> <i>stem</i> gœigœyi-</td> <td>"sun, day"</td> <td>gerger</td> <td>"day" </td></tr> <tr> <td>wœibadh(a)</td> <td>"roe" <br /> (badh(a) "food bed")</td> <td>wer</td> <td>"egg" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baba, Baab(a)</td> <td>"Dad, Daddy"</td> <td>bab</td> <td>"father" </td></tr> <tr> <td>[wœra]kapu</td> <td>"one (only)" <br /> (wara "one of a group, other")</td> <td>kepkep</td> <td>"few" </td></tr> <tr> <td>karùm(a)</td> <td>"goanna; clumsiness, mistake"</td> <td>karom</td> <td>"black skink; clumsiness, mistake" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ngœna</td> <td>"breath, intellect, memory"</td> <td>ner</td> <td>"breath" </td></tr> <tr> <td>kaimi; <br /> kaimel, KKY kalmel</td> <td>"companionship, companion, co-"; <br /> "together, along with"</td> <td>kem</td> <td>"company; associative (case)" </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>semantic differentiation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>WCL</th> <th>meaning</th> <th>MM</th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>thapi</td> <td>"thin piece of bark or wood, page"</td> <td>tep</td> <td>"fruit skin" </td></tr> <tr> <td>kapu</td> <td>"prong"</td> <td>kep</td> <td>"arrow" </td></tr> <tr> <td>maitha</td> <td>"belly"</td> <td>mait</td> <td>"chest" </td></tr> <tr> <td>susu</td> <td>"white sap"</td> <td>susu <br /> sus</td> <td>"spray, foam" <br /> "white sap" </td></tr> <tr> <td>uum(a) <br /> awum(a)</td> <td>"death" <br /> "mourning"</td> <td>eumi (singular) <br /> baum (plural) <br /> (<i>stem</i> -um)</td> <td>"die" </td></tr> <tr> <td>buudh(a)</td> <td>"white paint" <br /> (for mourning)</td> <td>bud</td> <td>"mourning" </td></tr> <tr> <td>aap(a) <br /> apa-</td> <td>"garden bed" <p>"down, below, under" </p> </td> <td>sep</td> <td>"earth, ground; <br /> down, below, under" </td></tr> <tr> <td>KKY, KulY kom(a) <br /> KKY, KulY kœman(a) <br /> KLY, MY-KY kœman(a)</td> <td>"heat, burn" <br /> "steam" <br /> "heat, burn, steam"</td> <td>kemur</td> <td>"smoke" <br /> (ur "fire") </td></tr> <tr> <td>bibir(i) <br /> KLY biber(e)</td> <td>"strength, power"</td> <td>beber <br /> beberbeber</td> <td>"weight" <br /> "heavy, weighty" </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>There are also various items of semantic relationship, but not formal relationship, such as WCL <i>puuy(i)</i>, MM <i>lu</i> "plant, tree; magic". </p><p>Mitchell and Piper (unpublished research notes) used the Holman et al. 40-word list below, which shows 9 (22.5%) exact items, 5 (12.5%) partial, and 3 (7.5%) semantically related words. However, this list was designed for use with Euro-Asian languages, and is perhaps somewhat inappropriate; for example, no horned animals exist, neither language has a verb ‘come’, and Holman et al. assume one form for 'we'; WCL has 4, and MM has 2. </p><p>PCD Proto Central-District Papuan Austronesian, PETrf Proto East Trans Fly; POC Proto Oceanic Austronesian; PP Proto Paman; PSEPap Proto South-East Papuan Austronesian [neighbouring languages noted : Papuan : Gizrra, Bine/Kunini, Wipi (Eastern Trans Fly Family), Kiwai (Trans-New Guinea Phylum), Idi, Agöb (Pahoturi family); Australian : Gudang, and the Northern Cape York Language, dialects : Wudhadhi, Atampaya, Angkamuthi, Yadhaykenu] </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>word</th> <th>MM</th> <th>Gizrra</th> <th>Bine</th> <th>Wipi</th> <th>PETrF</th> <th>Kiwai</th> <th>Idi/Agöb</th> <th>WCL</th> <th>Gudang</th> <th>Urradhi</th> <th>PP</th> <th>PSEPap </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>louse</b></td> <td>nem</td> <td>ngüóm, ngóm</td> <td>ngaamo, ngame, ngamwe</td> <td>ngüɨm</td> <td>*ŋamͻ</td> <td>nimo</td> <td>A. kabana</td> <td>aari <br /> (unknown origin)</td> <td>aaku <i>tick, louse</i></td> <td>aku <i>tick, louse</i></td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>two</b></td> <td>neis</td> <td>nis</td> <td>neneni</td> <td>nœmog <br /> cf. MM mog "piece"</td> <td>*ni-[isV]</td> <td>netewa, <br /> Bamu teibo</td> <td>komblebe</td> <td>ùka- "two" <br /> ùkasar(a) "two (only)" <br /> (-sar(a) "small number")</td> <td>ilaabayu (cf. Y inychantu, At/A ilvan many)</td> <td>Y/A udhima, At udhyama/makyaana, <br /> W aroma/adhoma</td> <td>*gujarra</td> <td>*drua </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>water</b> (1)</td> <td>gur "salt water"</td> <td>-gul- "wash" <br /> bapür- PlOb, apür VN</td> <td>atnana <i>wash VN</i></td> <td>gony "washing" <br /> imangena "swimming"</td> <td>*gulV "water, swim, wash"</td> <td>obo, <br /> Kope oru'o <i>wash self</i> VN</td> <td>I. tetu "wash", A. bemine "sea water"</td> <td>wœr~wur~uur~wœir "water"</td> <td>G ungunya <i>salt water</i></td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>*wair "water" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>water</b> (2) <br /> (fresh; drink, juice)</td> <td>ni</td> <td>naiy, nai, nae</td> <td>niye, niiye</td> <td>ni, niya, nyɨ, ngi</td> <td>*niya/*nayi</td> <td>obo</td> <td>ni</td> <td>ngùki</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>*ŋugu/*ŋugi</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ear</b> <br /> cf. <b>hear</b></td> <td>laip, girip</td> <td>gublang, gublam</td> <td>tablamo</td> <td>yɨpiya, yɨpyar, yɨkɨpya, yɨrpya, irkɨpia <i>ear</i>; <br /> yɨpiarom, yakrom <i>outer early</i></td> <td>*?(+*raamo <i>leaf</i>)</td> <td>gare <i>ear</i>, sepate <i>lobe, external ear</i></td> <td>ran <i>ear</i>, ika <i>external ear</i>, A. laandra</td> <td>kaura <br /> kurusai- (in compounds)</td> <td>iwunya</td> <td>Y iwuny<br />At ikuchi<br />W iwui</td> <td>*gaalu</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>death</b></td> <td>eud <i>death</i>; <br /> eumi Sg, baum PL "die"; <br /> bud "mourning"</td> <td>büdül "dead", <br /> budül- "die"</td> <td>budre <i>death</i>; (w)uje <i>die</i></td> <td>budɨ "death"; <br /> (w)uj(e) "dead, death"</td> <td>*wudi "die"</td> <td>odio, P para, M uparu "dead"; <br /> orisiai, M/Kerewo oihiai "die"</td> <td>kududar "die"</td> <td>uum(a) "death, unconsciousness" <br /> awum(a) "mourning, wailing" (for a death) <br /> buudh(a) "white paint" (traditionally used for mourning)</td> <td>ithuurra/ithuulma "dead"</td> <td>Y/A yuthu, At ruthu, <br /> W alghan "dead", W unga "mourn", U alga "death"</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>I</b></td> <td>ka</td> <td>kó</td> <td>cane, kane</td> <td>kon</td> <td>*ka(nV)</td> <td>mai</td> <td>ngén, A. ngana</td> <td>ngayi</td> <td>G []yuba, aipaana</td> <td>Y/A/At ayu(va)</td> <td>*ŋayi</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>liver</b></td> <td>o</td> <td>konkon (puringai)</td> <td>owolaamo, <br /> uweraame</td> <td>wurom, vurom, <br /> sukəp, tsɨkɨp</td> <td>*ͻwͻ <br /> +*raamͻ "leaf" <br /> *siba+kapu</td> <td>K/Kerewo beu, M beo <br /> M siba "heart", D sibo "heart")</td> <td>A. yoa/siba/zebe</td> <td>siib(a) <i>liver; centre</i></td> <td>iipa "heart"</td> <td>Y/A yipa, At lipa, W tepa, tipa</td> <td>*jiba</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>eye</b></td> <td>ponì (unknown origin) <br /> erkep</td> <td>ilküp, ilkóküp</td> <td>irecu</td> <td>yɨr, yer "eye", yɨrkɨp, ilkɨp, yɨrtyen, yɨttwin "eyeball"</td> <td>*iri "see", *kapu "seed, body part, fruit, etc."</td> <td>damari, Kerewo idomai</td> <td>kalye, A. yende "eye ", <br /> ikép/ikapa "eye-ball" (kép "egg")</td> <td>pùrka (unknown origin) <br /> daan(a) (also "pool", "life", <br /> "kernel", "shell-food") <br /> cf. -kap(u) "body part"</td> <td>daanha, rathair</td> <td>Y anngal, At ipanh, A angwaa, W yeithi/yithi</td> <td>--</td> <td>*dano "lake, pool" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>hand</b></td> <td>tag</td> <td>tang, tan <i>arm, hand</i></td> <td>imo "hand, arm"</td> <td>yɨm</td> <td>*taaŋV, *iimo "hand, arm"</td> <td>K tu, Bamu tuu <i>hand, arm</i></td> <td>tang, A. tranga</td> <td>geth(a) <br /> (unknown origin)</td> <td>arta</td> <td>Y/At/A mata, W ara</td> <td>*mara</td> <td>*taŋa </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>hear</b></td> <td>asor-</td> <td>-rrkrru-, -rrkurru-</td> <td>-tecij- (-tecind-~cind-) <i>hear</i>, <br /> ätecija VN <i>hear/listen</i></td> <td>utkunj~utkund-</td> <td>*Vrkundi</td> <td>irovidiro, Mawata erebidiro, Kope orovidio VN</td> <td>A. dandarla</td> <td>karnge[mi]-, kœrngai VN; <br /> kùrùsai- <i>ear</i></td> <td>?</td> <td>Y/A/At ami-</td> <td>--</td> <td>*roŋor </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>tree</b> <br /> (also "plant", "wood", "magic")</td> <td>lu(g) "tree, plant, magic"</td> <td>nugup "tree"</td> <td>uli, uri "tree, plant"</td> <td>wul(a), ul "tree"</td> <td>*wuli, *[ln]ugu[p] "tree"</td> <td>ota "tree, plant", Kope nu'a "tree"</td> <td>lu, A. ra/rati-ra/ro</td> <td><i>puuy(i)</i>, OKY <i>puuRi</i>; <br /> yuu "spit, skewer"</td> <td>puri "tree", yuuku "wood", <br /> upiirri "medicine"</td> <td>Y/At/A yuku "wood, tree, stick, log", <br /> Y/At/A upirri "sore, painful, witchcraft"</td> <td>*lugu "tree, wood"</td> <td>*pu[l]i magic </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>fish</b></td> <td>lar <br /> (unknown origin)</td> <td>wapi, wapui</td> <td>kibu, cupya, <br /> kopae, kopäi</td> <td>kabum; <br /> waji</td> <td>--</td> <td>arimina/irisina <i>food, fish</i>; <br /> Kerewo na, Kope nai <i>fish</i></td> <td>kwalba</td> <td>waapi <br /> (unknown origin)</td> <td>waapi</td> <td>Y yatpan/yadpa, <br /> A inhanyii, W nheya</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>name</b></td> <td>nei</td> <td>ngi, ngui</td> <td>ngi</td> <td>ni, niœ, nyœ</td> <td>*nyilya</td> <td>paina, Kerewo paena</td> <td>ben, A. bena</td> <td>nel <br /> <i>Saibai variant</i> nei</td> <td>yini</td> <td>At angyal, A anyii, W anyel</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>stone</b></td> <td>bakìr <br /> (unknown origin)</td> <td>inglkup, inglkurp</td> <td>kula, kura</td> <td>gli(muz), gɨmo, gɨmokɨp, kula, guma, nadi, motɨr</td> <td>*kula</td> <td>kura, M nora</td> <td>dadar, A. dader</td> <td>kùla</td> <td>uulpa</td> <td>Y/A aypany, At aypanh</td> <td>*gul(g)an</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>tooth</b></td> <td>tìrìg <br /> cf. ereg "eat" <br /> deg "edge, side"</td> <td>zirgup (gup <i>body part, fruit, etc.</i></td> <td>giricu; <br /> cidi "edge"</td> <td>orkak <br /> or- "eat", kak "bone" <br /> dɨng "thorn"</td> <td>*daŋa "tooth, edge, etc."</td> <td>ibuanara, Parama iawa; K iawa "incisor"</td> <td>dhéndhég "bite INF"; A. ngui, nggoia, uguwoi "tooth"; A lenge, lenga "tooth"</td> <td>dhang(a) <br /> (also "edge")</td> <td>ampu</td> <td>Y/A ampu, At ngampu</td> <td>*jaaŋa "tooth, edge, etc."</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>breast</b> <br /> (cf. <i>mother</i>, <i>milk</i>)</td> <td>nano <br /> ama, apu "mum, mother, aunty" <br /> nanosus "milk" (sus "white sap", "foam")</td> <td>ngum, ngiam, ngüam; <br /> aip <i>mother</i></td> <td>ngaamo, nono; <br /> mago "mother", yääye "Mum"</td> <td>ngom, ngum, ngiam, ngɨmb, ngɨmdor; <br /> mog, ag "mother"</td> <td>*ŋaamͻ "breast, mother" <br /> *maago <i>mother</i> <br /> *susu "breast, milk"</td> <td>bodoro; <br /> aida, M maramu, Bamu onoo, Kerewo mamo <i>mother</i></td> <td>ngém/nono "breast"; <br /> nene "mother"</td> <td>ama "mum, mother, aunty" <br /> aapu(wa) "mother, aunt" <br /> susu (also "white sap"; "loaf"), <br /> susuikai "milk" (ikai "juice, sap")</td> <td>[]yuungu "breast, milk", athiinya "mother"</td> <td>Y/At/A ungunyu "mother, breast, milk" <br /> A also awucha, yathu "milk", <br /> W nono "mother, breast"</td> <td>*ŋam[u/a]ŋ "breast, mother" <br /> *juju "breast, milk"</td> <td>*susu "breast, milk" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>path</b></td> <td>gab</td> <td>kwat, kuat</td> <td>gaabo, raare</td> <td>nia, nga, nyau</td> <td>*gaabͻ</td> <td>gabo</td> <td>nyénggo</td> <td>yabu, KLY yaabu</td> <td>alka</td> <td>Y/A ulumu, At ulumu/anyaarra</td> <td>?</td> <td>POC *tyapu </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>you Sg</b></td> <td>ma</td> <td>ma</td> <td>maane, maano</td> <td>man(a)</td> <td>*ma(nV)</td> <td>rai</td> <td>be (S/Du/Pl)</td> <td>KLY/KulY/KY <i>ni</i> <br /> KKY/OKY <i>ngi</i></td> <td>(an)tuuba/tuuba</td> <td>Y/At antu(va), A antu(ba), W endouva</td> <td>*ŋin/*nin</td> <td>*kau </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>fire</b></td> <td>ur</td> <td>uur</td> <td>ulikobo, uliobo, urikobe, <br /> ulikobe, olobo, uli, <br /> Kunini muye-uliobo</td> <td>uur, [wul(a)]para</td> <td>*uur[], *kͻbͻ, *pVrV "fire", *wuli "tree, wood"</td> <td>era, Bamu mahi</td> <td>yu</td> <td>mui (Boigu,KY also mœi)</td> <td>uma</td> <td>Y/At/A uma, W entovo</td> <td>*tuma</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>tongue</b></td> <td>werut</td> <td>ulit</td> <td>wätä, wärtä, warta, wate</td> <td>welat, we(y)at, vlat, yat</td> <td>*wilͻtV</td> <td>watotorope, Kerewo mototobe</td> <td>A. dogmar, dangamai</td> <td>nœi <br /> (unknown origin)</td> <td>unt[h]aar[r]a</td> <td>Y yalan, punhu, At lalan, A yalan</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>skin</b></td> <td>gegur; <br /> tep <i>skin of fruit</i></td> <td>sopai, sopae; <br /> kwan, kuan <i>bark</i></td> <td>tääpo, tääpe, taape, tääpwo; <br /> uli tääpo (etc.) <i>bark</i></td> <td>gɨm (one dialect gunja); <br /> wul gɨm, gɨm, yug <i>bark</i></td> <td>*taapi</td> <td>tama</td> <td>thoe</td> <td>gœngáw(u), <br /> KLY gœngaawu, <br /> KulY gœngáy(u)</td> <td>ikwurra <i>skin</i> <br /> ranga <i>bark</i></td> <td>Y/At/A akuny <i>skin, bark</i></td> <td>*Cagurr </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>night</b></td> <td>ki</td> <td>irrüb, irrub, irrib</td> <td>kiye, ciye</td> <td>sɨwɨny, sɨwɨn, sowɨny, <br /> sɨrɨn, sowi, tsowony, sɨwɨng, sɨrɨng, sɨrɨm</td> <td>*kiya</td> <td>duo, Bamu duwo</td> <td>A. kuteine, kwete</td> <td>kubil <br /> (derived, kùbi "charcoal")</td> <td>G yulpalga <i>night, darkness</i></td> <td>Y yupul, <br /> Y manara, At manma <i>night, darkness</i>, <br /> W jagula</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>leaf</b></td> <td>(lu)lam <br /> (lu "plant")</td> <td>lam, lang (mainly compounds), <br /> pórgae~prangai, prórngae, pórngae</td> <td>laamo, racme, raame</td> <td>(wulœ)rom <br /> (wulœ "tree")</td> <td>*laamͻ "leaf"</td> <td>ota-pasa, M ota-pea <br /> (ota <i>tree</i>)</td> <td>oro-popo/ru-pi/ro-rual <br /> (oro/ru/ro <i>tree, plant</i>); <br /> (lu)pi <br /> (lu <i>tree, plant</i>)</td> <td>niis(a)</td> <td>itrara "leaf"</td> <td>Y/At/A yukum yampa (yuku "tree, wood"), A ithagha, W alway; <br /> Y/At/A yampa "leaf, flower, lung"; <br /> AT yamparra, A inparra "lung"</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>blood</b></td> <td>mam <br /> (unknown origin)</td> <td>ói, óe</td> <td>uudi</td> <td>woi, woj, kus, ku</td> <td>*wodi</td> <td>arima, <br /> Kope ora</td> <td>A. mem, mam, teia</td> <td>kùlka <br /> (unknown origin)</td> <td>ichunya</td> <td>Y/A lukuny, At uchuny</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>horn</b></td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>person</b></td> <td>-am/-iam; <br /> le</td> <td>-pam; <br /> pam, pama</td> <td>-yame/-yamo; <br /> binamo, biname, binam; <br /> imä, im <i>male</i>, <br /> rooriye, loori "man"</td> <td>-am, -iam; <br /> rɨga "man, male" <br /> leo "husband"</td> <td>*pyama; <br /> *[rl]i[g]ͻ</td> <td>dubu, Kerewo meréha; <br /> arubi,-rubi <i>people</i>, Kerewo oubi; <br /> Kope dubuiro <i>person, man</i>; <br /> M auana <i>man</i>, didiri <i>men</i>, mere <i>male</i></td> <td>la "man"</td> <td>-ig(a) personal nominaliser) <br /> mabaig(a) (derived, lit. "walker", maab(a) "walk"</td> <td>ama</td> <td>Y/At/A ama</td> <td>*bama</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>knee</b> (1)</td> <td>kolo</td> <td>--</td> <td>(ngawengawe <i>elbow</i>)</td> <td>kumkak, yɨmkak <i>elbow</i><br /> (kak <i>bone</i>)</td> <td>*kͻlͻ "knee, elbow, corner"</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>kulu <br /> cf. <i>kudu</i> "elbow", <br /> <i>kœru</i> "corner"</td> <td>yurtu <i>elbow</i></td> <td>Y/At yutu, A yurtu <i>elbow</i></td> <td>*yurru "elbow"</td> <td>*turu "knee, elbow" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>knee</b> (2)</td> <td>kokni <br /> kok "leg joint+?" <br /> wageb "kneecap"</td> <td>wagusingül, wagósingül, wagasingól</td> <td>koko/coco(rar/kaako) <br /> (rare, kaako, kak, ror "bone")</td> <td>kɨ, kɨror, kum; <br /> kumop <i>knee ball</i>, <br /> (mop "end, head")</td> <td>*kͻkͻ "leg joint"</td> <td>popu <i>knee, elbow</i></td> <td>D tubu, tang-kum; <br /> putukupi <i>kneecap</i>; <br /> A tran-kwimbe <i>elbow</i></td> <td>kokan(i) "kneecap"; <br /> kuku <i>inside part of knee, knee joint</i></td> <td>iingku <i>knee</i></td> <td>Y/A/At wungku, W owen</td> <td>PP *wuŋgu[ ] "knee"</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>one/other</b></td> <td>nerut "another" <br /> wader "some, others" (unknown origin) <br /> netat <i>one</i></td> <td>darrpan, dórpan "one, one of group" <br /> darrü "other" (+ -pan)</td> <td>yepä, neetera <i>one</i>; <br /> nuuja <i>other, another</i></td> <td>yepa <i>one</i>; <br /> nɨnda <i>other, others, some</i>; <br /> b’enga <i>other, another (different)</i></td> <td>*ni+[rl]ͻtV <i>other</i> <br /> *[yi/dVr]pͻnV, *ni+ta[tr]V "one"</td> <td>ata, Bamu kaiibi <i>one, other</i>, nau <i>one</i></td> <td>A. tupulibi</td> <td>wara, war "one of group, other" (unknown origin) <br /> dhurai "some, others" <br /> wœrapùn, ùrapùn, ùrpùn <br /> (<i>older</i> waraponi) "one only" <br /> wara "one of group, other" + -pùn[i]</td> <td>ipiyamanha <br /> inyaanha <i>another</i></td> <td>Y/A ipima, Y also ipinyama, At nhipima; <br /> W wema <i>one, alone</i> <br /> Y unya, At unyinha, wanhu, A unyinha <i>other, different</i> <br /> W emo <i>other</i></td> <td>*nyupun, *NipiyamaNa</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>nose</b></td> <td>pit "nose, beak, <br /> point (of land)"</td> <td>syók</td> <td>keke, cece</td> <td>so, sok, sokak <br /> (kak <i>bone</i>)</td> <td>?</td> <td>wodi, Kope modi (cf. Bamu pito <i>hole</i>)</td> <td>A. murung, wede</td> <td>piti "nose" <br /> (unknown origin; buna <i>beak</i>; nguur <i>point</i>)</td> <td>iyi <i>nose, beak</i></td> <td>Y/A iyi, W enmoi, nundagel; <br /> At umughanhu</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>full</b></td> <td>(e)osmer (lit. "protrude, show self": <br /> unknown origin)</td> <td>buku, iib</td> <td>puuwe</td> <td>ngor <i>full(ness) </i></td> <td>?</td> <td>Kerewo arara'ohuai</td> <td>--</td> <td>1) <i>gùdapœlam(a)</i> <br /> (derived : "opening-SpecLOC+cause-VerbForm) <br /> (2) KLY/KulY/MY-KY pùsakar(a), <br /> cf. sakar "space"</td> <td>mur[r]ku <i>gorged</i></td> <td>Y/At/A wampan <i>full/swollen</i>, W weithinyo <i>full</i></td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>come</b> (1)</td> <td>ta-, te-, ti-, t-</td> <td>to'-, tü-</td> <td>t- (s- allophone)</td> <td>t- irrealis; <br /> ik-, -itk-, -etk- <i>come</i>, tu[i]- Pl, menamena, menon <i>go, come VN</i></td> <td>*ta "come, approach"</td> <td>-ogu-, Kerewo -oho-, Kope -o'u- <i>go, come</i></td> <td>-be-</td> <td>ngapa TR/INTR adverb, <br /> cf. nga- 1st person, pa- <i>telic</i>, -pa <i>dative</i> <br /> bœi INTR adverb, <br /> cf. pœipai, KKY bœi "nearside"</td> <td>impiibinhu <i>come, approach</i> (-nhu DAT), ainpirra <i>go</i></td> <td>Y/A/W ana, At ana/anma <i>go, come</i></td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>come</b> (2) <br /> (imperative)</td> <td>taba <br /> (ta-ba "come-INTR"), <br /> maiem (?+ALL)</td> <td>--</td> <td>tädi M, tocli F</td> <td>ayo</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>abe Sg, yebe PL; <br /> A yau</td> <td>aye, KKY aya imperative adverb <br /> (Malay or similar loan : <i>ayo</i>, <i>ayu</i>)</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>*mai "come" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>star</b></td> <td>wer</td> <td>wimurr</td> <td>wale, walo, gugie, griga <br /> (see <i>sun, day</i>)</td> <td>ikui, ɨki, ɨkwi, guje (one dialect bedam)</td> <td>*wa[rl]i</td> <td>gugi, M zogubo, Kope oroi'io</td> <td>A. piro, kwatai</td> <td>Wœœy(i), OKY WœœRi "Venus" <br /> thithúy(i), KLY thithuuyi, OKY thithúRi; <br /> zugub(a) <i>constellation, significant star</i></td> <td>uunpi</td> <td>Y/At/A unpi, At wintamwintama (avoidance)</td> <td>--</td> <td>*waRi <i>sun</i> <br /> PSEPap*pituqon, <br /> PCD *pitui, *pitiu, *pitiriu "star" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>hill</b></td> <td>paser</td> <td>podo <i>hill</i>, dorro <i>high ground</i></td> <td>podo, doro <i>hill</i>, doro <i>mainland, shore</i></td> <td>podo, dor <i>hill</i></td> <td>*pͻntͻ[r], *doro</td> <td>podo, Mawata also damera; <br /> idodoro <i>cliff</i></td> <td>I. duidui, A. pad</td> <td>paad(a) <br /> (also "top, height, crest, peak "); <br /> baudhar(a) <i>mountain, peak</i></td> <td>pada</td> <td>Y yantal, At rantal, A yantaa; <br /> W mara <i>mountain</i></td> <td>*baanda "top"</td> <td>*pantar "hill, mountain" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>bone, leaf rib</b></td> <td>lid</td> <td>kus</td> <td>kaako, kaake, caace <i>bone</i>; <br /> raare <i>bone</i>, rare <i>shell, spoon</i></td> <td>kak, kaak, kagɨ kak, kaga <i>bone, stick, (hard) piece, stalk</i>; <br /> ror <i>bone</i> (in compounds)</td> <td>*riida/*raadi "bone, leaf rib"</td> <td>soro, M kako</td> <td>A. kwetr/kut</td> <td>riidh(a)</td> <td>athirra</td> <td>Y/At/A apudha, A avoidance ikyalitha, W watha/ua</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>we inclusive</b></td> <td>mi, mer- inclusive</td> <td>mi</td> <td>mine</td> <td>men, mɨn</td> <td>*mi(ni)</td> <td>nimo, Kerewo imo [exc and inc.]</td> <td>ybi</td> <td>ngœba dual inclusive <br /> ngalpa plural inclusive</td> <td>?</td> <td>Y/At/A ali(va) DU, ana(va) PL</td> <td>*ŋali inclusive; *ŋana(pula) (dual) exclusive</td> <td>*kita </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>we exclusive</b></td> <td>ki, ker- exclusive</td> <td>ki</td> <td>kine, cine</td> <td>sɨn</td> <td>*ki(ni)</td> <td>nimo, Kerewo imo [exc and inc.]</td> <td>bi, A. ba</td> <td>ngalbai, KKY ngalbe, archaic KulY ngœibai, dual exclusive <br /> ngœi, ngœlmù-, KKY/MY-KY ngœimù-, OKY ngœRi(mù-) plural exclusive</td> <td>aaku</td> <td>Y/A/At ampu(la)</td> <td>*ŋali inclusive; *ŋana(pula) (dual) exclusive</td> <td>*kami </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>drink</b> (verb)</td> <td>iri</td> <td>-(a)nan-</td> <td>ene-</td> <td>-ona-~-ena- Sg, anain- NSg</td> <td>*ini/ani/ina</td> <td>Kope idio <i>drink</i>, odio <i>he is drinking</i></td> <td>A. ine/ngi -ni-/-na- <i>drink water</i> <br /> (-ni/na- <i>eat</i>)</td> <td>wani- <br /> (unknown origin; derived? <br /> < wanai- "put" active stem)</td> <td>ungkenka <i>drink</i></td> <td>Y/At ungye, A ungya <i>drink, eat</i>; <br /> W ical <i>drink</i></td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>see, find</b></td> <td>dasmer, erdar <br /> (stem er-)</td> <td>-sen- <i>see</i></td> <td>-pän, pan- <i>see, find</i>, <br /> ire <i>see</i> VN</td> <td>yɨr -ong- (ong <i>bite</i>), <br /> yɨr -a- <i>see, look</i>, <br /> yeri-, yiry-, oraka VN <i>find, search</i>, <br /> ɨdar Sg, adar NSg <i>find</i></td> <td>*ira <i>see</i></td> <td>eáuri <i>see</i> VN</td> <td>-ndee- <i>see</i></td> <td>iima-</td> <td>angkanya <i>find</i></td> <td>W iangin <i>find</i></td> <td>*kiima "see"</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>new</b></td> <td>kerkar</td> <td>küsil, küsül, kósil <i>new</i>; <br /> kari, karian <i>little, small</i></td> <td>kirece, mamye, cireni, mamie~karte <i>new</i>; <br /> matimati, matikäli, matikolä, matikola, matikari, geglo <i>little, small</i></td> <td>sisel, sisɨl</td> <td>*kari[kari]/*kira[kira]</td> <td>oliómoto</td> <td>--</td> <td>kayin(a)</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>dog</b></td> <td>omai</td> <td>umai, umae, ume</td> <td>drenggo, drego, drengo</td> <td>yongg, yongk, yongga, yangg, yoorɨnk</td> <td>*omái</td> <td>Kerewo kaukau, Kope umu</td> <td>dréngg</td> <td>ùmai</td> <td>ingkud[h]iinya</td> <td>Y/At/A utagha</td> <td>*gudaga</td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>sun, day</b></td> <td>gerger "day, daylight" <br /> lìm "sun"</td> <td>abüs, óbüs</td> <td>bimu, abeji, abweji, abuji; <br /> gugie, griga "star"</td> <td>bibɨr <i>day</i>, lom, lomkongga, lemkogal, ganggal <i>sun</i> <br /> (konga, kogal "woman")</td> <td>*limͻ/*lͻmi</td> <td>M iwio, Parama ivio, Kerewo hewio, Kope hivio <i>sun</i>; <br /> sai <i>day</i></td> <td>yébodh <i>sun</i></td> <td>gœiga, gœygœyi-, gœigi-, <br /> OKY gœRigaR(i)</td> <td>inga</td> <td>Y/At/A wunga, W unga, W mungbatho <i>day</i></td> <td>*gari, *wuŋa</td> <td>-- </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_loans">Recent loans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent loans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main source of <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> to the language since the mid 1800s has been Yumplatòk (<a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a>) and English. There are also some minor loans from <a href="/wiki/Dehu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehu language">Lifu/Drehu</a>, Polynesian (in particular <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a>), Indonesian, Philippine, Japanese, and European origin. Many such outsiders were recruited – or in some rare cases <a href="/wiki/Black-birded" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-birded">black-birded</a> – in the 19th century for pearl diving and other marine work, while others (from Lifu and Samoa) were missionaries with the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society" title="British and Foreign Bible Society">British and Foreign Bible Society</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language is currently dialectless. However, there was once a separate dialect spoken on <a href="/wiki/Darnley_Island_(Queensland)" title="Darnley Island (Queensland)">Erub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephens_Island_(Torres_Strait)" title="Stephens Island (Torres Strait)">Ugar</a> islands, characterised in part by the retention of phonemic distinctions between 'ng', 'g', 'n' and 'r' where these have fallen together in two ways in Meriam Mir. The sound 'ng' in Modern Meriam has become 'n' at the beginning of words and 'g' within words; 'n' in many cases has become 'r' within words. Examples are remembered in one important Erub folktale (Lawrie 1970:283–284): </p><p>Erub : <b>Aka nade ki andinane? Ge au?</b> </p><p>Mer  : <b>Aka nade ki ardirare? Ge au?</b> </p><p><i>Where will we put it? There?</i> </p><p>Erub : <b>Mena inggandane/ingandane! Keniba uzen unken a keniba imut unken.</b> </p><p>Mer  : <b>Mena igardare! Keriba uzer urker a keriba imut urker.</b> </p><p><i>Keep carrying it! Our paddles and our poling poles are still strong.</i> </p><p>The earliest records (early 19th century) of Meriam Mìr included the phrase <b>debelang</b> <i>good taste/nice</i>, in present-day Meriam Mìr <b>debe lag</b>. This shows that the 'ng' > 'n'/'g' change is of fairly recent date; <b>lang</b>, now <b>lag</b>, is identical to the <a href="/wiki/Gizrra_language" title="Gizrra language">Gizrra</a> <b>lang</b> of the same meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-high</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ì⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ù⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span><span class="nowrap">⟨ò⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sounds represented by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span> are allophonic. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span> appears mainly in syllables <i>before</i> the stress accent and optionally in open unstressed syllables otherwise. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> appears in stressed syllables and in unstressed closed syllables. </p><p>For some speakers the following pairs exhibit variation, and perhaps have unidentified allophonic variation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> (mainly Erub/Ulag), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> (mainly Mer), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>. Older speakers appear to keep the vowels more distinct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">Voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">Voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">Voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">Voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɾ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> is heard as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span> when occurring before or after consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> is contrastive in Meriam and can occur on the first or second syllable. Examples include <i>tábo</i> 'snake', <i>tabó</i> 'neck'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sign_language">Sign language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sign language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Torres Strait Islanders have <a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">signed forms</a> of their languages,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is not clear from records that they are particularly well-developed compared to other <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal sign languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2016census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016census_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016census_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA">"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)"</a>. <i>stat.data.abs.gov.au</i>. ABS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.data.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Census+2016%2C+Language+spoken+at+home+by+Sex+%28SA2%2B%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.data.abs.gov.au%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DABS_C16_T09_SA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/Y3">Y3</a> Meriam at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_“2021_Census_-_Cultural_Diversity,_2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_“2021_Census_-_Cultural_Diversity,_2021_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"2021 Census - Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9C2021+Census+-+Cultural+Diversity%2C+2021%2C+TableBuilder%E2%80%9D&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28ABS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftablebuilder.abs.gov.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2015">Mitchell 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hymns-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hymns_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hymns_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen2020" class="citation web cs1">Macqueen, Cristy-Lee (21 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-22/torres-strait-language-preserved-in-mackay-christmas-hymns/12995086">"Torres Strait Islander language Meriam Mir preserved through Christmas hymn recordings"</a>. <i>ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islander+language+Meriam+Mir+preserved+through+Christmas+hymn+recordings&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft.aulast=Macqueen&rft.aufirst=Cristy-Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-12-22%2Ftorres-strait-language-preserved-in-mackay-christmas-hymns%2F12995086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Haddon, Alfred C.</a> (1907). <i>The gesture language of the Eastern Islanders,</i> in "Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits." Cambridge, England: The University Press, v.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kendon" title="Adam Kendon">Kendon, A.</a> (1988) <i>Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._M._W._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="R. M. W. Dixon">Dixon, R. M. W.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780"><i>Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Languages%3A+Their+Nature+and+Development&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=R.+M.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D0521473780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Mitchell (page does not exist)">Mitchell, Rod</a> (April 2015), "Ngalmun Lagaw Yangukudu: The Language of our Homeland <i>in</i> Goemulgaw Lagal: Cultural and Natural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait", <i>Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture</i>, <b>8</b> (1): 323–446, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1440-4788">1440-4788</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Queensland+Museum+%E2%80%93+Culture&rft.atitle=Ngalmun+Lagaw+Yangukudu%3A+The+Language+of+our+Homeland+in+Goemulgaw+Lagal%3A+Cultural+and+Natural+Histories+of+the+Island+of+Mabuyag%2C+Torres+Strait&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=323-446&rft.date=2015-04&rft.issn=1440-4788&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Rod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassiPiper,_Nick1994" class="citation book cs1">Passi, Gamalai Ken; Piper, Nick (1994). "Meryam Mir". In Nick Thieberger; William McGregor (eds.). <i>Macquarie Aboriginal Words</i>. Macquarie Library. pp. 320–351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meryam+Mir&rft.btitle=Macquarie+Aboriginal+Words&rft.pages=320-351&rft.pub=Macquarie+Library&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Passi&rft.aufirst=Gamalai+Ken&rft.au=Piper%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1989" class="citation book cs1">Piper, N. (1989). <i>A sketch grammar of Meryam Mer</i>. MA thesis. Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+sketch+grammar+of+Meryam+Mer&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm</a> (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). <i>Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pronouns+as+a+preliminary+diagnostic+for+grouping+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=15-66&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrie1970" class="citation book cs1">Lawrie, Margaret (1970). <i>Myths and Legends of Torres Strait</i>. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+Torres+Strait&rft.place=St.+Lucia&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ulk" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/ulk">Meriam language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhill" class="citation web cs1">Greenhill, Simon J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdb.simon.net.nz/language/meriam?sort=-word">"Meriam"</a>. <i>Pronoun Paradigms Database</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pronoun+Paradigms+Database&rft.atitle=Meriam&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdb.simon.net.nz%2Flanguage%2Fmeriam%3Fsort%3D-word&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeriam+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/PNG/meriam_hc.html">Opolera Wetpur</a> Anglican Holy Communion service in Meriam</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/11l3i0/alma99183850919702061">Kala Lagaw Ya & Miriam Mir (Torres Strait Islands) Community Language Journey Digital Story</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a>. Part of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/bumb4u/alma99183673120702061">Spoken: Celebrating Queensland Languages Digital Stories Collection</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">cays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellevue Islands">Bellevue</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aipus</li> <li>Cap</li> <li>Kamutnab</li> <li>Keatinge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuiag_Island" title="Mabuiag Island">Mabuiag</a></li> <li>Pulu</li> <li>Subur</li> <li>Warakuikul Talab</li> <li>Widul</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourke_Isles" title="Bourke Isles">Bourke</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aukane</li> <li>Aureed</li> <li>Kabbikane</li> <li>Layoak</li> <li>Mimi</li> <li>Roberts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_Island" title="Yam Island">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Islands" title="Duncan Islands">Duncan</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kanig</li> <li>Maitak</li> <li>Meth</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeta_(Port_Lihou_Island),_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeta (Port Lihou Island), Queensland">Port Lihou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeta_(Port_Lihou_Island),_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeta (Port Lihou Island), Queensland">Yeta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adolphus Channel group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Island" title="Albany Island">Albany</a></li> <li>Bush</li> <li>Eborac</li> <li>Ida</li> <li>Middle Brother</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Islands" title="Talbot Islands">Talbot</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aubussi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boigu_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Boigu Island, Queensland">Boigu</a></li> <li>Moimi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Sisters_(Queensland)" title="The Three Sisters (Queensland)">The Three Sisters</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bet</li> <li>Poll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Islet_(Queensland)" title="Sue Islet (Queensland)">Sue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yorke group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Keats</li> <li>Marsden</li> <li>Rennel</li> <li>Smith</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allison</li> <li>Anchor</li> <li>Arden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badu_Island" title="Badu Island">Badu</a></li> <li>Barn</li> <li>Barney</li> <li>Bond</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booby_Island_(Queensland)" title="Booby Island (Queensland)">Booby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramble_Cay" title="Bramble Cay">Bramble</a></li> <li>Browne</li> <li>Campbell</li> <li>Canoe</li> <li>Castle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Island_(Queensland)" title="Coconut Island (Queensland)">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Island_(Queensland)" title="Crab Island (Queensland)">Crab</a></li> <li>Dalrymple</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darnley_Island_(Queensland)" title="Darnley Island (Queensland)">Darnley</a></li> <li>Dauan</li> <li>Dayman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliverance_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliverance Island (Queensland)">Deliverance</a></li> <li>Dove</li> <li>Dugong</li> <li>Dumaralug</li> <li>East</li> <li>East Strait</li> <li>Entrance</li> <li>Farewell</li> <li>Flat</li> <li>Friday</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabba_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabba Island (Queensland)">Gabba</a></li> <li>Getullai</li> <li>Goods</li> <li>Great Woody</li> <li>Green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_Island_(Queensland)" title="Halfway Island (Queensland)">Halfway</a></li> <li>Hammond</li> <li>Hawkesbury</li> <li>High</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn</a></li> <li>Kaumag</li> <li>Kerr</li> <li>Lacey</li> <li>Little Adolphus</li> <li>Little Woody</li> <li>Lowry</li> <li>Mai</li> <li>Meddler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa_Island_(Queensland)" title="Moa Island (Queensland)">Moa</a></li> <li>Morilug</li> <li>Mouinndo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Adolphus_Island" title="Mount Adolphus Island">Mount Adolphus</a></li> <li>Mount Ernest</li> <li>Murangi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Murray</a></li> <li>Nepean</li> <li>Nicklin</li> <li>North</li> <li>North Possession</li> <li>North West</li> <li>Obelisk</li> <li>Packe</li> <li>Passage</li> <li>Pearce</li> <li>Phipps</li> <li>Portlock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Queensland)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li>Quoin</li> <li>Red</li> <li>Red Wallis</li> <li>Roko</li> <li>Saddle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibai</a></li> <li>Salter</li> <li>Sassie</li> <li>Spencer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephens_Island_(Torres_Strait)" title="Stephens Island (Torres Strait)">Stephens</a></li> <li>Suarji</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday</a></li> <li>Tobin</li> <li>Travers</li> <li>Tree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochus_Island" title="Trochus Island">Trochus</a></li> <li>Tudu</li> <li>Tukupai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnagain_Island_(Queensland)" title="Turnagain Island (Queensland)">Turnagain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Head_Island" title="Turtle Head Island">Turtle Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Newcastle_Bay)" title="Turtle Island (Newcastle Bay)">Turtle</a></li> <li>Turu</li> <li>Twin</li> <li>Underdown</li> <li>Wednesday</li> <li>West</li> <li>Whale</li> <li>Woody Wallis</li> <li>York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorke_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorke Island (Queensland)">Yorke</a></li> <li>Zagai</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People, culture,<br />communities and<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Anu" title="Christine Anu">Christine Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaman_Dan" title="Seaman Dan">Seaman Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Fa%27aoso" title="Aaron Fa'aoso">Aaron Fa'aoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hoffman" title="Josh Hoffman">Josh Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Jawai" title="Nathan Jawai">Nathan Jawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Jose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen Jose">Ellen Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lui" title="Robert Lui">Robert Lui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Mabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachael_Maza" title="Rachael Maza">Rachael Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Mills" title="Rita Mills">Rita Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Sisters" title="Mills Sisters">Mills Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Morseu" title="Danny Morseu">Danny Morseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanu_Nona" title="Tanu Nona">Tanu Nona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Proud" title="Albert Proud">Albert Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Sailor" title="Wendell Sailor">Wendell Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Thaiday" title="Sam Thaiday">Sam Thaiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Webb" title="Brent Webb">Brent Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Williams_(American_football)" title="Jesse Williams (American football)">Jesse Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Indigenous music of Australia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabo_(film)" title="Mabo (film)">Mabo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(film)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taba_Naba" title="Taba Naba">Taba Naba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamaga" title="Bamaga">Bamaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaurareg" title="Kaurareg">Kaurareg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuiag" title="Mabuiag">Mabuiag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriam_people" title="Meriam people">Meriam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(people)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seisia,_Queensland" title="Seisia, Queensland">Seisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bine_language" title="Bine language">Bine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizrra_language" title="Gizrra language">Gizrra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipi_language" title="Wipi language">Wipi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance and<br />legal matters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Torres" title="Shire of Torres">Shire of Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander Flag">Torres Strait Islander Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Island Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases and principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akiba_v_Commonwealth" title="Akiba v Commonwealth">Akiba v Commonwealth</a></i></li> <li><i>Mabo v Queensland</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_1)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 1)">No 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">No 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius#History_in_Australia" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boigu_Island_Airport" title="Boigu Island Airport">Boigu Island Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booby_Island_Light" title="Booby Island Light">Booby Island Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Island_Airport" title="Coconut Island Airport">Coconut Island Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darnley_Island_Airport" title="Darnley Island Airport">Darnley Island Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eborac_Island_Light" title="Eborac Island Light">Eborac Island Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_Island_Light" title="Goods Island Light">Goods Island Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubin_Airport" title="Kubin Airport">Kubin Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Island_Airport" title="Murray Island Airport">Murray Island Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saibai_Island_Airport" title="Saibai Island Airport">Saibai Island Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warraber_Island_Airport" title="Warraber Island Airport">Warraber Island Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyborn_Reef_Light" title="Wyborn Reef Light">Wyborn Reef Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_Island_Airport" title="Yam Island Airport">Yam Island Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorke_Island_Airport" title="Yorke Island Airport">Yorke Island Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Channel" title="Adolphus Channel">Adolphus Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Boigu,_Saibai_and_Dauan_Islands_(Torres_Strait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)">Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Strait" title="Endeavour Strait">Endeavour Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lawrie" title="Margaret Lawrie">Margaret Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Swift" title="Sea Swift">Sea Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warul_Kawa_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area">Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Torres_Strait" title="Category:Torres Strait">Category</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torres_Strait" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Torres Strait">Commons</a></b> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Torres_Strait_Islands" title="List of Torres Strait Islands">List of Torres Strait Islands</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">Western Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh Patha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmajarri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Luritja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu Matha</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Djambarrpuyngu</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly</a> (5 families)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>? (3 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>? (5-6 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> (4 families?)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Broome_Pearling_Lugger_Pidgin" title="Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin">Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_Kriol_language" title="Gurindji Kriol language">Gurindji Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Light_Warlpiri" title="Light Warlpiri">Light Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norfuk_language" title="Norfuk language">Norfuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English" title="Port Jackson Pidgin English">Port Jackson Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Kanaka_English" title="Queensland Kanaka English">Queensland Kanaka English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Pidgin_English" title="South Australian Pidgin English">South Australian Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Indigenous Sign Language</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian Irish Sign Language</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&oldid=1252060881#Sign_language">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meriam_language&oldid=1252060881#Sign_language</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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