CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Education in Pakistan - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"93c26837-d0dc-46e0-aec0-60aa1571686d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Education_in_Pakistan","wgTitle":"Education in Pakistan","wgCurRevisionId":1257721232,"wgRevisionId":1257721232,"wgArticleId":2469201,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: archived copy as title","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2024","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from July 2024","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024","Articles with dead external links from February 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Pakistani English from January 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English","Use dmy dates from May 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Webarchive template wayback links","Education in Pakistan"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Education_in_Pakistan","wgRelevantArticleId":2469201,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3509532","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/1200px-Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="750"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/800px-Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/640px-Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Education in Pakistan - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Education_in_Pakistan rootpage-Education_in_Pakistan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Education+in+Pakistan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Education+in+Pakistan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Education+in+Pakistan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Education+in+Pakistan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_of_formal_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_formal_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Stages of formal education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stages_of_formal_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stages of formal education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_formal_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Primary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tertiary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quaternary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quaternary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Quaternary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quaternary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonformal_and_informal_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonformal_and_informal_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nonformal and informal education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonformal_and_informal_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrassas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrassas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Madrassas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madrassas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_disparity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_disparity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gender disparity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_disparity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualitative_dimension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualitative_dimension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Qualitative dimension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualitative_dimension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Teacher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_and_vocational_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_and_vocational_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technical and vocational education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_and_vocational_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_satisfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_satisfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Teacher satisfaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_satisfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachers_Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachers_Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Teachers Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachers_Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Achievements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Achievements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abdus_Salam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdus_Salam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Abdus Salam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdus_Salam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atta-ur-Rahman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atta-ur-Rahman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Atta-ur-Rahman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atta-ur-Rahman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayub_Ommaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayub_Ommaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Ayub Ommaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayub_Ommaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahbub-ul-Haq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahbub-ul-Haq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Mahbub-ul-Haq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahbub-ul-Haq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ismat_Beg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ismat_Beg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Ismat Beg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ismat_Beg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arfa_Abdul_Karim_Randhawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arfa_Abdul_Karim_Randhawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Arfa Abdul Karim Randhawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arfa_Abdul_Karim_Randhawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dr._Naweed_Syed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dr._Naweed_Syed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Dr. Naweed Syed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dr._Naweed_Syed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nergis_Mavalvala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nergis_Mavalvala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Nergis Mavalvala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nergis_Mavalvala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Irfan-Maqsood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Irfan-Maqsood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Muhammad Irfan-Maqsood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Irfan-Maqsood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_expenditure_as_percentage_of_GDP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_expenditure_as_percentage_of_GDP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education expenditure as percentage of GDP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_expenditure_as_percentage_of_GDP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>University rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Religion and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_rate_by_Census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_rate_by_Census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Literacy rate by Census</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literacy_rate_by_Census-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literacy rate by Census subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literacy_rate_by_Census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literacy_rate_by_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_rate_by_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Literacy rate by Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_rate_by_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_rate_of_Federally_Administered_Areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_rate_of_Federally_Administered_Areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Literacy rate of Federally Administered Areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_rate_of_Federally_Administered_Areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_rate_by_Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_rate_by_Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Literacy rate by Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_rate_by_Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mean_Years_of_Schooling_in_Pakistan_by_administrative_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mean_Years_of_Schooling_in_Pakistan_by_administrative_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Mean Years of Schooling in Pakistan by administrative unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mean_Years_of_Schooling_in_Pakistan_by_administrative_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_rates_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_rates_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Literacy rates and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_rates_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>International education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Pakistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_au_Pakistan" title="Système éducatif au Pakistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système éducatif au Pakistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Образование в Пакистане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Образование в Пакистане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پاکستان میں تعلیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاکستان میں تعلیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3509532#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Education_in_Pakistan" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Education_in_Pakistan" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Education_in_Pakistan" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&oldid=1257721232" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Education_in_Pakistan&id=1257721232&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEducation_in_Pakistan"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEducation_in_Pakistan"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Education_in_Pakistan&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education_in_Pakistan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3509532" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/115px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/173px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/230px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Educational oversight</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rana_Tanveer_Hussain" title="Rana Tanveer Hussain">Rana Tanveer Hussain</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Federal_Education_and_Professional_Training_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training (Pakistan)">Minister of Education</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data">State, federal and private</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy (2023 Census<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">72%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Male</th><td class="infobox-data">81.22%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Female</th><td class="infobox-data">54.84%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Enrollment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">32.33% of population<sup id="cite_ref-MoE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data">67.57%<sup id="cite_ref-MoE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">43.82%<sup id="cite_ref-MoE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Post secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">14.85%<sup id="cite_ref-MoE_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/350px-Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/525px-Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/700px-Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> <div style="text-align: center"> Literacy Rate in each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Education in Pakistan</b> is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Federal_Education_and_Professional_Training" title="Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training">Federal Ministry of Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan#Provincial_governments" title="Government of Pakistan">provincial governments</a>, while the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and the financing of research and development. Article 25-A of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a> obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to <a href="/wiki/Children_and_adolescents_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Children and adolescents in Pakistan">children</a> of the age group 5 to 16 years. "The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a manner as may be determined by law".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering the challenges confronting the youth in Pakistan, it's hardly astonishing that well-off and educated young individuals and professionals are opting to depart the country whenever they have the opportunity, exacerbating the <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a> phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The education system in Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is generally divided into six levels: <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a> (for the age from 3 to 5 years), <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> (years one to five), <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle</a> (years six to eight), <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> (years nine and ten, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_School_Certificate" title="Secondary School Certificate">Secondary School Certificate</a> or SSC), <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">intermediate</a> (years eleven and twelve, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary School Certificate">Higher Secondary School Certificate</a> or HSSC), and <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> programs leading to <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate</a> degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Higher Education Commission established in 2002 is responsible for all universities and degree awarding institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established in 2002 with Atta-ur-Rahman as its Founding Chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pakistan still has a low literacy rate relative to other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Pakistan's literacy rates range from 96% in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> to 23% in the <a href="/wiki/Torghar_District" title="Torghar District">Torghar District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literacy rates vary by gender and region. In tribal areas female literacy is 9.5%,<sup id="cite_ref-fata.gov.pk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fata.gov.pk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> has a literacy rate of 91%.<sup id="cite_ref-tribune.com.pk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune.com.pk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan's population of children not in school (22.8 million children) is the second largest in the world after <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the data, Pakistan faces a significant unemployment challenge, particularly among its educated youth, with over 31% of them being unemployed. Moreover, women account for 51% of the overall unemployed population, highlighting a gender disparity in employment opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan produces about 445,000 university graduates and 25,000 to 30,000 computer science graduates per year As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages_of_formal_education">Stages of formal education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stages of formal education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Primary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Back_to_school_after_six_months_interruption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Children sitting and standing in a room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Back_to_school_after_six_months_interruption.jpg/220px-Back_to_school_after_six_months_interruption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Back_to_school_after_six_months_interruption.jpg/330px-Back_to_school_after_six_months_interruption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Back_to_school_after_six_months_interruption.jpg/440px-Back_to_school_after_six_months_interruption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A primary school in a village in the <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> region</figcaption></figure> <p>Only about 67.5% of Pakistani children finish primary school education.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard national system of education is mainly inspired from the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">English educational system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pre-school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-school">Pre-school</a> education is designed for 3–5 years old and usually consists of three stages: Play Group, <a href="/wiki/Nursery_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery school">Nursery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a> (also called 'KG' or 'Prep'). After pre-school education, students go through <a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">junior school</a> from years 1 to 5. This is followed by <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a> from years 6 to 8. At middle school, <a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">single-sex education</a> is usually preferred by the community, but <a href="/wiki/Co-education" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-education">co-education</a> is also common in urban cities. The curriculum is usually subject to the institution. The eight commonly examined disciplines are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer Studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communication_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Communication Technology">ICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="General Science">General Science</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>)</li> <li>Modern languages with literature i.e. <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Education">Religious Education</a> i.e. <a href="/wiki/Islamiyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamiyat">Islamic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Studies">Social Studies</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">Civics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> and sometimes elements of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/PHSE" class="mw-redirect" title="PHSE">PHSE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan Studies</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">Civics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> and sometimes elements of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/PHSE" class="mw-redirect" title="PHSE">PHSE</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</li></ul> <p>Most schools also offer <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a> but these are usually not examined or marked. <a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">Home economics</a> is sometimes taught to female students, whereas topics related to <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental management">environmental management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> are frequently included in textbooks of general science. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> are extensively taught in textbooks of social studies. <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Relationships_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Relationships Education">SRE</a> is not taught at most schools in Pakistan although this trend is being rebuked by some urban schools. Provincial and regional languages such as <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> and others may be taught in their respective provinces, particularly in language-medium schools. Some institutes give instruction in foreign languages such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. The language of instruction depends on the nature of the institution itself, whether it is an English-medium school or an Urdu-medium school. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAF_Chapter_Panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PAF_Chapter_Panoramic.jpg/220px-PAF_Chapter_Panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PAF_Chapter_Panoramic.jpg/330px-PAF_Chapter_Panoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/PAF_Chapter_Panoramic.jpg/440px-PAF_Chapter_Panoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8325" data-file-height="1899" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_City_School_(Pakistan)" title="The City School (Pakistan)">The City School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2009, Pakistan faces a net primary school attendance rate for both sexes of 66%, a figure below estimated world average of 90 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright letterhead" style="border:none;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: transparent; text-align: left;">An English textbook dialogue:</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Mother: Ali,...not going to pray today?<br />Ali: Mama,...not feeling well.<br />Mother: ..you are grown up now,<br /> ..should not miss your prayers.<br />Ali: Mama! Why do we pray?<br /> Mother: Because ...to thank ALLAH <br />Almighty for His blessings.<br /> Ali: Can't we skip prayers<br />even for a single day?<br /> Mother: No, we cannot.<br />Ali: Ok mama. I'll not skip...<br />Mother: Good..." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">~English Textbook of<br /> Punjab Textbook Board<br /> of Year 8 in Pakistan <br /> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, public expenditure on education was 2.2 percent of GNPs, a marginal increase from 2 percent before 1984–85. Very little (only about 12%) of the total national allocation to education goes to higher education with about 88% being spent on lower level education. Lower education institutions such as primary schools suffer under such conditions as the lower income classes are unable to enjoy subsidies and quality education.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasool_Memon_2007_47–55_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasool_Memon_2007_47–55-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_education">Secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FBISE_office,_H-8,_Islamabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FBISE_office%2C_H-8%2C_Islamabad.jpg/220px-FBISE_office%2C_H-8%2C_Islamabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FBISE_office%2C_H-8%2C_Islamabad.jpg/330px-FBISE_office%2C_H-8%2C_Islamabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FBISE_office%2C_H-8%2C_Islamabad.jpg/440px-FBISE_office%2C_H-8%2C_Islamabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4618" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education" title="Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education">Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education</a> office in Islamabad</figcaption></figure> <p>Secondary education in Pakistan begins in year 9 and lasts for four years. After end of each of the school years, students are required to pass a national examination administered by a regional Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (or BISE). </p><p>Upon completion of year 9, students are expected to take a standardised test in each of the first parts of their academic subjects (SSC-I). They again take these tests of the second parts of the same courses at the end of year 10 (SSC-II). Upon successful completion of these examinations, they are awarded a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_School_Certificate" title="Secondary School Certificate">Secondary School Certificate</a> (or SSC). This is locally termed a '<a href="/wiki/Matriculation_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriculation in Pakistan">matriculation certificate</a>' or 'matric' for short. The curriculum usually includes a combination of eight courses including electives (such as Biology, Chemistry, Computer and Physics) as well as compulsory subjects (such as Mathematics, English, Urdu, Islamic studies and Pakistan Studies). The total marks for Matric are 1100 divided between 9th and 10th.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marks are divided in each year follows: 75 marks for Maths, English and Urdu, 50 marks for Islamic Studies (or ethics for Non Muslim students) and Pakistan Studies, 65 marks for Sciences (Biology, Chemistry, Physics). An additional 90 marks are allotted for practicals (30 for each science). Students then enter an <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">intermediate college</a> and complete year 11 and 12. Upon completion of each of the two years, they again take standardised tests in their academic subjects (HSSC-I and HSSC-II). Upon successful completion of these examinations, students are awarded the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary School Certificate">Higher Secondary School Certificate</a> (or HSSC). This level of education is also called the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilmibook.com/what-is-fsc-in-pakistan/">FSc</a>/FA/ICS or 'intermediate'. There are many streams students can choose for their 11 and 12 years, such as pre-medical, pre-engineering, humanities (or social sciences), computer science and commerce. Each stream consists of three electives and as well as three compulsory subjects of English, Urdu, Islamiat (year 11 only) and Pakistan Studies (year 12 only). </p><p>Alternative qualifications in Pakistan are available but are maintained by other <a href="/wiki/Examination_board" title="Examination board">examination boards</a> instead of BISE. Most common alternative is the <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education" title="General Certificate of Education">General Certificate of Education</a> (or GCE), where SSC and HSSC are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary Level">Ordinary Level</a> (or O Level) and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level">Advanced Level</a> (or A Level) respectively. Other qualifications include <a href="/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education">IGCSE</a> which replaces SSC. GCE and GCSE O Level, IGCSE and GCE AS/A Level are managed by British examination boards of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_International_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge International Examinations">CIE</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment">Cambridge Assessment</a> and/or Edexcel International of the <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson PLC</a>. Generally, 8–10 courses are selected by students at GCE O Levels and 3–5 at GCE A Levels. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a> (or AP) is an alternative option but much less common than GCE or IGCSE. This replaces the secondary school education as 'High School Education' instead. AP exams are monitored by a North American examination board, <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a>, and can only be given under supervision of centers which are registered with the College Board, unlike GCE O/AS/A Level and IGCSE which can be given privately. </p><p>Another type of education in Pakistan is called "Technical Education" and combines technical and vocational education. The vocational curriculum starts at year 5 and ends with year 10.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEVOC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three boards, the Punjab Board of Technical Education (PBTE), KPK Board of Technical Education (KPKBTE) and Sindh Board of Technical Education (SBTE) offering Matric Tech. course called <a href="/wiki/Technical_School_Certificate" title="Technical School Certificate">Technical School Certificate</a> (TSC) (equivalent to 10th grade) and <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Associate_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploma of Associate Engineering">Diploma of Associate Engineering</a> (DAE) in engineering disciplines like Civil, Chemical, Architecture, Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Computer etc. DAE is a three years program of instructions which is equivalent to 12th grade. Diploma holders are called associate engineers. They can either join their respective field or take admission in <a href="/wiki/B.Tech." class="mw-redirect" title="B.Tech.">B.Tech.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">BE</a> in their related discipline after DAE. </p><p>Furthermore, the A level qualification, inherited by the British education system is widely gained in the private schools of Pakistan. Three to four subjects are selected, based on the interest of the student. It is usually divided into a combination of similar subjects within the same category, like Business, Arts and Sciences. This is a two-year program. A level institutions are different from high school. You must secure admission in such an institution, upon the completion of high school, i.e. the British system equivalent being O levels. O levels and A levels are usually not taught within the same school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tertiary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:June21-2004-ThePunjabUniversity-OldCampusBuilding-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/June21-2004-ThePunjabUniversity-OldCampusBuilding-1.jpeg/220px-June21-2004-ThePunjabUniversity-OldCampusBuilding-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/June21-2004-ThePunjabUniversity-OldCampusBuilding-1.jpeg/330px-June21-2004-ThePunjabUniversity-OldCampusBuilding-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/June21-2004-ThePunjabUniversity-OldCampusBuilding-1.jpeg/440px-June21-2004-ThePunjabUniversity-OldCampusBuilding-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a>, established 1882 in Lahore, is the oldest university of Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s 2009 Global Education Digest, 6% of Pakistanis (9% of men and 3.5% of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">women</a>) were university graduates as of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan plans to increase this figure to 10% by 2015 and subsequently to 15% by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a great deal of variety between age cohorts. Less than 6% of those in the age cohort 55–64 have a degree, compared to 8% in the 45–54 age cohort, 11% in the 35–44 age cohort and 16% in the age cohort 25–34.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_2009_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_(viewed_from_clock_tower).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg/220px-Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg/330px-Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg/440px-Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology_%28viewed_from_clock_tower%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GIK_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="GIK Institute">GIK Institute</a> from the Clock Tower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaid-i-Azam_University_Entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Quaid-i-Azam_University_Entrance.JPG/220px-Quaid-i-Azam_University_Entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Quaid-i-Azam_University_Entrance.JPG/330px-Quaid-i-Azam_University_Entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Quaid-i-Azam_University_Entrance.JPG/440px-Quaid-i-Azam_University_Entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Quaid-i-Azam University entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>After earning their <a href="/wiki/Higher_Secondary_School_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Secondary School Certificate">HSSC</a>, students may study in a professional institute for <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> courses such as <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">engineering</a> (BE/BS/BSc Engineering), <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer sciences</a> (BS/BSc/BSc Engineering), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">medicine</a> (MBBS), <a href="/wiki/Dental_degree" title="Dental degree">dentistry</a> (BDS), <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a> (DVM), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">law</a> (LLB), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Architecture" title="Bachelor of Architecture">architecture</a> (BArch), <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Pharmacy#Pakistan" title="Doctor of Pharmacy">pharmacy</a> (Pharm.D) and <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a> (BSc Nursing). These courses require four or five years of study. The accreditation councils which accredit the above professional degrees and register these professionals are: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Engineering_Council" title="Pakistan Engineering Council">Pakistan Engineering Council</a> (PEC), <a href="/wiki/National_Computing_Education_Accreditation_Council" title="National Computing Education Accreditation Council">National Computing Education Accreditation Council</a> (NCEAC), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Medical Commission">Pakistan Medical Commission</a> (PMC), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Veterinary_Medical_Council" title="Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council">Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council</a> (PVMC), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bar_Council" title="Pakistan Bar Council">Pakistan Bar Council</a> (PBC), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Council_for_Architects_and_Town_Planners" title="Pakistan Council for Architects and Town Planners">Pakistan Council for Architects and Town Planners</a> (PCATP), <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Pharmacy Council of Pakistan">Pharmacy Council of Pakistan</a> (PCP) and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Nursing_Council" title="Pakistan Nursing Council">Pakistan Nursing Council</a> (PNC). Students can also attend a university for <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> (BA), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> (BSc), <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce" title="Bachelor of Commerce">Bachelor of Commerce</a> (BCom) or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a> (BBA) degree courses. </p><p>There are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan: Pass or Honors. Pass degree requires two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects (such as <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> or [Education] <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subjects (such as <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a>, islamiyat and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Studies">Pakistan Studies</a>). Honours degree requires four years of study, and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study, such as <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> (BSc Hons. Biochemistry). </p><p>Pass Bachelors is now slowly being phased out for Honours throughout the country. </p><p>Regarding teacher education programs, there are multiple paths in which a pre-service teacher can take. The first option includes; 12 years of schooling. Then, the person would receive an Associate's degree in education. Finally, they would receive a Bachelor's degree in education for two more years to become an elementary teacher. The second option available would include 12 years of schooling and four years of schooling to receive a Bachelor of Education for either elementary or secondary educators. The other options range from 14 to 16 years of schooling. Finally, one could receive their master's or Ph.D. in education. According to the article, "Teacher Education in Pakistan": there are many teacher training institutes throughout Pakistan. In the past, there had been around 40,000 teachers being trained in short term programs per year. Even with this amount of training, there are a few criticisms regarding teacher training. These programs are more knowledge based and not application based. There is more focus and interest on memorizations to qualify and pass exams. Lastly, these trainers do not have any extra qualifications and are not highly qualified to begin with.<sup id="cite_ref-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quaternary_education">Quaternary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quaternary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pak_India_Comparison.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pak_India_Comparison.pdf/page1-220px-Pak_India_Comparison.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pak_India_Comparison.pdf/page1-330px-Pak_India_Comparison.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pak_India_Comparison.pdf/page1-440px-Pak_India_Comparison.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Pak India Comparison of Research publications per 10 million population for period 2000–2018; Pakistan green India blue;Pakistan overtook India in 2017 due to reforms introduced by Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman FRS</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof._Dr._Atta-ur-Rahman_FRS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prof._Dr._Atta-ur-Rahman_FRS.jpg/220px-Prof._Dr._Atta-ur-Rahman_FRS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prof._Dr._Atta-ur-Rahman_FRS.jpg/330px-Prof._Dr._Atta-ur-Rahman_FRS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Prof._Dr._Atta-ur-Rahman_FRS.jpg/440px-Prof._Dr._Atta-ur-Rahman_FRS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman receiving the Fellowship of Royal Society(London) from Prof. Martin Reese, after signing the 360 year old book of the Royal Society with a feather pen.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HEJ_Research_Institute_of_Chemistry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HEJ_Research_Institute_of_Chemistry.png/220px-HEJ_Research_Institute_of_Chemistry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HEJ_Research_Institute_of_Chemistry.png/330px-HEJ_Research_Institute_of_Chemistry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/HEJ_Research_Institute_of_Chemistry.png/440px-HEJ_Research_Institute_of_Chemistry.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry is integral part of International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences at University of Karachi, Pakistan's leading research center<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Panjwani_Center_for_Molecular_Medicine_and_Drug_Research.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dr._Panjwani_Center_for_Molecular_Medicine_and_Drug_Research.pdf/page1-220px-Dr._Panjwani_Center_for_Molecular_Medicine_and_Drug_Research.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dr._Panjwani_Center_for_Molecular_Medicine_and_Drug_Research.pdf/page1-330px-Dr._Panjwani_Center_for_Molecular_Medicine_and_Drug_Research.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dr._Panjwani_Center_for_Molecular_Medicine_and_Drug_Research.pdf/page1-440px-Dr._Panjwani_Center_for_Molecular_Medicine_and_Drug_Research.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research is part of International Center for Chemical Biological Sciences, at University of Karachi, the UNESCO Regional Center of Excellence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a> programs require two years education. <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">Master of Philosophy</a> (MPhil) is available in most of the subjects and can be undertaken after doing Masters. <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> (PhD) education is available in selected areas and is usually pursued after earning a MPhil degree. Students pursuing MPhil or PhD degrees must choose a specific field and a university that is doing research work in that field. MPhil and PhD education in Pakistan requires a minimum of two years of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonformal_and_informal_education">Nonformal and informal education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nonformal and informal education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of the formal system, the public sectors runs numerous schools and training centres, most being vocational-oriented. Among those institutions can be found vocational schools, technical training centres and agriculture and vocational training centres. An <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> system is also framed by the state of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEVOC_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Informal education is also important in Pakistan and regroups mostly school-leavers and low-skilled individuals, who are trained under the supervision of a senior craftsman.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEVOC_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few institutes are run by corporates to train university students eligible for jobs and provide experience during education fulfilling a gap between university and industry for example: Appxone Private Limited is training Engineers with professional development on major subjects of Electronics and Computer science and other fields. </p><p>Informal education has also increasingly become a field for <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit organisation">not-for-profit organisations</a> in the country. Among those are visible projects, like the <a href="/wiki/MagnifiScience_Centre" title="MagnifiScience Centre">MagnifiScience Centre</a> in Karachi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madrassas">Madrassas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Madrassas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan" title="Madrassas in Pakistan">Madrassas in Pakistan</a></div> <p>Madrassas are <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a>. Most Madrasas teach mostly Islamic subjects such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tafseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafseer">Tafseer</a></i> (Interpretation of the Quran), <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i> (sayings of Muhammad), <i>Fiqh</i> (Islamic Law), <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> and include some non-Islamic subjects, such as logic, philosophy, mathematics, to enable students to understand the religious ones. The number of madrassas are popular among Pakistan's poorest families in part because they feed and house their students. Estimates of the number of madrasas vary between 12,000 and 40,000. In some areas of Pakistan they outnumber the public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt050309_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt050309-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History of education in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_disparity">Gender disparity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gender disparity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_Pakistan" title="Women's education in Pakistan">Women's education in Pakistan</a></div> <p>The country of Pakistan is a profound patriarchal society. Throughout Pakistan's educational system, there is a gender disparity between males and females. In fact, according to the 2016 Global Gender Gap Report, Pakistan was ranked the second worst country in the world regarding gender inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-MoinFatima2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoinFatima2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pakistan, gender discrimination in education occurs among the poorest households.<sup id="cite_ref-EFA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 18% of Pakistani women have received 10 years or more of schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFA_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other criticisms the Pakistani education system faces is the gender disparity in enrollment levels. However, in recent years some progress has been made in trying to fix this problem. In 1990–91, the female to male ratio (F/M ratio) of enrollment was 0.47 for primary level of education. It reached to 0.74 in 1999–2000, showing the F/M ratio has improved by 57.44% within the decade. For the middle level of education it was 0.42 in the start of decade and increased to 0.68 by the end of decade, so it has improved almost 62%. In both cases the gender disparity is decreased but relatively more rapidly at middle level.<sup id="cite_ref-TasnimKhan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasnimKhan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, Pakistan has showed quite a bit of improvement since 2006 for literacy and educational attainment for women (Moin et al., 2018). One example of this progress recently made in 2010 was that primary education is a legal right for children ranging from five to sixteen years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Bizenjo2020_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bizenjo2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gender disparity in enrollment at secondary level of education was 0.4 in 1990-91 and 0.67 in 1999–2000, showing that the disparity decreased by 67.5% in the decade. At the college level, it was 0.50 in 1990–91 and reached 0.81 in 1999–2000, showing that the disparity decreased by 64%. The gender disparity has decreased comparatively rapidly at secondary school.<sup id="cite_ref-TasnimKhan_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TasnimKhan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But, low female enrollment is still a very prevalent issue. A reason for this is that females who are a vulnerable group, are less likely to access as much education as boys. If they do go to school, this also affects their academic performance. In fact, in the 1990s, only 20% out of 50% enrollment were females who attended formal education. Factually, since female enrollment is so much lower compared to males across all of the provinces in Pakistan, literacy rates along with dropout rates are much higher. In fact, men have a literacy rate of around 67% versus women who have a literacy rate of 42%. Due to this early on prevention of females attending schools, males dominate the education field. Teacher-wise males dominate teaching profession by 2:1 with females unable to teach or being barred. If they do, they are limited due to cultural norms and pressures. In fact, there is 1100 males to 1000 female ratio. Additionally, there is not a female university leader presence in the whole country.<sup id="cite_ref-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with this improvement, due to their low social status and inequities regarding access to education, even when they comprise half of the population, women are still facing these burdens. This is true even after they signed the Millennium Development Goals. It was meant to eliminate gender disparity in education by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-MoinFatima2018_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoinFatima2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the little improvement done by the government, people have started to believe that parents prefer to educate boys rather than girls. In regard to education, there are large differences between male and females. One issue is the lack of physical infrastructure that is a particular barrier for girls being able to access education. Families feel that these schools are unsafe for them. Government schools tend to be overcrowded and a far distance for children. However, there does not seem to be gender segregation in the schools that were visited in a study cited.<sup id="cite_ref-Lall2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lall2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates that female university students face more gender discrimination than males in the capital city of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A particularly interesting aspect of this gender disparity is representation of Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">women in STEMM</a> (science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine). In 2013, the issue of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">women doctors</a> in Pakistan was highlighted in local and international media.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medical_and_Dental_Council" title="Pakistan Medical and Dental Council">Pakistan Medical and Dental Council</a>, in many medical colleges in Pakistan, as many as 80% of students are women, but majority of these women do not go on to actually practice medicine, creating a shortage of doctors in rural areas and several specialties (especially surgical fields).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medical_and_Dental_Council" title="Pakistan Medical and Dental Council">Pakistan Medical and Dental Council</a> introduced a gender-based admission policy, restricting women to 50% of available seats (based on the gender ratios in general population).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quota was challenged and subsequently deemed unconstitutional (and discriminatory) by Lahore High Court.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates several problems faced by women doctors in Pakistan in their career and education, including lack of implementation of women-friendly policies (like maternity leave, breast-feeding provisions and child-care facilities), and systemic sexism prevalent in medical education and training.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan's patriarchal culture, where women's work outside the home is generally considered less important than her family and household obligations, also make it difficult for women to balance a demanding career.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the importance of the issue, no new policies (except now-defunct-quota) have been proposed or implemented to ensure women's retention in workforce. </p><p>However, there may be a current possible solution to the gender gap throughout Pakistan. The possible solution would be low-cost private schools or LCPSs which may correct the prevailing gender inequalities in Pakistan. However, after the research, male students are more likely to attend low-cost private schools than female students. This further widens the gender imbalance in the field of education throughout Pakistan. But, if females are able to attend, they academically outperform male students. This is true except for the field of mathematics. This is possibly caused by the fact that a lot of professions are not seen as female oriented. All in all, in the future, these LCPSs may be able to reach more and more of the marginalized groups of people. In the end, a large factor that played into if parents had their children attend these schools were based on their education level. Mostly, on the father's than the mother's education level.<sup id="cite_ref-Bizenjo2020_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bizenjo2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, even with all of the Pakistani government's efforts regarding educational policies, they have tried in vain to adjust and fix the gender disparities that its country is facing.<sup id="cite_ref-Lall2009_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lall2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems that disinterest of parents to educate their daughters, cultural and religious barriers, high tuition cost, and the poor quality in education are the major reasons for gender disparities in this country.<sup id="cite_ref-Bizenjo2020_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bizenjo2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, females face many other disparities, as well. In fact, there is less money spend on them for health, education, and household expenditures. With the inadequate education and skills, poor health conditions and lack of access to resources actually decrease the quality of female's life.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, looking beyond binary genders, there is the case of transgender individuals in Pakistan. According to the Australian Journal of Asian Law, in 2018, Pakistan defined what they consider to be "transgender". According to the Pakistani parliament, a transgender individual is a person who is; intersex, eunuch assigned male when born, or a transgender man/woman whose gender differs from what they were assigned as at birth. They also passed The Pakistan Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act of 2018. This act has many provisions to it that ensure the basic fundamental human rights for transgender individuals. Not only that but should enforced in the same way as cisgender individuals. These rights include; education, employment, health, accessing public places and transportation, voting, holding public office, etc. Going one step further, this also includes the right to recognition as a transgender person. They shall have the right to be recognized as their self-perceived gender and they also will have the right to register themselves as such legally. However, before this act, the Pakistani government recognized five different genders. Additionally, as this journal has stated later on, that it marks transgender individuals as "other" compared to cisgender individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even with this act, these individuals are abused and are marginalized. For example, hijras, or males who act "feminine" are ridiculed and harassed".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, the more "feminine" gender is targeted and have less access to opportunities than their male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conclusion, gender disparity is in most aspects of life, going beyond binary genders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualitative_dimension">Qualitative dimension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Qualitative dimension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pakistan, the quality of education has a declining trend. Shortage of teachers and poorly equipped laboratories have resulted in the out-dated curriculum that has little relevance to present-day needs. The education is based just on cramming and the students lack professional skills as well as communication skills when they are graduated from an institute. Moreover, the universities here are too expensive, due to which the Pakistani students can't afford a university to get higher education. Moreover, the universities here don't provide skills that have a demand in market.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasool_Memon_2007_47–55_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasool_Memon_2007_47–55-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pakistan's educational system still stick with the "<b>Project Islamization of Pakistan</b>" introduced by a military dictator General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>. The rote learning method prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s education system perpetuates a narrow and limited viewpoint among students. This approach emphasizes memorization of facts and figures without encouraging <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> or independent analysis. As a result, students are often confined to a singular perspective dictated by textbooks, stifling creativity and innovation. In the era of transformation Pakistani students still relay on photocopied notes and summaries without any major update in textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>However, there have been numerous reforms to attempt to raise the quality of education in this country. Examples of these include; The Convention of the Rights of the Children (1989), the Millennium Development Goals (UN 1990), and the Sustainable Development Goals (2015). This last reform included free and compulsory education for all children, and access to quality basic education.<sup id="cite_ref-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teacher_education">Teacher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Teacher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teacher education reform is crucial in improving education in Pakistan. Teacher training programs at universities lack qualified professionals. Almost one-third of universities in Balochistan do not have professors in their teacher education departments and there was not a PhD in Education at any of the universities in Balochistan. Teachers are the focal point of establishing progressive education. Teacher preparation programs need funding and consistency to produce quality, effective teachers. Teacher reform needs to continue by establishing resources and investments. Time needs to be invested in updating curriculum and teacher education facilities. Investments must be made in updating building infrastructures, libraries, IT departments, and laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some major obstacles faced by the education system in Pakistan include: access to education, equal opportunities, relevance, required teachers, and environment. There are parts of Pakistan where government leaders have not enacted strategies to help children attend schools. Many children live too far away from school to receive a formal education. Female students are also not offered the same classes as male students in the majority of the schools. In addition to female students being deprived of opportunities, female teachers are also lacking adequate teaching spaces. Another point of weakness education in Pakistan faces is relevance in content. Content should teach students how to solve societal problems and not assist in political conflicts. Students need more opportunities to deepen their knowledge of how to attend to economic and social needs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pakistan teachers face knowledge gaps regarding human rights due to outdated teacher education curriculum. Many Pakistani leaders and teachers hold conservative beliefs that education policies need to remain aligned with national Islamic ideology, which does not focus on human rights. Global policy makers are aware that teachers promote human rights and ethics and should receive a course in their teacher training programs about basic human rights. A study revealed that reflective writing and case studies have been the best approach to raising awareness about human rights issues in teacher preparation programs in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teacher education has an impact on the general education of the country. Within Pakistan there are many common problems within schools, this includes not having proper training facilities, small termed training period, lack of in-service training for teachers, and other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a shortage of teachers in Pakistan. Labs are old, outdated, and poorly equipped, and curriculum is very outdated and does not have much relevance to today's world. Issues within the schools include defective teaching materials and curriculum, substandard and under qualified teachers, and overcrowded classrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_and_vocational_education">Technical and vocational education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technical and vocational education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education plays a crucial role in developing countries by transmitting necessary life skills to the future citizens. After the eighteenth amendment was abolished in 2010, there was more autonomy available to people in the health care and education spectrums. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navttc.gov.pk/">Technical and Vocational Education Training</a> (TVET) raised attention because education helps prepare students for future employment. TVET classes also offer money management lessons, personal and family health practices, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btti.pk/our-courses/">Electronical and Electronics</a> and healthcare information. Providing proper TVET site management, adequate teacher salaries, competent teachers, up-to-date curriculum, and equity in the programs are challenges faced by Pakistani leaders. The major goals of TVET include investing in the country's workforce to stimulate the economy and redistribute the wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teacher_satisfaction">Teacher satisfaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Teacher satisfaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Life satisfaction is a characteristic linked to teacher workplace experiences. A recent study in Pakistan compared teachers who were employed by regular institutions and special education institutions. The study asked participants questions about their emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. The results from the teacher institutions study showed that teachers of Pakistani special education institutions reported higher levels of emotional intelligence or self-awareness about their issues and provided ways on how to fix their own problems. Special education teachers also reported higher levels of life satisfaction. The study revealed that the general mood of the workplace is correlated with emotional intelligence. Further research is needed to investigate the mood differences between special education institution environments and regular education institution environments.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachers_Issue">Teachers Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Teachers Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teachers in Pakistan face a range of challenges and issues that impact their ability to provide quality education to students. Here are some common issues faced by teachers in Pakistan: </p> <ol><li>Low pay: Teachers in Pakistan are often paid low salaries, which can make it difficult to attract and retain talented individuals in the profession.</li> <li>Inadequate resources: Teachers in Pakistan often have limited access to resources such as textbooks, classroom materials, and technology, which can make it difficult to provide effective instruction.</li> <li>Overcrowded classrooms: Many classrooms in Pakistan are overcrowded, which can make it challenging for teachers to provide individual attention to each student.</li> <li>Gender discrimination: Female teachers in Pakistan may face discrimination and harassment in the workplace, as well as cultural barriers that limit their access to education and professional development opportunities.</li> <li>Lack of training: Many teachers in Pakistan have limited training and professional development opportunities, which can make it difficult for them to develop new teaching strategies and stay up-to-date with developments in their field.</li> <li>Limited job security: Teachers in Pakistan may have limited job security, which can lead to high turnover rates and a lack of motivation among teachers.</li> <li>Societal and cultural issues: Teachers in Pakistan may face societal and cultural barriers that limit their ability to teach certain subjects or work with certain student populations.</li></ol> <p>Addressing these issues will require a concerted effort from policymakers, educators, and the broader community to support and empower teachers in their vital role in shaping the future of Pakistani society through education. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the nation launched an educational television channel, <a href="/wiki/PTV_Teleschool" class="mw-redirect" title="PTV Teleschool">Teleschool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-post_teleschool_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post_teleschool-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teleschool is programmed with lessons for kindergarten through high school. Each grade has one hour of course material broadcast per day.<sup id="cite_ref-post_teleschool_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post_teleschool-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teleschool instructional videos are in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and English, Pakistan's official languages and the languages used for the country's national curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-post_teleschool_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post_teleschool-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Education is also trying to develop instructional programming for radio since Teleschool isn't available to the nation's poorest families.<sup id="cite_ref-post_teleschool_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post_teleschool-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of COVID-19, Pakistan had to consider using online classes. However, many students, especially in rural areas, do not have access to the Internet. Because of this it alters the process of online learning especially for poor students or those living in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital education has been started in many of the educational institution in Pakistan to utilize time efficiently during the current time.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distance learning mode of education has been recognized as a great resource to give equal access to education to the women from remote areas of developing countries including Pakistan where many women otherwise would not attend school.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the post-secondary level, there has been much research conducted about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats when practicing distance learning. They found that this model is great for those that don't live within the same city as where they go to school. It gives them an opportunity to get an education without having to leave their homes. It has been difficult for students that still have to go into the university, because of the distance learning model it has slowed and put a delay in many research processes. The teachers have a lower salary package as well because they are not requiring them to come into work.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements">Achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the famous <a href="/wiki/Alumni" title="Alumni">alumni</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> are as follow: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_College_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Government_College_University.jpg/220px-Government_College_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Government_College_University.jpg/330px-Government_College_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Government_College_University.jpg/440px-Government_College_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_College_University_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government College University (Lahore)">Government College University (Lahore)</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdus_Salam">Abdus Salam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Abdus Salam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UET_Department_of_Electrical_Engineering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/UET_Department_of_Electrical_Engineering.jpg/220px-UET_Department_of_Electrical_Engineering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/UET_Department_of_Electrical_Engineering.jpg/330px-UET_Department_of_Electrical_Engineering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/UET_Department_of_Electrical_Engineering.jpg/440px-UET_Department_of_Electrical_Engineering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_and_Technology,_Lahore" title="University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore">University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate_in_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate in physics">Nobel laureate in physics</a> for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak unification">electroweak unification</a> of the electromagnetic and weak forces. Salam, <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> shared the 1979 Nobel prize for this work. Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani to receive the Nobel Prize in any field. Salam heavily contributed to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani physics">Pakistani physics</a> to the <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">Physics community</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-CERN_Courier_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CERN_Courier-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atta-ur-Rahman">Atta-ur-Rahman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Atta-ur-Rahman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Atta_ur_Rahman_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atta ur Rahman (scientist)">Atta-ur-Rahman</a> is a Pakistani scientist known for his work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural product</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. He has over 1200 research papers, books and patents attributed to him, that have won him over 34,000 citations and h index of 74.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected as <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (London) in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Science_Prize" title="UNESCO Science Prize">UNESCO Science Prize</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolutionary changes that he brought in the higher education as well as science and technology sectors won him numerous national and international awards, including the highest national award, Nishan-i-Imtiaz.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also won the highest award for international collaboration of China.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded a high civil award of the Government of Austria in recognition of his services to science<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayub_Ommaya">Ayub Ommaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ayub Ommaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ayub_K._Ommaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub K. Ommaya">Ayub Ommaya</a> was a Pakistani neurosurgeon who heavily contributed to his field. Over 150 research papers have been attributed to him. He also invented the <a href="/wiki/Ommaya_reservoir" title="Ommaya reservoir">Ommaya Reservoir medical procedure</a>. It is a system of delivery of medical drugs for treatment of patients with brain tumours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahbub-ul-Haq">Mahbub-ul-Haq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mahbub-ul-Haq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub-ul-Haq</a> was a Pakistani economist who along with Indian economist <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index (HDI)</a>, the modern international standard for measuring and rating human development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ismat_Beg">Ismat Beg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ismat Beg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ismat_Beg" title="Ismat Beg">Ismat Beg</a> is a Pakistani mathematician famous for his work in fixed point theory, and multicriteria decision making methods. Ismat Beg is Higher Education Commission Distinguished National Professor at Lahore School of Economics and an honorary full Professor at the Mathematics Division of the Institute for Basic Research, Florida, USA. He has vast experience of teaching and research. He is a Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences, and Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (U K). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arfa_Abdul_Karim_Randhawa">Arfa Abdul Karim Randhawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arfa Abdul Karim Randhawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Karim" title="Arfa Karim">Arfa Abdul Karim Randhawa</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a> student and computer <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">prodigy</a> who, in 2004 at the age of nine, became the youngest <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Certified_Professional" title="Microsoft Certified Professional">Microsoft Certified Professional</a> (MCP). She had her name in <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She kept the title until 2008. Arfa represented Pakistan on various international forums including the <a href="/wiki/TechEd" class="mw-redirect" title="TechEd">TechEd Developers Conference</a>. She also received the President's Award for <a href="/wiki/Pride_of_Performance" title="Pride of Performance">Pride of Performance</a> in 2005. A <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science park</a> in Lahore, the <a href="/wiki/Arfa_Software_Technology_Park" title="Arfa Software Technology Park">Arfa Software Technology Park</a>, was named after her.<sup id="cite_ref-technologypark_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technologypark-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Remembering_Arfa_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remembering_Arfa-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was invited by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> to visit Microsoft Headquarters in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dr._Naweed_Syed">Dr. Naweed Syed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dr. Naweed Syed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Naweed_Syed" title="Naweed Syed">Dr. Naweed Syed</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Canadian">Pakistani Canadian</a> scientist. He is the first scientist to connect brain cells to a silicon chip.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nergis_Mavalvala">Nergis Mavalvala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nergis Mavalvala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nergis_Mavalvala" title="Nergis Mavalvala">Nergis Mavalvala</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysicist">astrophysicist</a> known for her role in the <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">first observation of gravitational waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venkatraman2012_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkatraman2012-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was awarded a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellow">MacArthur Fellowship</a> in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-MacArthur_Foundation_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacArthur_Foundation-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoStraddle_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoStraddle-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first Lahore technology reward from <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_University" title="Information Technology University">Information Technology University</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mavalvala is best known for her work on the detection of gravitational waves in the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory</a> (LIGO) project.<sup id="cite_ref-Venkatraman2012_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkatraman2012-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MIT2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_Irfan-Maqsood">Muhammad Irfan-Maqsood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Muhammad Irfan-Maqsood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Irfan-Maqsood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Irfan-Maqsood (page does not exist)">Muhammad Irfan-Maqsood</a> is a Pakistani researcher and entrepreneur He is known for his work in the field of Techno-entrepreneurship and Biotechnology.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He holds PhD in Cell and Molecular Biology and holding two MSc (Biotechnology) and MA (Political Sciences-IR). He has been awarded 4 time Iranian national techno-entrepreneurship award <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bahai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Bahai">Sheikh Bahai</a> by Minister of Science and Research, Iran and Young Entrepreneur from the Deputy Minister for Youth Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also has been Joint Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_N" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Muslim League N">Pakistan Muslim League N</a> Lahore on the instruction of Mian Nawaz Sharif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_expenditure_as_percentage_of_GDP">Education expenditure as percentage of GDP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education expenditure as percentage of GDP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expenditure on education is around 2% of Pakistan's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2009 the government approved the new national education policy, which stipulates that education expenditure will be increased to 7% of GDP,<sup id="cite_ref-dawn.com_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn.com-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an idea that was first suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of an article, the history of education spending in Pakistan since 1972, argues that this policy target raises a fundamental question: What extraordinary things are going to happen that would enable Pakistan to achieve within six years what it has been unable to lay a hand on in the past six decades? The policy document is blank on this question and does not discuss the assumptions that form the basis of this target. Calculations of the author show that during the past 37 years, the highest public expenditure on education was 2.80 percent of GDP in 1987–88. Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP was actually reduced in 16 years and maintained in 5 years between 1972–73 and 2008–09. Thus, out of total 37 years since 1972, public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP either decreased or remained stagnant for 21 years. The author argues if linear trend were maintained since 1972, Pakistan could have touched 4 percent of GDP well before 2015. However, it is unlikely to happen because the levels of spending have had remained significantly unpredictable and unsteady in the past. Given this disappointing trajectory, increasing public expenditure on education to 7 percent of GDP would be nothing less than a miracle but it is not going to be of godly nature. Instead, it is going to be the one of political nature because it has to be "invented" by those who are at the helm of affairs. The author suggests that little success can be made unless Pakistan adopts an "unconventional" approach to education. That is to say, education sector should be treated as a special sector by immunizing budgetary allocations for it from fiscal stresses and political and economic instabilities. Allocations for education should not be affected by squeezed fiscal space or surge in military expenditure or debts. At the same time, there is a need to debate others options about how Pakistan can "invent" the miracle of raising education expenditure to 7 percent of GDP by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_rankings">University rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: University rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="Rankings of universities in Pakistan">Rankings of universities in Pakistan</a></div> <p>In 2018, for first time <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_%26_Technology" title="National University of Sciences & Technology">NUST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> was ranked among top 100 <a href="/wiki/QS_Asia_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="QS Asia University Rankings">QS Asia University rankings</a> at 91. Also 7 universities of Pakistan were ranked among top 1000 QS Asia University rankings 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, total 6 universities were ranked in top 1000: <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology (Pakistan)">NUST</a> (#358), <a href="/wiki/Quaid-i-Azam_University" title="Quaid-i-Azam University">Quaid-i-Azam University</a> (#378), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Institute_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences">PIEAS</a> (#398), <a href="/wiki/Lahore_University_of_Management_Sciences" title="Lahore University of Management Sciences">LUMS</a> (#651), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore">UET, Lahore</a> (#801), and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a> (#801).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_education">Religion and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education in Pakistan is heavily influenced by religion. For instance, one study of Pakistani science teachers showed that many rejected evolution based on religious grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Asghar2013_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asghar2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the Pakistani teachers who responded to the study (14 out of 18) either accepted or considered the possibility of the evolution of living organisms, although nearly all Pakistani science teachers rejected human evolution because they believed that 'human beings did not evolve from monkeys.' This is a major misconception and incorrect interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, but according to the study it is a common one among many Pakistani teachers. Although many of the teachers rejected the evolution of humans, " all agreed that there is 'no contradiction between science and Islam' in general".<sup id="cite_ref-Asghar2013_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asghar2013-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Pakistan's National Council for Justice and Peace (NCJP) report 2001 on literacy of religious minorities in Pakistan–the average literacy rate among Christians in Punjab is 34 per cent, Hindu (upper caste) is 34 per cent, Hindu (scheduled castes) is 19 per cent, others (including Parsis, Sikhs, Buddhists and nomads) is 17 per cent compared to the national average of 46.56 per cent.Whereas the Ahmadis have literacy rate slightly higher than the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literacy_rate_by_Census">Literacy rate by Census</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literacy rate by Census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of literacy has been undergoing changes, with the result that the literacy figure has vacillated irregularly during the various censuses. A summary is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year of<br /> census <br /><sup id="cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Total<sup id="cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Male<sup id="cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Female<sup id="cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Urban<sup id="cite_ref-unesdoc.unesco.org/images_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesdoc.unesco.org/images-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Rural<sup id="cite_ref-unesdoc.unesco.org/images_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesdoc.unesco.org/images-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Definition of<br />being "literate"<sup id="cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Age<br />group<sup id="cite_ref-unesdoc.unesco.org/images_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesdoc.unesco.org/images-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1951 (West Pakistan)</td> <td><b>17.9%</b><sup id="cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pap.org.pk-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>21.4%<sup id="cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pap.org.pk-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>13.9%<sup id="cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pap.org.pk-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>One who can read a clear<br />print in any language</td> <td>All Ages </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 (West Pakistan)</td> <td><b>16.9%</b><sup id="cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pap.org.pk-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>26.1%<sup id="cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pap.org.pk-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>6.7%<sup id="cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pap.org.pk-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>34.8%</td> <td>10.6%</td> <td>One who is able to read with<br />understanding a simple letter in any language</td> <td>Age 5 and above </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td><b>21.7%</b></td> <td>30.2%</td> <td>11.6%</td> <td>41.5%</td> <td>14.3%</td> <td>One who is able to read and<br />write in some language with understanding</td> <td>Age 10 and Above </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td><b>26.2%</b></td> <td>35.1%</td> <td>16.0%</td> <td>47.1%</td> <td>17.3%</td> <td>One who can read newspaper<br />and write a simple letter</td> <td>Age 10 and Above </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td><b>43.92%</b></td> <td>54.81%</td> <td>32.02%</td> <td>63.08%</td> <td>33.64%</td> <td>One who can read a newspaper<br />and write a simple letter, in any language</td> <td>Age 10 and Above </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>62.8%</b> </td> <td>68% </td> <td>52.84% </td> <td>74.09% </td> <td>51.56% </td> <td> </td> <td>Age 10 and Above </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy_rate_by_Province">Literacy rate by Province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literacy rate by Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Province</th> <th colspan="6">Literacy rate<sup id="cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1972</th> <th>1981</th> <th>1998</th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></td> <td>20.7%</td> <td>27.4%</td> <td>46.56%</td> <td>66.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></td> <td>30.2%</td> <td>31.5%</td> <td>45.29%</td> <td>61.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></td> <td>15.5%</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td>35.41%</td> <td>55.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></td> <td>10.1%</td> <td>10.3%</td> <td>26.6%</td> <td>54.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy_rate_of_Federally_Administered_Areas">Literacy rate of Federally Administered Areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Literacy rate of Federally Administered Areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Region</th> <th colspan="3">Literacy Rate </th></tr> <tr> <th>1981</th> <th>1998</th> <th>2023<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or latest data </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad (ICT)</a></td> <td>47.8%<sup id="cite_ref-census.gov.pk_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov.pk-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>72.40%<sup id="cite_ref-census.gov.pk_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census.gov.pk-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>96% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK)</a></td> <td>25.7%<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>55%<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>91% (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-tribune.com.pk_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune.com.pk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></td> <td>3% <sup id="cite_ref-dawn.com/wps_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn.com/wps-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>37.85%<sup id="cite_ref-dawn.com/wps_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn.com/wps-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>NA </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy_rate_by_Districts">Literacy rate by Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literacy rate by Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left tr::before{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-center tr::before{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before{counter-increment:rowNumber;content:counter(rowNumber)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"No.";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"#";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border:0 solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#aaaaaa}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#c8ccd1}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:rgba(84,89,93,.3)}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 inset #202122}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable):not(.mw-datatable) tr::before{border-color:#000000}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 solid #c8ccd1}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-left-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{border-top-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:last-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tfoot tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>2023<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>1998 </th> <th>1981 </th> <th>1972 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad_District" title="Muzaffarabad District">Muzaffarabad</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hattian_Bala_District" title="Hattian Bala District">Hattian Bala</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neelum_District" title="Neelum District">Neelum</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_District" title="Mirpur District">Mirpur</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhimber_District" title="Bhimber District">Bhimber</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotli_District" title="Kotli District">Kotli</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poonch_District,_Pakistan" title="Poonch District, Pakistan">Poonch</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagh_District" title="Bagh District">Bagh</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haveli_District" title="Haveli District">Haveli</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudhnati_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudhnati District">Sudhnati</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghanche_District" title="Ghanche District">Ghanche</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skardu_District" title="Skardu District">Skardu</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astore_District" title="Astore District">Astore</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamer_District" title="Diamer District">Diamer</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghizer_District_(2019%E2%80%93)" title="Ghizer District (2019–)">Ghizer</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilgit_District" title="Gilgit District">Gilgit</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunza_District" title="Hunza District">Hunza</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharmang_District" title="Kharmang District">Kharmang</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shigar_District" title="Shigar District">Shigar</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagar_District" title="Nagar District">Nagar</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_District" title="Abbottabad District">Abbottabad</a> </td> <td>87.34% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allai_District" title="Allai District">Allai</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_District" title="Bajaur District">Bajaur</a> </td> <td>36.26% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bannu_District" title="Bannu District">Bannu</a> </td> <td>51.75% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battagram_District" title="Battagram District">Battagram</a> </td> <td>49.09% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buner_District" title="Buner District">Buner</a> </td> <td>53.75% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charsadda_District,_Pakistan" title="Charsadda District, Pakistan">Charsadda</a> </td> <td>63.94% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Dir_District" title="Central Dir District">Central Dir District</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan</a> </td> <td>56.58% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hangu_District,_Pakistan" title="Hangu District, Pakistan">Hangu</a> </td> <td>53.15% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haripur_District" title="Haripur District">Haripur</a> </td> <td>84.88% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karak_District" title="Karak District">Karak</a> </td> <td>75.36% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khyber_District" title="Khyber District">Khyber</a> </td> <td>48.45% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kohat_District" title="Kohat District">Kohat</a> </td> <td>68.55% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolai_Palas_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolai Palas District">Kolai Palas</a> </td> <td>28.80% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurram_District" title="Kurram District">Kurram</a> </td> <td>45.22% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakki_Marwat_District" title="Lakki Marwat District">Lakki Marwat</a> </td> <td>58.47% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chitral_District" title="Lower Chitral District">Lower Chitral</a> </td> <td>76.10% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dir_District" title="Lower Dir District">Lower Dir</a> </td> <td>67.36% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Kohistan_District" title="Lower Kohistan District">Lower Kohistan</a> </td> <td>32.05% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malakand_District" title="Malakand District">Malakand</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mansehra</a> </td> <td>73.79% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardan_District" title="Mardan District">Mardan</a> </td> <td>65.79% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_District" title="Mohmand District">Mohmand</a> </td> <td>41.28% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Waziristan" class="mw-redirect" title="North Waziristan">North Waziristan</a> </td> <td>42.82% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nowshera_District" title="Nowshera District">Nowshera</a> </td> <td>66.78% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orakzai_District" title="Orakzai District">Orakzai</a> </td> <td>43.57% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar</a> </td> <td>63.28% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shangla_District" title="Shangla District">Shangla</a> </td> <td>43.74% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_South_Waziristan_District" title="Upper South Waziristan District">Upper South Waziristan</a> </td> <td>41.96% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_South_Waziristan_District" title="Lower South Waziristan District">Lower South Waziristan</a> </td> <td>41.96% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swabi_District" title="Swabi District">Swabi</a> </td> <td>68.48% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat</a> </td> <td>58.13% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tank_District" title="Tank District">Tank</a> </td> <td>50.67% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torghar_District" title="Torghar District">Torghar</a> </td> <td>39.74% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chitral_District" title="Upper Chitral District">Upper Chitral</a> </td> <td>83.83% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Dir_District" title="Upper Dir District">Upper Dir</a> </td> <td>56.77% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kohistan_District" title="Upper Kohistan District">Upper Kohistan</a> </td> <td>29.05% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Badin_District" title="Badin District">Badin</a> </td> <td>46.65% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu</a> </td> <td>57.13% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghotki_District" title="Ghotki District">Ghotki</a> </td> <td>51.38% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad District, Pakistan">Hyderabad</a> </td> <td>77.21% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad_District" title="Jacobabad District">Jacobabad</a> </td> <td>52.34% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamshoro_District" title="Jamshoro District">Jamshoro</a> </td> <td>59.63% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central</a> </td> <td>93.55% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East</a> </td> <td>90.07% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South</a> </td> <td>88.57% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West</a> </td> <td>77.43% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmore_District" title="Kashmore District">Kashmore</a> </td> <td>45.59% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keamari_District" title="Keamari District">Keamari</a> </td> <td>72.07% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairpur_District" title="Khairpur District">Khairpur</a> </td> <td>60.14% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a> </td> <td>89.86% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a> </td> <td>65.58% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a> </td> <td>73.14% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matiari_District" title="Matiari District">Matiari</a> </td> <td>55.88% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_District" title="Mirpur Khas District">Mirpur Khas</a> </td> <td>55.37% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze_District" title="Naushahro Feroze District">Naushahro Feroze</a> </td> <td>67.15% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qambar_Shahdadkot_District" title="Qambar Shahdadkot District">Qambar Shahdadkot</a> </td> <td>50.02% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_District" title="Sanghar District">Sanghar</a> </td> <td>53.66% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazirabad_District" title="Shaheed Benazirabad District">Shaheed Benazirabad</a> </td> <td>60.86% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a> </td> <td>53.70% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sujawal_District" title="Sujawal District">Sujawal</a> </td> <td>37.02% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a> </td> <td>68.26% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tando_Allahyar_District" title="Tando Allahyar District">Tando Allahyar</a> </td> <td>49.80% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan_District" title="Tando Muhammad Khan District">Tando Muhammad Khan</a> </td> <td>44.02% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar</a> </td> <td>46.39% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thatta_District" title="Thatta District">Thatta</a> </td> <td>36.88% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Umerkot_District" title="Umerkot District">Umerkot</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>48.69% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awaran_District" title="Awaran District">Awaran</a> </td> <td>46.34% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barkhan_District" title="Barkhan District">Barkhan</a> </td> <td>43.62% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagai_District" title="Chagai District">Chagai</a> </td> <td>43.15% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaman_District" title="Chaman District">Chaman</a> </td> <td>49.97% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dera_Bugti_District" title="Dera Bugti District">Dera Bugti</a> </td> <td>34.07% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duki_District,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duki District, Pakistan">Duki</a> </td> <td>54.18% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwadar_District" title="Gwadar District">Gwadar</a> </td> <td>60.30% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harnai_District" title="Harnai District">Harnai</a> </td> <td>49.83% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hub_District" title="Hub District">Hub</a> </td> <td>46.47% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_District" title="Jafarabad District">Jafarabad</a> </td> <td>45.53 % </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jhal_Magsi_District" title="Jhal Magsi District">Jhal Magsi</a> </td> <td>40.14% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_District" title="Kachhi District">Kachhi</a> </td> <td>40.20% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalat_District" title="Kalat District">Kalat</a> </td> <td>49.70% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kech_District" title="Kech District">Kech</a> </td> <td>59.65% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharan_District" title="Kharan District">Kharan</a> </td> <td>51.07% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khuzdar_District" title="Khuzdar District">Khuzdar</a> </td> <td>48.59% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kohlu_District" title="Kohlu District">Kohlu</a> </td> <td>38.53% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lasbela_District" title="Lasbela District">Lasbela</a> </td> <td>46.47% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loralai_District" title="Loralai District">Loralai</a> </td> <td>53.16% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mastung_District" title="Mastung District">Mastung</a> </td> <td>55.97% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Musakhel_District,_Pakistan" title="Musakhel District, Pakistan">Musakhel</a> </td> <td>46.60% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasirabad_District" title="Nasirabad District">Nasirabad</a> </td> <td>38.96% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nushki_District" title="Nushki District">Nushki</a> </td> <td>67.12% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Panjgur_District" title="Panjgur District">Panjgur</a> </td> <td>52.07% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pishin_District" title="Pishin District">Pishin</a> </td> <td>61.07% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetta_District" title="Quetta District">Quetta</a> </td> <td>66.29% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qila_Abdullah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qila Abdullah District">Qila Abdullah</a> </td> <td>46.40% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qilla_Saifullah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qilla Saifullah District">Qilla Saifullah</a> </td> <td>42.96% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sherani_District" title="Sherani District">Sherani</a> </td> <td>33.86% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibi_District" title="Sibi District">Sibi</a> </td> <td>57.41% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sohbatpur_District" title="Sohbatpur District">Sohbatpur</a> </td> <td>51.02% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surab_District" title="Surab District">Surab</a> </td> <td>47.44% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washuk_District" title="Washuk District">Washuk</a> </td> <td>31.58% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhob_District" title="Zhob District">Zhob</a> </td> <td>46.62% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_District" title="Ziarat District">Ziarat</a> </td> <td>53.37% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Usta_Muhammad_District" title="Usta Muhammad District">Usta Muhammad</a> </td> <td>45.53% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a> </td> <td>80.22% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahawalnagar_District" title="Bahawalnagar District">Bahawalnagar</a> </td> <td>67.01% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a> </td> <td>63.35% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhakkar_District" title="Bhakkar District">Bhakkar</a> </td> <td>65.68% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chakwal_District" title="Chakwal District">Chakwal</a> </td> <td>87.79% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiniot_District" title="Chiniot District">Chiniot</a> </td> <td>65.05% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a> </td> <td>56.78 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_District" title="Faisalabad District">Faisalabad</a> </td> <td>83.41% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a> </td> <td>86.77% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a> </td> <td>88.37% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafizabad_District" title="Hafizabad District">Hafizabad</a> </td> <td>75.77% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a> </td> <td>69.45% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a> </td> <td>85.65% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kasur_District" title="Kasur District">Kasur</a> </td> <td>72.85% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khanewal_District" title="Khanewal District">Khanewal</a> </td> <td>70.97% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khushab_District" title="Khushab District">Khushab</a> </td> <td>72.52% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a> </td> <td>89.62% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Layyah_District" title="Layyah District">Layyah</a> </td> <td>71.83% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lodhran_District" title="Lodhran District">Lodhran</a> </td> <td>61.68% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin_District" title="Mandi Bahauddin District">Mandi Bahauddin</a> </td> <td>80.27% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a> </td> <td>72.87% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a> </td> <td>71.41% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargarh</a> </td> <td>57.99% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib_District" title="Nankana Sahib District">Nankana Sahib</a><sup id="cite_ref-nankana_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nankana-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>73.12% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narowal_District" title="Narowal District">Narowal</a> </td> <td>85.28% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okara_District" title="Okara District">Okara</a> </td> <td>70.25% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakpattan_District" title="Pakpattan District">Pakpattan</a> </td> <td>67.13% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahim Yar Khan</a> </td> <td>57.94% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajanpur_District" title="Rajanpur District">Rajanpur</a> </td> <td>46.09% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a> </td> <td>89.22% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal_District" title="Sahiwal District">Sahiwal</a> </td> <td>74.77% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sargodha_District" title="Sargodha District">Sargodha</a> </td> <td>76.73% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a> </td> <td>78.88% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a> </td> <td>88.37% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh_District" title="Toba Tek Singh District">Toba Tek Singh</a> </td> <td>81.38% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vehari_District" title="Vehari District">Vehari</a> </td> <td>69.10% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Talagang_District" title="Talagang District">Talagang</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Murree_District" title="Murree District">Murree</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taunsa_District" title="Taunsa District">Taunsa</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kot_Addu_District" title="Kot Addu District">Kot Addu</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wazirabad_District" title="Wazirabad District">Wazirabad</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a> </td> <td>95% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mean_Years_of_Schooling_in_Pakistan_by_administrative_unit">Mean Years of Schooling in Pakistan by administrative unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mean Years of Schooling in Pakistan by administrative unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>1995 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Jammu & Kashmir">Azad Jammu & Kashmir</a> </td> <td>3.78 </td> <td>4.59 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.42 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>7.47 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>7.22 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>7.35 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>6.92 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>6.51 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> </td> <td>1.77 </td> <td>2.15 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.53 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.49 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.25 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.14 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.17 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.10 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FATA" class="mw-redirect" title="FATA">FATA</a> </td> <td>1.42 </td> <td>1.73 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.04 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.81 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.71 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.69 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.60 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.45 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> </td> <td>2.01 </td> <td>2.44 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.88 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.97 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.84 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.80 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>4.59 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.17 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad (ICT)</a> </td> <td>4.16 </td> <td>5.05 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.96 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>8.21 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>9.67 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>10.70 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>9.62 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>8.34 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> </td> <td>1.83 </td> <td>2.22 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.62 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.62 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.80 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.97 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.95 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.82 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> </td> <td>1.96 </td> <td>2.38 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>2.81 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.88 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>4.44 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>4.85 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.23 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.41 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> </td> <td>2.43 </td> <td>2.95 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>3.48 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>4.79 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.19 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.51 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.35 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td>5.05 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></b> </td> <td><b>2.28</b> </td> <td><b>2.77</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><b>3.27</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><b>4.51</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><b>4.68</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><b>4.85</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><b>5.09</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><b>5.16</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy_rates_and_development">Literacy rates and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Literacy rates and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pakistan literacy rate is lower than other neighbours of it in South Asia at 62.8 percent. The second lowest in South Asia after Afghanistan which has 37% The male literacy rate is 73 percent and the female literacy rate is 52.84 percent. The female literacy rate drops to twenty-five percent in rural areas of Pakistan including Waziristan and Tharparkur . Girls' school enrollment also significantly drops in the rural areas of Pakistan. The enrollment rate for girls in rural areas is only twenty percent in grade school. Sixty-five percent of Pakistan's population is made up of rural citizens. Citizens in Pakistan face issues that affect their quality of life. Issues such as illiteracy are linked to poverty and lack of basic needs. Feudalism and patriarchy leadership has kept females especially from receiving adequate education.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parents with lower literacy skills struggle to understand health recommendations that can affect the development of their children. Malnutrition is a problem for children of parents who do not have a formal education status. Uneducated parents may not know the necessary proper nutrition needed for their children to adequately grow and develop. Malnutrition is associated with mothers who are illiterate and unaware of correct feeding practices.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several factors that contribute to the low education levels in Pakistan. Among the primary catalysts are unemployment, poverty, lack of awareness, teachers' absenteeism, a scarcity of quality educational institutions, and insufficient government oversight of educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study published by the Research Journal of Commerce, Economics, and Social Sciences, discusses the importance of education. The study compares Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan. Education plays a huge role and is a crucial tool for overall improvement in well-being. Education helps jobs, upholds social justice and equity, social and self-awareness, and open mindedness. Education is one of the most important contribution a country can offer its citizens in the hopes of inequality and poverty. Education has a very positive effect on human life. In any society education plays such a basic role and without education we cannot imagine a life. This study found that there are many differences in culture in Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan as well as resources within the country are also very different. The data reveals that the literacy rate of Indonesia is 90%, Malaysia is 89% and Pakistan is 62.8%, which is significantly lower in compared to the other two countries. In comparison to these other two countries, Pakistan has the more poverty and inequality within its country. It only makes sense that it has the lowest literacy rate because of this. If Pakistan's literacy rates were to go up, their poverty and inequality within their country would hopefully go down, creating a better society and more beneficial country.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_education">International education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: International education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the approval of the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Education of China, SICAS institutions have exemplified and classified Chinese universities where Pakistani students recognized by pmdc come to study in China<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through online methods As of January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed Pakistan as having 439 international schools.<sup id="cite_ref-iscresearch.com_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iscresearch.com-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation."<sup id="cite_ref-iscresearch.com_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iscresearch.com-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition is used by publications including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_educational_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's educational philosophy">Muhammad Iqbal's educational philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_units_of_Pakistan_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index">List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_education_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="List of special education institutions in Pakistan">List of special education institutions in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Pakistani textbooks controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Education_Pakistan" title="Right to Education Pakistan">Right to Education Pakistan</a>, an advocacy campaign</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Board_of_Education,_Pakistan" title="Catholic Board of Education, Pakistan">Catholic Board of Education, Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_national.pdf">"TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</a></i>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=TABLE+12+%3A+LITERACY+RATE%2C+ENROLMENT+AND+OUT+OF+SCHOOL+POPULATION+BY+SEX+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN%2C+CENSUS-2023&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Ftable_12_national.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoE_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoE_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoE_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoE_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183659/http://www.moe.gov.pk/Pakistan%20Education%20Statistics%2007-08.pdf">"Ministry of Education, Pakistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.pk/Pakistan%20Education%20Statistics%2007-08.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.pk%2FPakistan%2520Education%2520Statistics%252007-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1333523681_951.pdf">"Constitution of Pakistan Artikel 25A (English translation)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. na.gov.pk. 28 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Pakistan+Artikel+25A+%28English+translation%29&rft.pub=na.gov.pk&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fna.gov.pk%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2F1333523681_951.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansberry2023" class="citation web cs1">Hansberry, Cate (15 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/empowering-pakistans-youth-to-address-climate-change-risks/">"Empowering Pakistan's youth to address climate change risks"</a>. <i>Atlantic Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Empowering+Pakistan%27s+youth+to+address+climate+change+risks&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft.aulast=Hansberry&rft.aufirst=Cate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fin-depth-research-reports%2Fissue-brief%2Fempowering-pakistans-youth-to-address-climate-change-risks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712014457/http://pgc.edu/blog/education-system-pakistan/">"Education System in Pakistan Problems, Issues & Solutions"</a>. <i>pgc.edu</i>. 17 November 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pgc.edu/blog/education-system-pakistan/">the original</a> on 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pgc.edu&rft.atitle=Education+System+in+Pakistan+Problems%2C+Issues+%26+Solutions&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpgc.edu%2Fblog%2Feducation-system-pakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Blood1994" class="citation web cs1">Peter Blood, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/42.htm">"[Pakistan – EDUCATION]"</a>. <i>Pakistan: A Country Study</i>. GPO for the Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.atitle=%5BPakistan+%E2%80%93+EDUCATION%5D&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpakistan%2F42.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hec.gov.pk/english/pages/home.aspx">"Home"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hec.gov.pk%2Fenglish%2Fpages%2Fhome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hec.gov.pk/english/aboutus/Documents/455_HECOrdinance.pdf">The Gazette of Pakistan</a> hec.gov.pk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilm.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-information/pakistan-literacy-rate/">"Literacy Rate in Pakistan Province Wise | Pakistan Literacy Rate"</a>. Ilm.com.pk. 28 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literacy+Rate+in+Pakistan+Province+Wise+%26%23124%3B+Pakistan+Literacy+Rate&rft.pub=Ilm.com.pk&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Film.com.pk%2Fpakistan%2Fpakistan-information%2Fpakistan-literacy-rate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//pslm/publications/PSLM_2014-15_National-Provincial-District_report.pdf">"Pakistan Social And Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2014–15 Provincial / District"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Social+And+Living+Standards+Measurement+Survey+%28PSLM%29+2014%E2%80%9315+Provincial+%2F+District&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpslm%2Fpublications%2FPSLM_2014-15_National-Provincial-District_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fata.gov.pk-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fata.gov.pk_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816015355/http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffata.gov.pk%2Ffiles%2FMICS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune.com.pk-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribune.com.pk_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribune.com.pk_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Pervez_Tahir" class="citation news cs1">Dr Pervez Tahir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1468026/education-spending-ajk/">"Education spending in AJK"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Education+spending+in+AJK&rft.au=Dr+Pervez+Tahir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1468026%2Feducation-spending-ajk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/education">"Education"</a>. <i>www.unicef.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fpakistan%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/world/graduates-face-higher-unemployment-in-pakistan-here-s-why-11681085527407.html">"Graduates face higher unemployment in Pakistan - here's why"</a>. <i>mint</i>. 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mint&rft.atitle=Graduates+face+higher+unemployment+in+Pakistan+-+here%27s+why&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgraduates-face-higher-unemployment-in-pakistan-here-s-why-11681085527407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed2021" class="citation news cs1">Saeed, Barkan (4 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1649873">"Strengthening IT skills"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Strengthening+IT+skills&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Barkan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1649873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuteville2009" class="citation news cs1">Stuteville, Sarah (16 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009670134_pakistanschool16.html">"seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009670134_pakistanschool16.html"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Flocalnews%2F2009670134_pakistanschool16.html&rft.date=2009-08-16&rft.aulast=Stuteville&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Flocalnews%2F2009670134_pakistanschool16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO Institute for Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=3340&IF_Language=eng">"Adjusted net enrolment ratio in primary education"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adjusted+net+enrolment+ratio+in+primary+education&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D3340%26IF_Language%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaigJavedSiddiquahKhanam2021" class="citation journal cs1">Baig, Sana; Javed, Fareeha; Siddiquah, Aishah; Khanam, Afifa (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211023159">"A Content Analysis of English Textbook of Punjab Textbook Board of Grade 8 in Pakistan"</a>. <i>SAGE Open</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211023159">10.1177/21582440211023159</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=A+Content+Analysis+of+English+Textbook+of+Punjab+Textbook+Board+of+Grade+8+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F21582440211023159&rft.aulast=Baig&rft.aufirst=Sana&rft.au=Javed%2C+Fareeha&rft.au=Siddiquah%2C+Aishah&rft.au=Khanam%2C+Afifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F21582440211023159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasool_Memon_2007_47–55-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rasool_Memon_2007_47–55_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasool_Memon_2007_47–55_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasool_Memon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rasool Memon, Ghulam (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329221802/http://www.international.ac.uk/resources/Education%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20The%20Key%20Issues,%20Problems%20and%20The%20New%20Challenges.pdf">"Education in Pakistan: The Key Issues, Problems and The New Challenges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Management and Social Sciences</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 47–55. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.ac.uk/resources/Education%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20The%20Key%20Issues,%20Problems%20and%20The%20New%20Challenges.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Education+in+Pakistan%3A+The+Key+Issues%2C+Problems+and+The+New+Challenges&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-55&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rasool+Memon&rft.aufirst=Ghulam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.ac.uk%2Fresources%2FEducation%2520in%2520Pakistan%2520-%2520The%2520Key%2520Issues%2C%2520Problems%2520and%2520The%2520New%2520Challenges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samaa.tv/news/2021/01/sindh-increases-total-marks-for-matric-board-exams-to-1100/">"Sindh increases total marks for matric board exams to 1,100 | SAMAA"</a>. <i>Samaa TV</i>. 9 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samaa+TV&rft.atitle=Sindh+increases+total+marks+for+matric+board+exams+to+1%2C100+%26%23124%3B+SAMAA&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samaa.tv%2Fnews%2F2021%2F01%2Fsindh-increases-total-marks-for-matric-board-exams-to-1100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEVOC-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNEVOC_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEVOC_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEVOC_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=PAK">"Vocational education in Pakistan"</a>. UNESCO-UNEVOC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vocational+education+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=UNESCO-UNEVOC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unevoc.unesco.org%2Fgo.php%3Fq%3DWorld%2BTVET%2BDatabase%26ct%3DPAK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_2009_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_2009_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/ged09-en.pdf"><i>Global Education Digest 2009</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Education+Digest+2009&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uis.unesco.org%2FLibrary%2FDocuments%2Fged09-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912051457/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+cabinet+approves+education+policy+2009-za-08">"DAWN.COM | Pakistan | Education to be allocated seven pc of GDP"</a>. <i>www.dawn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+cabinet+approves+education+policy+2009-za-08">the original</a> on 12 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dawn.com&rft.atitle=DAWN.COM+%26%23124%3B+Pakistan+%26%23124%3B+Education+to+be+allocated+seven+pc+of+GDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fdawn-content-library%2Fdawn%2Fnews%2Fpakistan%2F13%2Bcabinet%2Bapproves%2Beducation%2Bpolicy%2B2009-za-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anil_Teacher_Education_in_Pakistan_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil2019" class="citation book cs1">Anil, Khmais (2019). "Teacher Education in Pakistan". In Karras, K. G.; Wolhuter, Charl C. (eds.). <i>International Handbook of Teacher Education</i>. HM Studies and Publishing. pp. 675–692. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9963-2415-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9963-2415-6-9"><bdi>978-9963-2415-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teacher+Education+in+Pakistan&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Teacher+Education&rft.pages=675-692&rft.pub=HM+Studies+and+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9963-2415-6-9&rft.aulast=Anil&rft.aufirst=Khmais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt050309-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt050309_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernise2009" class="citation news cs1">Tavernise, Sabrina (3 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/04/world/asia/04schools.html">"Pakistan's Islamic Schools Fill Void, but Fuel Militancy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Islamic+Schools+Fill+Void%2C+but+Fuel+Militancy&rft.date=2009-05-03&rft.aulast=Tavernise&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F04%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F04schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoinFatima2018-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoinFatima2018_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoinFatima2018_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoinFatimaQadir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Moin, Ariba; Fatima, Huda; Qadir, Tooba Fatima (3 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2214-109x%2817%2930498-9">"Pakistan's slow progress towards gender parity"</a>. <i>The Lancet Global Health</i>. <b>6</b> (2): e144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2214-109x%2817%2930498-9">10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30498-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389536">29389536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Global+Health&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+slow+progress+towards+gender+parity&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e144&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs2214-109x%2817%2930498-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29389536&rft.aulast=Moin&rft.aufirst=Ariba&rft.au=Fatima%2C+Huda&rft.au=Qadir%2C+Tooba+Fatima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs2214-109x%252817%252930498-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EFA_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFA_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Youth and Skills: Putting Education to Work</i>. UNESCO. 2012. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54676%2FLIIT3478">10.54676/LIIT3478</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104240-9"><bdi>978-92-3-104240-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+and+Skills%3A+Putting+Education+to+Work&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.54676%2FLIIT3478&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104240-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareer" class="citation web cs1">Career, Karwan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.careerkarwan.com/articles/education-for-woman-themed-low">"Why education themed low for women?"</a>. <i>www. careerkarwan.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.+careerkarwan.com&rft.atitle=Why+education+themed+low+for+women%3F&rft.aulast=Career&rft.aufirst=Karwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.careerkarwan.com%2Farticles%2Feducation-for-woman-themed-low&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TasnimKhan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TasnimKhan_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TasnimKhan_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanKhan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Tasnim; Khan, Rana Ejaz Ali (30 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jorurdu.bzu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5e83d8fe8dbac/page">"Gender Disparity in Education-Extent, Trends and Factors"</a>. <i>Journal of Research (Languages and Islamic Studies)</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 27–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+%28Languages+and+Islamic+Studies%29&rft.atitle=Gender+Disparity+in+Education-Extent%2C+Trends+and+Factors&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-42&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Tasnim&rft.au=Khan%2C+Rana+Ejaz+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjorurdu.bzu.edu.pk%2Fwebsite%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2F5e83d8fe8dbac%2Fpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bizenjo2020-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bizenjo2020_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bizenjo2020_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bizenjo2020_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBizenjo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bizenjo, Sikander (September 2020). "Education in Pakistan: Are low-cost private schools closing the gender gap?". <i>International Journal of Educational Development</i>. <b>77</b>: 102209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijedudev.2020.102209">10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102209</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225283913">225283913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Educational+Development&rft.atitle=Education+in+Pakistan%3A+Are+low-cost+private+schools+closing+the+gender+gap%3F&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=102209&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijedudev.2020.102209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225283913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bizenjo&rft.aufirst=Sikander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lall2009-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lall2009_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lall2009_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLall2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lall, Marie (April 2009). "Gender and Education in Pakistan: The Shifting Dynamics across Ethnic Groups". <i>Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 114–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1754-9469.2009.01032.x">10.1111/j.1754-9469.2009.01032.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Education+in+Pakistan%3A+The+Shifting+Dynamics+across+Ethnic+Groups&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-121&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1754-9469.2009.01032.x&rft.aulast=Lall&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjumMuazzam2018" class="citation journal cs1">Anjum, Ambreen; Muazzam, Amina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pjprnip.edu.pk/index.php/pjpr/article/view/371">"The Gendered Nature of Workplace Bullying in the Context of Higher Education"</a>. <i>Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 493–506. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA676633854">A676633854</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2240045639">2240045639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+Psychological+Research&rft.atitle=The+Gendered+Nature+of+Workplace+Bullying+in+the+Context+of+Higher+Education&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=493-506&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Anjum&rft.aufirst=Ambreen&rft.au=Muazzam%2C+Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjprnip.edu.pk%2Findex.php%2Fpjpr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakaria2013" class="citation news cs1">Zakaria, Rafia (26 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1032070">"The doctor brides"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=The+doctor+brides&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.aulast=Zakaria&rft.aufirst=Rafia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1032070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34042751">"Are Pakistan's female medical students to be doctors or wives?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Are+Pakistan%27s+female+medical+students+to+be+doctors+or+wives%3F&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34042751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/08/30/pakistan-sees-high-rate-of-female-medical-students-but-few-doctors/">"Pakistan sees high rate of female medical students, but few doctors"</a>. <i>Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW</i>. 30 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+in+the+World+in+Association+with+The+New+York+Times+%E2%80%93+WITW&rft.atitle=Pakistan+sees+high+rate+of+female+medical+students%2C+but+few+doctors&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnytlive.nytimes.com%2Fwomenintheworld%2F2015%2F08%2F30%2Fpakistan-sees-high-rate-of-female-medical-students-but-few-doctors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/is-there-a-doctor-in-the-house-in-pakistan-quite-possibly-1.305653">"Is there a doctor in the house? In Pakistan, quite possibly"</a>. <i>The National</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+doctor+in+the+house%3F+In+Pakistan%2C+quite+possibly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fis-there-a-doctor-in-the-house-in-pakistan-quite-possibly-1.305653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162015/http://blogs.jpmsonline.com/2014/11/08/the-pmdc-quota-rule-a-boon-or-a-bane-for-pakistans-healthcare-future/">"The PMDC Quota Rule: A Boon or a Bane for Pakistan's Healthcare Future?"</a>. <i>JPMS Medical Blogs</i>. 8 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.jpmsonline.com/2014/11/08/the-pmdc-quota-rule-a-boon-or-a-bane-for-pakistans-healthcare-future/">the original</a> on 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JPMS+Medical+Blogs&rft.atitle=The+PMDC+Quota+Rule%3A+A+Boon+or+a+Bane+for+Pakistan%27s+Healthcare+Future%3F&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.jpmsonline.com%2F2014%2F11%2F08%2Fthe-pmdc-quota-rule-a-boon-or-a-bane-for-pakistans-healthcare-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (July 2024)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbid2014" class="citation news cs1">Abid, Abdul Majeed (22 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1139639">"Female doctors becoming 'trophy' wives: Is quota the right move?"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Female+doctors+becoming+%27trophy%27+wives%3A+Is+quota+the+right+move%3F&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft.aulast=Abid&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Majeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1139639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sys.lhc.gov.pk/appjudgments/2014LHC6198.pdf">"Asma Javaid, etc. vs. Government of Punjab, etc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asma+Javaid%2C+etc.+vs.+Government+of+Punjab%2C+etc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsys.lhc.gov.pk%2Fappjudgments%2F2014LHC6198.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/law-journal/controlling-entry-male-and-female-students-medical-and-dental-colleges">"Controlling the Entry of Male and Female Students in Medical and Dental Colleges"</a>. <i>Shaikh Ahmad Hassan School of Law</i>. 30 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shaikh+Ahmad+Hassan+School+of+Law&rft.atitle=Controlling+the+Entry+of+Male+and+Female+Students+in+Medical+and+Dental+Colleges&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahsol.lums.edu.pk%2Flaw-journal%2Fcontrolling-entry-male-and-female-students-medical-and-dental-colleges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasood2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Masood, Ayesha (2017). <i>A Doctor in the House: Balancing Work and Care in the Life of Women Doctors in Pakistan</i> (Thesis). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1897020389">1897020389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Doctor+in+the+House%3A+Balancing+Work+and+Care+in+the+Life+of+Women+Doctors+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Masood&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegam,_A.Mujahid,_N2019" class="citation journal cs1">Begam, A.; Mujahid, N (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29052%2F2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.43-62">"An Assessment of Gender Inequality: A Case Study of Pakistan"</a>. <i>International Journal of Women Empowerment</i>. <b>05</b> (1): 43–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29052%2F2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.43-62">10.29052/2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.43-62</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Women+Empowerment&rft.atitle=An+Assessment+of+Gender+Inequality%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Pakistan&rft.volume=05&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-62&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29052%2F2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.43-62&rft.au=Begam%2C+A.&rft.au=Mujahid%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.29052%252F2413-4252.v5.i1.2019.43-62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedding2019" class="citation ssrn cs1">Redding, Jeffrey A. (20 November 2019). "The Pakistan Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act of 2018 and its Impact on the Law of Gender in Pakistan". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3490418">3490418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=The+Pakistan+Transgender+Persons+%28Protection+of+Rights%29+Act+of+2018+and+its+Impact+on+the+Law+of+Gender+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3490418%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Redding&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsmanRashidAtifHydrie2018" class="citation journal cs1">Usman, Hassan Bin; Rashid, Farah; Atif, Iffat; Hydrie, Muhammad Zafar; Bin, Muhammad Waleed; Muzaffar, Hafiz Zeeshan; Rehman, Abdul; Anjum, Sohail; Mehroz, Muhammad Bin; Haider, Ali; Hassan, Ahmed; Shukar, Hassaan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6191260">"Challenges faced by marginalized communities such as transgenders in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Pan African Medical Journal</i>. <b>30</b>: 96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11604%2Fpamj.2018.30.96.12818">10.11604/pamj.2018.30.96.12818</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6191260">6191260</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30344880">30344880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pan+African+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Challenges+faced+by+marginalized+communities+such+as+transgenders+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6191260%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30344880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11604%2Fpamj.2018.30.96.12818&rft.aulast=Usman&rft.aufirst=Hassan+Bin&rft.au=Rashid%2C+Farah&rft.au=Atif%2C+Iffat&rft.au=Hydrie%2C+Muhammad+Zafar&rft.au=Bin%2C+Muhammad+Waleed&rft.au=Muzaffar%2C+Hafiz+Zeeshan&rft.au=Rehman%2C+Abdul&rft.au=Anjum%2C+Sohail&rft.au=Mehroz%2C+Muhammad+Bin&rft.au=Haider%2C+Ali&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Ahmed&rft.au=Shukar%2C+Hassaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6191260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fruit-chat.com/pakistan/educational-system-of-pakistan/">"Educational System of Pakistan ...The Dark side"</a>. <i>fruit-chat.com</i>. 14 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fruit-chat.com&rft.atitle=Educational+System+of+Pakistan+...The+Dark+side&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffruit-chat.com%2Fpakistan%2Feducational-system-of-pakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mahmood, Khalid (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ue.edu.pk/jrre/articles/82008.pdf">"The Silent Revolution: Rethinking Teacher Education in Pakistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Research & Reflections in Education</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 146–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+%26+Reflections+in+Education&rft.atitle=The+Silent+Revolution%3A+Rethinking+Teacher+Education+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-161&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fue.edu.pk%2Fjrre%2Farticles%2F82008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidKhan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Khalid, Salim Mansur; Khan, M. Fayyaz (2006). "Pakistan: the State of Education". <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>96</b> (2): 305–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2006.00130.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2006.00130.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+the+State+of+Education&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-322&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2006.00130.x&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Salim+Mansur&rft.au=Khan%2C+M.+Fayyaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadruddin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sadruddin, Munir Moosa (June 2017). "Teaching human rights through global education to teachers in Pakistan". <i>Prospects</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 73–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11125-018-9425-1">10.1007/s11125-018-9425-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148599083">148599083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospects&rft.atitle=Teaching+human+rights+through+global+education+to+teachers+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-86&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11125-018-9425-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148599083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sadruddin&rft.aufirst=Munir+Moosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilshad2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dilshad, Rana Muhammad (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJSS/Vol30No12010/Final_PJSS-30-1-08.pdf">"Assessing Quality of Teacher Education: A Student Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS)</i> (1): 85–97<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+%28PJSS%29&rft.atitle=Assessing+Quality+of+Teacher+Education%3A+A+Student+Perspective&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-97&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dilshad&rft.aufirst=Rana+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bzu.edu.pk%2FPJSS%2FVol30No12010%2FFinal_PJSS-30-1-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMemon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Memon, G. Rasool (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617012853/http://www.ilmauniversity.edu.pk/assets/custom/journal/jbs/3.1/5.%20Education%20in%20Pakistan-The%20Key%20Issues,%20Problems%20and%20The%20New%20Challenges.pdf">"Education in Pakistan: The Key Issues, Problems and The New Challenges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Management and Social Sciences</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 47–55. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilmauniversity.edu.pk/assets/custom/journal/jbs/3.1/5.%20Education%20in%20Pakistan-The%20Key%20Issues,%20Problems%20and%20The%20New%20Challenges.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Education+in+Pakistan%3A+The+Key+Issues%2C+Problems+and+The+New+Challenges&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-55&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Memon&rft.aufirst=G.+Rasool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilmauniversity.edu.pk%2Fassets%2Fcustom%2Fjournal%2Fjbs%2F3.1%2F5.%2520Education%2520in%2520Pakistan-The%2520Key%2520Issues%2C%2520Problems%2520and%2520The%2520New%2520Challenges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNooruddin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nooruddin, Shirin (30 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22555%2Fjoeed.v4i1.1345">"Technical and Vocational Education and Training for Economic Growth in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Journal of Education and Educational Development</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 130–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22555%2Fjoeed.v4i1.1345">10.22555/joeed.v4i1.1345</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+and+Educational+Development&rft.atitle=Technical+and+Vocational+Education+and+Training+for+Economic+Growth+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-141&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22555%2Fjoeed.v4i1.1345&rft.aulast=Nooruddin&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22555%252Fjoeed.v4i1.1345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Ambreen_AnjumDr._Aisha_ShoukatDr._Amina_MuazzamDr._Bisma_Ejaz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dr. Ambreen Anjum; Dr. Aisha Shoukat; Dr. Amina Muazzam; Dr. Bisma Ejaz (19 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46662%2Fjass-vol7-iss1-2020%2821-27%29">"Emotional Intelligence and Life Satisfaction of Teachers Working at Special Education Institutions of Bahawalpur, Pakistan"</a>. <i>Journal of Arts & Social Sciences</i>: 21–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46662%2Fjass-vol7-iss1-2020%2821-27%29">10.46662/jass-vol7-iss1-2020(21-27)</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arts+%26+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Emotional+Intelligence+and+Life+Satisfaction+of+Teachers+Working+at+Special+Education+Institutions+of+Bahawalpur%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=21-27&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46662%2Fjass-vol7-iss1-2020%2821-27%29&rft.au=Dr.+Ambreen+Anjum&rft.au=Dr.+Aisha+Shoukat&rft.au=Dr.+Amina+Muazzam&rft.au=Dr.+Bisma+Ejaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.46662%252Fjass-vol7-iss1-2020%252821-27%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-post_teleschool-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-post_teleschool_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-post_teleschool_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-post_teleschool_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-post_teleschool_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge" class="citation news cs1">George, Susannah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistan-coronavirus-education-teleschool/2020/05/18/9ee159a8-8eee-11ea-9322-a29e75effc93_story.html">"In the world's fifth most populous country, distance learning is a single television channel"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+the+world%27s+fifth+most+populous+country%2C+distance+learning+is+a+single+television+channel&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fasia_pacific%2Fpakistan-coronavirus-education-teleschool%2F2020%2F05%2F18%2F9ee159a8-8eee-11ea-9322-a29e75effc93_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdnan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Adnan, Muhammad (22 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33902%2Fjpsp.2020261309">"Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students perspectives"</a>. <i>Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 45–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33902%2Fjpsp.2020261309">10.33902/jpsp.2020261309</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pedagogical+Sociology+and+Psychology&rft.atitle=Online+learning+amid+the+COVID-19+pandemic%3A+Students+perspectives&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-51&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33902%2Fjpsp.2020261309&rft.aulast=Adnan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33902%252Fjpsp.2020261309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkramAnjumBatool2020" class="citation journal cs1">Akram, Madieha; Anjum, Faiza; Batool, Zahira (10 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36941%2Fmjss-2020-0037">"Covid-19: A Reason behind Digital Education in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36941%2Fmjss-2020-0037">10.36941/mjss-2020-0037</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Covid-19%3A+A+Reason+behind+Digital+Education+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36941%2Fmjss-2020-0037&rft.aulast=Akram&rft.aufirst=Madieha&rft.au=Anjum%2C+Faiza&rft.au=Batool%2C+Zahira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36941%252Fmjss-2020-0037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakina_JumaniSufi_AminFateh_m._Mari2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sakina Jumani; Sufi Amin; Fateh m. Mari (2 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36261%2Fijdeel.v5i2.1043">"Role of Distance Education in Promotion of Women Education in Pakistan"</a>. <i>International Journal of Distance Education and E-Learning</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 74–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36261%2Fijdeel.v5i2.1043">10.36261/ijdeel.v5i2.1043</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Distance+Education+and+E-Learning&rft.atitle=Role+of+Distance+Education+in+Promotion+of+Women+Education+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=74-85&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36261%2Fijdeel.v5i2.1043&rft.au=Sakina+Jumani&rft.au=Sufi+Amin&rft.au=Fateh+m.+Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36261%252Fijdeel.v5i2.1043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasreenAfzal2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nasreen, Khalida; Afzal, Muhammad Tanveer (3 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FAAOUJ-11-2019-0052">"Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in higher education: a SWOT analysis of Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad (Pakistan)"</a>. <i>Asian Association of Open Universities Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 321–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FAAOUJ-11-2019-0052">10.1108/AAOUJ-11-2019-0052</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Association+of+Open+Universities+Journal&rft.atitle=Strengths%2C+weaknesses%2C+opportunities+and+threats+in+higher+education%3A+a+SWOT+analysis+of+Allama+Iqbal+Open+University+Islamabad+%28Pakistan%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-333&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FAAOUJ-11-2019-0052&rft.aulast=Nasreen&rft.aufirst=Khalida&rft.au=Afzal%2C+Muhammad+Tanveer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%252FAAOUJ-11-2019-0052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CERN_Courier-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CERN_Courier_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshfaq_Ahmad1998" class="citation web cs1">Ishfaq Ahmad (21 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28934l">"CERN and Pakistan: a personal perspective"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CERN_Courier" title="CERN Courier">CERN Courier</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN+Courier&rft.atitle=CERN+and+Pakistan%3A+a+personal+perspective&rft.date=1998-11-21&rft.au=Ishfaq+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcerncourier.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fcern%2F28934l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddin1998" class="citation web cs1">Riazuddin (21 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.ictp.it/pio/words/newsletter/backissues/News_90/dateline.html/?searchterm=Riazuddin">"Pakistan Physics Centre"</a>. <i>ICTP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICTP&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Physics+Centre&rft.date=1998-11-21&rft.au=Riazuddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.ictp.it%2Fpio%2Fwords%2Fnewsletter%2Fbackissues%2FNews_90%2Fdateline.html%2F%3Fsearchterm%3DRiazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817040418/https://scholar.google.com.pk/citations?user=mgZMEE0AAAAJ&hl=en">"Atta Ur-Rahman"</a>. <i>scholar.google.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com.pk/citations?user=mgZMEE0AAAAJ&hl=en">the original</a> on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scholar.google.com&rft.atitle=Atta+Ur-Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com.pk%2Fcitations%3Fuser%3DmgZMEE0AAAAJ%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/atta-ur-rahman-12136/">"Atta-Ur Rahman | Royal Society"</a>. <i>royalsociety.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=royalsociety.org&rft.atitle=Atta-Ur+Rahman+%7C+Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Fatta-ur-rahman-12136%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/soc.culture.pakistan/GrLnPTSbOMQ/sqeZf-t9QKkJ">"Google Groups"</a>. <i>groups.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=groups.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%23%21msg%2Fsoc.culture.pakistan%2FGrLnPTSbOMQ%2FsqeZf-t9QKkJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules/special_issues/molecules_Atta-ur-Rahman">"Molecules"</a>. <i>www.mdpi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mdpi.com&rft.atitle=Molecules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fmolecules%2Fspecial_issues%2Fmolecules_Atta-ur-Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpecinfo.com/dr-atta-ur-rehman-receives-the-china-international-science-and-technology-cooperation-award-2020/#:~:text=Chinese%20President%20Xi%20Jinping%20bestowed,highest%20scientific%20award%20in%20China.">"Dr. Atta-ur-Rehman receives the China International Science and Technology Cooperation Award 2020"</a>. 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Atta-ur-Rehman+receives+the+China+International+Science+and+Technology+Cooperation+Award+2020&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpecinfo.com%2Fdr-atta-ur-rehman-receives-the-china-international-science-and-technology-cooperation-award-2020%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChinese%2520President%2520Xi%2520Jinping%2520bestowed%2Chighest%2520scientific%2520award%2520in%2520China.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/pgasite/documents/webpage/pga_061771.pdf">National Academies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartnership_(IAP)" class="citation web cs1">Partnership (IAP), the InterAcademy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interacademies.org/person/atta-ur-rahman">"Atta-ur Rahman"</a>. <i>www.interacademies.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.interacademies.org&rft.atitle=Atta-ur+Rahman&rft.aulast=Partnership+%28IAP%29&rft.aufirst=the+InterAcademy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interacademies.org%2Fperson%2Fatta-ur-rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1485803/15-noteworthy-guinness-world-records-that-make-pakistan-proud/">"Arfa Karim in Guinness Book"</a>. <i>Tribune.com.pk</i>. 23 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune.com.pk&rft.atitle=Arfa+Karim+in+Guinness+Book&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1485803%2F15-noteworthy-guinness-world-records-that-make-pakistan-proud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-technologypark-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-technologypark_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116101251/http://thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=87791&Cat=2">"Software Technology Park name changed to Arfa Software Technology Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="The News (Pakistan)">The News</a> (newspaper). 16 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=87791&Cat=2">the original</a> on 16 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Software+Technology+Park+name+changed+to+Arfa+Software+Technology+Park&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodaysPrintDetail.aspx%3FID%3D87791%26Cat%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2005" class="citation news cs1">Barker, Colin (20 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/9-year-old-earns-accolade-as-microsoft-pro/">"9-year-old earns accolade as Microsoft pro"</a>. <i>CNET</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=9-year-old+earns+accolade+as+Microsoft+pro&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Fservices-and-software%2F9-year-old-earns-accolade-as-microsoft-pro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remembering_Arfa-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Remembering_Arfa_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geekwire.com/2011/arfa">"Remembering a remarkable girl who made a mark on Microsoft"</a>. 30 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+a+remarkable+girl+who+made+a+mark+on+Microsoft&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geekwire.com%2F2011%2Farfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zartash.pk/arfa-karim-pakistans-pride/">"Arfa Karim Pakistan's Pride"</a>. <i>Zartsh Pakistan</i>. 2 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zartsh+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Arfa+Karim+Pakistan%27s+Pride&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzartash.pk%2Farfa-karim-pakistans-pride%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2005" class="citation news cs1">Bishop, Todd (13 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/in-smarts-she-s-a-perfect-10-1178306.php">"In smarts, she's a perfect 10"</a>. <i>Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=In+smarts%2C+she%27s+a+perfect+10&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2Fin-smarts-she-s-a-perfect-10-1178306.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421162716/https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/uofcpublications/RIA_fall08/RIA-Syed">"University of Calgary: Naweed Syed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/uofcpublications/RIA_fall08/RIA-Syed">the original</a> on 21 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Calgary%3A+Naweed+Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fnews%2Fuofcpublications%2FRIA_fall08%2FRIA-Syed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolyn_Abraham2010" class="citation news cs1">Carolyn Abraham (9 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/calgary-scientists-to-create-human-neurochip/article1368807/">"Calgary scientists to create human 'neurochip'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Calgary+scientists+to+create+human+%27neurochip%27&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft.au=Carolyn+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Fhealth-and-fitness%2Fcalgary-scientists-to-create-human-neurochip%2Farticle1368807%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaulSyedFromherz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kaul, R. Alexander; Syed, Naweed I.; Fromherz, Peter (2004). "Neuron-Semiconductor Chip with Chemical Synapse between Identified Neurons". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>92</b> (3): 038102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..92c8102K">2004PhRvL..92c8102K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.038102">10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.038102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14753914">14753914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Neuron-Semiconductor+Chip+with+Chemical+Synapse+between+Identified+Neurons&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=038102&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14753914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.038102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhRvL..92c8102K&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=R.+Alexander&rft.au=Syed%2C+Naweed+I.&rft.au=Fromherz%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venkatraman2012-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venkatraman2012_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venkatraman2012_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkatraman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Venkatraman, Vijaysree (June 2012). "Just Herself". <i>Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.caredit.a1200061">10.1126/science.caredit.a1200061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Just+Herself&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.caredit.a1200061&rft.aulast=Venkatraman&rft.aufirst=Vijaysree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacArthur_Foundation-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacArthur_Foundation_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macfound.org/fellows/35/">"Nergis Mavalvala - MacArthur Foundation"</a>. <i>MacArthur Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacArthur+Foundation&rft.atitle=Nergis+Mavalvala+-+MacArthur+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macfound.org%2Ffellows%2F35%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoStraddle-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoStraddle_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autostraddle.com/nergis-mavalvala-and-five-exceptional-stories-of-women-in-stem-329015/">"Nergis Mavalvala and Five Exceptional Stories Of Women In STEM"</a>. <i>AutoStraddle</i>. 24 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AutoStraddle&rft.atitle=Nergis+Mavalvala+and+Five+Exceptional+Stories+Of+Women+In+STEM&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autostraddle.com%2Fnergis-mavalvala-and-five-exceptional-stories-of-women-in-stem-329015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/18-Dec-2017/nergis-first-recipient-of-lahore-technology-award">"Nergis first recipient of Lahore Technology Award"</a>. <i>The Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Nergis+first+recipient+of+Lahore+Technology+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F18-Dec-2017%2Fnergis-first-recipient-of-lahore-technology-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1586589/1-itu-convocation-mits-nergis-mavalvala-given-lahore-technology-award/">"ITU convocation: MIT's Nergis Mavalvala given Lahore Technology Award – The Express Tribune"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 18 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=ITU+convocation%3A+MIT%27s+Nergis+Mavalvala+given+Lahore+Technology+Award+%E2%80%93+The+Express+Tribune&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1586589%2F1-itu-convocation-mits-nergis-mavalvala-given-lahore-technology-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIT2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIT2_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.mit.edu/people/mavalvala-nergis">"MIT Kavli Institute Directory – MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research"</a>. <i>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=MIT+Kavli+Institute+Directory+%E2%80%93+MIT+Kavli+Institute+for+Astrophysics+and+Space+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.mit.edu%2Fpeople%2Fmavalvala-nergis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHindu-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan2016" class="citation news cs1">Krishnan, Madhuvanti S. (25 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/read-about-nergis-mavalvala-who-made-the-news-last-week/article8280169.ece">"Making waves"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Making+waves&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=Madhuvanti+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fkids%2Fread-about-nergis-mavalvala-who-made-the-news-last-week%2Farticle8280169.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnews.ir/content/news/36066/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA">"An entrepreneurial and creative child is the cornerstone of society"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+entrepreneurial+and+creative+child+is+the+cornerstone+of+society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stnews.ir%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2F36066%2F%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25DA%25A9-%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A2%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2586-%25D9%2588-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aparat.com/v/7BqMG/knowcancer_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AF">"knowcancer سرطان را بشناسیم توسط دکتر محمد عرفان مقصود"</a>. <i>آپارات – سرویس اشتراک ویدیو</i> (in Persian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%E2%80%93+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9+%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88&rft.atitle=knowcancer+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7+%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aparat.com%2Fv%2F7BqMG%2Fknowcancer_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B4%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7_%25D8%25AF%25DA%25A9%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genesandcells.com/2018/05/20/dr-muhammad-irfan-maqsood-founder-of-gnc-has-been-awarded-as-young-entrepreneur-2018/">"Dr. Muhammad Irfan-Maqsood, Founder of GnC has been awarded as young entrepreneur 2018"</a>. Genes and cells<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dr.+Muhammad+Irfan-Maqsood%2C+Founder+of+GnC+has+been+awarded+as+young+entrepreneur+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenesandcells.com%2F2018%2F05%2F20%2Fdr-muhammad-irfan-maqsood-founder-of-gnc-has-been-awarded-as-young-entrepreneur-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616143429/https://istt.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=1&sub=18&tempname=Winnersjashnvareh&PageID=1956">"طراحان كسب و كار- بخش آزاد"</a>. <i>istt.ir</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istt.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=1&sub=18&tempname=Winnersjashnvareh&PageID=1956">the original</a> on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=istt.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1-+%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4+%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistt.ir%2FIndex.aspx%3Fpage_%3Dform%26lang%3D1%26sub%3D18%26tempname%3DWinnersjashnvareh%26PageID%3D1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/115831-No-improvement-witnessed-in-utilisation-of-education-budgets">"No improvement witnessed in utilisation of education budgets"</a>. The News. 28 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+improvement+witnessed+in+utilisation+of+education+budgets&rft.pub=The+News&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F115831-No-improvement-witnessed-in-utilisation-of-education-budgets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn.com-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dawn.com_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhawar_Ghumman" class="citation web cs1">Khawar Ghumman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912051457/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+cabinet+approves+education+policy+2009-za-08">"Education to be allocated seven pc of GDP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+cabinet+approves+education+policy+2009-za-08">the original</a> on 12 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+to+be+allocated+seven+pc+of+GDP&rft.au=Khawar+Ghumman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fdawn-content-library%2Fdawn%2Fnews%2Fpakistan%2F13%2Bcabinet%2Bapproves%2Beducation%2Bpolicy%2B2009-za-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/06-Sep-2009/punjab-govt-suggests-200pc-increase-in-edu-budget">"Punjab govt suggests 200pc increase in edu budget | Pakistan | News | Newspaper | Daily | English | Online"</a>. <i>www.nation.com.pk</i>. 6 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911084447/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/06-Sep-2009/Punjab-govt-suggests-200pc-increase-in-edu-budget">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nation.com.pk&rft.atitle=Punjab+govt+suggests+200pc+increase+in+edu+budget+%26%23124%3B+Pakistan+%26%23124%3B+News+%26%23124%3B+Newspaper+%26%23124%3B+Daily+%26%23124%3B+English+%26%23124%3B+Online&rft.date=2009-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F06-Sep-2009%2Fpunjab-govt-suggests-200pc-increase-in-edu-budget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazhar_Siraj2010" class="citation news cs1">Mazhar Siraj (4 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616114433/https://www.brecorder.com/index.php?show=&&id=1076881&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate=">"Increasing Education Expenditure to 7 percent of GDP in Pakistan: Eyes on the Miracle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Recorder" title="Business Recorder">Business Recorder</a></i>. Islamabad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?show=&&id=1076881&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate=">the original</a> on 16 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Recorder&rft.atitle=Increasing+Education+Expenditure+to+7+percent+of+GDP+in+Pakistan%3A+Eyes+on+the+Miracle&rft.date=2010-07-04&rft.au=Mazhar+Siraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brecorder.com%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3D%26%26id%3D1076881%26currPageNo%3D1%26query%3D%26search%3D%26term%3D%26supDate%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qschina.cn/en/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2018">"QS University Rankings for Asian 2018 | Top Universities"</a>. <i>www.qschina.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qschina.cn&rft.atitle=QS+University+Rankings+for+Asian+2018+%7C+Top+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qschina.cn%2Fen%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fasian-university-rankings%2F2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022&ved=2ahUKEwib2PyG0vD6AhVVBrkGHc45DowQFnoECBkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0bQU2-Dhb2idkFCF2IUJs0">"Top Universities QS World University Rankings 2022"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Universities+QS+World+University+Rankings+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2022%26ved%3D2ahUKEwib2PyG0vD6AhVVBrkGHc45DowQFnoECBkQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0bQU2-Dhb2idkFCF2IUJs0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asghar2013-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asghar2013_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asghar2013_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsghar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Asghar, Anila (26 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1936-6434-6-10">"Canadian and Pakistani Muslim teachers' perceptions of evolutionary science and evolution education"</a>. <i>Evolution: Education and Outreach</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1936-6434-6-10">10.1186/1936-6434-6-10</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14653656">14653656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3A+Education+and+Outreach&rft.atitle=Canadian+and+Pakistani+Muslim+teachers%27+perceptions+of+evolutionary+science+and+evolution+education&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1936-6434-6-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14653656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Asghar&rft.aufirst=Anila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252F1936-6434-6-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/469cbfc30.pdf">"Religious Minorities in Pakistan By Iftikhar H. Malik"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Minorities+in+Pakistan+By+Iftikhar+H.+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F469cbfc30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choudhry_2005_Pakistan_illiterates_95-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhry2005" class="citation report cs1">Choudhry, Munir Ahmed (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000145959">Pakistan: where and who are the world's illiterates?</a> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+where+and+who+are+the+world%27s+illiterates%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Choudhry&rft.aufirst=Munir+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000145959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesdoc.unesco.org/images-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesdoc.unesco.org/images_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesdoc.unesco.org/images_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesdoc.unesco.org/images_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001357/135793eb.pdf">"Literacy trends in Pakistan; 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literacy+trends+in+Pakistan%3B+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0013%2F001357%2F135793eb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pap.org.pk-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pap.org.pk_97-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141130074337/http://pap.org.pk/files/statisticalprofile.pdf">"Copy of Statistical Profile2.cdr"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pap.org.pk/files/statisticalprofile.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copy+of+Statistical+Profile2.cdr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pap.org.pk%2Ffiles%2Fstatisticalprofile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census.gov.pk-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov.pk_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census.gov.pk_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524062905/http://www.census.gov.pk/Literacy.htm">"Pakistan"</a>. CENSUS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov.pk/Literacy.htm">the original</a> on 24 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan&rft.pub=CENSUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov.pk%2FLiteracy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusainQasim2005" class="citation journal cs1">Husain, Fazal; Qasim, Muhammad Ali (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4166/">"Inequality in the Literacy Levels in Pakistan: Existence and Changes Overtime"</a>. <i>South Asia Economic Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 251–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F139156140500600206">10.1177/139156140500600206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Inequality+in+the+Literacy+Levels+in+Pakistan%3A+Existence+and+Changes+Overtime&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-264&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F139156140500600206&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Fazal&rft.au=Qasim%2C+Muhammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F4166%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzbfAAAAMAAJ&q=AJK+literacy+rate+1981+census+25.7%25">"AJK literacy rate 1981 census – Google Search"</a>. 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AJK+literacy+rate+1981+census+%E2%80%93+Google+Search&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMzbfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAJK%2Bliteracy%2Brate%2B1981%2Bcensus%2B25.7%2525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99WTTyxnkDYC&q=AJK+literacy+rate+1998+census&pg=PA12"><i>Human Rights Watch: "With Friends Like These..." – Human Rights Watch – Google Books</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch%3A+%22With+Friends+Like+These...%22+%E2%80%93+Human+Rights+Watch+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99WTTyxnkDYC%26q%3DAJK%2Bliteracy%2Brate%2B1998%2Bcensus%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn.com/wps-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawn.com/wps_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawn.com/wps_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626151641/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/in-paper-magazine/education/education-in-gilgit-and-baltistan-809">"DAWN.COM | Education | Education in Gilgit and Baltistan"</a>. 26 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/in-paper-magazine/education/education-in-gilgit-and-baltistan-809">the original</a> on 26 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAWN.COM+%26%23124%3B+Education+%26%23124%3B+Education+in+Gilgit+and+Baltistan&rft.date=2010-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fdawn-content-library%2Fdawn%2Fin-paper-magazine%2Feducation%2Feducation-in-gilgit-and-baltistan-809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_kp_districts.pdf">"TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+12+%3A+LITERACY+RATE%2C+ENROLMENT+AND+OUT+OF+SCHOOL+POPULATION+BY+SEX+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN%2C+CENSUS-2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Ftable_12_kp_districts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_sindh_districts.pdf">"TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+12+%3A+LITERACY+RATE%2C+ENROLMENT+AND+OUT+OF+SCHOOL+POPULATION+BY+SEX+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN%2C+CENSUS-2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Ftable_12_sindh_districts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_islamabad.pdf">"TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+12+%3A+LITERACY+RATE%2C+ENROLMENT+AND+OUT+OF+SCHOOL+POPULATION+BY+SEX+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN%2C+CENSUS-2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Ftable_12_islamabad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_balochistan_district.pdf">"TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+12+%3A+LITERACY+RATE%2C+ENROLMENT+AND+OUT+OF+SCHOOL+POPULATION+BY+SEX+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN%2C+CENSUS-2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Ftable_12_balochistan_district.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_districts.pdf">"TABLE 12 : LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+12+%3A+LITERACY+RATE%2C+ENROLMENT+AND+OUT+OF+SCHOOL+POPULATION+BY+SEX+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN%2C+CENSUS-2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Ftable_12_punjab_districts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224191524/http://www.umerkot.gos.pk/">"Historically & Geographically"</a>. District Government Umerkot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umerkot.gos.pk/">the original</a> on 24 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historically+%26+Geographically&rft.pub=District+Government+Umerkot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umerkot.gos.pk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nankana-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nankana_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/138586/nankana-becomes-district">"Nankana becomes district"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. Pakistan. 10 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Nankana+becomes+district&rft.date=2005-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F138586%2Fnankana-becomes-district&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/msch/PAK/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global">"Mean years schooling – Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>globaldatalab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Mean+years+schooling+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Fmsch%2FPAK%2F%3Finterpolation%3D0%26extrapolation%3D0%26nearest_real%3D0%26colour_scales%3Dglobal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatif2009" class="citation journal cs1">Latif, Amna (7 October 2009). "A Critical Analysis of School Enrollment and Literacy Rates of Girls and Women in Pakistan". <i>Educational Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (5): 424–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00131940903190477">10.1080/00131940903190477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145433706">145433706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Analysis+of+School+Enrollment+and+Literacy+Rates+of+Girls+and+Women+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=424-439&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00131940903190477&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145433706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=Amna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhattakIqbalGhazanfar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khattak, Umme K; Iqbal, Saima P; Ghazanfar, Haider (5 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498125">"The Role of Parents' Literacy in Malnutrition of Children Under the Age of Five Years in a Semi-Urban Community of Pakistan: A Case-Control Study"</a>. <i>Cureus</i>. <b>9</b> (6): e1316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.1316">10.7759/cureus.1316</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498125">5498125</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28690950">28690950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cureus&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Parents%27+Literacy+in+Malnutrition+of+Children+Under+the+Age+of+Five+Years+in+a+Semi-Urban+Community+of+Pakistan%3A+A+Case-Control+Study&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e1316&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5498125%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28690950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7759%2Fcureus.1316&rft.aulast=Khattak&rft.aufirst=Umme+K&rft.au=Iqbal%2C+Saima+P&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Haider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5498125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/08-Feb-2018/literacy-rate-in-pakistan">"Literacy rate in Pakistan"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. 7 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F08-Feb-2018%2Fliteracy-rate-in-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanHaseeb2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Farah; Haseeb, Muhammad (15 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24312%2Fparadigms110103">"Analysis of teacher training education program: A comparative study of Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan"</a>. <i>Paradigms</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 13–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24312%2Fparadigms110103">10.24312/paradigms110103</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paradigms&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+teacher+training+education+program%3A+A+comparative+study+of+Indonesia%2C+Malaysia+and+Pakistan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-17&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24312%2Fparadigms110103&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft.au=Haseeb%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24312%252Fparadigms110103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sicas.cn/Theme/study_Medicine_in_China/Contents_121004204158470.shtml">"Pakistani students studying in China"</a>. <i>www.sicas.cn/</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sicas.cn%2F&rft.atitle=Pakistani+students+studying+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sicas.cn%2FTheme%2Fstudy_Medicine_in_China%2FContents_121004204158470.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iscresearch.com/">"Home – ISC Research"</a>. <i>www.iscresearch.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iscresearch.com&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+ISC+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iscresearch.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iscresearch.com-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iscresearch.com_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iscresearch.com_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000123/http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx">"International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+School+Consultancy+Group+%3E+Information+%3E+ISC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iscresearch.com%2Finformation%2Fisc-news.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/international/2014/12/17/the-new-local">"The new local"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 17 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+new+local&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2014%2F12%2F17%2Fthe-new-local&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sultan Ali of Sawabi. <i>Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan</i> (2012)</li> <li>K.K. Aziz. (2004) <i>The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan.</i> Vanguard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-402-126-X" title="Special:BookSources/969-402-126-X">969-402-126-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hameed_Nayyar" title="Abdul Hameed Nayyar">Nayyar, A. H.</a> & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) <i>The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan – Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics.</i> Sustainable Development Policy Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109090607/http://www.sdpi.org/whats_new/reporton/State%20of%20Curr%26TextBooks.pdf">The Subtle Subversion</a></li> <li>Halai, Anjum (<a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a> Institute for Educational Development). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvs.gnowledge.org/episteme3/pro_pdfs/08-halai.pdf">Gender and Mathematics Education: Lessons from Pakistan</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140526074454/http://cvs.gnowledge.org/episteme3/pro_pdfs/08-halai.pdf">Archive</a>).</li> <li>Malik, Jamal. <i>Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan</i>. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Ali" title="Mubarak Ali">Mubarak Ali</a>. In the Shadow of history, Nigarshat, Lahore; History on Trial, Fiction House, Lahore, 1999; Tareekh Aur Nisabi Kutub, Fiction House, Lahore, 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Hoodbhoy" title="Pervez Hoodbhoy">Pervez Hoodbhoy</a> and A. H. Nayyar. Rewriting the history of Pakistan, in <i>Islam, Politics and the state: The Pakistan Experience</i>, Ed. Mohammad Asghar Khan, Zed Books, London, 1985.</li> <li>Rahman, Tariq. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qEucAAAAMAAJ"><i>Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan</i></a>. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597863-6">978-0-19-597863-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosser2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035259/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf"><i>Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curriculum+as+Destiny%3A+Forging+National+Identity+in+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Bangladesh&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Yvette+Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Fetd%2Fd%2F2003%2Frosseryc036%2Frosseryc036.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rubina Saigol. Knowledge and Identity – Articulation of Gender in Educational Discourse in Pakistan, ASR, Lahore 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Tariq Rahman</a>, <i>Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan</i> Karachi, Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprint. 2006</li> <li>Tariq Rahman, <i>Language, Ideology and Power: Language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India</i> Karachi, Oxford UP, 2002.</li> <li>Tariq Rahman, <i>Language and Politics in Pakistan</i> Karachi: Oxford UP, 1996. Rept. several times. see 2006 edition.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/oed/education/pakistan.html">World Bank Case Study on Primary Education in Pakistan</a></li> <li>Sarangapani, Padma M., and Rekha Pappu, eds. <i>Handbook of Education Systems in South Asia</i> (Springer Singapore, 2019).</li> <li>Tanweer, Bilal. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/may2007-weekly/nos-06-05-2007/dia.htm#2">Revisiting the Madrasa Question</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a></i>, 6 May 2007. About a talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_University_of_Management_Sciences" title="Lahore University of Management Sciences">Lahore University of Management Sciences</a> (LUMS), Pakistan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Education_in_Pakistan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Education in Pakistan">Education in Pakistan</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Pakistan.pdf">World Data on Education, IBE (2011)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055619/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Pakistan.pdf">Archived</a> 8 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – overview of Pakistan's education system</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=PAK">TVET in Pakistan, UNESCO-UNEVOC(2013)</a> – overview of the technical and vocational education system in Pakistan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/jan/10/pakistan-language-crisis">"Pakistan ruined by language myth"</a> – Zubeida Mustafa</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Education in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Education in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province/territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Education in Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa#Education" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan#Education" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh#Education" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li>Balochistan</li> <li>Azad Jammu and Kashmir</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islamabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Islamabad">Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karachi" title="Education in Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lahore" title="Education in Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lower_Dir_District" title="Education in Lower Dir District">Lower Dir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cadet_colleges_in_Pakistan" title="List of cadet colleges in Pakistan">Cadet colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of schools in Pakistan">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan" title="Madrassas in Pakistan">Madrassas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Pakistan" title="List of colleges in Pakistan">Intermediate colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="List of universities in Pakistan">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_institutes_in_Pakistan" title="List of research institutes in Pakistan">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_education_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="List of special education institutions in Pakistan">Special education institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accounting_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of accounting schools in Pakistan">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architecture_schools#Pakistan" title="List of architecture schools">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of business schools in Pakistan">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computing_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of computing schools in Pakistan">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dental_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of dental schools in Pakistan">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_universities_and_colleges_in_Pakistan" title="List of engineering universities and colleges in Pakistan">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of law schools in Pakistan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of medical schools in Pakistan">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nursing_schools_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Nursing schools in Pakistan">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmacy_schools_in_Pakistan" title="List of pharmacy schools in Pakistan">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_veterinary_medicine#Pakistan" title="List of schools of veterinary medicine">Veterinary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Abbottabad" title="List of educational institutions in Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Bahawalpur" title="List of educational institutions in Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Dera_Ghazi_Khan" title="List of educational institutions in Dera Ghazi Khan">DG Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Faisalabad" title="List of educational institutions in Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Gujranwala" title="List of educational institutions in Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Hyderabad,_Sindh" title="List of educational institutions in Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Islamabad" title="List of educational institutions in Islamabad">Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Jhelum" title="List of educational institutions in Jhelum">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Karachi" title="List of educational institutions in Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Lahore" title="List of educational institutions in Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Multan" title="List of educational institutions in Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Rawalpindi" title="List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Sahiwal" title="List of educational institutions in Sahiwal">Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutes_in_Sargodha" title="List of educational institutes in Sargodha">Sargodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Sialkot" title="List of educational institutions in Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Sukkur" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions in Sukkur">Sukkur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Federal_Education_and_Professional_Training" title="Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)">HEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_and_Technical_Training_Commission" title="National Vocational and Technical Training Commission">NAVTTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recognized_higher_education_accreditation_organizations" title="List of recognized higher education accreditation organizations">Accreditation bodies</a></li> <li>Professional bodies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Homeopathy" title="National Council for Homeopathy">NCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bar_Council" title="Pakistan Bar Council">PBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Council_for_Architects_and_Town_Planners" title="Pakistan Council for Architects and Town Planners">PCATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Pharmacy Council of Pakistan">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Engineering_Council" title="Pakistan Engineering Council">PEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medical_%26_Dental_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Medical & Dental Council">PMDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Nursing_Council" title="Pakistan Nursing Council">PNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Veterinary_Medical_Council" title="Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council">PVMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Learned_societies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Learned societies of Pakistan">Learned societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_boards_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational boards in Pakistan">Boards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Abbottabad" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AJK_Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Mirpur" title="AJK Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Mirpur">AJK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Bahawalpur" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Board_of_Education,_Pakistan" title="Catholic Board of Education, Pakistan">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Dera_Ghazi_Khan" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Dera Ghazi Khan">Dera Ghazi Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Faisalabad" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education" title="Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education">Federal Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Gujranwala" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Hyderabad" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_Education,_Karachi" title="Board of Intermediate Education, Karachi">Karachi (intermediate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Secondary_Education,_Karachi" title="Board of Secondary Education, Karachi">Karachi (secondary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Lahore" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Larkana" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Larkana">Larkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Multan" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Peshawar" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Peshawar">Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Rawalpindi" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Sahiwal" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Sahiwal">Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Sargodha" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Sargodha">Sargodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Swat" title="Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Swat">Swat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pakistan Academy of Sciences">PAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Educational_Research_Network" title="Pakistan Educational Research Network">PERN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Science_Foundation" title="Pakistan Science Foundation">PSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_student_federations_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of student federations of Pakistan">Student federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Testing_Service" title="National Testing Service">NTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Books and publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Textbooks controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daanish_Schools" title="Daanish Schools">Daanish Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dawood_Foundation" title="The Dawood Foundation">TDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Citizens_Foundation" title="The Citizens Foundation">TCF</a></li> <li>GCT</li> <li>READ Foundation</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_School" title="Pakistan International School">Pakistan International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education_in_Pakistan" title="Women's education in Pakistan">Women's education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Pakistan" title="Academic grading in Pakistan">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_educators" title="Category:Pakistani educators">Educators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_students_abroad" title="Pakistani students abroad">Pakistani students abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="Rankings of universities in Pakistan">Rankings of universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Education in Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education_in_Pakistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Education in Pakistan">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Asia" title="Template:Education in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Education in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="School_types" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools" title="Template:Schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools" title="Template talk:Schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="School_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">School</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_by_type" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schools by type">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Science and technology in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Science and technology in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology in Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan_Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Science and technology in Pakistan">Science and technology in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Science_%26_Technology_Park" title="National Aerospace Science & Technology Park">National Aerospace Science & Technology Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aeronautical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Space programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Antarctic_Programme" title="Pakistan Antarctic Programme">Antarctic program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Pakistan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Pakistan">Defence industry </a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan" title="Energy policy of Pakistan">Energy policy</a></li> <li>Non-renewable energy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Coal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Natural_Gas" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Renewable energy </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro-power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar energy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind energy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Information technology in Pakistan">Information technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputing_in_Pakistan" title="Supercomputing in Pakistan">Supercomputing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries">List of inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_scientists" title="List of Pakistani scientists">List of scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of metallurgy in South Asia">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Scientific and technological history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Pakistan" title="List of airlines of Pakistan">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highways_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highways of Pakistan">Highways </a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorways_of_Pakistan" title="Motorways of Pakistan">motorways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&oldid=1257721232">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&oldid=1257721232</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Education in Pakistan">Education in Pakistan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2024">Articles with dead external links from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from July 2024">Articles with self-published sources from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2024">Articles with dead external links from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)">CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Pakistani_English_from_January_2022" title="Category:Use Pakistani English from January 2022">Use Pakistani English from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Pakistani_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English">All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2007" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 09:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Pakistan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ftkqq","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.922","walltime":"2.249","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23050,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":443510,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14511,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":481921,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1728.396 1 -total"," 46.01% 795.319 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.90% 326.741 14 Template:Navbox"," 18.67% 322.771 59 Template:Cite_web"," 10.01% 173.072 27 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.17% 158.441 1 Template:Education_in_Asia"," 8.94% 154.582 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 7.82% 135.172 56 Template:Iso2country"," 7.42% 128.232 1 Template:Education_in_Pakistan"," 6.51% 112.443 23 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.925","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8100454,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nqzb9","timestamp":"20241122141210","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Education in Pakistan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education_in_Pakistan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3509532","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3509532","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-16T21:08:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T09:34:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e7\/Literacy_Rate_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg","headline":"overview about the education system in Pakistan"}</script> </body> </html>