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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Induction cooking: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induksie-kookplaat" title="Induksie-kookplaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Induksie-kookplaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="طبخ بالتحريض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبخ بالتحريض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocina_d%27inducci%C3%B3n" title="Cocina d'inducción – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cocina d'inducción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ইনডাকশ্যন কুকিং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইনডাকশ্যন কুকিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocina_d%27inducci%C3%B3n" title="Cocina d'inducción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cocina d'inducción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ইনডাকশন কুকিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইনডাকশন কুকিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Індукцыйная пліта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індукцыйная пліта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Котлон с индукционно нагряване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Котлон с индукционно нагряване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuina_d%27inducci%C3%B3" title="Cuina d'inducció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cuina d'inducció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induk%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_va%C5%99i%C4%8D" title="Indukční vařič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indukční vařič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induktionskochfeld" title="Induktionskochfeld – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Induktionskochfeld" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induktsioonpliit" title="Induktsioonpliit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Induktsioonpliit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Επαγωγική εστία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επαγωγική εστία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocina_de_inducci%C3%B3n" title="Cocina de inducción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cocina de inducción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indukta_kuirplato" title="Indukta kuirplato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indukta kuirplato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اجاق القایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اجاق القایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque_%C3%A0_induction" title="Plaque à induction – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plaque à induction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8D%95%EC%85%98%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80" title="인덕션레인지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인덕션레인지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornello_a_induzione" title="Fornello a induzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fornello a induzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="בישול אינדוקציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בישול אינדוקציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indukcijas_pl%C4%ABts" title="Indukcijas plīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indukcijas plīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indukci%C3%B3s_f%C5%91z%C3%A9s" title="Indukciós főzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indukciós főzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatapera_sovoka" title="Fatapera sovoka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fatapera sovoka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC" title="ഇൻഡക്ഷൻ കുക്കർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻഡക്ഷൻ കുക്കർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductiekookplaat" title="Inductiekookplaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inductiekookplaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%AA%BF%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="電磁調理器 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電磁調理器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induksjonstopp" title="Induksjonstopp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Induksjonstopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induksjonsomn" title="Induksjonsomn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Induksjonsomn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_indukcyjna" title="Kuchnia indukcyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia indukcyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog%C3%A3o_por_indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Fogão por indução – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fogão por indução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Индукционная плита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индукционная плита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indukcijska_kuhalna_plo%C5%A1%C4%8Da" title="Indukcijska kuhalna plošča – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indukcijska kuhalna plošča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induktionsh%C3%A4ll" title="Induktionshäll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Induktionshäll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Індукційна плита – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індукційна плита" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFp_c%E1%BA%A3m_%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Bếp cảm ứng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bếp cảm ứng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Induction_cooking&action=edit&oldid=1251069935" title="Induction cooking">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-10-14T06:57:39Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:ZoomingGuy2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:ZoomingGuy2 (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1251069935"><bdi>ZoomingGuy2</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:ZoomingGuy2" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:ZoomingGuy2">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/ZoomingGuy2" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/ZoomingGuy2">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>4</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Dummy edit, accidentally marked previous edit as minor</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit">Mobile web edit</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induction_cooking&diff=prev&oldid=1251069935" title="Induction cooking" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induction_cooking&oldid=1251386973" title="Induction cooking">Revision as of 21:58, 15 October 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induction_cooking&action=edit&oldid=1251386973" title="Induction cooking">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-10-15T21:58:30Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induction_cooking&action=edit&undoafter=1251069935&undo=1251386973" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Jhawkinson" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Jhawkinson" data-mw-revid="1251386973"><bdi>Jhawkinson</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jhawkinson" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Jhawkinson">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Jhawkinson" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Jhawkinson">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>3,532</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">revert previous after conversation on <a href="/wiki/User_talk:ZoomingGuy2" title="User talk:ZoomingGuy2">User talk:ZoomingGuy2</a></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-undo"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undo">Undo</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Induction_cooking&diff=next&oldid=1251386973" title="Induction cooking" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Cooking vessels with suitable bases are placed on an induction [[electric stove]] (also "induction hob" or "induction cooktop") which generally has a heat-proof glass-ceramic surface above a coil of copper wire with a [[low frequency|low radio frequency]] [[alternating current|alternating electric current]] passing through it. The resulting oscillating [[magnetic field]] induces an electrical current in the vessel. This large [[eddy current]] flowing through the resistance of a thin layer of metal in the base of the vessel results in [[resistive heating]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Cooking vessels with suitable bases are placed on an induction [[electric stove]] (also "induction hob" or "induction cooktop") which generally has a heat-proof glass-ceramic surface above a coil of copper wire with a [[low frequency|low radio frequency]] [[alternating current|alternating electric current]] passing through it. The resulting oscillating [[magnetic field]] induces an electrical current in the vessel. This large [[eddy current]] flowing through the resistance of a thin layer of metal in the base of the vessel results in [[resistive heating]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>For nearly all models of induction cooktops, a cooking vessel <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">should</del> be made of, or contain, a ferrous metal such as [[cast iron]] or some [[stainless steel]]s. The iron in the pot concentrates the current to produce heat in the metal<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">necessary</del> to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">improve</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">efficiency</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cooktop</del>. Induction tops will not heat copper or aluminum vessels<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> nearly as much as ferrous metals</del> because the magnetic field cannot produce a concentrated current. Any vessel can be used if placed on a suitable metal disk which functions as a conventional hotplate.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> <ref>https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/291347/why-can-induction-cooktops-not-use-aluminium-or-copper-utensils</ref></del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>For nearly all models of induction cooktops, a cooking vessel <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">must</ins> be made of, or contain, a ferrous metal such as [[cast iron]] or some [[stainless steel]]s. The iron in the pot concentrates the current to produce heat in the metal<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If the metal</ins> is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">too thin, or does not provide enough resistance</ins> to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">current</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">flow,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">heating</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">will</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">not</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be effective</ins>. Induction tops<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> typically</ins> will not heat copper or aluminum vessels because the magnetic field cannot produce a concentrated current<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, but cast iron, carbon steel and stainless steel pans usually work</ins>. Any vessel can be used if placed on a suitable metal disk which functions as a conventional hotplate.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div> </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Induction cooking has good [[coupling (electronics)|coupling]] between the pan and the coil and is thus quite efficient, which means it puts out less [[waste heat]] and it can be quickly turned on and off. Induction has safety advantages compared to gas stoves and outputs no air pollution into the kitchen. Cooktops are also usually easy to clean, because the cooktop itself has a smooth surface and does not get very hot.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Induction cooking has good [[coupling (electronics)|coupling]] between the pan and the coil and is thus quite efficient, which means it puts out less [[waste heat]] and it can be quickly turned on and off. Induction has safety advantages compared to gas stoves and outputs no air pollution into the kitchen. Cooktops are also usually easy to clean, because the cooktop itself has a smooth surface and does not get very hot.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 21:58, 15 October 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Direct induction heating of cooking vessels</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kookplaat_inductie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Glassy smooth featureless rectangular cooktop set nearly flush with a kitchen counter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kookplaat_inductie.JPG/220px-Kookplaat_inductie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kookplaat_inductie.JPG/330px-Kookplaat_inductie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kookplaat_inductie.JPG/440px-Kookplaat_inductie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Top view of an induction cooktop</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Induction cooking</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> process using direct electrical <a href="/wiki/Induction_heating" title="Induction heating">induction heating</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cooking_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking vessel">cooking vessels</a>, rather than relying on indirect <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convection_(heat_transfer)" title="Convection (heat transfer)">convection</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">thermal conduction</a>. Induction cooking allows high power and very rapid increases in temperature to be achieved: changes in heat settings are instantaneous.<sup id="cite_ref-acee_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooking vessels with suitable bases are placed on an induction <a href="/wiki/Electric_stove" title="Electric stove">electric stove</a> (also "induction hob" or "induction cooktop") which generally has a heat-proof glass-ceramic surface above a coil of copper wire with a <a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">low radio frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating electric current</a> passing through it. The resulting oscillating <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> induces an electrical current in the vessel. This large <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy current</a> flowing through the resistance of a thin layer of metal in the base of the vessel results in <a href="/wiki/Resistive_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistive heating">resistive heating</a>. </p><p>For nearly all models of induction cooktops, a cooking vessel must be made of, or contain, a ferrous metal such as <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> or some <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steels</a>. The iron in the pot concentrates the current to produce heat in the metal. If the metal is too thin, or does not provide enough resistance to current flow, heating will not be effective. Induction tops typically will not heat copper or aluminum vessels because the magnetic field cannot produce a concentrated current, but cast iron, carbon steel and stainless steel pans usually work. Any vessel can be used if placed on a suitable metal disk which functions as a conventional hotplate. </p><p>Induction cooking has good <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(electronics)" title="Coupling (electronics)">coupling</a> between the pan and the coil and is thus quite efficient, which means it puts out less <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> and it can be quickly turned on and off. Induction has safety advantages compared to gas stoves and outputs no air pollution into the kitchen. Cooktops are also usually easy to clean, because the cooktop itself has a smooth surface and does not get very hot. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The first patents were issued in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonstration stoves were shown by the <a href="/wiki/Frigidaire" title="Frigidaire">Frigidaire</a> division of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> in the mid-1950s<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a touring showcase. The induction cooker was shown heating a pot of water with a newspaper placed between the stove and the pot, to demonstrate the convenience and safety. This unit was never put into production. </p><p>Modern implementations came in the early 1970s, with work done at the Research & Development Center of <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreland73_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreland73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That work was first put on display at the 1971 <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> convention in Houston, Texas, as part of the Westinghouse Consumer Products Division display.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The stand-alone single-burner range was named the Cool Top Induction Range. It used parallel <a href="/wiki/Delco_Electronics" title="Delco Electronics">Delco Electronics</a> transistors developed for automotive electronic ignition systems to drive the 25 kHz current. </p><p>Westinghouse decided to make a few hundred production units to develop the market. Those were named Cool Top 2 (CT2) Induction ranges. The development work was done by a team led by Bill Moreland and Terry Malarkey. The ranges were priced at $1,500 ($11,050 in 2023 dollars), including a set of high quality cookware made of Quadraply, a new laminate of stainless steel, carbon steel, aluminum and another layer of stainless steel (outside to inside). Production began in 1973 and stopped in 1975. </p><p>CT2 had four "burners" of about 1,600 watts each. The surface was a <a href="/wiki/Pyroceram" title="Pyroceram">Pyroceram</a> ceramic sheet surrounded by a stainless-steel bezel, upon which four magnetic sliders adjusted four corresponding <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometers</a> below. That design, using no through-holes, made the range impervious to spills. The electronics section was made of four identical modules cooled by a single quiet, low-speed, high-torque fan. </p><p>In each of the electronics modules, the 240 V, 60 Hz domestic line power was converted to between 20 V to 200 V of continuously variable DC by a phase-controlled <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a>. That DC power was in turn converted to 27 kHz 30 A (peak) AC by two arrays of six paralleled <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> automotive-ignition transistors in a half-bridge configuration driving a series-resonant <a href="/wiki/LC_circuit" title="LC circuit">LC</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillator">oscillator</a>, of which the inductor component was the induction-heating coil and its load, the cooking pan. The circuit design, largely by Ray Mackenzie,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> successfully dealt with overload problems. </p><p>Control electronics included functions such as protection against over-heated cook-pans and overloads. Provision was made to reduce radiated electrical and magnetic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnetic pan detection was provided.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CT2 was <a href="/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwriters Laboratories">UL</a> Listed and received <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) approval, both firsts. Numerous patents were issued. CT2 won several awards, including <i>Industrial Research Magazine</i>'s IR-100 1972 best-product award <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a citation from the United States Steel Association. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Baxter" title="Raymond Baxter">Raymond Baxter</a> demonstrated the CT2 on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_World" title="Tomorrow's World">Tomorrow's World</a></i>. He showed how the CT2 could cook through a slab of ice. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_Appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenmore Appliances">Sears Kenmore</a> sold a free-standing oven/stove with four induction-cooking surfaces in the mid-1980s (Model Number 103.9647910). The unit also featured a <a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_oven" title="Self-cleaning oven">self-cleaning oven</a>, solid-state kitchen timer and capacitive-touch control buttons (advanced for its time). The units were more expensive than standard cooking surfaces. </p><p>In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> developed an all-metal induction cooker that used frequencies up to 120 kHz,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three to five times higher than other cooktops, to work with non-ferrous metal cookware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Induktionskochfeld_Spule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Induktionskochfeld_Spule.jpg/220px-Induktionskochfeld_Spule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Induktionskochfeld_Spule.jpg/330px-Induktionskochfeld_Spule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Induktionskochfeld_Spule.jpg/440px-Induktionskochfeld_Spule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Inside view of an induction cooker: the large copper coil forms the magnetic field, a cooling fan is visible below it, and power supply and <a href="/wiki/Line_filter" title="Line filter">line filter</a> surround the coil. In the centre of the coil is a temperature sensor, covered in white <a href="/wiki/Thermal_grease" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal grease">thermal grease</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InductionsStove_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ventilation slots visible. The unit has a small depth compared to the width of the stove." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/InductionsStove_3.jpg/220px-InductionsStove_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/InductionsStove_3.jpg/330px-InductionsStove_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/InductionsStove_3.jpg/440px-InductionsStove_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Side view of an induction stove.</figcaption></figure> <p>An induction cooker <a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer" title="Wireless power transfer">wirelessly transfers</a> electrical energy by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">induction</a> from a coil of wire into a metal vessel. The coil is mounted under the cooking surface, and a low radio frequency (typically ~25-50 kHz<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> is passed through it. The current in the coil creates a dynamic electromagnetic field which is strongly magnetic. When a suitable <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrically conductive</a> pot is brought close to the cooking surface, the oscillating field induces large <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy currents</a> in the pot. The coil has many turns, while the bottom of the pot effectively forms a single shorted turn. This forms a <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> that steps down the voltage and steps up the current. This large current flowing through the base of the pot produces heat through <a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a>; the hot pot then in turn heats its contents by <a href="/wiki/Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">heat conduction</a>. </p><p>For high efficiency there should be as little <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a> in the coil and as much as possible in the pan so that most of the heat is developed in the pan. </p><p>At the frequencies typically used in induction cooking, currents flow mostly on the outside of conductors (the <a href="/wiki/Skin_effect" title="Skin effect">skin effect</a>). Reducing the skin effect in the coil reduces its resistance and the heat wasted in the coil. Therefore, the coil is made from <a href="/wiki/Litz_wire" title="Litz wire">litz wire</a>, which is a bundle of many smaller insulated wires woven together in parallel. Litz wire reduces skin effect, and coil resistance, so that the coil stays cool. Conversely, increased skin effect in the cookware results in more efficient coupling, which is one of the factors making ferrous materials <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preferable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Induction_Cooktop_Rolling_Boil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pot of boiling water atop newspaper on an induction cooking surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Induction_Cooktop_Rolling_Boil.jpg/220px-Induction_Cooktop_Rolling_Boil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Induction_Cooktop_Rolling_Boil.jpg/330px-Induction_Cooktop_Rolling_Boil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Induction_Cooktop_Rolling_Boil.jpg/440px-Induction_Cooktop_Rolling_Boil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An induction cooking surface boiling water through several layers of newsprint. The paper is undamaged since heat is produced only in the bottom of the pot.</figcaption></figure> <p>Induction cooking provides fast heating, improved <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a>, and more consistent heating than cooking by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">thermal conduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the higher the power rating, the faster the cooking time. Induction cooktop power ratings are generally quoted for power delivered to the pan, whereas gas ratings are specified in terms of gas use, but gas is much less efficient. In practice, induction cook zones commonly have heating performance more comparable to a commercial <a href="/wiki/Gas_burner" title="Gas burner">gas burner</a> than domestic burners. Often a thermostat is present to measure the temperature of the pan. This helps prevent the pan from severely overheating if accidentally heated empty or boiled dry, but some models can allow the induction cooker to maintain a target temperature. </p><p>Induction cooker tops are generally a low-thermal expansion <a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">glass-ceramic</a>. The surface of the cooker is heated only by the pot and so does not usually reach a high temperature. The thermal conductivity of glass ceramics is poor so the heat does not spread far. Induction cookers are easy to clean because the cooking surface is flat and smooth and does not usually get hot enough to make spilled food burn and stick. The surface is brittle and can be damaged by sufficient impact although they must meet specified impact standards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noise is generated by an internal cooling fan. <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetically_induced_acoustic_noise_and_vibration" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetically induced acoustic noise and vibration">Electromagnetically induced acoustic noise and vibration</a> (a high-pitched hum or buzz) may be produced, especially at high power, if the cookware has loose parts or if the layers of the pot are not well bonded to each other; cookware with welded-in cladding layers and solid riveting is less likely to produce this type of noise. Some users are more capable of hearing (or more sensitive to) this high-frequency sound. </p><p>Some cooking techniques available when cooking over a flame are not applicable. Persons with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pacemaker">artificial pacemakers</a> or other electronic medical implants are usually instructed to avoid sources of magnetic fields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Radio receivers near the induction-cooking unit may pick up some <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>. Because the cooktop is shallow compared to a gas-fired or electrical coil cooking surface, wheelchair access can be improved; the user's legs can fit below the counter height while the user's arms reach over the top.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Energy lost from gas cooking heats the kitchen, whereas with induction cooking, energy losses are much lower. This results in less heating of the kitchen and reduces the required amount of ventilation. Gas stoves are a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor air pollution">indoor air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gas cooking efficiencies are lower once waste heat generation is taken into account. Especially in restaurants, gas cooking can significantly increase air temperature in localized areas. Extra cooling and zoned venting may be needed to adequately condition hot areas without overcooling other areas. In a commercial setting, induction cookers do not require safety interlocks between the fuel source and the ventilation, as may be required with gas systems. </p><p>Some units have touch-sensitive controls. Some have a memory setting, one per element, to control the time that heat is applied. At least one manufacturer makes a "zoneless" induction cooking surface with multiple induction coils. This allows up to five pots to be used at once anywhere on the cooking surface, rather than in pre-defined spots.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cookware">Cookware</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Induction-label-de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Induction-label-de.svg/220px-Induction-label-de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Induction-label-de.svg/330px-Induction-label-de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Induction-label-de.svg/440px-Induction-label-de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>Cookware may carry a symbol that identifies it as compatible with an induction cooktop.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_induction_hob_cooker_(Rankin_Kennedy,_Electrical_Installations,_Vol_II,_1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Line drawing of a kettle sitting on an E-shaped iron core, with a coil of wire around the center leg of the E" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Early_induction_hob_cooker_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_II%2C_1909%29.jpg/170px-Early_induction_hob_cooker_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_II%2C_1909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Early_induction_hob_cooker_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_II%2C_1909%29.jpg/255px-Early_induction_hob_cooker_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_II%2C_1909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Early_induction_hob_cooker_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_II%2C_1909%29.jpg/340px-Early_induction_hob_cooker_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_II%2C_1909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>An early induction cooker patent from 1909 illustrates the principle. Current in the coil of wire S induces a magnetic field in the magnetic core M. The magnetic field passes through the bottom of the pot A, inducing eddy currents within it. Unlike this concept, a modern cooking surface uses electronically generated high-frequency current.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cool_Top_2_induction_cooktop_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cool_Top_2_induction_cooktop_1972.jpg/220px-Cool_Top_2_induction_cooktop_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cool_Top_2_induction_cooktop_1972.jpg/330px-Cool_Top_2_induction_cooktop_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cool_Top_2_induction_cooktop_1972.jpg/440px-Cool_Top_2_induction_cooktop_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4844" data-file-height="3736" /></a><figcaption>Cool Top 2 (CT2) by Westinghouse 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foil_on_induction_cooktop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aluminum foil in a square Pyrex dish of water, with a tear where the foil has melted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Foil_on_induction_cooktop.jpg/220px-Foil_on_induction_cooktop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Foil_on_induction_cooktop.jpg/330px-Foil_on_induction_cooktop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Foil_on_induction_cooktop.jpg/440px-Foil_on_induction_cooktop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> Household foil is much thinner than the skin depth in aluminum at the frequencies used by an induction cooker. Here the foil has melted where it was exposed to the air after steam formed under it. Cooking surface manufacturers prohibit the use of aluminum foil in contact with an induction cooking surface.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cookware must be compatible with induction heating; generally, only ferrous metal can be heated. Cookware should have a flat bottom since the magnetic field strength (heating power) drops rapidly with distance from the surface. (<a href="/wiki/Wok" title="Wok">Wok</a>-shaped cooktops are available for use with round-bottom <a href="/wiki/Wok" title="Wok">woks</a>.) Induction disks are metal plates that are heated by induction and heat non-ferrous pots by thermal contact, but these are much less efficient than ferrous cooking vessels. </p><p>Induction-compatible cookware can nearly always be used on other stoves. Some cookware or packaging is marked with symbols to indicate compatibility with induction, gas, or electric heat. Induction cooking surfaces work well with any pans with a high ferrous metal content at the base. Cast iron pans and any black metal or iron pans are compatible. Stainless steel pans are compatible if the base of the pan is a magnetic grade of stainless steel. If a magnet sticks well to the bottom of the pan, it is compatible. Non-ferrous cookware is compatible with "all-metal" cookers. </p><p>Aluminum and copper are desirable in cookware, since they conduct heat better. Because of this, 'tri-ply' pans often have an induction-compatible skin of stainless steel containing a layer of thermally conductive aluminum. </p><p>For frying, a pan base must be a good heat conductor to spread heat quickly and evenly. The sole of the pan will be either a steel plate pressed into aluminum, or a layer of stainless steel over the aluminum. Aluminum's high thermal conductivity makes the temperature more uniform across the pan. Stainless frying pans with an aluminum base do not have the same temperature at their sides as an aluminum sided pan. Cast iron frying pans work well with induction cooking surfaces, although the material is not as good a thermal conductor as aluminum. </p><p>When boiling water, the water circulates, spreading the heat and preventing hot spots. For products such as sauces, it is important that at least the base of the pan incorporates a good heat conducting material to spread the heat evenly. For delicate products such as thick sauces, a pan with aluminum throughout is better, since the heat flows up the sides through the aluminum, evenly heating the sauce. </p><p> For induction cooking, the base of a suitable vessel is typically made of a <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a> materials have a high <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_permeability" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic permeability">magnetic permeability</a> which greatly decreases the <a href="/wiki/Skin_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin depth">skin depth</a>, concentrating the current in a very thin layer at the surface of the metal bottom of the pan. This makes the electrical resistance in the pan relatively high, efficiently heating the pan. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InductionPanThermography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/InductionPanThermography.jpg/220px-InductionPanThermography.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/InductionPanThermography.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Thermal image of a 4 quart saucepan heating water using induction.</figcaption></figure> <p>However, for non ferrous metals, such as aluminum, the skin depth in the pans with typical induction cooktops is too large, and thus efficiency with a standard induction cooker is poor: the resistive heating in the coil and pan are similar. This could damage the cooktop, which detects it and rejects the pan. </p><p>The heat that can be produced in a pot is a function of the surface resistance. A higher surface resistance produces more heat for similar currents. This is a “figure of merit” that can be used to rank the suitability of a material for induction heating. The surface resistance in a thick metal conductor is proportional to the resistivity divided by the skin depth. Where the thickness is less than the skin depth, the actual thickness can be used to calculate surface resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreland73_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreland73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Skin depth at 24 kHz<sup id="cite_ref-Moreland73_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreland73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th>Resistivity<br />(10<sup>−6</sup> ohm-inches) </th> <th>Relative<br />permeability </th> <th>Skin depth,<br />inches (mm) </th> <th>Surface resistance,<br />10<sup>−3</sup> ohms/square<br />(thick material) </th> <th>Surface resistance,<br />relative to copper </th></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon steel 1010 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>0.004 (0.10) </td> <td>2.25 </td> <td>56.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stainless steel 432 </td> <td>24.5 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>0.007 (0.18) </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>87.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SAE_304_stainless_steel" title="SAE 304 stainless steel">Stainless steel 304</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.112 (2.8) </td> <td>0.26 </td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titanium </td> <td>16 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.08 (2.0) </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminum </td> <td>1.12 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.022 (0.56) </td> <td>0.051 </td> <td>1.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Copper </td> <td>0.68 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.017 (0.43) </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For some materials, the thickness of a cooking pot can be less than the skin depth, increasing efficiency. For example, typical titanium camping cookware has a thickness (typically around 0.5 mm) around 4 times less than its skin depth at 24 kHz, increasing its efficiency by that factor compared to thick titanium. Less practically, a piece of aluminium foil is typically around 35 times thinner than aluminium's skin depth, so will heat efficiently (and melt quickly). </p><p>To get the same surface resistance with copper as with carbon steel would require the metal to be thinner than is practical for a cooking vessel; at 24 kHz a copper vessel bottom would need to be 1/56th the skin depth of carbon steel. Since the skin depth is inversely proportional to the square root of the frequency, this suggests that much higher frequencies would be required to obtain equivalent heating in a copper pot as in an iron pot at 24 kHz. Such high frequencies are not feasible with inexpensive power semiconductors. In 1973 the <a href="/wiki/Silicon-controlled_rectifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon-controlled rectifier">silicon-controlled rectifiers</a> used were limited to no more than 40 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreland73_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreland73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even a thin layer of copper on the bottom of a steel cooking vessel will shield the steel from the magnetic field and make it unusable for an induction top.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreland73_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreland73-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ferrous materials some additional heat is created by <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Hysteresis loss">hysteresis losses</a>, but this creates less than ten percent of the total heat generated.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New types of power semiconductors and low-loss coil designs have made an all-metal cooker possible which can be used with any metal pot or pan even if not designed for induction. <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> in 2009 developed a consumer induction cooker that uses a higher-frequency magnetic field of 60 kHz or higher, and a different oscillator circuit design, to allow use with non-ferrous metals as well, including aluminum, multilayer and copper pots and pans.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 Panasonic released a single-burner counter top "all metal" unit, using their trade name "Met-All", aimed at commercial kitchens.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h2></div> <p>The 2014 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings concluded that "induction cooking is not always the most efficient method of cooking. When tested with a large cooking vessel, the efficiency of conventional electric technology was measured to be higher (83%) than that of induction cooking (77%). Yet the efficiency of conventional cooking appliances was shown to be highly dependent on the size of the cooking vessel."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooking methods that use flames or hot heating elements have a significantly higher loss to the ambient environment; induction heating directly heats the pot. Because the induction effect does not directly heat the air around the vessel, induction cooking results in further energy efficiencies. Cooling air is blown through the electronics beneath the surface but it is only slightly warm. </p><p>The purpose of a cooktop is to prepare food; for example, long periods of simmering may be required. Published <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency (physics)">energy efficiency</a> measurements concentrate on the ability of a cooktop to transfer energy to a metal test block, which is easier to repeatably measure. </p><p>Energy transfer efficiency, as defined by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> (DOE), is the percentage of the energy consumed by a cooker that, at the end of a simulated cooking cycle has been transferred as heat to a standardized aluminum test block. </p><p>The DOE test cycle starts with both the block and the cooktop at 77 °F ± 9 °F (25 °C ± 5 °C). The cooktop is then switched to maximum heating power. When the test block temperature reaches 144 °F (80 °C) above the initial room temperature, the cooktop power is immediately reduced to 25% ± 5% of its maximum power. After 15 minutes of operation at this lower power setting, the cooktop is turned off and the heat energy in the test block is measured.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efficiency is given by the ratio between energy in the block and input (electric) energy. </p><p>Such a test, using two power levels, is intended to mimic real life use. Wasted energy terms such as residual unused heat (retained by solid hot-plates, ceramic or coil at the end of the test), and losses from convection and radiation by hot surfaces (including the ones of the block itself) are disregarded. </p><p>In typical cooking, the energy delivered by the cooker is only partly used to heat the food; once that has occurred, all the subsequent energy input is delivered to the air as loss through steam or convection and radiation. Without an increase in food temperature, the DOE test procedure would find the efficiency to be zero. Cooking procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">reduction</a> of a sauce, <a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">braising</a> meat, simmering, and so on are significant uses of a cooker, but efficiency of these practices is not modelled by the procedure. </p><p>In 2013 and 2014 DOE developed and proposed new test procedures to allow direct comparison of energy transfer efficiency among induction, electric resistance, and gas cooking tops and ranges. The procedures use a new hybrid test block made of aluminum and stainless steel. The proposed rule lists results of real lab tests conducted with the hybrid block. For comparable (large) cooking elements the following efficiencies were measured with ±0.5% repeatability: 70.7% - 73.6% for induction, 71.9% for electric coil, 43.9% for gas. DOE affirmed that "induction units have an average efficiency of 72.2%, not significantly higher than the 69.9% efficiency of smooth—electric resistance units, or the 71.2% of electric coil units".<sup id="cite_ref-DOE2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOE noted that the 84% induction efficiency, cited in previous Technical Support Documents, was not measured by DOE laboratories, but just "referenced from an external test study" performed in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-DOE2014_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independent manufacturers tests<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-acee_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other subjects seem to demonstrate that actual induction cooking efficiencies usually stay between 74% and 77% and occasionally reach 81% (although these tests may follow different procedures). These tests suggest that the 84% induction average efficiency reference value should be taken with caution. </p><p>For comparison and in agreement with DOE findings, cooking with gas has an average energy efficiency of about 40%. It can be raised only by using special pots with fins.<sup id="cite_ref-gasefficiency_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasefficiency-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When comparing with gas, the relative cost of electrical and gas energy, and the efficiency of electricity generation affect overall environmental efficiency<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and user cost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> <p>The pan is insulated by the cooking surface, and voltages generated in the pan are far too low to represent a shock hazard. The cooktop can detect whether cookware is present by monitoring power delivered. As with other electric ceramic cooking surfaces, a maximum pan size may be specified by the manufacturer, and a minimum size is also stated. The control system shuts down the element if a pot is not present or not large enough. If a pan boils dry it can get extremely hot – a thermostat in the surface will turn off the power if it senses overheating to prevent cooker failures and potential fires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <p>Induction equipment may be a built-in surface, part of a range, or a standalone surface unit. Built-in and rangetop units typically have multiple elements, the equivalent of multiple burners on a gas-fueled range. Stand-alone induction modules are typically single-or dual-element. All such elements share an electromagnet sealed beneath a heat-resisting <a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">glass-ceramic</a> sheet. The pot is placed on the ceramic glass surface and heats its contents. </p><p>Asian manufacturers have taken the lead in producing inexpensive single-induction-zone surfaces. In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, some models of <a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">rice cookers</a> are powered by induction. Induction cookers are less frequently used in other parts of the world. </p><p>Induction ranges may be applicable in commercial restaurant kitchens, with lower installation, ventilation and fire suppression equipment costs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawbacks for commercial use include possible breakages of the glass cook-top, higher initial cost and the requirement for magnetic cookware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2></div> <p>In the United States, as of early 2013 over five dozen brands offered induction-cooking equipment, including both built-in and countertop residential equipment and commercial-grade equipment. Over two dozen brands offer built-in residential-use units; residential countertop units are offered by two-dozen-plus brands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> in 2012 estimated that, in the United States, induction cooktops represented only 4% of sales, compared to gas and other electric cooktops.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global induction cooktops market was estimated at $9.16 billion in value during 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In April 2010, <i>The New York Times</i> reported that "In an independent survey [in 2009] by the market research company Mintel of 2,000 Internet users who own appliances, only 5 percent of respondents said they had an induction range or cooktop. Still, 22 percent of the people Mintel surveyed in connection to their study [in 2009] said their next range or cooktop would be induction."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/One_chef%27s_hat.png/28px-One_chef%27s_hat.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/One_chef%27s_hat.png/41px-One_chef%27s_hat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/One_chef%27s_hat.png/55px-One_chef%27s_hat.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Cooking">Cooking portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrodeless_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodeless lamp">Electrodeless lamp</a> – Gas-discharge lamp using electric and magnetic fields to transfer energy to the gas inside<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">Glass-ceramic</a> – Translucent polycrystalline solid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a> – Kitchen cooking appliance</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-acee-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acee_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acee_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910042618/http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2014/data/papers/9-702.pdf">"Induction Cooking Technology Design and Assessment; M. Sweeney, J. Dols, B. Fortenbery, F. Sharp; Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2014/data/papers/9-702.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Induction+Cooking+Technology+Design+and+Assessment%3B+M.+Sweeney%2C+J.+Dols%2C+B.+Fortenbery%2C+F.+Sharp%3B+Electric+Power+Research+Institute+%28EPRI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faceee.org%2Ffiles%2Fproceedings%2F2014%2Fdata%2Fpapers%2F9-702.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span> Paper presented at the 2014 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for example see UK Patent Application GB190612333, entitled "Improvements in or relating to Apparatus for the Electrical Production of Heat for Cooking and other purposes", applied for by Arthur F. 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(2015-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0Z4CwAAQBAJ&q=induction+cooking&pg=PA682"><i>Wireless Power Transfer</i></a>. River Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788793237629" title="Special:BookSources/9788793237629"><bdi>9788793237629</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221024110/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0Z4CwAAQBAJ&q=induction+cooking&pg=PA682">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Power+Transfer&rft.pub=River+Publishers&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.isbn=9788793237629&rft.aulast=Agbinya&rft.aufirst=Johnson+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0Z4CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dinduction%2Bcooking%26pg%3DPA682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Bach, Dieter Krause, <i>Low thermal expansion glass ceramics</i>, Springer, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-24111-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-24111-6">3-540-24111-6</a> page 77, lists IEC, UL, Canadian, Australian and other standards with impact resistance requirements</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/10/gas-stoves-are-bad-you-and-environment/616700/">"Kill Your Gas Stove"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. 15 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031120444/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/10/gas-stoves-are-bad-you-and-environment/616700/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gas+Stoves%3A+Health+and+Air+Quality+Impacts+and+Solutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frmi.org%2Finsight%2Fgas-stoves-pollution-health%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dedietrich.co.uk/documents/DTiM1000C_techspecs.pdf">DeDietrich "Piano" cooktop specifications, retrieved 2012 May 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032647/http://www.dedietrich.co.uk/documents/DTiM1000C_techspecs.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, dedietrich.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairchild_Semiconductors2000" class="citation web cs1">Fairchild Semiconductors (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724205258/http://www.fairchildsemi.com/an/AN/AN-9012.pdf">"AN9012 Induction Heating System Topology Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chow&rft.atitle=Big+news+for+fans+of+induction+cooktops&rft.date=2010-10-09&rft.au=Tanuki+Soup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchowhound.chow.com%2Ftopics%2F739539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.panasonic.com/about-us-latest-news-press-releases/02092017-inductioncooktop.html">"Panasonic Introduces Groundbreaking New Induction Cooktop, Providing Extraordinary Commercial Cooking Performance with All Kinds of Metal Cookware"</a>. <i>shop.panasonic.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919182936/http://shop.panasonic.com/about-us-latest-news-press-releases/02092017-inductioncooktop.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faceee.org%2Ffiles%2Fproceedings%2F2014%2Fdata%2Fpapers%2F9-702.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title10-vol3-part430-subpartB-appI.pdf#page=6">"Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Chapter II, Subchapter D, Part 430, Subpart B, Appendix I: Uniform test method for measuring the energy consumption of conventional ranges, conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, and microwave ovens"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007123444/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title10-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title10-vol3-part430-subpartB-appI.pdf#page=6">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations%2C+Title+10%2C+Chapter+II%2C+Subchapter+D%2C+Part+430%2C+Subpart+B%2C+Appendix+I%3A+Uniform+test+method+for+measuring+the+energy+consumption+of+conventional+ranges%2C+conventional+cooking+tops%2C+conventional+ovens%2C+and+microwave+ovens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCFR-2011-title10-vol3%2Fpdf%2FCFR-2011-title10-vol3-part430-subpartB-appI.pdf%23page%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOE2014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOE2014_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOE2014_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-12-03/pdf/2014-28212.pdf#page=17">"Federal Register, Vol. 79 No. 232, December 3 2014, Part III, Department of Energy, Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Conventional Cooking Products; Proposed Rule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315043508/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-12-03/pdf/2014-28212.pdf#page=17">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Register%2C+Vol.+79+No.+232%2C+December+3+2014%2C+Part+III%2C+Department+of+Energy%2C+Energy+Conservation+Program%3A+Test+Procedures+for+Conventional+Cooking+Products%3B+Proposed+Rule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FFR-2014-12-03%2Fpdf%2F2014-28212.pdf%23page%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919100541/http://www.ima.kth.se/utb/MJ2663/Electrolux.pdf#page=57">"Electrolux sustainability"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ima.kth.se/utb/MJ2663/Electrolux.pdf#page=57">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> on 2016-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electrolux+sustainability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ima.kth.se%2Futb%2FMJ2663%2FElectrolux.pdf%23page%3D57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span> See slide # 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gasefficiency-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gasefficiency_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_SorensenDavid_Zabrowski2009" class="citation web cs1">Greg Sorensen; David Zabrowski (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707154301/http://www.appliancemagazine.com/editorial.php?article=2257&zone=114&first=1">"Improving Range-Top Efficiency with Specialized Vessels"</a>. Appliance Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appliancemagazine.com/editorial.php?article=2257&zone=114&first=1">the original</a> on July 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Improving+Range-Top+Efficiency+with+Specialized+Vessels&rft.pub=Appliance+Magazine&rft.date=2009-08&rft.au=Greg+Sorensen&rft.au=David+Zabrowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appliancemagazine.com%2Feditorial.php%3Farticle%3D2257%26zone%3D114%26first%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928005335/http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/about/news/oxford-designed-flare-pan-uses-40-per-cent-less-heat-than-conventional-pans">"Oxford-designed Flare pan uses 40 per cent less heat than conventional pans — Department of Engineering Science — University of Oxford"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/about/news/oxford-designed-flare-pan-uses-40-per-cent-less-heat-than-conventional-pans">the original</a> on 2016-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford-designed+Flare+pan+uses+40+per+cent+less+heat+than+conventional+pans+%E2%80%94+Department+of+Engineering+Science+%E2%80%94+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.ox.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Foxford-designed-flare-pan-uses-40-per-cent-less-heat-than-conventional-pans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInduction+cooking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethicalconsumer.org/buyersguides/appliances/cookers.aspx">Shopping guide to Gas & Electric Cookers, Ovens & Hobs, from Ethical Consumer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824074136/http://www.ethicalconsumer.org/buyersguides/appliances/cookers.aspx">Archived</a> 2014-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "The low CO<sub>2</sub> choice is pretty much always gas, where it is available. Although gas ovens and hobs use more energy, gas generates less carbon dioxide per kWh."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Fields, <i>Restaurant Success by the Numbers: A Money-Guy's Guide to Opening the Next Hot Spot</i>, Random House of Canada, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58008-663-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58008-663-2">1-58008-663-2</a>, pp. 144–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nahb.org/generic.aspx?genericContentID=183725&fromGSA=1"><i>Kitchen Appliance Upgrades that Shine</i>, retrieved 2012 Aug 15</a>, nahb.org<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2015">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/dining/07induction.html?pagewanted=all"><i>Is Induction Cooking Ready to Go Mainstream? </i>, retrieved 2013 Jan 31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410213643/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/dining/07induction.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> 2017-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, nytimes.com</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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