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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Public economics usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_economics_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public economics usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_economics_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>National debt</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span>Environmental usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strong_vs._weak_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strong_vs._weak_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Strong vs. weak sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strong_vs._weak_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_of_living_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_of_living_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standards of living usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standards_of_living_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standards of living usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standards_of_living_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_wellbeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_wellbeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Health and wellbeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_wellbeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elder_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elder_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Elder care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elder_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intergenerational equity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مساواة بين الأجيال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساواة بين الأجيال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Intergenerational equity" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegwch_rhwng_cenedlaethau" title="Tegwch rhwng cenedlaethau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tegwch rhwng cenedlaethau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Intergenerational equity" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generationengerechtigkeit" title="Generationengerechtigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generationengerechtigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5lvkondadevaheline_%C3%B5iglus" title="Põlvkondadevaheline õiglus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põlvkondadevaheline õiglus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidad_intergeneracional" title="Equidad intergeneracional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Equidad intergeneracional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaunaldi-arteko_ekitatea" title="Belaunaldi-arteko ekitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belaunaldi-arteko ekitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C" title="برابری میان‌نسلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برابری میان‌نسلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quit%C3%A9_interg%C3%A9n%C3%A9rationnelle" title="Équité intergénérationnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équité intergénérationnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80%EA%B0%84_%ED%98%95%ED%8F%89" title="세대간 형평 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세대간 형평" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Intergenerational equity" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Intergenerational equity" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesetaraan_antargenerasi" title="Kesetaraan antargenerasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesetaraan antargenerasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%93%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="צדק בין-דורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צדק בין-דורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usawa_baina_ya_vizazi" title="Usawa baina ya vizazi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usawa baina ya vizazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Меѓугенерациска еднаквост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓугенерациска еднаквост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇന്റർജനറേഷനൽ ഇക്വിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർജനറേഷനൽ ഇക്വിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%92_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95" title="ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerationele_rechtvaardigheid" title="Intergenerationele rechtvaardigheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intergenerationele rechtvaardigheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E9%96%93%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%AE" title="世代間格差 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世代間格差" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerasjonell_rettferdighet" title="Intergenerasjonell rettferdighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Intergenerasjonell rettferdighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidade_intergeracional" title="Equidade intergeracional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equidade intergeracional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Межпоколенческая справедливость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межпоколенческая справедливость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukupolvien_tasa-arvo" title="Sukupolvien tasa-arvo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukupolvien tasa-arvo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Міжгенераційна справедливість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжгенераційна справедливість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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title="Human rights and youth sport">Human rights and youth sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">Juvenile delinquency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_court" title="Juvenile court">Juvenile court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_law" title="Juvenile law">Juvenile law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state">U.S. history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_driving_ages" title="List of minimum driving ages">Minimum driving age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavec" class="mw-redirect" title="Restavec">Restavec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_leaving_age" class="mw-redirect" title="School leaving age">School leaving age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">Smoking age</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_tobacco_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state">U.S. history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_offense" title="Status offense">Status offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Underage drinking in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth-adult_partnership" title="Youth-adult partnership">Youth-adult partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_participation" title="Youth participation">Youth participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">Youth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_vote_in_the_United_States" title="Youth vote in the United States">Youth voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akt_(charity)" title="Akt (charity)">Akt</a></li> <li>Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Youth_for_Choice" title="Canadian Youth for Choice">Canadian Youth for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_des_droits_de_la_personne_et_des_droits_de_la_jeunesse" title="Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse">Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Cents" title="Common Cents">Common Cents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Alliance_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Youth" title="Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth">Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoSomething" title="DoSomething">DoSomething</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Coalition" title="Future Coalition">Future Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Youth_Action_Network" title="Global Youth Action Network">Global Youth Action Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Climate_Network" title="Indian Youth Climate Network">Indian Youth Climate Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Falcon_Movement_%E2%80%93_Socialist_Educational_International" title="International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International">International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaids_(charity)" title="Mermaids (charity)">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_LGBT%2B_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign">National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Rights_Association" title="National Youth Rights Association">National Youth Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_World_Youth_Project" title="One World Youth Project">One World Youth Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Youth_Network" title="Queer Youth Network">Queer Youth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freechild_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Freechild Project">Freechild Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_O%27Clock_Lobby" title="Three O'Clock Lobby">Three O'Clock Lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Youth_Parliament" title="UK Youth Parliament">UK Youth Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Liberation_of_Ann_Arbor" title="Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor">Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Youth_Cafe" title="The Youth Cafe">The Youth Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Canada" title="Young Communist League of Canada">Young Communist League of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Fletcher (activist)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Hanson" title="David J. Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Joseph_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="David Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Koroknay-Palicz" title="Alex Koroknay-Palicz">Koroknay-Palicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyn_Duff" title="Lyn Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_A._Males" title="Mike A. Males">Males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Yaco" title="Sonia Yaco">Yaco</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Asia">Ages of consent in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in North America">Ages of consent in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Oceania">Ages of consent in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in South America">Ages of consent in South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Ages of consent in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_petition_against_age_of_consent_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="French petition against age of consent laws">French petition against age of consent laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Legal status of tattooing in European countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States" title="Legal status of tattooing in the United States">Legal status of tattooing in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_sports" title="Youth sports">Youth sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/26px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/39px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/52px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Youth_rights" title="Category:Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Debt_Trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_Debt_Trend.svg/220px-US_Debt_Trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_Debt_Trend.svg/330px-US_Debt_Trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_Debt_Trend.svg/440px-US_Debt_Trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">The U.S. national debt</a> is often cited as an example of intergenerational inequity, as future generations will have the responsibility of paying it off. The U.S. National Debt has grown substantially over the past several decades<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Intergenerational equity</b> in economic, psychological, and sociological contexts, is the idea of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">fairness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> between generations. The concept can be applied to fairness in dynamics between <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adults" class="mw-redirect" title="Adults">adults</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">seniors</a>. It can also be applied to <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">fairness</a> between generations currently living and <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversations about intergenerational equity may include basic human needs, economic needs, environmental needs and subjective human well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often discussed in public economics, especially with regard to <a href="/wiki/Transition_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition economics">transition economics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">government budget-making</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cite the growing U.S. national debt as an example of intergenerational inequity, as future generations will shoulder the consequences. Intergenerational equity is also explored in <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental</a> concerns,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The continued depletion of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> that has occurred in the past century will likely be a significant burden for future generations. Intergenerational equity is also discussed with regard to <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standards of living</a>, specifically on inequities in the living standards experienced by people of different ages and generations.<sup id="cite_ref-d'AlbisBadji_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d'AlbisBadji-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d'AlbisBadjiElMekkaouiNavaux_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d'AlbisBadjiElMekkaouiNavaux-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RiceTempleMcDonald2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceTempleMcDonald2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RiceTempleMcDonald2021_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceTempleMcDonald2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RiceWilsonTempleMcDonald_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceWilsonTempleMcDonald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intergenerational equity issues also arise in the arenas of <a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">elderly care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Housing_affordability" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing affordability">housing affordability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rights">Political rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></div> <p>The debate around <a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">youth rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">children's rights</a> and the rights of <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a> includes discussions around when people should have political power, and how much they should have.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adam Benforado argues, for example, that giving children more political rights than adults results in everyone being better off by, for example, increasing the salience of long-term issues.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those seeking rights or greater consideration for future generations discuss methods such as <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an ombudsman for future generations,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other institutions tasked specifically with considering future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some advocates also want a child impact assessment of policies or decisions to evaluate outcomes for a specific child<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even the next generation more broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_economics_usage">Public economics usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Public economics usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the first recorded debt issuance in Sumaria in 1796 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the penalties for failure to repay a loan has been <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a>. In some instances, this repayment of financial debt with labor included the debtor's children, essentially condemning the debtor family to perpetual slavery. About one millennium after written debt contracts were created, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt forgiveness</a> appears in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Christianity)">Jubilee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 25), and in Greek law when Solon introduces <a href="/wiki/Seisachtheia" title="Seisachtheia">Seisachtheia</a>. Both of these historical examples of debt forgiveness involved freeing children from slavery caused by their parents' debt. </p><p>The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee Confederacy">Haudenosaunee Confederacy</a> considered the precept of <a href="/wiki/Seven_generation_sustainability" title="Seven generation sustainability">seven generation sustainability</a> when making present decisions that could have significant impact on their potential future descendants. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, in his 2015 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">encyclical letter</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i>, commented that<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We can no longer speak of sustainable development apart from intergenerational solidarity. Once we start to think about the kind of world we are leaving to future generations, we look at things differently; we realize that the world is a gift which we have freely received and must share with others ... Intergenerational solidarity is not optional, but rather a basic question of justice.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_debt">National debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Future generations could benefit if the investments made with the debt are more valuable than the amount of debt they created.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, to the extent that borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long-term productivity of the economy and its workers, such as via useful infrastructure projects, future generations may benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs, we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt: "<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal policy</a> is, indeed, a moral issue, and we should be ashamed of what we’re doing to the next generation's economic prospects. But our sin involves investing too little, not borrowing too much."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others point out that higher debt levels also imply higher interest payments, which create significant costs for future taxpayers (e.g., higher <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a>, lower government benefits, higher <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, or increased risk of fiscal crisis).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Druckenmiller" title="Stanley Druckenmiller">Stanley Druckenmiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Canada" title="Geoffrey Canada">Geoffrey Canada</a> call the large increase in government debt being left by the Baby Boomers to their children "Generational Theft".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_safety_spending">Social safety spending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social safety spending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, spending on programs has been primarily benefiting older generations as far back as the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">U.S. Social Security system</a> has provided a greater net benefit to those who reached retirement closest to the first implementation of the system. The system is unfunded, meaning the elderly who retired right after the implementation of the system did not pay any taxes into the social security system, but reaped the benefits. Professor Michael Doran estimates that cohorts born previous to 1938 will receive more in benefits than they pay in taxes, while the reverse is true to cohorts born after. Also, that the long-term insolvency of Social Security will likely lead to further intergenerational transfers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Doran concedes that other benefits have been introduced into U.S. society via the welfare system, like Medicare and government-financed medical research, that benefit current and future elderly cohorts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investment_management">Investment management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Investment management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of institutional <a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">investment management</a>, intergenerational equity is the principle that an endowed institution's spending rate must not exceed its after-inflation rate of compound return, so that investment gains are spent equally on current and future constituents of the endowed assets. This concept was originally set out in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a>, who wrote that "The trustees of endowed institutions are the guardians of the future against the claims of the present. Their task in managing the endowment is to preserve equity among generations."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_usage">Environmental usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kids_Want_Climate_Justice_(34168280266).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kids_Want_Climate_Justice_%2834168280266%29.jpg/220px-Kids_Want_Climate_Justice_%2834168280266%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kids_Want_Climate_Justice_%2834168280266%29.jpg/330px-Kids_Want_Climate_Justice_%2834168280266%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kids_Want_Climate_Justice_%2834168280266%29.jpg/440px-Kids_Want_Climate_Justice_%2834168280266%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> is an example of intergenerational inequity, see <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">climate justice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Intergenerational equity is often referred to in environmental contexts, as younger age cohorts will disproportionately experience the negative consequences of environmental damage. For instance, it is estimated that children born in 2020 (e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha">Generation Alpha</a>") will experience up to seven times as many <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events over their lifetimes, particularly <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, as people born in 1960, under current climate policy pledges.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, on average, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="(here people of age 65+ in 32 developed countries)">voters over 65</span> played "a leading role in driving up GHG emissions in the past decade and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Drivers_of_global_warming" title="Climate change mitigation">are on the way to becoming the largest contributor</a>" due to factors such as <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="'only 58% of the silent generation (born 1928–1945) were concerned about climate change compared with 63% of baby boomers and 73% for millennials (born 1981–1996)'">less concern about climate change</span>, and higher use of carbon-intensive products like energy for heating and private transport.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg/220px-20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg/330px-20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg/440px-20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Global warming—the progression from cooler historical temperatures (blue) to recent warmer temperatures (red)—is being experienced disproportionately by younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-GW_generations_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GW_generations-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With continued fossil fuel emissions, that trend that will continue.<sup id="cite_ref-GW_generations_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GW_generations-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2015, a group of youth environmental activists filed a lawsuit against the U.S. federal government for insufficiently protecting against climate change in <a href="/wiki/Juliana_v._United_States" title="Juliana v. United States">Juliana v. United States</a>. Their statement emphasized the disproportionate cost of climate-related damage younger generations would bear:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Youth Plaintiffs represent the youngest living generation, beneficiaries of the public trust. Youth Plaintiffs have a substantial, direct, and immediate interest in protecting the atmosphere, other vital natural resources, their quality of life, their property interests, and their liberties. They also have an interest in ensuring that the climate system remains stable enough to secure their constitutional rights to life, liberty, and property, rights that depend on a livable Future.”<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2016, the case was allowed to go to trial after US District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Ann_Aiken" title="Ann Aiken">Ann Aiken</a> denied the federal government’s motion to dismiss the case. In her opinion and order, she said, "Exercising my ‘reasoned judgment,’ I have no doubt that the right to a climate system capable of sustaining human life is fundamental to a free and ordered society."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian politician <a href="/wiki/Christine_Milne" title="Christine Milne">Christine Milne</a> made statements in the lead-up to the 2014 Carbon Price Repeal Bill, naming the Liberal National Party (elected to parliament in 2013) and inherently its ministers, as intergenerational thieves; her statement was based on the party's attempts to roll back progressive <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> policy and the impact this would have on the intergenerational equity of future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strong_vs._weak_sustainability">Strong vs. weak sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Strong vs. weak sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "<a href="/wiki/Weak_and_strong_sustainability" title="Weak and strong sustainability">weak sustainability</a>" perspective argues that intergenerational equity would be achieved if losses to the environment that future generations face were offset by greater gains in economic progress (as measured by contemporary mechanisms/metrics). Some adherents also prioritize the moral concerns about those alive today, putting a discount rate on outcomes for future generations when accounting for generational equity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the "strong sustainability" perspective, no amount of economic progress<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (or as measured by contemporary metrics) can justify leaving future generations with a degraded environment. <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Beder" title="Sharon Beder">Sharon Beder</a> cautions that the "weak" perspective lacks a knowledge of the future and which intrinsically valuable resources will not be able to be replaced by technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_of_living_usage">Standards of living usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standards of living usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discussions of intergenerational equity in standards of living reference differences between people of different ages or of different generations. Two perspectives on intergenerational equity in living standards have been distinguished by <a href="/wiki/James_Mahmud_Rice" title="James Mahmud Rice">Rice</a>, Temple, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_McDonald_(demographer)" title="Peter McDonald (demographer)">McDonald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RiceTempleMcDonald2017_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceTempleMcDonald2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first perspective – a "cross-sectional" perspective – focuses how living standards at a particular point in time vary between people of different ages. The relevant issue is the degree to which, at a particular point in time, people of different ages enjoy equal living standards. The second perspective – a "cohort" perspective – focuses on how living standards over a lifetime vary between people of different generations. For intergenerational equity, the relevant issue becomes the degree to which people of different generations enjoy equal living standards over their lifetimes.<sup id="cite_ref-RiceTempleMcDonald2017_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceTempleMcDonald2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three indicators of intergenerational equity in standards of living have been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_d%27Albis" title="Hippolyte d'Albis">d'Albis</a>, Badji, El Mekkaoui, and Navaux.<sup id="cite_ref-d'AlbisBadjiElMekkaouiNavaux_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d'AlbisBadjiElMekkaouiNavaux-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first indicator originates from a cross-sectional perspective and describes the relative situation of an age group (retirees) with respect to the situation of another age group (younger people). Their second indicator originates from a cohort perspective and compares the living standards of successive generations at the same age. D'Albis, Badji, El Mekkaoui, and Navaux's third indicator is a combination of the two previous criteria and is both an inter-age indicator and an intergenerational indicator.<sup id="cite_ref-d'AlbisBadjiElMekkaouiNavaux_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d'AlbisBadjiElMekkaouiNavaux-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further indicators of intergenerational equity have been developed by Rice, Temple, McDonald, and Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-RiceTempleMcDonald2021_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceTempleMcDonald2021-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RiceWilsonTempleMcDonald_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceWilsonTempleMcDonald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, notable equality has been achieved in living standards, as measured by consumption, among people between the ages of 20 and 75 years.<sup id="cite_ref-RiceTempleMcDonald2017_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceTempleMcDonald2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substantial inequalities exist, however, between different generations, with older generations experiencing lower living standards in real terms at particular ages than younger generations. One way to illustrate these inequalities is to look at how long different generations took to achieve a level of consumption of $30,000 per year (2009–10 Australian dollars). At one extreme, people born in 1935 achieved this level of consumption when they were roughly 50 years of age, on average. At the other extreme, Millennials born in 1995 had achieved this level of consumption by the time they were around 10 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-RiceTempleMcDonald2017_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiceTempleMcDonald2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerations such as this have led some scholars to argue that standards of living have tended to increase generation over generation in most countries, as development and technology have progressed. When taking this into account, younger generations may have inherent privileges over older generations, which may offset the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> towards older generations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Housing has become a growing issue of intergenerational equity in the 21st century, especially among younger generations struggling to afford rent or other housing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Housing_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing shortage">housing shortage</a> at the root of the affordability crisis took years to create and would take years to reverse by building enough housing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to more pessimism about the future and cynicism of politics and even democracy in younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_wellbeing">Health and wellbeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Health and wellbeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide range of health measures, both objective and subjective, can be used to discuss how to prioritize wellbeing across generations. One such measure seeks to help everyone achieve a certain level of health for a 'fair' period of time in their life, even if it means sacrificing some efficiency in the health care system.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elder_care">Elder care</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elder care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professor Steven Wisensale describes the burden on current working age adults in developed economies, who must care for more elderly parents and relatives for a longer period of time. This problem is exacerbated by the increasing involvement of women in the workforce, and by the dropping fertility rate, leaving the burden for caring for parents, as well as aunts, uncles, and grandparents, on fewer children.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In systems with weak social security systems, this also impacts the wellbeing of the elderly who may have fewer caretakers than are optimal.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Ageism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolving_capacities" title="Evolving capacities">Evolving capacities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Fear of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_the_elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear of the elderly">Fear of the elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear of youth">Fear of youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_accounting" title="Generational accounting">Generational accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Squeeze" title="Generation Squeeze">Generation Squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerationality" title="Intergenerationality">Intergenerationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_Fairness_Day" title="Intergenerational Fairness Day">Intergenerational Fairness Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice (economics)">Justice (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth-adult_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth-adult partnerships">Youth-adult partnerships</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Massachusetts, United States: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716786559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716786559"><bdi>978-0716786559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Finance+and+Public+Policy+Fifth+Edition&rft.place=Massachusetts%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0716786559&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNpACwAAQBAJ%26q%3DGruber%252C%2520Jonathan%2520%282016%29.%2520Public%2520Finance%2520and%2520Public%2520Policy%2520Fifth%2520Edition.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergenerational+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsIbrahim2024" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Millie; Ibrahim, Tony (2024-02-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-02-05/nsw-sydney-housing-crisis-san-francisco-treasurer/103426896">"San Francisco 'wiped out' the middle class. Sydney needs to 'act now' to ensure housing equity, NSW treasurer says"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+%27wiped+out%27+the+middle+class.+Sydney+needs+to+%27act+now%27+to+ensure+housing+equity%2C+NSW+treasurer+says&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Millie&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2024-02-05%2Fnsw-sydney-housing-crisis-san-francisco-treasurer%2F103426896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergenerational+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDettmerCancrynHartogTaylor-Vaisey2024" class="citation news cs1">Dettmer, Jamie; Cancryn, Adam; Hartog, Eva; Taylor-Vaisey, Nick (August 3, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2024/08/03/unaffordable-housing-populism-00172552">"Priced out of housing, many younger disillusioned voters embrace populism"</a>. <i>Politico</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Priced+out+of+housing%2C+many+younger+disillusioned+voters+embrace+populism&rft.date=2024-08-03&rft.aulast=Dettmer&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Cancryn%2C+Adam&rft.au=Hartog%2C+Eva&rft.au=Taylor-Vaisey%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F08%2F03%2Funaffordable-housing-populism-00172552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergenerational+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, A. (1997) "Intergenerational equity: An exploration of the 'fair innings' argument." <i>Health Economics. 6</i>(2):117-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven K. Wisensale PhD (2005) Aging Societies and Intergenerational Equity Issues, Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 17:3-4, 79-103, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ086v17n03_05">10.1300/J086v17n03_05</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillian2017" class="citation news cs1">Willian, Caroline (March 27, 2017). "Sang-Hyop Lee on the middle-income trap and demographic crisis in East Asia". <i>Asia Experts Forum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Experts+Forum&rft.atitle=Sang-Hyop+Lee+on+the+middle-income+trap+and+demographic+crisis+in+East+Asia&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.aulast=Willian&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergenerational+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeggerSzabóHarrington2021" class="citation cs2">Segger, Marie-Claire Cordonier; Szabó, Marcel Pazmany; Harrington, Alexandra R., eds. (October 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/law/public-international-law/intergenerational-justice-sustainable-development-treaty-implementation-advancing-future-generations-rights-through-national-institutions?format=AR"><i>Intergenerational Justice in Sustainable Development Treaty Implementation: Advancing Future Generations Rights through National Institutions</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108846202" title="Special:BookSources/9781108846202"><bdi>9781108846202</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intergenerational+Justice+in+Sustainable+Development+Treaty+Implementation%3A+Advancing+Future+Generations+Rights+through+National+Institutions&rft.date=2021-10&rft.isbn=9781108846202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Funiversitypress%2Fsubjects%2Flaw%2Fpublic-international-law%2Fintergenerational-justice-sustainable-development-treaty-implementation-advancing-future-generations-rights-through-national-institutions%3Fformat%3DAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntergenerational+equity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vrousalis, N. (2016). "Intergenerational Justice: A Primer". in Gosseries and Gonzalez (2016) (eds). Institutions for Future Generations. Oxford University Press, 49-64</li> <li>Thompson, Dennis F. (2011) "Representing Future Generations: Political Presentism and Democratic Trusteeship," in <i>Democracy, Equality, and Justice</i>, eds. Matt Matravers and Lukas Meyer, pp. 17–37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59292-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59292-5">978-0-415-59292-5</a></li> <li>Willetts, D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL21502103W/Pinch?edition=key%3A/books/OL34452614M">The Pinch: How the baby boomers took their children's future and why they should give it back</a>. London: Atlantic Books.</li> <li>Frischmann, B. (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=721025">"Some Thoughts on Shortsightedness and Intergenerational Equity"</a>, <i>Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, 36</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergenerational_equity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-intergenerational/">Intergenerational Justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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media">Youth-led media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_participation" title="Youth participation">Youth participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_philanthropy" title="Youth philanthropy">Youth philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_politics" title="Youth politics">Youth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_service" title="Youth service">Youth service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_vote_in_the_United_States" title="Youth vote in the United States">Youth vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_work" title="Youth work">Youth work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Barriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultcentrism" title="Adultcentrism">Adultcentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_age_restrictions" title="List of age restrictions">Age restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Ageism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutheromania" title="Eleutheromania">Eleutherophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Fear of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantilization" title="Infantilization">Infantilization</a></li> <li><a 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Youth Year">International Youth Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">LGBTQ student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcultures_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcultures of the 1950s">Subcultures of the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Teenage_Liberation_Handbook" title="The Teenage Liberation Handbook">The Teenage Liberation Handbook</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_rebellion" title="Teenage rebellion">Teenage rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_youth_rights%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of youth rights–related articles">Index of youth rights–related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generation" title="Template:Generation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generation" title="Template talk:Generation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Generations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the Western world</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha">Generation Alpha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cusper" title="Cusper">Cuspers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interbellum_Generation" title="Interbellum Generation">Interbellum Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">Generation Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xennials" title="Xennials">Xennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillennials" title="Zillennials">Zillennials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_Generation" title="Boomerang Generation">Boomerang Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_generation" title="Me generation">Me generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post_70s_Generation" title="Post 70s Generation">Post-70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hus%C3%A1k%27s_Children" title="Husák's Children">Husák's Children</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Generation" title="Burnt Generation">Burnt Generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satori_generation" title="Satori generation">Satori generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Columbuses" title="Generation of Columbuses">Generation of Columbuses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decre%C8%9Bei" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreței">Decreței</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Generation_Package" title="Pioneer Generation Package">Pioneer Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Generation_Package" title="Merdeka Generation Package">Merdeka Generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386_Generation" title="386 Generation">386 Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo generation">Sampo generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_generation" title="Strawberry generation">Strawberry generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennials_in_the_United_States" title="Millennials in the United States">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z_in_the_United_States" title="Generation Z in the United States">Generation Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9X_Generation" title="9X Generation">9X Generation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">Future generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations" title="Immigrant generations">Immigrant generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_generation" title="Revolutionary generation">Revolutionary generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_gap" title="Generation gap">Generation gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_accounting" title="Generational accounting">Generational accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerationality" title="Intergenerationality">Intergenerationality</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_policy" title="Intergenerational policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_shared_site" title="Intergenerational shared site">Shared site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_struggle" title="Intergenerational struggle">Struggle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Generation_(book)" title="The Greatest Generation (book)">The Greatest Generation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_boomer" title="OK boomer">OK boomer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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