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stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_physical_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accelerating_methods_for_shelf_life_prediction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accelerating_methods_for_shelf_life_prediction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accelerating_methods_for_shelf_life_prediction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulsifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulsifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Emulsifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulsifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms_of_emulsification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms_of_emulsification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanisms of emulsification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms_of_emulsification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Applications_in_Pharmaceutical_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_in_Pharmaceutical_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Applications in Pharmaceutical industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_in_Pharmaceutical_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_firefighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_firefighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In firefighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_firefighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Chemical synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emulsion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8" title="مستحلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستحلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi%C3%B3n" title="Emulsión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Emulsión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsiya" title="Emulsiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Emulsiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эмульсія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эмульсія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Емулсия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Емулсия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulzija" title="Emulzija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Emulzija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi%C3%B3" title="Emulsió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emulsió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulze" title="Emulze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emulze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emylsiwn" title="Emylsiwn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Emylsiwn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Emulsion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emulsion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsioon" title="Emulsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emulsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Γαλάκτωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλάκτωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi%C3%B3n" title="Emulsión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emulsión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsio" title="Emulsio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Emulsio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emultsio" title="Emultsio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emultsio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="امولسیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امولسیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mulsion" title="Émulsion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émulsion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eibleacht" title="Eibleacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eibleacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi%C3%B3n" title="Emulsión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emulsión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%99%94%EC%95%A1" title="유화액 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유화액" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էմուլսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էմուլսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8)" title="पायस (इमल्शन) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पायस (इमल्शन)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulzija" title="Emulzija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Emulzija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi" title="Emulsi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emulsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsione" title="Emulsione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emulsione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91" title="תחליב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחליב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಮಲ್ಷನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಮಲ್ಷನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмульсия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эмульсия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмульсия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эмульсия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsija" title="Emulsija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Emulsija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsija" title="Emulsija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Emulsija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulzi%C3%B3" title="Emulzió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emulzió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Емулзија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Емулзија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi" title="Emulsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Emulsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsi" title="Emulsi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Emulsi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsie" title="Emulsie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emulsie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="エマルション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エマルション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsjon" title="Emulsjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emulsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsjon" title="Emulsjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Emulsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsiya" title="Emulsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Emulsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsja" title="Emulsja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emulsja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emuls%C3%A3o" title="Emulsão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emulsão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsiya" title="Emulsiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Emulsiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsie" title="Emulsie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emulsie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмульсия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмульсия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsioni" title="Emulsioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Emulsioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emulsion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulzia_(ch%C3%A9mia)" title="Emulzia (chémia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Emulzia (chémia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulzija" title="Emulzija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Emulzija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Емулзија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емулзија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulzija" title="Emulzija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emulzija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsio" title="Emulsio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emulsio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Emulsion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பால்மம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อิมัลชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิมัลชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C3%BClsiyon" title="Emülsiyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emülsiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Емульсія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емульсія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsified&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsified">Emulsified</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mixture of two or more immiscible liquids</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about mixtures of liquids. For the light-sensitive mixture used in photography, see <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">Photographic emulsion</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Emulsions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Emulsions.svg/180px-Emulsions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="530" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Emulsions.svg/270px-Emulsions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Emulsions.svg/360px-Emulsions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>Two immiscible liquids, not yet emulsified</li><li>An emulsion of Phase II dispersed in Phase I</li><li>The unstable emulsion progressively separates</li><li>The <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> (outline around particles) positions itself on the interfaces between Phase II and Phase I, stabilizing the emulsion</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>emulsion</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> of two or more <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a> that are normally <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">immiscible</a> (unmixable or unblendable) owing to liquid-liquid <a href="/wiki/Phase_separation" title="Phase separation">phase separation</a>. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> called <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a>. Although the terms <i>colloid</i> and <i>emulsion</i> are sometimes used interchangeably, <i>emulsion</i> should be used when both phases, dispersed and continuous, are liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(chemistry)" title="Dispersion (chemistry)">dispersed</a> in the other (the continuous phase). Examples of emulsions include <a href="/wiki/Vinaigrette" title="Vinaigrette">vinaigrettes</a>, homogenized <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, liquid <a href="/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate" title="Biomolecular condensate">biomolecular condensates</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">cutting fluids</a> for <a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">metal working</a>. </p><p>Two liquids can form different types of emulsions. As an example, oil and water can form, first, an oil-in-water emulsion, in which the oil is the dispersed phase, and water is the continuous phase. Second, they can form a water-in-oil emulsion, in which water is the dispersed phase and oil is the continuous phase. Multiple emulsions are also possible, including a "water-in-oil-in-water" emulsion and an "oil-in-water-in-oil" emulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emulsions, being liquids, do not exhibit a static internal structure. The droplets dispersed in the continuous phase (sometimes referred to as the "dispersion medium") are usually assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">statistically distributed</a> to produce roughly spherical droplets. </p><p>The term "emulsion" is also used to refer to the photo-sensitive side of <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>. Such a <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">photographic emulsion</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> colloidal particles dispersed in a <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a> matrix. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_emulsion" title="Nuclear emulsion">Nuclear emulsions</a> are similar to photographic emulsions, except that they are used in particle physics to detect high-energy <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style=""><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>A fluid system in which liquid droplets are dispersed in a liquid. </p><p><i>Note 1</i>: The definition is based on the definition in ref.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Note 2</i>: The droplets may be amorphous, liquid-crystalline, or any<br />mixture thereof. </p><p><i>Note 3</i>: The diameters of the droplets constituting the <i><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(chemistry)" title="Dispersion (chemistry)">dispersed phase</a></i><br />usually range from approximately 10 nm to 100 μm; i.e., the droplets<br />may exceed the usual size limits for <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a> particles. </p><p><i>Note 4</i>: An emulsion is termed an oil/water (o/w) emulsion if the<br />dispersed phase is an organic material and the <i>continuous phase</i> is<br />water or an aqueous solution and is termed water/oil (w/o) if the dispersed<br />phase is water or an aqueous solution and the continuous phase is an<br />organic liquid (an "oil"). </p><p><i>Note 5</i>: A w/o emulsion is sometimes called an inverse emulsion.<br />The term "inverse emulsion" is misleading, suggesting incorrectly that<br />the emulsion has properties that are the opposite of those of an emulsion.<br />Its use is, therefore, not recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "emulsion" comes from the Latin <i>emulgere</i> "to milk out", from <i>ex</i> "out" + <i>mulgere</i> "to milk", as milk is an emulsion of fat and water, along with other components, including <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> micelles (a type of secreted <a href="/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate" title="Biomolecular condensate">biomolecular condensate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtymol_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtymol-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_properties">Appearance and properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appearance and properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emulsions contain both a dispersed and a continuous phase, with the boundary between the phases called the "interface".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emulsions tend to have a cloudy appearance because the many <a href="/wiki/Phase_boundary" title="Phase boundary">phase interfaces</a> <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scatter</a> light as it passes through the emulsion. Emulsions appear <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> when all light is scattered equally. If the emulsion is dilute enough, higher-frequency (shorter-wavelength) light will be scattered more, and the emulsion will appear <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">bluer</a> – this is called the "<a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall effect</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the emulsion is concentrated enough, the color will be distorted toward comparatively longer wavelengths, and will appear more <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>. This phenomenon is easily observable when comparing <a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">skimmed milk</a>, which contains little fat, to <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>, which contains a much higher concentration of milk fat. One example would be a mixture of water and oil.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two special classes of emulsions – <a href="/wiki/Microemulsion" title="Microemulsion">microemulsions</a> and nanoemulsions, with droplet sizes below 100 nm – appear translucent.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This property is due to the fact that light waves are scattered by the droplets only if their sizes exceed about one-quarter of the wavelength of the incident light. Since the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> of light is composed of wavelengths between 390 and 750 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a> (nm), if the droplet sizes in the emulsion are below about 100 nm, the light can penetrate through the emulsion without being scattered.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their similarity in appearance, translucent nanoemulsions and microemulsions are frequently confused. Unlike translucent nanoemulsions, which require specialized equipment to be produced, microemulsions are spontaneously formed by "solubilizing" oil molecules with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, co-surfactants, and co-<a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The required surfactant concentration in a microemulsion is, however, several times higher than that in a translucent nanoemulsion, and significantly exceeds the concentration of the dispersed phase. Because of many undesirable side-effects caused by surfactants, their presence is disadvantageous or prohibitive in many applications. In addition, the stability of a microemulsion is often easily compromised by dilution, by heating, or by changing pH levels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Common emulsions are inherently unstable and, thus, do not tend to form spontaneously. Energy input – through shaking, stirring, <a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">homogenizing</a>, or exposure to power <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – is needed to form an emulsion. Over time, emulsions tend to revert to the stable state of the phases comprising the emulsion. An example of this is seen in the separation of the oil and vinegar components of <a href="/wiki/Vinaigrette_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaigrette (food)">vinaigrette</a>, an unstable emulsion that will quickly separate unless shaken almost continuously. There are important exceptions to this rule – microemulsions are <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamically</a> stable, while translucent nanoemulsions are <a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">kinetically</a> stable.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether an emulsion of oil and water turns into a "water-in-oil" emulsion or an "oil-in-water" emulsion depends on the volume fraction of both phases and the type of emulsifier (surfactant) (see <i>Emulsifier</i>, below) present.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instability">Instability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emulsion stability refers to the ability of an emulsion to resist change in its properties over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four types of instability in emulsions: <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coalescence_(physics)" title="Coalescence (physics)">coalescence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creaming_(chemistry)" title="Creaming (chemistry)">creaming</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_ripening" title="Ostwald ripening">Ostwald ripening</a>. Flocculation occurs when there is an attractive force between the droplets, so they form flocs, like bunches of grapes. This process can be desired, if controlled in its extent, to tune physical properties of emulsions such as their flow behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coalescence occurs when droplets bump into each other and combine to form a larger droplet, so the average droplet size increases over time. Emulsions can also undergo creaming, where the droplets rise to the top of the emulsion under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, or under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Centripetal_force" title="Centripetal force">centripetal force</a> induced when a <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuge</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creaming is a common phenomenon in dairy and non-dairy beverages (i.e. milk, coffee milk, <a href="/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">almond milk</a>, soy milk) and usually does not change the droplet size.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedimentation is the opposite phenomenon of creaming and normally observed in water-in-oil emulsions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedimentation happens when the dispersed phase is denser than the continuous phase and the gravitational forces pull the denser globules towards the bottom of the emulsion. Similar to creaming, sedimentation follows <a href="/wiki/Stokes%27_law" title="Stokes' law">Stokes' law</a>. </p><p>An appropriate surface active agent (or surfactant) can increase the kinetic stability of an emulsion so that the size of the droplets does not change significantly with time. The stability of an emulsion, like a <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a>, can be studied in terms of <a href="/wiki/Zeta_potential" title="Zeta potential">zeta potential</a>, which indicates the repulsion between droplets or particles. If the size and dispersion of droplets does not change over time, it is said to be stable.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, oil-in-water emulsions containing <a href="/wiki/Mono-_and_diglycerides_of_fatty_acids" title="Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids">mono- and diglycerides</a> and milk protein as surfactant showed that stable oil droplet size over 28 days storage at 25 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_physical_stability">Monitoring physical stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Monitoring physical stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stability of emulsions can be characterized using techniques such as light scattering, focused beam reflectance measurement, centrifugation, and <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>. Each method has advantages and disadvantages.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accelerating_methods_for_shelf_life_prediction">Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accelerating methods for shelf life prediction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kinetic process of destabilization can be rather long – up to several months, or even years for some products.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the formulator must accelerate this process in order to test products in a reasonable time during product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used – these consist of increasing the emulsion temperature to accelerate destabilization (if below critical temperatures for phase inversion or chemical degradation).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperature affects not only the viscosity but also the interfacial tension in the case of non-ionic surfactants or, on a broader scope, interactions between droplets within the system. Storing an emulsion at high temperatures enables the simulation of realistic conditions for a product (e.g., a tube of sunscreen emulsion in a car in the summer heat), but also accelerates destabilization processes up to 200 times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mechanical methods of acceleration, including vibration, centrifugation, and agitation, can also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These methods are almost always empirical, without a sound scientific basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulsifiers">Emulsifiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emulsifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>emulsifier</b> is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by reducing the oil-water <a href="/wiki/Interface_tension" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface tension">interface tension</a>. Emulsifiers are a part of a broader group of compounds known as <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, or "surface-active agents".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surfactants are compounds that are typically <a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">amphiphilic</a>, meaning they have a polar or <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> (i.e., water-soluble) part and a non-polar (i.e., hydrophobic or <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a>) part. Emulsifiers that are more soluble in water (and, conversely, less soluble in oil) will generally form oil-in-water emulsions, while emulsifiers that are more soluble in oil will form water-in-oil emulsions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of food emulsifiers are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_yolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">Egg yolk</a> – in which the main emulsifying and thickening agent is <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">Mustard</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – where a variety of chemicals in the <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a> surrounding the seed hull act as emulsifiers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_lecithin" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy lecithin">Soy lecithin</a> is another emulsifier and thickener</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering_emulsion" title="Pickering emulsion">Pickering stabilization</a> – uses particles under certain circumstances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-_and_diglycerides_of_fatty_acids" title="Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids">Mono- and diglycerides</a> – a common emulsifier found in many food products (coffee creamers, ice creams, spreads, breads, cakes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearoyl_lactylate" title="Sodium stearoyl lactylate">Sodium stearoyl lactylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DATEM" title="DATEM">DATEM</a> (diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides) – an emulsifier used primarily in baking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a> – those with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, e.g. sodium <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">caseinate</a>, as in meltable <a href="/wiki/Cheese_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese product">cheese product</a></li></ul> <p>In food emulsions, the type of emulsifier greatly affects how emulsions are structured in the stomach and how accessible the oil is for gastric <a href="/wiki/Lipases" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipases">lipases</a>, thereby influencing how fast emulsions are digested and trigger a <a href="/wiki/Satiety" title="Satiety">satiety</a> inducing <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> response.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">Detergents</a> are another class of surfactant, and will interact physically with both <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, thus stabilizing the interface between the oil and water droplets in suspension. This principle is exploited in <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, to remove <a href="/wiki/Yellow_grease" title="Yellow grease">grease</a> for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">cleaning</a>. Many different emulsifiers are used in <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a> to prepare emulsions such as <a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">creams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">lotions</a>. Common examples include <a href="/wiki/Emulsifying_wax" title="Emulsifying wax">emulsifying wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polysorbate_20" title="Polysorbate 20">polysorbate 20</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceteareth" title="Ceteareth">ceteareth 20</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes the inner phase itself can act as an emulsifier, and the result is a nanoemulsion, where the inner state disperses into "<a href="/wiki/Nano-" title="Nano-">nano-size</a>" droplets within the outer phase. A well-known example of this phenomenon, the "<a href="/wiki/Ouzo_effect" title="Ouzo effect">ouzo effect</a>", happens when water is poured into a strong alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>-based beverage, such as <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">pastis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arak_(distilled_beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arak (distilled beverage)">arak</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">raki</a>. The anisolic compounds, which are soluble in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, then form nano-size droplets and emulsify within the water. The resulting color of the drink is opaque and milky white. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_of_emulsification">Mechanisms of emulsification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of emulsification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of different chemical and physical processes and mechanisms can be involved in the process of emulsification:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Surface tension theory – according to this theory, emulsification takes place by reduction of interfacial tension between two phases</li> <li>Repulsion theory – According to this theory, the emulsifier creates a film over one phase that forms globules, which repel each other. This repulsive force causes them to remain suspended in the dispersion medium</li> <li>Viscosity modification – emulgents like <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">acacia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tragacanth" title="Tragacanth">tragacanth</a>, which are hydrocolloids, as well as PEG (<a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">polyethylene glycol</a>), glycerine, and other polymers like CMC (<a href="/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose" title="Carboxymethyl cellulose">carboxymethyl cellulose</a>), all increase the viscosity of the medium, which helps create and maintain the suspension of globules of dispersed phase</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_food">In food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingredients_maonesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ingredients_maonesa.jpg/220px-Ingredients_maonesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ingredients_maonesa.jpg/330px-Ingredients_maonesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ingredients_maonesa.jpg/440px-Ingredients_maonesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>An example of the ingredients used to make <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>; <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">table salt</a>, an egg (for <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a> (for lemon juice). The oil and water in the egg yolk do not mix, while the <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a> in the yolk serves as an emulsifier, allowing the two to be blended together.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oil-in-water emulsions are common in food products: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">Mayonnaise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hollandaise_sauce" title="Hollandaise sauce">Hollandaise sauces</a> – these are oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with egg yolk <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>, or with other types of food additives, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearoyl_lactylate" title="Sodium stearoyl lactylate">sodium stearoyl lactylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogenized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogenized milk">Homogenized milk</a> – an emulsion of milk fat in water, with milk proteins as the emulsifier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaigrette" title="Vinaigrette">Vinaigrette</a> – an emulsion of vegetable oil in vinegar, if this is prepared using only oil and vinegar (i.e., without an emulsifier), an unstable emulsion results</li></ul> <p>Water-in-oil emulsions are less common in food, but still exist: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a> – an emulsion of water in butterfat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li></ul> <p>Other foods can be turned into products similar to emulsions, for example <a href="/wiki/Meat_emulsion" title="Meat emulsion">meat emulsion</a> is a suspension of meat in liquid that is similar to true emulsions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_health_care">In health care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutics" title="Pharmaceutics">pharmaceutics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hairstyling_product" title="Hairstyling product">hairstyling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal hygiene">personal hygiene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, emulsions are frequently used. These are usually oil and water emulsions but dispersed, and which is continuous depends in many cases on the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_formulation" title="Pharmaceutical formulation">pharmaceutical formulation</a>. These emulsions may be called <a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">creams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ointment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ointment">ointments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">liniments</a> (balms), <a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">pastes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">films</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a>, depending mostly on their oil-to-water ratios, other additives, and their intended <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">route of administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aulton_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aulton-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Remington_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remington-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 5 are <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a> <a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">dosage forms</a>, and may be used on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">ophthalmically</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal">rectally</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vaginally</a>. A highly liquid emulsion may also be used <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a>, or may be <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injected</a> in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Aulton_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aulton-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microemulsions are used to deliver <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> and kill <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical emulsions used in these techniques are nanoemulsions of <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a>, with particles that are 400–600 nm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process is not chemical, as with other types of <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> treatments, but mechanical. The smaller the droplet the greater the <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> and thus the greater the force required to merge with other <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a>. The oil is emulsified with detergents using a <a href="/wiki/High-shear_mixer" title="High-shear mixer">high-shear mixer</a> to stabilize the emulsion so, when they encounter the lipids in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> or envelope of <a href="/wiki/Cell_envelope" title="Cell envelope">bacteria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, they force the lipids to merge with themselves. On a mass scale, in effect this disintegrates the membrane and kills the pathogen. The soybean oil emulsion does not harm normal human cells, or the cells of most other <a href="/wiki/Higher_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher organisms">higher organisms</a>, with the exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">sperm cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cells">blood cells</a>, which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to the peculiarities of their membrane structures. For this reason, these nanoemulsions are not currently used <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenously</a> (IV). The most effective application of this type of nanoemulsion is for the <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">disinfection</a> of surfaces. Some types of nanoemulsions have been shown to effectively destroy <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> pathogens on non-<a href="/wiki/Porous" class="mw-redirect" title="Porous">porous</a> surfaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applications_in_Pharmaceutical_industry">Applications in Pharmaceutical industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applications in Pharmaceutical industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Oral drug delivery:</b> Emulsions may provide an efficient means of administering drugs that are poorly soluble or have low <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> or dissolution rates, increasing both dissolution rates and absorption to increase bioavailability and improve bioavailability. By increasing surface area provided by an emulsion, dissolution rates and absorption rates of drugs are increased, improving their bioavailability.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Topical formulations:</b> Emulsions are widely utilized as bases for topical drug delivery formulations such as creams, lotions and ointments. Their incorporation allows lipophilic as well as hydrophilic drugs to be mixed together for maximum skin penetration and permeation of active ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Parenteral drug delivery:</b> Emulsions serve as carriers for intravenous or intramuscular administration of drugs, solubilizing lipophilic ones while protecting from degradation and decreasing injection site irritation. Examples include propofol as a widely used anesthetic and lipid-based solutions used for total parenteral nutrition delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ocular Drug Delivery:</b> Emulsions can be used to formulate eye drops and other ocular drug delivery systems, increasing drug retention time in the eye and permeating through corneal barriers more easily while providing sustained release of active ingredients and thus increasing therapeutic efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Nasal and Pulmonary Drug Delivery:</b> Emulsions can be an ideal vehicle for creating nasal sprays and inhalable drug products, enhancing drug absorption through nasal and pulmonary mucosa while providing sustained release with reduced local irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Vaccine Adjuvants:</b> Emulsions can serve as vaccine adjuvants by strengthening immune responses against specific antigens. Emulsions can enhance antigen solubility and uptake by immune cells while simultaneously providing controlled release, amplifying an immunological response and thus amplifying its effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Hong_1406–1436_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong_1406–1436-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Taste Masking:</b> Emulsions can be used to encase bitter or otherwise unpleasant-tasting drugs, masking their taste and increasing patient compliance - particularly with pediatric formulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hong_1406–1436_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong_1406–1436-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Cosmeceuticals:</b> Emulsions are widely utilized in cosmeceuticals products that combine cosmetic and pharmaceutical properties. These emulsions act as carriers for active ingredients like vitamins, antioxidants and skin lightening agents to provide improved skin penetration and increased stability.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_firefighting">In firefighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In firefighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emulsifying agents are effective at extinguishing fires on small, thin-layer spills of flammable liquids (<a href="/wiki/Fire_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire classes">class B fires</a>). Such agents encapsulate the fuel in a fuel-water emulsion, thereby trapping the flammable vapors in the water phase. This emulsion is achieved by applying an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous</a> surfactant solution to the fuel through a high-pressure nozzle. Emulsifiers are not effective at extinguishing large fires involving bulk/deep liquid fuels, because the amount of emulsifier agent needed for extinguishment is a function of the volume of the fuel, whereas other agents such as <a href="/wiki/Fire-fighting_foam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-fighting foam">aqueous film-forming foam</a> need cover only the surface of the fuel to achieve vapor mitigation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_synthesis">Chemical synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chemical synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emulsion_polymerization" title="Emulsion polymerization">Emulsion polymerization</a></div> <p>Emulsions are used to manufacture polymer dispersions – polymer production in an emulsion 'phase' has a number of process advantages, including prevention of coagulation of product. Products produced by such polymerisations may be used as the emulsions – products including primary components for glues and paints. Synthetic <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latexes</a> (rubbers) are also produced by this process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emulsion_dispersion" title="Emulsion dispersion">Emulsion dispersion</a> – Thermoplastics or elastomers suspended in a liquid state by means of emulsifiers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulsified_fuel" title="Emulsified fuel">Emulsified fuel</a> – Emulsions composed of water and a combustible liquid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogenizer" title="Homogenizer">Homogenizer</a> – Equipment used for the homogenization of various types of material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_whistle" title="Liquid whistle">Liquid whistle</a> – Static mixer for fluids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniemulsion" title="Miniemulsion">Miniemulsion</a> – Particular type of emulsion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering_emulsion" title="Pickering emulsion">Pickering emulsion</a> – Type of emulsion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">Rheology</a> – Study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-in-water_emulsion" title="Water-in-water emulsion">Water-in-water emulsion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhanTalegaonkarIqbalAhmed2006" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, A. Y.; Talegaonkar, S; Iqbal, Z; Ahmed, F. J.; Khar, R. K. (2006). "Multiple emulsions: An overview". <i>Current Drug Delivery</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 429–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F156720106778559056">10.2174/156720106778559056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17076645">17076645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Drug+Delivery&rft.atitle=Multiple+emulsions%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-43&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F156720106778559056&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17076645&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=A.+Y.&rft.au=Talegaonkar%2C+S&rft.au=Iqbal%2C+Z&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Khar%2C+R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmulsion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIUPAC1997" class="citation book cs1">IUPAC (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310221658/http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02065.html">"Emulsion"</a>. <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology (The "Gold Book")</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Scientific_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Scientific Publications">Blackwell Scientific Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.E02065">10.1351/goldbook.E02065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9678550-9-7"><bdi>978-0-9678550-9-7</bdi></a>. 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Clasen, Christian; Kuhn, Simon (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106323">"Emulsification mechanism in an ultrasonic microreactor: Influence of surface roughness and ultrasound frequency"</a>. <i>Ultrasonics Sonochemistry</i>. <b>94</b>: 106323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ultsonch.2023.106323">10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106323</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-4177">1350-4177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9945801">9945801</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36774674">36774674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasonics+Sonochemistry&rft.atitle=Emulsification+mechanism+in+an+ultrasonic+microreactor%3A+Influence+of+surface+roughness+and+ultrasound+frequency&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=106323&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9945801%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1350-4177&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36774674&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ultsonch.2023.106323&rft.aulast=Udepurkar&rft.aufirst=Aniket+Pradip&rft.au=Clasen%2C+Christian&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.ultsonch.2023.106323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmulsion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong_1406–1436-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hong_1406–1436_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hong_1406–1436_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongZhaoLiuLi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Xin; Zhao, Qiaoli; Liu, Yuanfa; Li, Jinwei (2021-08-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1964063">"Recent advances on food-grade water-in-oil emulsions: Instability mechanism, fabrication, characterization, application, and research trends"</a>. <i>Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition</i>. <b>63</b> (10): 1406–1436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2021.1964063">10.1080/10408398.2021.1964063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-8398">1040-8398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34387517">34387517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236998385">236998385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Food+Science+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+on+food-grade+water-in-oil+emulsions%3A+Instability+mechanism%2C+fabrication%2C+characterization%2C+application%2C+and+research+trends&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1406-1436&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.issn=1040-8398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236998385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34387517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408398.2021.1964063&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Xin&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Qiaoli&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yuanfa&rft.au=Li%2C+Jinwei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F10408398.2021.1964063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmulsion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuJiangHuangGu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Tian; Jiang, Chengchen; Huang, Zehao; Gu, Zhengbiao; Cheng, Li; Hong, Yan (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120149">"Formation, stability and the application of Pickering emulsions stabilized with OSA starch/chitosan complexes"</a>. <i>Carbohydrate Polymers</i>. <b>299</b>: 120149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.carbpol.2022.120149">10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-8617">0144-8617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36876777">36876777</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252553332">252553332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carbohydrate+Polymers&rft.atitle=Formation%2C+stability+and+the+application+of+Pickering+emulsions+stabilized+with+OSA+starch%2Fchitosan+complexes&rft.volume=299&rft.pages=120149&rft.date=2023-01&rft.issn=0144-8617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252553332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36876777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.carbpol.2022.120149&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Tian&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Chengchen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Zehao&rft.au=Gu%2C+Zhengbiao&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Li&rft.au=Hong%2C+Yan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.carbpol.2022.120149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmulsion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman,_Raymond1998" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Raymond (1998). <i>Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry and Physics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Learning" title="Jones & Bartlett Learning">Jones & Bartlett Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-440-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-440-7"><bdi>978-0-87765-440-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Fire+Protection+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87765-440-7&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmulsion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_ShermanBritish_Society_of_Rheology1963" class="citation book cs1">Philip Sherman; <a href="/wiki/British_Society_of_Rheology" title="British Society of Rheology">British Society of Rheology</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ0FAQAAIAAJ"><i>Rheology of emulsions: proceedings of a symposium held by the British Society of Rheology ... Harrogate, October 1962</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080102900" title="Special:BookSources/9780080102900"><bdi>9780080102900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rheology+of+emulsions%3A+proceedings+of+a+symposium+held+by+the+British+Society+of+Rheology+...+Harrogate%2C+October+1962&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780080102900&rft.au=Philip+Sherman&rft.au=British+Society+of+Rheology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJ0FAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmulsion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology; Nalwa, H.S., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 2000; Volume 5, pp. 501–575</i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/emulsion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/emulsion">emulsion</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastille" title="Pastille">Pastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_release_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time release technology">Time release technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic-controlled_release_oral_delivery_system" title="Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system">Osmotic delivery system</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/60px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/90px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/120px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexaaquatitanium(III)-solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/60px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/90px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/120px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">Elixir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">Effervescent powder or tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softgel" title="Softgel">Softgel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">Orally disintegrating tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop#Medicinal_use" title="Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Sublingual drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">Lozenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> tablet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li>Spray</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry-powder_inhaler" title="Dry-powder inhaler">Dry-powder inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inhaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/60px-Inhaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/90px-Inhaler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/120px-Inhaler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span><br /><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><br /><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">Heated humidified high-flow therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">Metered-dose inhaler</a> (MDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_drug_administration" title="Ophthalmic drug administration">Ophthalmic</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">otic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/45px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/60px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_drop" title="Ear drop">Ear drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">Eye drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Mucoadhesive microdisc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Douche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (IUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Intravesical infusion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">Rectal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/45px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/60px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">Suppository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">Enema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">Nutrient enema</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/60px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/80px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">Topical cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical gel">Topical gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">Liniment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> solution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">Iontophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">Liposomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfersome" title="Transfersome">Transfersome vesicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">Lip balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Medicated shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">Transdermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_spray" title="Transdermal spray">Transdermal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenterals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusions</a></li></ul></div><br /><small><i>(into tissue/blood)</i></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injector_pen" title="Injector pen">Injector pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_implant" title="Transdermal implant">Transdermal implant</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/60px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/90px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/120px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy#Major_organ_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">Intravitreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular injection">Intra-articular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracerebral_injection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracerebral injection (page does not exist)">Intracerebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">Intrathecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">Intracardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocell" title="Nanocell">Nanocell injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled analgesia">Patient-controlled analgesia</a> pump</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_line" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC line">PIC line</a></li></ul> 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187634#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Emulsion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014626-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Emulsions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042950">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Émulsions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119665885">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Émulsions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119665885">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568753">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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