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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dishwasher" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dishwasher" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washing_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Washing elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washing_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_use_and_water_temperatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_use_and_water_temperatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Energy use and water temperatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_use_and_water_temperatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Drying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_dishwashers_and_hand_washing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_dishwashers_and_hand_washing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Differences between dishwashers and hand washing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences_between_dishwashers_and_hand_washing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differences between dishwashers and hand washing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_dishwashers_and_hand_washing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dishwasher_detergent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dishwasher_detergent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dishwasher detergent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dishwasher_detergent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glassware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glassware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Glassware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glassware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Environmental comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adoption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Commercial use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alternative uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dishwasher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%86" title="غسالة صحون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غسالة صحون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavador" title="Lavador – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lavador" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregaplatos" title="Fregaplatos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fregaplatos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabyuyan_ma%C5%9F%C4%B1n" title="Qabyuyan maşın – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qabyuyan maşın" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Посудамыйная машына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Посудамыйная машына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Съдомиялна машина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съдомиялна машина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentaplats" title="Rentaplats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rentaplats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C4%8Dka_n%C3%A1dob%C3%AD" title="Myčka nádobí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Myčka nádobí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opvaskemaskine" title="Opvaskemaskine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opvaskemaskine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschirrsp%C3%BClmaschine" title="Geschirrspülmaschine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschirrspülmaschine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5udepesumasin" title="Nõudepesumasin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõudepesumasin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Πλυντήριο πιάτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλυντήριο πιάτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кедьгень шлямо машина – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кедьгень шлямо машина" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavavajillas" title="Lavavajillas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lavavajillas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerlavilo" title="Telerlavilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Telerlavilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontzi-garbigailu" title="Ontzi-garbigailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ontzi-garbigailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ماشین ظرف‌شویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماشین ظرف‌شویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lave-vaisselle" title="Lave-vaisselle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lave-vaisselle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavalouza" title="Lavalouza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lavalouza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EA%B8%B0%EC%84%B8%EC%B2%99%EA%B8%B0" title="식기세척기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식기세척기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%84_%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Սպասք լվացող մեքենա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպասք լվացող մեքենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_cuci_piring" title="Mesin cuci piring – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin cuci piring" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upp%C3%BEvottav%C3%A9l" title="Uppþvottavél – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uppþvottavél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavastoviglie" title="Lavastoviglie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lavastoviglie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מדיח כלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדיח כלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_pangumbah_piring" title="Mesin pangumbah piring – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesin pangumbah piring" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪಾತ್ರೆ ತೊಳೆಯುವ ಯಂತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾತ್ರೆ ತೊಳೆಯುವ ಯಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81-%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ыдыс-аяқ жуу машинасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ыдыс-аяқ жуу машинасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firax%C5%9Fok" title="Firaxşok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Firaxşok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%87" title="Идиш жуугуч – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Идиш жуугуч" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_elutoria" title="Machina elutoria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina elutoria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauku_mazg%C4%81jam%C4%81_ma%C5%A1%C4%ABna" title="Trauku mazgājamā mašīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trauku mazgājamā mašīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spullmaschinn" title="Spullmaschinn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spullmaschinn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indaplov%C4%97" title="Indaplovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indaplovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3ttelmesjieng" title="Sjóttelmesjieng – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjóttelmesjieng" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Садомијачка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Садомијачка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_pencuci_pinggan" title="Mesin pencuci pinggan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesin pencuci pinggan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afwasmachine" title="Afwasmachine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afwasmachine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalen_truus" title="Stalen truus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stalen truus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%99%A8%E6%B4%97%E3%81%84%E6%A9%9F" title="食器洗い機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食器洗い機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppvaskmaskin" title="Oppvaskmaskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppvaskmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppvaskmaskin" title="Oppvaskmaskin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oppvaskmaskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%9A%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%81%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لوښو مينځلو ماشين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوښو مينځلو ماشين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmywarka_do_naczy%C5%84" title="Zmywarka do naczyń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zmywarka do naczyń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_lavar_lou%C3%A7a" title="Máquina de lavar louça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máquina de lavar louça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_de_sp%C4%83lat_vase" title="Mașină de spălat vase – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mașină de spălat vase" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Посудомоечная машина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Посудомоечная машина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dishwasher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C3%BDva%C4%8Dka_riadu" title="Umývačka riadu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Umývačka riadu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B4%DB%86%D8%B1" title="قاپشۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قاپشۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Машина за прање судова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Машина за прање судова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astianpesukone" title="Astianpesukone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astianpesukone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskmaskin" title="Diskmaskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diskmaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="பாத்திரம்கழுவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாத்திரம்கழுவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula%C5%9F%C4%B1k_makinesi" title="Bulaşık makinesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulaşık makinesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Посудомийна машина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Посудомийна машина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_r%E1%BB%ADa_b%C3%A1t" title="Máy rửa bát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy rửa bát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomam%C3%B5sumassin" title="Anomamõsumassin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Anomamõsumassin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panpahugas_plato" title="Panpahugas plato – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panpahugas plato" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%8F%E7%A2%97%E6%9C%BA" title="汏碗机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汏碗机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E7%A2%97%E7%A2%9F%E6%A9%9F" title="洗碗碟機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洗碗碟機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Machine that washes dishes automatically</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the appliance. For the occupation, see <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher_(occupation)" title="Dishwasher (occupation)">Dishwasher (occupation)</a>. For the process in general, see <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">dishwashing</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dishwasher (disambiguation)">Dishwasher (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dishwasher&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dishwasher" title="Talk:Dishwasher">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dishwasher_with_dishes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Dishwasher_with_dishes.JPG/220px-Dishwasher_with_dishes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Dishwasher_with_dishes.JPG/330px-Dishwasher_with_dishes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Dishwasher_with_dishes.JPG/440px-Dishwasher_with_dishes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A dishwasher containing clean dishes</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>dishwasher</b> is a machine that is used to clean <a href="/wiki/Dishware" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishware">dishware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cookware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookware">cookware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutlery</a> automatically. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">manual dishwashing</a>, which relies on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between 45 and 75 °C (110 and 170 °F), at the dishes, with lower temperatures of water used for delicate items.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mix of water and <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher_detergent" title="Dishwasher detergent">dishwasher detergent</a> is pumped to one or more rotating sprayers, cleaning the dishes with the cleaning mixture. The mixture is recirculated to save water and energy. Often there is a pre-rinse, which may or may not include detergent, and the water is then drained. This is followed by the main wash with fresh water and detergent. Once the wash is finished, the water is drained; more hot water enters the tub by means of an electromechanical <a href="/wiki/Solenoid_valve" title="Solenoid valve">solenoid valve</a>, and the rinse cycle(s) begin. After the rinse process finishes, the water is drained again and the dishes are dried using one of several drying methods. Typically a <a href="/wiki/Rinse_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinse aid">rinse-aid</a>, a chemical to reduce the surface tension of the water, is used to reduce water spots from <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a> or other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to domestic units, industrial dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments such as hotels and restaurants, where many dishes must be cleaned. Washing is conducted with temperatures of 65–71 °C (149–160 °F) and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide an 82 °C (180 °F) "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_power_dishwasher,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hand_power_dishwasher%2C_1917.jpg/120px-Hand_power_dishwasher%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hand_power_dishwasher%2C_1917.jpg/180px-Hand_power_dishwasher%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hand_power_dishwasher%2C_1917.jpg/240px-Hand_power_dishwasher%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_dishwashing_machine,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Electric_dishwashing_machine%2C_1917.jpg/136px-Electric_dishwashing_machine%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Electric_dishwashing_machine%2C_1917.jpg/204px-Electric_dishwashing_machine%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Electric_dishwashing_machine%2C_1917.jpg/272px-Electric_dishwashing_machine%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="890" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A hand-powered dishwasher and an early electric dishwasher both from about 1917.</div></div></div></div> <p>The first mechanical dishwashing device was registered for a patent in 1850 in the United States by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Houghton_(inventor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Houghton (inventor) (page does not exist)">Joel Houghton</a>. This device was made of wood and was cranked by hand while water sprayed onto the dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device was both slow and unreliable. Another patent was granted to <a href="/w/index.php?title=L.A._Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L.A. Alexander (page does not exist)">L.A. Alexander</a> in 1865 that was similar to the first but featured a hand-cranked rack system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither device was practical or widely accepted. Some historians cite as an obstacle to adoption the historical attitude that valued women for the effort put into housework rather than the results—making household chores easier was perceived by some to reduce their value.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most successful of the hand-powered dishwashers was invented in 1886 by <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Cochrane" title="Josephine Cochrane">Josephine Cochrane</a> together with mechanic George Butters in Cochrane's tool shed in <a href="/wiki/Shelbyville,_Illinois" title="Shelbyville, Illinois">Shelbyville, Illinois</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Cochrane (a wealthy socialite) wanted to protect her <a href="/wiki/China_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="China (material)">china</a> while it was being washed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their invention was unveiled at the <a href="/wiki/1893_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1893 World's Fair">1893 World's Fair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> under the name of Lavadora but was changed to Lavaplatos as another machine invented in 1858 already held that name. Cochrane's inspiration was her frustration at the damage to her good china that occurred when her servants handled it during cleaning.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Faultless_Quaker_Dishwasher_(1896_advertisement).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Faultless_Quaker_Dishwasher_%281896_advertisement%29.jpg/170px-The_Faultless_Quaker_Dishwasher_%281896_advertisement%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Faultless_Quaker_Dishwasher_%281896_advertisement%29.jpg/255px-The_Faultless_Quaker_Dishwasher_%281896_advertisement%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Faultless_Quaker_Dishwasher_%281896_advertisement%29.jpg/340px-The_Faultless_Quaker_Dishwasher_%281896_advertisement%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement in an 1896 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's</a></i> for The Faultless Quaker Dishwasher.</figcaption></figure> <p>Europe's first domestic dishwasher with an electric motor was invented and manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Miele" title="Miele">Miele</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Kochan1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kochan1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gant2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gant2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Livens" title="William Howard Livens">William Howard Livens</a> invented a small, non-electric dishwasher suitable for domestic use in 1924. It was the first dishwasher that incorporated most of the design elements that are featured in the models of today;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it included a door for loading, a wire rack to hold the dirty crockery and a rotating sprayer. Drying elements were added to his design in 1940. It was the first machine suitable for domestic use, and it came at a time when permanent plumbing and running water in the home were becoming increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, Liven's design did not become a commercial success, and dishwashers were only successfully sold as domestic utilities in the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">postwar boom</a> of the 1950s, albeit only to the wealthy. Initially, dishwashers were sold as standalone or portable devices, but with the development of the wall-to-wall <a href="/wiki/Countertop" title="Countertop">countertop</a> and standardized height cabinets, dishwashers began to be marketed with standardized sizes and shapes, integrated underneath the kitchen countertop as a modular unit with other kitchen appliances. </p><p>By the 1970s, dishwashers had become commonplace in domestic residences in North America and Western Europe. By 2012, over 75 percent of homes in the United States and Germany had dishwashers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1990s, manufacturers began offering various new <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> features in dishwashers.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway_December_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One feature was use of "soil sensors", which was a computerized tool in the dishwasher which measured food particles coming from dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway_December_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the dishwasher had cleaned the dishes to the point of not releasing more food particles, the soil sensor would report the dishes as being clean.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway_December_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensor operated with another innovation of using variable washing time.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway_December_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If dishes were especially dirty, then the dishwasher would run for a longer time than if the sensor detected them to be clean. In this way, the dishwasher would save energy and water by only being in operation for as long as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway_December_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_capacity">Size and capacity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countertop_dishwasher_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Countertop_dishwasher_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Countertop_dishwasher_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Countertop_dishwasher_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Countertop_dishwasher_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Countertop_dishwasher_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Countertop_dishwasher_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>North American counter-top dishwasher</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg/310px-Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg/465px-Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg/620px-Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5376" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Inside a dishwasher – 360° Photo<br /><small>(<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://panoviewer.toolforge.org/#Inside_a_dishwasher_%E2%80%93_360%C2%B0_Photo.jpg">view as a 360° interactive panorama</a></span>)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Dishwashers that are installed into standard kitchen cabinets have a standard width and depth of 60 cm (Europe) or 24 in (61 cm) (US), and most dishwashers must be installed into a hole a minimum of 86 cm (Europe) or 34 in (86 cm) (US) tall. Portable dishwashers exist in 45 and 60 cm (Europe) or 18 and 24 in (46 and 61 cm) (US) widths, with casters and attached countertops. There are also dishwashers available in sizes according to the European <a href="/wiki/Gastronorm" title="Gastronorm">gastronorm</a> standard. Dishwashers may come in standard or tall tub designs; standard tub dishwashers have a service kickplate beneath the dishwasher door that allows for simpler maintenance and installation, but tall tub dishwashers have approximately 20% more capacity and better <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">sound dampening</a> from having a continuous front door. </p><p>The international standard for the capacity of a dishwasher is expressed as standard <a href="/wiki/Place_setting" class="mw-redirect" title="Place setting">place settings</a>. Commercial dishwashers are rated as plates per hour. The rating is based on standard-sized plates of the same size. The same can be said for commercial glass washers, as they are based on standard glasses, normally pint glasses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout">Layout</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dishwasher_open_for_loading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dishwasher_open_for_loading.jpg/170px-Dishwasher_open_for_loading.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dishwasher_open_for_loading.jpg/255px-Dishwasher_open_for_loading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Dishwasher_open_for_loading.jpg/340px-Dishwasher_open_for_loading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An open dishwasher</figcaption></figure> <p>Present-day machines feature a drop-down front panel door, allowing access to the interior, which usually contains two or sometimes three pull-out racks; racks can also be referred to as "baskets". In older U.S. models from the 1950s, the entire tub rolled out when the machine latch was opened, and loading as well as removing washable items was from the top, with the user reaching deep into the compartment for some items. Youngstown Kitchens, which manufactured entire kitchen cabinets and sinks, offered a tub-style dishwasher, which was coupled to a conventional kitchen sink as one unit. Most present-day machines allow for placement of dishes, silverware, tall items and cooking utensils in the lower rack, while glassware, cups and saucers are placed in the upper rack.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable exception were dishwashers produced by the Maytag Corporation from the late sixties until the early nineties. These machines were designed for loading glassware, cups and saucers in the lower rack, while plates, silverware, and tall items were placed into the upper rack. This unique design allowed for a larger capacity and more flexibility in loading of dishes and pots and pans. Today, "dish drawer" models eliminate the inconvenience of the long reach that was necessary with older full-depth models. "Cutlery baskets" are also common. A drawer dishwasher, first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Fisher_%26_Paykel" title="Fisher & Paykel">Fisher & Paykel</a> in 1997, is a variant of the dishwasher in which the baskets slide out with the door in the same manner as a drawer <a href="/wiki/Filing_cabinet" title="Filing cabinet">filing cabinet</a>, with each drawer in a double-drawer model being able to operate independently of the other. </p><p>The inside of a dishwasher in the North American market is either <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>. Most of them are stainless steel body and plastic made racks. Stainless steel tubs resist <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a>, and preserve heat to dry dishes more quickly. They also come at a premium price. Dishwashers can be bought for as expensive as $1,500+, but countertop dishwashers are also available for under $300. Older models used baked <a href="/wiki/Porcelain_enamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcelain enamel">enamel</a> tubs, while some used a <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a> coating bonded to a steel tub, which provided protection of the tub from acidic foods and provided some sound attenuation. European-made dishwashers feature a stainless steel interior as standard, even on low-end models. The same is true for a built-in <a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">water softener</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Washing_elements">Washing elements</h3></div> <p>European dishwashers almost universally use two or three sprayers which are fed from the bottom and back wall of the dishwasher, leaving both racks unimpeded. Such models also tend to use inline water heaters, removing the need for exposed elements in the base of the machine that can melt plastic items near to them. Many North American dishwashers tend to use exposed elements in the base of the dishwasher. Some North American machines, primarily those designed by General Electric, use a wash tube, often called a wash-tower, to direct water from the bottom of the dishwasher to the top dish rack. Some dishwashers, including many models from <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation" title="Whirlpool Corporation">Whirlpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/KitchenAid" title="KitchenAid">KitchenAid</a>, use a tube attached to the top rack that connects to a water source at the back of the dishwasher and directs water to a second wash spray beneath the upper rack, which allows full use of the bottom rack. Late-model <a href="/wiki/Frigidaire" title="Frigidaire">Frigidaire</a> dishwashers shoot a jet of water from the top of the washer down into the upper wash sprayer, again allowing full use of the bottom rack (but requiring that a small funnel on the top rack be kept clear). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv/170px--Geschirrspuelertv.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="227" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Geschirrspuelertv.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Geschirrspuelertv.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="480" data-height="640" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="108" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="180" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="270" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv/Geschirrspuelertv.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Clear model of a running dishwasher</figcaption></figure> <p>Mid-range to higher-end North American dishwashers often come with hard food disposal units, which behave like miniature <a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">garbage (waste) disposal units</a> that eliminate large pieces of <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> from the wash water. One manufacturer that is known for omitting hard food disposals is <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a>, a German brand; however, Bosch does so in order to reduce noise. If the larger items of food waste are removed before placing in the dishwasher, pre-rinsing is not necessary even without integrated waste disposal units. </p><p>Many new dishwashers feature <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>-controlled, <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensor</a>-assisted wash cycles that adjust the wash duration to the number of dirty dishes (sensed by changes in water <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>) or the amount of dirt in the rinse water (sensed chemically or optically). This can save water and energy if the user runs a partial load. In such dishwashers the <a href="/wiki/Electromechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromechanical">electromechanical</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotary_switch" title="Rotary switch">rotary switch</a> often used to control the washing cycle is replaced by a microprocessor, but most sensors and <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a> are still required. However, pressure switches (some dishwashers use a pressure switch and flow meter) are not required in most microprocessor controlled dishwashers as they use the motor and sometimes a rotational position sensor to sense the resistance of water; when it senses there is no <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> it knows it has the optimal amount of water. A <a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_strip" title="Bimetallic strip">bimetal switch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wax_motor" title="Wax motor">wax motor</a> opens the detergent door during the wash cycle. </p><p>Some dishwashers include a child-lockout feature to prevent accidental starting or stopping of the wash cycle by children. A child lock can sometimes be included to prevent young children from opening the door during a wash cycle. This prevents accidents with hot water and strong detergents used during the wash cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_use_and_water_temperatures">Energy use and water temperatures</h3></div> <p>In the European Union, the energy consumption of a dishwasher for a standard usage is shown on a <a href="/wiki/European_Union_energy_label" title="European Union energy label">European Union energy label</a>. In the United States, the energy consumption of a dishwasher is defined using the <a href="/wiki/Energy_factor" title="Energy factor">energy factor</a>. </p><p>The current energy usage criteria for dishwashers, to achieve <a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a> certification, are ≤ 270 kWh/year for standard dishwashers, and ≤ 203 kWh/year for compact dishwashers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most consumer dishwashers use a 75 °C (167 °F) thermostat in the sanitizing process. During the final rinse cycle, the heating element and wash pump are turned on, and the cycle timer (electronic or electromechanical) is stopped until the thermostat is tripped. At this point, the cycle timer resumes and will generally trigger a drain cycle within a few timer increments. </p><p>Most consumer dishwashers use 75 °C (167 °F) rather than 83 °C (181 °F) for reasons of burn risk, energy and water consumption, total cycle time, and possible damage to plastic items placed inside the dishwasher. With new advances in detergents, lower water temperatures (50–55 °C; 122–131 °F) are needed to prevent premature decay of the enzymes used to eat the grease and other build-ups on the dishes. </p><p>In the US, residential dishwashers can be certified to a <a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a> testing protocol which confirms the cleaning and sanitation performance of the unit.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">Superheated steam</a> dishwashers can kill 99% of bacteria on a plate in just 25 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drying">Drying</h3></div> <p>The heat inside the dishwasher dries the contents after the final hot rinse. North American dishwashers tend to use heat-assisted drying via an exposed element which tends to be less efficient than other methods. European machines and some high-end North American machines use passive methods for drying – a stainless steel interior helps this process and some models use heat exchange technology between the inner and outer skin of the machine to cool the walls of the interior and speed up drying. Some dishwashers employ desiccants such as <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a> which at the beginning of the wash are heated, dry out and creating steam which warms plates, and then are cooled during the dry cycle which absorbs moisture again, saving significant energy. </p><p>Plastic and non-stick items form drops with smaller surface area<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may not dry properly compared to china and glass, which also store more heat that better evaporate the little water that remains on them. Some dishwashers incorporate a fan to improve drying. Older dishwashers with a visible heating element (at the bottom of the wash cabinet, below the bottom basket) may use the heating element to improve drying; however, this uses more energy. </p><p>Most importantly however, the final rinse adds a small amount of rinse-aid to the hot water, this is a mild detergent that improves drying significantly by reducing the inherent surface tension of the water so that water mostly drips off, greatly improving how well all items, including plastic items, dry. </p><p>Most dishwashers feature a drying sensor and as such, a dish-washing cycle is always considered complete when a drying indicator, usually in the form of an illuminated "end" light, or in more modern models on a digital display or audible sound, exhibits to the operator that the washing and drying cycle is now over. </p><p>US governmental agencies often recommend air-drying dishes by either disabling or stopping the drying cycle to save energy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_dishwashers_and_hand_washing">Differences between dishwashers and hand washing</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dishwasher_detergent">Dishwasher detergent</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher_detergent" title="Dishwasher detergent">Dishwasher detergent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detergent_tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Detergent_tablet.jpg/220px-Detergent_tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Detergent_tablet.jpg/330px-Detergent_tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Detergent_tablet.jpg/440px-Detergent_tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A detergent tablet</figcaption></figure> <p>Dishwashers are designed to work using specially formulated <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher_detergent" title="Dishwasher detergent">dishwasher detergent</a>. Over time, many regions have banned the use of <a href="/wiki/Phosphates_in_detergent" title="Phosphates in detergent">phosphates in detergent</a> and phosphorus-based compounds. They were previously used because they have properties that aid in effective cleaning. The concern was the increase in <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> in waterways caused by increasing phosphate levels (see <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kogawa_2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kogawa_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventeen US states have partial or full bans on the use of phosphates in dish detergent,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two US states (<a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>) ban phosphates in commercial dishwashing. Detergent companies claimed it is not cost effective to make separate batches of detergent for the states with phosphate bans, and so most have voluntarily removed phosphates from all dishwasher detergents.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Rinse_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinse aid">rinse aids</a> have contained <a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">nonylphenol</a> and nonylphenol ethoxylates. These have been banned in the European Union by EU Directive 76/769/EEC. </p><p>In some regions, depending on water hardness, a dishwasher might function better with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher_salt" title="Dishwasher salt">dishwasher salt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glassware">Glassware</h3></div> <p>Glassware washed by dishwashing machines can develop a white <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a> on the surface over time. This may be caused by any or all of the below processes, of which only the first is reversible: </p> <dl><dt>Deposition of minerals</dt> <dd>Calcium carbonate (<a href="/wiki/Limescale" title="Limescale">limescale</a>) in hard water can deposit and build up on surfaces when water dries. The deposits can be dissolved by vinegar or another acid. Dishwashers often include <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a> device to remove calcium and magnesium ions and replace them with sodium. The resultant sodium salts are water-soluble and don't tend to build up.</dd> <dt>Silicate filming, etching, and accelerated crack corrosion</dt> <dd>This film starts as an iridescence or "oil-film" effect on glassware, and progresses into a "milky" or "cloudy" appearance (which is not a deposit) that cannot be polished off or removed like limescale. It is formed because the detergent is strongly alkaline (basic) and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate#Properties" title="Sodium silicate">glass dissolves slowly in alkaline aqueous solution</a>. It becomes less soluble in the presence of silicates in the water (added as anti-metal-corrosion agents in the dishwasher detergent). Since the cloudy appearance is due to nonuniform glass dissolution, it is (somewhat paradoxically) <i>less</i> marked if dissolution is higher, i.e. if a silicate-free detergent is used; also, in certain cases, the etching will primarily be seen in areas that have microscopic surface cracks as a result of the items' manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limitation of this undesirable reaction is possible by controlling water hardness, detergent load and temperature. The type of glass is an important factor in determining if this effect is a problem. Some dishwashers can reduce this etching effect by automatically dispensing the correct amount of detergent throughout the wash cycle based on the level of water hardness programmed.</dd> <dt>Dissolution of lead</dt> <dd>Lead in <a href="/wiki/Lead_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead crystal">lead crystal</a> can be converted into a soluble form by the high temperatures and strong alkali detergents of dishwashers, which could endanger the health of subsequent users.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_materials">Other materials</h3></div> <p>Other materials besides glass are also harmed by the strong detergents, strong agitation, and high temperatures of dishwashers, especially on a hot wash cycle when temperatures can reach 75 °C (167 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-huffpo_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffpo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminium, brass, and copper items will discolor, and light aluminum containers will mark other items they knock into. Nonstick pan coatings will deteriorate. Glossy, gold-colored, and hand-painted items will be dulled or fade. Fragile items and sharp edges will be dulled or damaged from colliding with other items or thermal stress. Sterling silver and pewter will oxidize and discolour from the heat and from contact with metals lower on the <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_series" title="Galvanic series">galvanic series</a> such as stainless steel.<sup id="cite_ref-martha_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martha-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pewter has a low melting point and may warp in some dishwashers. Glued items, such as hollow-handle knives or wooden <a href="/wiki/Cutting_board" title="Cutting board">cutting boards</a>, will melt or soften in a dishwasher; high temperatures and moisture damage wood. High temperatures damage many plastics, especially in the bottom rack close to an exposed <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating element</a> (many newer dishwashers have a concealed heating element away from the bottom rack entirely). Squeezing plastic items into small spaces may cause the plastic to distort in shape. <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Cookware_and_bakeware" title="Cookware and bakeware">cookware</a> is normally seasoned with oil or grease and heat, which causes the oil or grease to be absorbed into the pores of the cookware, thereby giving a smooth relatively non-stick cooking surface which is stripped off by the combination of alkali based detergent and hot water in a dishwasher. </p><p>Knives and other cooking tools that are made of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a>, semi-stainless steels like D2, or specialized, highly hardened cutlery steels like ZDP189 corrode in the extended moisture bath of dishwashers, compared to briefer baths of hand washing. Cookware is made of <a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">austenitic</a> stainless steels, which are more stable. </p><p>Items contaminated by chemicals such as wax, cigarette ash, poisons, mineral oils, wet paints, oiled tools, furnace filters, etc. can contaminate a dishwasher, since the surfaces inside small water passages cannot be wiped clean as surfaces are in hand-washing, so contaminants remain to affect future loads. Objects contaminated by <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> may explode in a dishwasher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_comparison">Environmental comparison</h3></div> <p>Dishwashers use less water, and therefore less fuel to heat the water, than hand washing, except for small quantities washed in wash bowls without running water.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-star_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hand-washing techniques vary by individual. According to a peer-reviewed study in 2003, hand washing and drying of an amount of dishes equivalent to a fully loaded automatic dishwasher (no <a href="/wiki/Cookware_and_bakeware" title="Cookware and bakeware">cookware or bakeware</a>) could use between 20 and 300 litres (5.3 and 79.3 US gal) of water and between 0.1 and 8 kWh of energy, while the numbers for energy-efficient automatic dishwashers were 15–22 litres (4.0–5.8 US gal) and 1 to 2 kWh, respectively. The study concluded that fully loaded dishwashers use less energy, water, and detergent than the average European hand-washer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the automatic dishwasher results, the dishes were not rinsed before being loaded. The study does not address costs associated with the manufacture and disposal of dishwashers, the cost of possible accelerated wear of dishes from the chemical harshness of dishwasher detergent, the comparison for cleaning cookware, or the value of labour saved; hand washers needed between 65 and 106 minutes. Several points of criticism on this study have been raised.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hours</a> of electricity were compared against energy used for heating hot water without taking into account possible inefficiencies. Also, inefficient handwashings were compared against optimal usage of a fully loaded dishwasher without manual pre-rinsing that can take up to 100 litres (26 US gal) of water.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2009 study showed that the microwave and the dishwasher were both more effective ways to clean <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen sponge">domestic sponges</a> than handwashing.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_use">Commercial use</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uwx1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Uwx1.jpg/220px-Uwx1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Uwx1.jpg/330px-Uwx1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Uwx1.jpg/440px-Uwx1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A commercial dishwasher</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson_Commercial_Dishwasher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jackson_Commercial_Dishwasher.jpg/220px-Jackson_Commercial_Dishwasher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jackson_Commercial_Dishwasher.jpg/330px-Jackson_Commercial_Dishwasher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jackson_Commercial_Dishwasher.jpg/440px-Jackson_Commercial_Dishwasher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>A commercial door-type dishwasher from Jackson WWS</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial_Dishwasher_Wash_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Commercial_Dishwasher_Wash_Arms.jpg/220px-Commercial_Dishwasher_Wash_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Commercial_Dishwasher_Wash_Arms.jpg/330px-Commercial_Dishwasher_Wash_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Commercial_Dishwasher_Wash_Arms.jpg/440px-Commercial_Dishwasher_Wash_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Inside of a commercial dishwasher</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunnel_industrial_dishwasher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tunnel_industrial_dishwasher.jpg/220px-Tunnel_industrial_dishwasher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tunnel_industrial_dishwasher.jpg/330px-Tunnel_industrial_dishwasher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tunnel_industrial_dishwasher.jpg/440px-Tunnel_industrial_dishwasher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Industrial dishwasher</figcaption></figure> <p>Large heavy-duty dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments (e.g. hotels, restaurants) where many dishes must be cleaned. </p><p>Unlike a residential dishwasher, a commercial dishwasher does not utilize a drying cycle (commercial drying is achieved by heated ware meeting open air once the wash/rinse/sanitation cycles have been completed) and thus are significantly faster than their residential counterparts. Washing is conducted with 65–71 °C (149–160 °F) temperatures and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide the machine 82 °C (180 °F) "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer. This distinction labels the machines as either "high-temp" or "low-temp".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some commercial dishwashers work similarly to a commercial <a href="/wiki/Car_wash" title="Car wash">car wash</a>, with a pulley system that pulls the rack through a small chamber (known widely as a "rack conveyor" systems). Single-rack washers require an operator to push the rack into the washer, close the doors, start the cycle, and then open the doors to pull out the cleaned rack, possibly through a second opening into an unloading area. </p><p>In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/British_Standards_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standards Institution">British Standards Institution</a> set standards for dishwashers. In the US, <a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a> (an independent not-for-profit organization) sets the standards for wash and rinse time along with minimum water temperature for chemical or hot-water sanitizing methods.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many types of commercial dishwashers including under-counter, single tank, conveyor, flight type, and carousel machines. </p><p>Commercial dishwashers often have significantly different plumbing and operations than a home unit, in that there are often separate sprayers for washing and rinsing/sanitizing. The wash water is heated with an in-tank electric heat element and mixed with a cleaning solution, and is used repeatedly from one load to the next. The wash tank usually has a large strainer basket to collect food debris, and the strainer may not be emptied until the end of the day's kitchen operations. </p><p>Water used for rinsing and sanitizing is generally delivered directly through building water supply and is not reusable. However, commercial dishwashers excel in water efficiency, with some models using less than 0.4 gallons of water per rack. Used rinse water empties into the wash tank reservoir, which dilutes some of the used wash water and causes a small amount to drain out through an overflow tube. The system may first rinse with pure water only and then sanitize with an additive solution that is left on the dishes as they leave the washer to dry. </p><p>Additional soap is periodically added to the main wash water tank, from either large soap concentrate tanks or dissolved from a large solid soap block, to maintain wash water cleaning effectiveness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_uses">Alternative uses</h2></div> <p>Dishwashers can be used to cook foods at low temperatures (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dishwasher_salmon" title="Dishwasher salmon">dishwasher salmon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foods are generally sealed in canning jars or oven bags since even a dishwasher cycle without soap can deposit residual soap and rinse aid from previous cycles on unsealed foods.<sup id="cite_ref-cr_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dishwashers also have been documented to be used to clean potatoes, other root vegetables, garden tools, sneakers or trainers, silk flowers,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some sporting goods, plastic hairbrushes, baseball caps, plastic toys, toothbrushes, flip-flops,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contact lens cases, a mesh filter from a range hood, refrigerator shelves and bins,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> toothbrush holders, pet bowls and pet toys.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleaning vegetables and plastics is controversial since vegetables can be contaminated by soap and rinse aid from previous cycles and the heat of most standard dishwashers can cause BPA or phthalates to leach out of plastic products.<sup id="cite_ref-cr_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a dishwasher to clean greasy tools and parts is not recommended as the grease can clog the dishwasher.<sup id="cite_ref-cr_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFÖzçevikBrebbiaŞener2015" class="citation book cs1">Özçevik, Ö; Brebbia, C. A.; Şener, S. M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJWbCAAAQBAJ&q=dishwasher+temperatures&pg=PA794"><i>Sustainable Development and Planning VII</i></a>. WIT Press. p. 794. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845649241" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845649241"><bdi>978-1845649241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Development+and+Planning+VII&rft.pages=794&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1845649241&rft.aulast=%C3%96z%C3%A7evik&rft.aufirst=%C3%96&rft.au=Brebbia%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=%C5%9Eener%2C+S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJWbCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddishwasher%2Btemperatures%26pg%3DPA794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADishwasher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoller2008" class="citation book cs1">Zoller, Uri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCgcrvvRIucC&q=dishwasher+rinse+aid&pg=PA62"><i>Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FR579765&rft.atitle=Improvements+in+apparatus+for+washing+household+crockery+and+the+like&rft.date=1924-10-23&rft.au=William+Howard+Livens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv3.espacenet.com%2Ftextdoc%3FDB%3DEPODOC%26IDX%3DFR579765%26F%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADishwasher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217185319/http://www.basildon-today.co.uk/fnews.cfm?id=168&headline=The%20History%20of%20the%20Dishwasher">"The History of the Dishwasher"</a>. Yellow Advertiser. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Dishwasher&rft.pub=Yellow+Advertiser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basildon-today.co.uk%2Ffnews.cfm%3Fid%3D168%26headline%3DThe%2520History%2520of%2520the%2520Dishwasher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADishwasher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janeway_December_2016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janeway_December_2016_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaneway2016" class="citation web cs1">Janeway, Kimberly (9 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumerreports.org/dishwashers/replacing-a-dishwasher-what-to-know/">"5 Things to Know When Replacing a Dishwasher"</a>. <i>Consumer Reports</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Reports&rft.atitle=5+Things+to+Know+When+Replacing+a+Dishwasher&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft.aulast=Janeway&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerreports.org%2Fdishwashers%2Freplacing-a-dishwasher-what-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADishwasher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/dishwasher-left-sink-073027938.html">"Should a dishwasher be on the right or left of a sink?"</a>. <i>finance.yahoo.com</i>. 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Hygiene in the home kitchen: Changes in behaviour and impact of key microbiological hazard control measures". <i>Food Control</i>. <b>35</b>: 392–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2013.07.026">10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Control&rft.atitle=Hygiene+in+the+home+kitchen%3A+Changes+in+behaviour+and+impact+of+key+microbiological+hazard+control+measures&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=392-400&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodcont.2013.07.026&rft.aulast=Tach%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Carpentier%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADishwasher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acitydiscount.com/info/Comparing-High-Temp-vs-Low-Temp-Commercial-Dishwashers.344.1.htm">"Comparing High Temp vs. Low Temp Commercial Dishwashers"</a>. <i>www.acitydiscount.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924012754/https://www.acitydiscount.com/info/Comparing-High-Temp-vs-Low-Temp-Commercial-Dishwashers.344.1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_appliances" title="Template:Home appliances"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_appliances" title="Template talk:Home appliances"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_appliances" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home appliances"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Home_appliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ioniser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue_grill" title="Barbecue grill">Barbecue grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_blender" title="Immersion blender">Immersion blender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_machine" title="Bread machine">Bread machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_zapper" title="Bug zapper">Bug zapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Coffee percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washer-dryer" title="Washer-dryer">combo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_iron" title="Clothes iron">Clothes iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dishwasher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dish_drying_cabinet" title="Dish drying cabinet">drying cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_domestic_robots" title="Comparison of domestic robots">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fryer" title="Deep fryer">Deep fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blanket" title="Electric blanket">Electric blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric drill">Electric drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kettle">Electric kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_knife" title="Electric knife">Electric knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_shaver" title="Electric shaver">Electric shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_toothbrush" title="Electric toothbrush">Electric toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilator" title="Epilator">Epilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processor" title="Food processor">Food processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladeless_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladeless fan">bladeless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling_fan" title="Ceiling fan">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_fan" title="Window fan">window</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_dryer" title="Hair dryer">Hair dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_iron" title="Hair iron">Hair iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_maker" title="Ice cream maker">Ice cream maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_cooking" title="Induction cooking">Induction cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_hood" title="Kitchen hood">Kitchen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Kitchen stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry-folding_machine" title="Laundry-folding machine">Laundry-folding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">Lawn mower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riding_mower" title="Riding mower">Riding mower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_lawn_mower" title="Robotic lawn mower">Robotic lawn mower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_blower" title="Leaf blower">Leaf blower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(appliance)" title="Mixer (appliance)">Mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convection_oven" title="Convection oven">Convection oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_iron" title="Pie iron">Pie iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisper_drawer" title="Crisper drawer">Crisper drawer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_refrigerator" title="Smart refrigerator">smart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">Rice cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">Sewing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">Television set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaster" title="Toaster">Toaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">Vacuum cleaner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_vacuum_cleaner" title="Central vacuum cleaner">central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_cleaner" title="Manual vacuum cleaner">manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">robotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_iron" title="Waffle iron">Waffle iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_plug" title="Appliance plug">Appliance plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliance recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plumbing" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plumbing" title="Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plumbing" title="Template talk:Plumbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plumbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plumbing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)" title="Air gap (plumbing)">Air gap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">Backflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(chemical)" title="Compatibility (chemical)">Compatibility (chemical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">Drain (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_trap" title="Heat trap">Heat trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop" title="Hydrostatic loop">Hydrostatic loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_axis" title="Neutral axis">Neutral axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">Sewer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">Siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">Storm sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank" title="Hot water storage tank">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_marking" title="Pipe marking">Pipe marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer" title="Pipelayer">Pipelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations <br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater">Template:Wastewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186263#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186263#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186263#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/895229/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4157005-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dishwashing machines"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85038427">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124503678">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124503678">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="食器洗い機"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01201080">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="myčky nádobí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph325846&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557965005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dishwasher&oldid=1256862045">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dishwasher&oldid=1256862045</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dishwashing" title="Category:Dishwashing">Dishwashing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a 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