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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cooling methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cooling_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cooling methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cooling_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airflow_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airflow_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Airflow forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airflow_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wind_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Wind pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Convection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Night_flushing_(colder_air)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Night_flushing_(colder_air)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Night flushing (colder air)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Night_flushing_(colder_air)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subterranean_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subterranean_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subterranean cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subterranean_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaporative_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaporative_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Evaporative cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaporative_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windcatchers_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windcatchers_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Windcatchers and climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windcatchers_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle East and Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Windcatcher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%82%D9%81" title="ملقف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملقف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel_al%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Yel alıcı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yel alıcı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80" title="Бадгір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бадгір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Бадгир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бадгир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captador_de_vent" title="Captador de vent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Captador de vent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Бадгир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бадгир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgir" title="Badgir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Badgir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ανεμόπυργος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανεμόπυργος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captador_de_viento" title="Captador de viento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Captador de viento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventokaptilo" title="Ventokaptilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ventokaptilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="بادگیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادگیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badguir" title="Badguir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Badguir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%93%9C%EC%BA%90%EC%B2%98" title="윈드캐처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈드캐처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Քամորսիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քամորսիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetrohvat" title="Vjetrohvat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vjetrohvat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkap_angin" title="Perangkap angin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkap angin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_del_vento" title="Torre del vento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torre del vento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97" title="לוכד רוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוכד רוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9ltorony" title="Széltorony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Széltorony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD" title="ബർജീൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബർജീൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windvanger" title="Windvanger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windvanger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="バードギール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バードギール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_vento" title="Torre de vento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre de vento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_de_ventila%C8%9Bie" title="Turn de ventilație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turn de ventilație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Бадгир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бадгир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بادگير – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بادگير" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovilec_vetra" title="Lovilec vetra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lovilec vetra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ветрохват – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ветрохват" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetrohvat" title="Vjetrohvat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vjetrohvat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காற்றுக் கோபுரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காற்றுக் கோபுரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1" title="หอดักลม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หอดักลม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Бодгир – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бодгир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Вітряна вежа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітряна вежа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Architectural element for creating a draft</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificios_en_Yazd,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-21,_DD_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edificios_en_Yazd%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-21%2C_DD_17.jpg/220px-Edificios_en_Yazd%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-21%2C_DD_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edificios_en_Yazd%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-21%2C_DD_17.jpg/330px-Edificios_en_Yazd%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-21%2C_DD_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edificios_en_Yazd%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-21%2C_DD_17.jpg/440px-Edificios_en_Yazd%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-21%2C_DD_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4553" data-file-height="5736" /></a><figcaption>An <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">ab anbar</a></i> (water reservoir) with windcatchers (openings near the top of the towers) in the central desert city of <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aghazade_mansion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aghazade_mansion.jpg/220px-Aghazade_mansion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aghazade_mansion.jpg/330px-Aghazade_mansion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aghazade_mansion.jpg/440px-Aghazade_mansion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5191" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aghazadeh_Mansion" title="Aghazadeh Mansion">Aghazadeh Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abarkuh" title="Abarkuh">Abarkooh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, has an elaborate 18-m windtower with two levels of openings, plus some smaller windtowers.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>windcatcher</b>, <b>wind tower</b>, or <b>wind scoop</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:بادگیر">بادگیر</a></span>) is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Architectural_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural element">architectural element</a> used to create <a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">cross ventilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">passive cooling</a> in buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windcatchers come in various designs, depending on whether local <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a> are unidirectional, bidirectional, or multidirectional, on how they change with altitude, on the daily <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> cycle, on <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, and on how much dust needs to be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the name, windcatchers can also <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Convection">function without wind</a>. </p><p>Neglected by modern architects in the latter half of the 20th century, the early 21st century saw them used again to increase <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> and cut power demand for <a href="/wiki/Air-conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-conditioning">air-conditioning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shady_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the cost of construction for a windcatcher-ventilated building is less than that of a similar building with conventional <a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a> (HVAC) systems. The maintenance costs are also lower. Unlike powered air-conditioning and fans, windcatchers are silent<sup id="cite_ref-CFD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continue to function when the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> power fails (a particular concern in places where grid power is unreliable or expensive).<sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windcatchers rely on local weather and <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> conditions, and not all techniques will work everywhere; local factors must be taken into account in design.<sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windcatchers of varying designs are widely used in North Africa, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, and India.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-review_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple, widespread idea, there is evidence that windcatchers have been in use for many millennia, and no clear evidence that they were not used into <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shady_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-review_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "place of invention" of windcatchers is thus intensely disputed; Egypt, Iran, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> all claim it.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ifp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windcatchers vary dramatically in shape, including height, cross-sectional area, and internal sub-divisions and filters.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windcatching has gained some ground in Western architecture, and there are several commercial products using the name <i>windcatcher</i>. Some modern windcatchers use sensor-controlled moving parts or even solar-powered fans to make semi-<a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">passive ventilation</a> and semi-<a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">passive cooling</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windscoops have long been used on ships, for example in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Dorade_box" title="Dorade box">dorade box</a>. Windcatchers have also been used experimentally to cool outdoor areas in cities, with mixed results;<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traditional methods include narrow, walled spaces, parks and winding streets, which act as cold-air reservoirs, and <a href="/wiki/Takhtabush" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhtabush">takhtabush</a>-like arrangements (see sections on night flushing and convection, below).<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 6">: Ch. 6 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Tower_Dubai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wind_Tower_Dubai.jpg/200px-Wind_Tower_Dubai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wind_Tower_Dubai.jpg/300px-Wind_Tower_Dubai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wind_Tower_Dubai.jpg/400px-Wind_Tower_Dubai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wind tower, exterior, <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Museum" title="Dubai Museum">Dubai Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_windcatcher_exhibit_at_the_Dubai_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Inside_the_windcatcher_exhibit_at_the_Dubai_Museum.jpg/200px-Inside_the_windcatcher_exhibit_at_the_Dubai_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Inside_the_windcatcher_exhibit_at_the_Dubai_Museum.jpg/300px-Inside_the_windcatcher_exhibit_at_the_Dubai_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Inside_the_windcatcher_exhibit_at_the_Dubai_Museum.jpg/400px-Inside_the_windcatcher_exhibit_at_the_Dubai_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The same interior. This wind tower has four openings and brown cloth vertical walls on the interior diagonals, so it can catch the wind from a range of directions.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souq_Waqif,_Doha,_Catar,_2013-08-05,_DD_77.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Souq_Waqif%2C_Doha%2C_Catar%2C_2013-08-05%2C_DD_77.JPG/170px-Souq_Waqif%2C_Doha%2C_Catar%2C_2013-08-05%2C_DD_77.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Souq_Waqif%2C_Doha%2C_Catar%2C_2013-08-05%2C_DD_77.JPG/255px-Souq_Waqif%2C_Doha%2C_Catar%2C_2013-08-05%2C_DD_77.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Souq_Waqif%2C_Doha%2C_Catar%2C_2013-08-05%2C_DD_77.JPG/340px-Souq_Waqif%2C_Doha%2C_Catar%2C_2013-08-05%2C_DD_77.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3126" data-file-height="4101" /></a><figcaption>An eight-sectioned <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> windtower in <a href="/wiki/Souq_Waqif" title="Souq Waqif">Souq Waqif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malkafs_(1878)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Malkafs_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/220px-Malkafs_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Malkafs_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/330px-Malkafs_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Malkafs_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/440px-Malkafs_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Malqafs</i></span> in Egypt in 1878. Short wood-and-matting <a href="/wiki/Right_triangular_prism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right triangular prism">right triangular prisms</a>, with the vertical side left open and facing directly up or down wind (often one of each per building). This design works well in areas with strong low-level winds from a consistent direction.</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of a windcatcher depends on the <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevailing wind">prevailing wind</a> direction at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it may have only one opening, and no internal partitions.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas with more variable wind directions, there may also be radial internal walls, which divide the windtower into vertical sections. These sections are like parallel <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimneys</a>, but with openings to the side, pointing in multiple directions.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More sections reduce the flow rate, but increase the efficiency at suboptimal wind angles. If the wind hits the opening square-on, it will go in, but if it hits it at a sufficiently oblique angle, it will tend to slip around the tower, instead.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windcatchers in areas with stronger winds will have smaller total cross-sections,<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and areas with very hot wind may have many smaller shafts in order to cool the incoming air.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 5">: Ch. 5 </span></sup> Windtowers with square horizontal cross-sections are more efficient than round ones, as the sharp angles make the flow less <a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow" title="Laminar flow">laminar</a>, encouraging <a href="/wiki/Flow_separation" title="Flow separation">flow separation</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suitable shaping increases suction.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 5">: Ch. 5 </span></sup> </p><p>Taller windcatchers catch higher winds. Higher winds blow <a href="/wiki/Wind_gradient" title="Wind gradient">stronger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">cooler</a><sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and <a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">in a different direction</a><sup id="cite_ref-houghton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houghton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Higher air is also usually less dusty.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the wind is dusty or polluted, or there are insect-borne illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">air filtering</a> may be necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dust can be dumped at the bottom of the windcatcher as the air slows (see diagram below), and more can be filtered out by suitable plantings or insect mesh.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical filters generally reduce throughflow, unless the flow is very gusty.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be possible to fully or partially close the windcatcher off.<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The short, wide right-triangle-prism <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">malqaf</i></span> are usually bidirectional, set in symmetrical pairs, and are often used with a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">salsabil</a></i></span> (evaporative cooling unit)<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shuksheika</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">roof lantern</a> vent).<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wide <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">malqaf</i></span>s are more often used in damper climates, where high-volume air flow is more important compared to evaporative cooling. In hotter climates, they are narrower, and air is cooled on its way in.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 5">: Ch. 5 </span></sup> They are more commonly used in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Baudgir</i></span>, on the other hand, are multisided (usually 4-sided), and they are typically tall towers (up to 34 meters tall) which can be closed in winter. They are more common in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf region</a><sup id="cite_ref-review_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in areas with <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taller windcatchers also have a stronger <a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">stack effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 5">: Ch. 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooling_methods">Cooling methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cooling methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Night-flushing cools the house by increasing ventilation at night, when the outdoor air is cooler; windtowers can assist night flushing.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A windcatcher can also cool air by drawing it over cool objects. In <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climates</a>, the daily temperature swings are often extreme, with desert temperatures often dipping below freezing at night. The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_inertia" title="Thermal inertia">thermal inertia</a> of the soil evens out the daily and even annual temperature swings. Even the thermal inertia of thick masonry walls will keep a building warmer at night and cooler during the day. Windcatchers can thus cool by drawing air over night- or winter-cooled materials, which act as <a href="/wiki/Heat_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat reservoir">heat reservoirs</a>. </p><p>Windcatchers that cool by drawing air over water use the water as a heat reservoir, but if the air is dry, they are also cooling the air with <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative cooling">evaporative cooling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat in the air goes into evaporating some of the water, and will not be released until the water re-condenses. This is a very effective way of cooling dry air.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simply moving the air also has a cooling effect. Humans cool themselves using evaporative cooling when they <a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweat</a>. A draft disrupts the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> of body-warmed and water-saturated air clinging to the skin, so a human will feel cooler in moving air than in stagnant air of the same temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 5">: Ch. 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airflow_forces">Airflow forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Airflow forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malqaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/220px-Malqaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/330px-Malqaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Malqaf.svg/440px-Malqaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A pair of short traditional windcatchers (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">malqaf</i></span>); wind is forced down on the <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> side and leaves on the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> side. In the center, a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shuksheika</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">roof lantern</a> vent), used to shade the <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">qa'a</a> below while allowing hot air rise out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The windcatcher can function in two ways: directing airflow using the pressure of wind blowing into the windcatcher, or directing airflow using <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Buoyancy force">buoyancy forces</a> from <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradients</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">stack effect</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CFD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative importance of these two forces has been debated. The importance of windpressure increases with increasing wind speed, and is generally more important than buoyancy under most conditions in which the windcatcher is working effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Airflow speed is also important, especially for evaporative cooling (since it only works on dry air, and humidifies the air). It is possible for a windtower-ventilated building to have very high flow rates; 30 air changes per hour were measured in one experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uniform, stable flow with no stagnant corners is important. Turbulent flow should therefore be avoided; <a href="/wiki/Laminar_flow" title="Laminar flow">laminar flow</a> is more effective at maintaining human comfort<sup id="cite_ref-CFD_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for an extreme example, see <a href="/wiki/Tesla_valve" title="Tesla valve">Tesla valve</a>). </p><p>Other elements are often used in combination with the windcatchers to cool and ventilate: <a href="/wiki/Courtyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtyards">courtyards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a>, walls, and fountains, for instance, as integral parts of an overall ventilation and heat-management strategy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind_pressure">Wind pressure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wind pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a windcatcher's open side faces the prevailing wind, it can "catch" it, and bring it down into the heart of the building. Suction from the lee side of a windtower is also an important driving force, usually somewhat more constant and less gusty than the pressure on the upwind side (see <a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli's principle</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 5">: Ch. 5 </span></sup> </p><p>Routing the wind through the building cools the people in the building interior. The air flows through the house, and leaves from the other side, creating a through-draft; the rate of airflow itself can provide a cooling effect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Windcatchers have been employed in this manner for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The windtower essentially creates a pressure gradient to draw air through the building.<sup id="cite_ref-pressure_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressure-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windtowers topped with horizontal airfoils have been built to enhance these pressure gradients.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shape of the traditional <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shuksheika</i></span> roof also creates suction as wind blows over it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 5">: Ch. 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Convection">Convection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Convection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/220px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/330px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/440px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Vertical temperature gradient caused by <a href="/wiki/Stable_stratification" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable stratification">stable stratification</a> of air inside a room. Note hot air rising from the person.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buoyancy is usually not the main effect driving windcatcher air circulation<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the day. </p><p>In a windless environment, a windcatcher can still function using the <a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">stack effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hot air, which is less dense, tends to travel upwards and escape out the top of the house via the windtower.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heating of the windtower itself can heat the air inside (making it a <a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">solar chimney</a>), so that it rises and pulls air out of the top of the house, creating a draft. This effect can be enhanced with a heat source at the bottom of the windtower (<a href="/wiki/Energy#Biology" title="Energy">such as humans, ~80 Watts each</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), but this heats the house and makes it less comfortable.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more practical technique is to cool the air as it flows down and in, using heat reservoirs and/or evaporative cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Takhtabush" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhtabush">takhtabush</a> is a space similar to the ancient Roman tablinum, opening both onto a heavily shaded courtyard and onto a rear garden court (the garden side being shaded with a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">mashrabiya</a></i></span> lattice). It is designed to capture a cross-draft. The breeze is at least partly driven by convection (since one court will generally be warmer than the other), and may also be driven by wind pressure and evaporative cooling,<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 6">: Ch. 6 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the garden and courtyard are used as windcatchers. </p><p>Buoyancy forces are used to cause night flushing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Night_flushing_(colder_air)"><span id="Night_flushing_.28colder_air.29"></span>Night flushing (colder air)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Night flushing (colder air)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling#Night_flushing" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling § Night flushing</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature cycle">diurnal temperature cycle</a> means that the night air is colder than the daytime air; in arid climates, much colder. This creates appreciable buoyancy forces. Buildings may be designed to spontaneously increase ventilation at night. </p><p>Courtyards in hot climates fill with cold air at night. This cold air then flows from the courtyard into adjacent rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cold night air will flow in easily, as it is more dense than the rising warm air it is displacing.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 6">: Ch. 6 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the day, the courtyard walls and awning shade it, while the air outside is heated by the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cool masonry will also chill the nearby air.<sup id="cite_ref-whither_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whither-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courtyard air will become <a href="/wiki/Stable_stratification" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable stratification">stably stratified</a>, the hot air floating on top of the cold air with little mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 6">: Ch. 6 </span></sup> The fact that the openings are at the top will trap the cool air below, though it cannot cause the temperature to drop below the nightly minimum temperature. This mechanism also works in windtowers.<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subterranean_cooling">Subterranean cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subterranean cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahebgheraniye_Hozkhane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sahebgheraniye_Hozkhane.jpg/220px-Sahebgheraniye_Hozkhane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sahebgheraniye_Hozkhane.jpg/330px-Sahebgheraniye_Hozkhane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sahebgheraniye_Hozkhane.jpg/440px-Sahebgheraniye_Hozkhane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">shabestan</a>, a cool <a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">earth-sheltered</a> room in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a> which may be ventilated with windcatchers. The fountain pool adds evaporative cooling.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling#Earth_coupling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling § Earth coupling</a></div> <p>A windcatcher can also cool air by bringing it into contact with cool <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal masses</a>. These are often found underground. </p><p>Below approximately 6m of depth, soil and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> is always at about the annual <a href="/wiki/Mean_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean average">mean-average</a> temperature (MATT)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (it is this depth which is used for many <a href="/wiki/Ground-source_heat_pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-source heat pumps">ground-source heat pumps</a>, often loosely referred to as "geothermal heat pumps" by laypeople<sup id="cite_ref-survival_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_inertia" title="Thermal inertia">thermal inertia</a> of the soil evens out the daily and even annual temperature swings. In <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climates</a>, the daily temperature swings are often extreme, with desert temperatures often dipping below freezing at night. Even the thermal inertia of thick masonry walls will keep a building warmer at night and cooler during the day; in hot-arid climates, thick walls with high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a>, stone, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>) are common (though thinner walls with high <a href="/wiki/R-value_(insulation)" title="R-value (insulation)">resistance against heat transmission</a> are more modernly sometimes used).<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windcatchers can thus cool by drawing air over night- or winter-cooled materials, which act as <a href="/wiki/Heat_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat reservoir">heat reservoirs</a>. </p><p>Windcatchers are also often used to ventilate lower-level indoor spaces (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">shabestans</a>), which maintain frigid temperatures in the middle of the day even without windcatchers. <a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">Ice houses</a> are traditionally used to store water frozen overnight in desert areas, or over winter in temperate areas. They may use windcatchers to circulate air into an underground or semi-underground chamber, evaporatively cooling the ice so that it melts only slowly and stays fairly dry (see <a href="/wiki/File:Edificios_en_Yazd,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-21,_DD_17.jpg" title="File:Edificios en Yazd, Irán, 2016-09-21, DD 17.jpg">lede image</a>). At night, the windcatchers may even bring sub-freezing night air underground, helping to freeze ice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaporative_cooling">Evaporative cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evaporative cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qanat_wind_tower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qanat_wind_tower.svg/220px-Qanat_wind_tower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qanat_wind_tower.svg/330px-Qanat_wind_tower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qanat_wind_tower.svg/440px-Qanat_wind_tower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>A windcatcher and <a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">qanat</a> used for cooling</figcaption></figure> <p>In dry climates, the <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative cooling">evaporative cooling</a> effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windcatchers are used for evaporative cooling in combination with a <a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">qanat</a>, or underground canal (which also makes use of the subterranean heat reservoir described above). In this method, the open side of the tower faces away from the direction of the prevailing wind (the tower's orientation may be adjusted by directional ports at the top). When only the <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">leeward</a> side is left open, air is drawn upwards using the <a href="/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect" title="Coandă effect">Coandă effect</a>. This pulls air into an intake on the other side of the building. The hot air brought down into the qanat tunnel is cooled by coming into contact with the water flow and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">earth</a>. The soil below ground level stays cool by virtue of being several meters below the surface. The insulation and heat capacity of the overlying earth maintains the same stable temperature day and night, and as nights in arid climates are quite cold, often below freezing, that stable temperature is quite cool. The air is also <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative cooling">evaporatively cooled</a> when some of the water in the qanat evaporates as the hot, dry surface air passes over it; the heat energy in the air is absorbed as <a href="/wiki/Energy_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy of vaporization">energy of vaporization</a>. The dry air is thus also humidified before entering the building. The cooled air is drawn up through the house and finally out the windcatcher, again by the Coandă effect. On the whole, the cool air flows through the building, decreasing the structure's overall temperature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">salasabil</a></i></span> is a type of fountain with a thin sheet of flowing water, shaped to maximize surface area and thus evaporative cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fathy_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 7">: Ch. 7 </span></sup> Windcatchers are often used with salasabils may be used to maximize the flow of unsaturated air over the water surface and carry the cooled air to where it is needed in the building.<sup id="cite_ref-CFD_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wetted matting can also be hung inside the windcatcher to cool incoming air.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can reduce flow, especially in weak winds. However, it can also produce a downdraft of cool air in windless conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evaporative cooling within a windtower causes the air in the tower to sink, driving circulation. This is called <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler#Direct_evaporative_cooling" title="Evaporative cooler">passive downdraught evaporative cooling</a> (PDEC). It may also be generated using spray nozzles (which have a tendency to get blocked if the water is hard) or cold-water cooling coils (like <a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">hydronic underfloor heating</a> in reverse).<sup id="cite_ref-PDEC_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDEC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Windcatchers_and_climate_change">Windcatchers and climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Windcatchers and climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windcatchers can be used for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation of climate change</a> as they can "reduce the <a href="/wiki/Building_energy_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Building energy efficiency">building's energy consumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation to climate change</a> because they facilitate cooling in a warmer climate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windcatchers can reduce temperature inside the house by 8 to 12 °C (14 to 22 °F) in comparison to the outdoor temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A window windcatcher can reduce the total energy use of a building by 23.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_use">Regional use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regional use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit">improve this </a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Windcatcher" title="Talk:Windcatcher">talk page</a>, or create a new, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Egypt windcatchers are known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">malqaf</i></span>, pl. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">malaaqef</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-el-Maqadef_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-el-Maqadef-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shady2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are generally shaped as <a href="/wiki/Right_triangular_prism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right triangular prism">right triangular prisms</a> with the vertical side left open and facing directly up or down wind (one of each per building). They work best if oriented within 10 degrees of wind direction; larger angles allow the wind to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-shady_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windcatchers were used in traditional <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">ancient Egyptian architecture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only started to fall out of use in the mid-20th century. Their use is now being re-examined, as air conditioning accounts for 60% of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Peak_electrical_power_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak electrical power demand">peak electrical power demand</a> (and thus the need for 60% of its <a href="/wiki/Peaking_power_plant" title="Peaking power plant">generating capacity</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-shady_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windcatchers in Egypt are often used in conjunction with other passive cooling elements.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">models</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byggnadskonsten,_Fornegyptiska_boningshus,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwelling house in Ancient Egypt with windcatcher. From a painting at the Pharaonic house of Neb-Ammun, Egypt, which dates from the 19th Dynasty, c. 1300 BC (British Museum).[32][3]"><img alt="Dwelling house in Ancient Egypt with windcatcher. From a painting at the Pharaonic house of Neb-Ammun, Egypt, which dates from the 19th Dynasty, c. 1300 BC (British Museum).[32][3]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Byggnadskonsten%2C_Fornegyptiska_boningshus%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/311px-Byggnadskonsten%2C_Fornegyptiska_boningshus%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Byggnadskonsten%2C_Fornegyptiska_boningshus%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/466px-Byggnadskonsten%2C_Fornegyptiska_boningshus%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Byggnadskonsten%2C_Fornegyptiska_boningshus%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dwelling house in Ancient Egypt with windcatcher. From a painting at the Pharaonic house of Neb-Ammun, Egypt, which dates from the 19th Dynasty, c. 1300 BC (British Museum).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shady_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shady-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egyptian_House_miniature_showing_windcatchers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian House miniature showing windcatchers, dating from Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, found in Abou Rawsh near Cairo. Now in Louvre."><img alt="Ancient Egyptian House miniature showing windcatchers, dating from Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, found in Abou Rawsh near Cairo. Now in Louvre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ancient_Egyptian_House_miniature_showing_windcatchers.jpg/205px-Ancient_Egyptian_House_miniature_showing_windcatchers.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ancient_Egyptian_House_miniature_showing_windcatchers.jpg/308px-Ancient_Egyptian_House_miniature_showing_windcatchers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ancient_Egyptian_House_miniature_showing_windcatchers.jpg/410px-Ancient_Egyptian_House_miniature_showing_windcatchers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Egyptian House miniature showing windcatchers, dating from <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic Period of Egypt</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rawash" title="Abu Rawash">Abou Rawsh</a> near Cairo. Now in <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RPM_%C3%84gypten_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of an Ancient Egyptian house with windcatcher, Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim"><img alt="Model of an Ancient Egyptian house with windcatcher, Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/RPM_%C3%84gypten_003.jpg/270px-RPM_%C3%84gypten_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/RPM_%C3%84gypten_003.jpg/405px-RPM_%C3%84gypten_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/RPM_%C3%84gypten_003.jpg/540px-RPM_%C3%84gypten_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of an Ancient Egyptian house with windcatcher, <a href="/wiki/Roemer-_und_Pelizaeus-Museum_Hildesheim" title="Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim">Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">cityscapes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windcatchers and shuksheika roofs shading narrow airshaft courtyards, Cairo Citadel"><img alt="Windcatchers and shuksheika roofs shading narrow airshaft courtyards, Cairo Citadel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_26.jpg/360px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_26.jpg/540px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_26.jpg/720px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Windcatchers and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shuksheika</i></span> roofs shading narrow <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">airshaft</a> courtyards, <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_over_Khartoum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windcatchers in Khartoum, Sudan"><img alt="Windcatchers in Khartoum, Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_over_Khartoum.jpg/415px-View_over_Khartoum.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_over_Khartoum.jpg/622px-View_over_Khartoum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/View_over_Khartoum.jpg/829px-View_over_Khartoum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="905" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Windcatchers in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_Asia">Middle East and Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle East and Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar_University.Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Qatar_University.Campus.jpg/220px-Qatar_University.Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Qatar_University.Campus.jpg/330px-Qatar_University.Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Qatar_University.Campus.jpg/440px-Qatar_University.Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Qatar">University of Qatar</a> in Doha has unusual windcatchers.<sup id="cite_ref-review_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyderabad1800s_(cropped_to_windcatchers).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hyderabad1800s_%28cropped_to_windcatchers%29.jpg/220px-Hyderabad1800s_%28cropped_to_windcatchers%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Hyderabad1800s_%28cropped_to_windcatchers%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Simple windcatchers in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad, Sindh</a>, in the 1800s: two-walled square towers with a diagonally-sloped <a href="/wiki/Skillion_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Skillion roof">skillion rooves</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Windcatchers are a common feature across many Middle Eastern countries, influenced by the spread of Islamic culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian architecture">Persian architecture</a></div> <p>In Iran, a windcatcher is called a <i>bâdgir</i>, <i>bâd</i> "wind" + <i>gir</i> "catcher" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بادگیر</span>). The devices were used in <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used in the hot, dry areas of the Central Iranian Plateau, and in the hot, humid coastal regions.<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> shows large <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature variation</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid climate</a>. Most buildings are constructed from thick <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> with high <a href="/wiki/Insulation_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulation value">insulation values</a>. Towns centered on desert <a href="/wiki/Oases" class="mw-redirect" title="Oases">oases</a> tend to be packed very closely together with high walls and ceilings, maximizing shade at ground level. The heat of direct sunlight is minimized with small windows that face away from the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The windcatcher's effectiveness had led to its routine use as a refrigerating device in Iran. Many traditional water reservoirs (<i><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">ab anbars</a></i>), which are capable of storing water at near freezing temperatures during summer months, are built with windcatchers.<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporative cooling">evaporative cooling</a> effect is strongest in the driest climates, such as on the Iranian plateau, leading to the ubiquitous use of windcatchers in drier areas such as <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirjan" title="Sirjan">Sirjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nain,_Iran" title="Nain, Iran">Nain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a>. </p><p>Windcatchers tend to have one, four, or eight openings. In the city of Yazd, all windcatchers are four- or eight-sided. The construction of a windcatcher depends on the direction of airflow at that specific location: if the wind tends to blow from only one side, it is built with only one <a href="/wiki/Downwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Downwind">downwind</a> opening. This is the style most commonly seen in <a href="/wiki/Meybod" title="Meybod">Meybod</a>, 50 kilometers from Yazd: the windcatchers are short and have a single opening. </p><p>Windcatchers in Iran may be quite elaborate, due to their use as status symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-azami_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azami-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small windcatcher is called a <i>shish-khan</i> in traditional Persian architecture. Shish-khans can still be seen on top of ab anbars in <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a> and other northern cities in Iran. These seem to function more as ventilators than as the temperature regulators seen in the central deserts of Iran. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolat_Abad_Garden_-_Pavilion_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The windcatcher of Dowlatabad Garden in Yazd, Iran: one of the tallest existing windcatchers"><img alt="The windcatcher of Dowlatabad Garden in Yazd, Iran: one of the tallest existing windcatchers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dolat_Abad_Garden_-_Pavilion_02.jpg/120px-Dolat_Abad_Garden_-_Pavilion_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dolat_Abad_Garden_-_Pavilion_02.jpg/180px-Dolat_Abad_Garden_-_Pavilion_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dolat_Abad_Garden_-_Pavilion_02.jpg/240px-Dolat_Abad_Garden_-_Pavilion_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3275" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The windcatcher of <a href="/wiki/Dowlatabad_Garden" title="Dowlatabad Garden">Dowlatabad Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>: one of the tallest existing windcatchers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borujerdiha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borujerdi House, in Kashan, central Iran. Built in 1857, it is an excellent example of ancient Persian desert architecture. The two tall windcatchers cool the andaruni (courtyard) of the house."><img alt="Borujerdi House, in Kashan, central Iran. Built in 1857, it is an excellent example of ancient Persian desert architecture. The two tall windcatchers cool the andaruni (courtyard) of the house." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Borujerdiha.jpg/275px-Borujerdiha.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Borujerdiha.jpg/412px-Borujerdiha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Borujerdiha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Borujerdi_House" title="Borujerdi House">Borujerdi House</a>, in Kashan, central Iran. Built in 1857, it is an excellent example of ancient Persian desert architecture. The two tall windcatchers cool the <i><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">andaruni</a></i> (courtyard) of the house.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windcatcher_at_Ganjali_Khan_Complex,_Kerman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windcatcher of Ganjali Khan Complex, in Kerman, Iran"><img alt="Windcatcher of Ganjali Khan Complex, in Kerman, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Windcatcher_at_Ganjali_Khan_Complex%2C_Kerman.jpg/120px-Windcatcher_at_Ganjali_Khan_Complex%2C_Kerman.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Windcatcher_at_Ganjali_Khan_Complex%2C_Kerman.jpg/180px-Windcatcher_at_Ganjali_Khan_Complex%2C_Kerman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Windcatcher_at_Ganjali_Khan_Complex%2C_Kerman.jpg/240px-Windcatcher_at_Ganjali_Khan_Complex%2C_Kerman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="3894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Windcatcher of <a href="/wiki/Ganjali_Khan_Complex" title="Ganjali Khan Complex">Ganjali Khan Complex</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badgir-golestan-palace-tehr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golestan Palace, in Tehran, Iran"><img alt="Golestan Palace, in Tehran, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Badgir-golestan-palace-tehr.jpg/135px-Badgir-golestan-palace-tehr.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Badgir-golestan-palace-tehr.jpg/202px-Badgir-golestan-palace-tehr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Badgir-golestan-palace-tehr.jpg/270px-Badgir-golestan-palace-tehr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A windtower from below, inside, showing that it is partly closed-off"><img alt="A windtower from below, inside, showing that it is partly closed-off" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG/270px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG/405px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG/540px-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A windtower from below, inside, showing that it is partly closed-off</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CouncilHouse2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CouncilHouse2.jpg/220px-CouncilHouse2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CouncilHouse2.jpg/330px-CouncilHouse2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CouncilHouse2.jpg/440px-CouncilHouse2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Council_House_2" title="Council House 2">Council House 2</a>. Wind towers in <a href="/wiki/Urban_canyon" title="Urban canyon">concrete canyon</a> to the left.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Council_House_2" title="Council House 2">Council House 2</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, has 3-story-tall "shower towers", made of cloth kept wet by a showerhead trickling at the top of each one. Evaporative cooling chills the air, which then descends into the building.<sup id="cite_ref-whither_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whither-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_%C3%89tienne-Le_Z%C3%A9nith-20110111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saint_%C3%89tienne-Le_Z%C3%A9nith-20110111.jpg/220px-Saint_%C3%89tienne-Le_Z%C3%A9nith-20110111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saint_%C3%89tienne-Le_Z%C3%A9nith-20110111.jpg/330px-Saint_%C3%89tienne-Le_Z%C3%A9nith-20110111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saint_%C3%89tienne-Le_Z%C3%A9nith-20110111.jpg/440px-Saint_%C3%89tienne-Le_Z%C3%A9nith-20110111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Zénith de Saint-Étienne Métropole</i></span> has an extremely wide aluminium windcatcher scoop.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9tropole" title="Saint-Étienne Métropole">Saint-Étienne Métropole</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9nith_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Zénith de Saint-Étienne">Zénith</a> is a multi-purpose hall built in <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a> (inland southern France). It incorporates a very large aluminium windcatcher,<sup id="cite_ref-bigcity_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigcity-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is much lighter than the equivalent masonry windcatcher would be. The size of the windcatcher allows it to work in any wind direction;<sup id="cite_ref-bigcity_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigcity-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-sectional area">cross-sectional area</a> perpendicular to the wind flow remains large. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bluewater_Shopping_Centre" title="Bluewater Shopping Centre">Bluewater Shopping Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> uses windcatcher towers.<sup id="cite_ref-whither_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whither-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen's Building of <a href="/wiki/DeMontfort_University" class="mw-redirect" title="DeMontfort University">De Montfort University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> uses stack-effect towers to ventilate.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kensington_Oval_media_centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kensington_Oval_media_centre.jpg/220px-Kensington_Oval_media_centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kensington_Oval_media_centre.jpg/330px-Kensington_Oval_media_centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kensington_Oval_media_centre.jpg/440px-Kensington_Oval_media_centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Oval" title="Kensington Oval">Kensington Oval</a> cricket ground in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> also uses a very wide aluminium windscoop.<sup id="cite_ref-bigcity_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigcity-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A windcatcher has been used in the visitor center at <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it functions without the addition of mechanical devices in order to regulate temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-bigcity_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigcity-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_vent" title="Ridge vent">Ridge vent</a> – Vent installed at the peak of a sloped roof</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a> – Building design approach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a> – Middle Eastern water supply system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a> – Thin-sheet fountain for evaporatively cooling buildings or water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_updraft_tower" title="Solar updraft tower">Solar updraft tower</a> – Thermal convection power plant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a> – Architecture based on local needs, materials, traditions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakhchal">Yakhchal</a> – Ancient Persian ice house<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalone" class="citation web cs1">Malone, Alanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archrecord.construction.com/features/humanitariandesign/united-states/The-Windcatcher-House.asp">"The Windcatcher House"</a>. <i>Architectural Record: Building for 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+wind+factor+in+air+movement&rft.btitle=Natural+Energy+and+Vernacular+Architecture&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Hassan+Fathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.unu.edu%2Funupress%2Funupbooks%2F80a01e%2F80A01E00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-azami-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azami_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._A'zami2005" class="citation web cs1">A. A'zami (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive%5Cpalenc%5C2005%5CAzami2.pdf">"Badgir in traditional Iranian architecture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Conference "Passive and Low Energy Cooling 1021 for the Built Environment", May 2005, Santorini, Greece<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badgir+in+traditional+Iranian+architecture&rft.pub=International+Conference+%22Passive+and+Low+Energy+Cooling+1021+for+the+Built+Environment%22%2C+May+2005%2C+Santorini%2C+Greece&rft.date=2005-05&rft.au=A.+A%27zami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inive.org%2Fmembers_area%2Fmedias%2Fpdf%2FInive%255Cpalenc%255C2005%255CAzami2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span> (the English is hard to understancd)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-egypt_trad-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egypt_trad_16-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2010" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed, Mady A. A. (2010). S. Lehmann; H.A. Waer; J. Al-Qawasmi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273122348"><i>Traditional Ways of Dealing with Climate in Egypt</i></a>. The Seventh International Conference of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development (SAUD 2010). Amman, Jordan: The Center for the Study of Architecture in Arab Region (CSAAR Press). pp. <span class="nowrap">247–</span>266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Ways+of+Dealing+with+Climate+in+Egypt&rft.place=Amman%2C+Jordan&rft.series=The+Seventh+International+Conference+of+Sustainable+Architecture+and+Urban+Development+%28SAUD+2010%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.pub=The+Center+for+the+Study+of+Architecture+in+Arab+Region+%28CSAAR+Press%29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Mady+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273122348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB22610.pdf">low-res bw version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-houghton-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-houghton_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2002" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, John (2002). <i>The Physics of Atmospheres</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01122-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01122-1"><bdi>0-521-01122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Atmospheres&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-01122-1&rft.aulast=Houghton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pressure-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pressure_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shea, Andy (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2010.163.2.129">"Measurements of the performance of a wind-driven ventilation terminal"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings</i>. <b>163</b> (SB2). London, UK: Thomas Telford Ltd: <span class="nowrap">129–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fstbu.2010.163.2.129">10.1680/stbu.2010.163.2.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55886961">55886961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+-+Structures+and+Buildings&rft.atitle=Measurements+of+the+performance+of+a+wind-driven+ventilation+terminal&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=SB2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fstbu.2010.163.2.129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55886961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1680%2Fstbu.2010.163.2.129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whither-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whither_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whither_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whither_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conservationmagazine.org/2012/05/whither-the-windcatcher/">"Whither the Windcatcher?"</a>. <i>Conservation</i>. May 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conservation&rft.atitle=Whither+the+Windcatcher%3F&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationmagazine.org%2F2012%2F05%2Fwhither-the-windcatcher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150823030910/http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/studying/Pages/Groundwater-temperature's-measurement-and-significance.aspx">"Groundwater temperature's measurement and significance"</a>. National Groundwater Association. August 23, 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Zion+Canyon+Visitor+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fzion%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fzion-canyon-visitor-center.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bahadori, Mehdi N. (1978). "Passive Cooling Systems in Iranian Architecture". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>238</b> (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: <span class="nowrap">144–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978SciAm.238b.144B">1978SciAm.238b.144B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0278-144">10.1038/scientificamerican0278-144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119819386">119819386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Passive+Cooling+Systems+in+Iranian+Architecture&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0278-144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119819386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978SciAm.238b.144B&rft.aulast=Bahadori&rft.aufirst=Mehdi+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bahadori, Mehdi N. (1994). "Viability of wind towers in achieving summer comfort in the hot arid regions of the middle east". <i>Renewable Energy</i>. <b>5</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>8). Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">879–</span>892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0960-1481%2894%2990108-2">10.1016/0960-1481(94)90108-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-1481">0960-1481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy&rft.atitle=Viability+of+wind+towers+in+achieving+summer+comfort+in+the+hot+arid+regions+of+the+middle+east&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E879-%3C%2Fspan%3E892&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0960-1481%2894%2990108-2&rft.issn=0960-1481&rft.aulast=Bahadori&rft.aufirst=Mehdi+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Kassir, Radwan M (September 4, 2015). "Passive downdraught evaporative cooling wind-towers: A case study using simulation with field-corroborated results". <i>Building Services Engineering Research and Technology</i>. <b>37</b> (1). SAGE Publications: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0143624415603281">10.1177/0143624415603281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-6244">0143-6244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111048250">111048250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Building+Services+Engineering+Research+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Passive+downdraught+evaporative+cooling+wind-towers%3A+A+case+study+using+simulation+with+field-corroborated+results&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111048250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0143-6244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0143624415603281&rft.aulast=Kassir&rft.aufirst=Radwan+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Montazeri, H.; Azizian, R. (2008). "Experimental study on natural ventilation performance of one-sided wind catcher". <i>Building and Environment</i>. <b>43</b> (12). Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">2193–</span>2202. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008BuEnv..43.2193M">2008BuEnv..43.2193M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2008.01.005">10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-1323">0360-1323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Building+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Experimental+study+on+natural+ventilation+performance+of+one-sided+wind+catcher&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2193-%3C%2Fspan%3E2202&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0360-1323&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.buildenv.2008.01.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008BuEnv..43.2193M&rft.aulast=Montazeri&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Azizian%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sangdeh, Parham Kheirkhah; Nasrollahi, Nazanin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbenv.2020.10.005">"Windcatchers and their applications in contemporary architecture"</a>. <i>Energy and Built Environment</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">56–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnBEn...3...56S">2022EnBEn...3...56S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbenv.2020.10.005">10.1016/j.enbenv.2020.10.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2666-1233">2666-1233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Built+Environment&rft.atitle=Windcatchers+and+their+applications+in+contemporary+architecture&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=2666-1233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enbenv.2020.10.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EnBEn...3...56S&rft.aulast=Sangdeh&rft.aufirst=Parham+Kheirkhah&rft.au=Nasrollahi%2C+Nazanin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.enbenv.2020.10.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Windcatchers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Windcatchers">Windcatchers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>G.R Dehghan Kamaragi (January 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.badgirs.com">https://www.badgirs.com</a>".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFathy" class="citation book cs1">Fathy, Hassan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80a01e/80A01E00.htm">"The wind factor in air movement"</a>. <i>Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+wind+factor+in+air+movement&rft.btitle=Natural+Energy+and+Vernacular+Architecture&rft.aulast=Fathy&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.unu.edu%2Funupress%2Funupbooks%2F80a01e%2F80A01E00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span> <i>(free fulltext)</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoaf1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Roaf, S. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/badgir-traditional-structure-for-passive-air-conditioning">"Bādgīr"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. III. pp. <span class="nowrap">368–</span>370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C4%81dg%C4%ABr&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Roaf&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbadgir-traditional-structure-for-passive-air-conditioning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindcatcher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">Kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-lifting_kite" title="Man-lifting kite">Human-lifting kite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air_current" title="Air current">Air current</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_architecture86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_architecture" title="Template talk:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_architecture86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_style" title="Parthian style">Parthian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Early Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/90px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/135px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/180px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khaneqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">Ab anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biruni_(Persian_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biruni (Persian architecture) (page does not exist)">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalan_e_Vorudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalan e Vorudi (page does not exist)">Dalan e Vorudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashti" title="Hashti">Hashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat#Iran" title="Qanat">Kariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjdari" title="Panjdari">Panjdari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian Garden (<i>hayāt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">Talar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tehran" title="Architecture of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">Traditional Persian residential architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity" title="Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity">Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">Architects of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_Iran" title="Category:Castles in Iran"><i>Arg</i>s, castles, and <i>ghal'eh</i>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ab_anbars_of_Qazvin" title="List of ab anbars of Qazvin">List of ab anbars of Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iran" title="List of mosques in Iran">List of mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat#Iran" title="Ziyarat">List of ziyarat-gahs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_architecture421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&oldid=1275382426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windcatcher&oldid=1275382426</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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